{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/h41jh3dt0t/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Alexander, Miles (2020)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2020-02-11 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMiles Alexander was interviewed by Sandra Berman on February 11, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eMiles Alexander was born on November 20, 1931, in Reading, Pennsylvania. Alexander is a first generation American, with his father being born in London, England, and his grandfather coming from Russia. He describes himself as an “Army-brat” and attended four different high schools in Virginia, Japan, New York, and Florida before enrolling as a freshman at Emory University at the age of 16.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander met his wife, Elaine Lowenstein Alexander, in 1949 at the old Emory train station when she was visiting her brother, an Emory classmate and friend of Alexander’s. The two have been married since 1955 and have four children together: Kent, David, Michael, and Paige.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander also met his lifelong friend and colleague, Elliot Levitas, while attending Emory. Alexander and Levitas were active debaters at Emory, and they won the 1949 Emory All-Campus Debate with the argument that Emory Graduate School’s refusal to admit African American students violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution. This topic foretold Alexander’s lifelong commitment to civil rights and pro bono legal work. Alexander went on to attended Harvard Law School after graduating from Emory in 1952. He participated in the Air Force ROTC program at Harvard and graduated cum laude with his Juris Doctorate degree in 1955.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter graduating Harvard, Alexander served as an Air Force Judge Advocate for two years and was stationed in New Mexico, Newfoundland, and New Jersey. He returned to Harvard Law School as a teaching fellow after his Air Force service and lectured on trial practice and legal writing. Not satisfied with teaching when he was aware of how much discrimination and lack of diversity there was in the legal and academic worlds, Alexander made the move to join a law firm. Having summered with Kilpatrick in 1954 and 1955, Alexander returned to Atlanta to join the firm, then known as Smith, Kilpatrick, Cody, Rogers \u0026amp; McClatchey, as an Associate in 1958. Alexander has been practicing law with Kilpatrick for over 50 years and specializes in intellectual property law.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander has been a leading member of the Atlanta community for over 50 years. He was legal counsel to former Mayor Maynard Jackson, and he chaired the City Ethics and License Review Boards under multiple mayors. He also serves on numerous local and national boards. Alexander has long been active in civil rights and has led efforts in multiple organizations for gender and racial equality. He was the President of the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and chaired the Anti-Defamation League Civil Rights Committee for many years. Alexander has been the recipient of numerous Lifetime Achievement Awards and was the co-recipient of the AJC’s Selig Distinguished Service Award along with his wife Elaine and his son Kent Alexander. Alexander is also recognized as a leader in Kilpatrick’s nationally ranked pro bono practice.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview begins with Alexander discussing his family and growing up as a self-described “Army-brat.” He talks about moving around a lot and the different schools he attended while growing up. He shares how he came to attend Emory University and his reactions to life in the Deep South. He recalls his shock at the lack of integrated schools in Alexandria, Virginia and how he had a consciousness of segregation very early on in his life. Alexander shares what Atlanta was like when he first moved to the city and talks about his experiences with Rush week and Jewish fraternities at Emory University. He also details how he and Elliott Levitas became friends.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander recounts the limited Jewish involvement he experienced on military bases growing up and shares that he didn’t really experience anti-Semitism on the bases. He goes on to discuss his limited Jewish education and how he’s always felt part of the Jewish community, even if he isn’t as observant as others.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe interview touches back on Alexander’s friendship with Elliott Levitas, discussing what it was like to meet his family and how embracing his mother, Ida Levitas was. He shares his feelings on Ida Levitas and describes the kind of person she was. Alexander goes on to discuss the discrimination Jewish students faced at Emory’s dental school and shares how he bonded with Perry Brickman when he came forward about his experiences with the school. He reminisces about his lifelong friendship with Levitas, the close group of friends they share, and how they would all go out for parties when they were younger.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander recounts how he chose to go to Harvard Law School because his wife, Elaine was already living in Boston. He shares the story of how they met and how they ultimately began dating and got married. Alexander shares why he returned to Atlanta after graduating law school and reflects on how he had a different perspective on race relations than other people who grew up in the South. He talks about the inter-fraternity debate he and Levitas won at Emory about Emory not admitting African American students into its graduate school.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe goes on to discuss getting offers from a few law firms in New York but that he knew he wanted to practice law in Atlanta. He shares his experience getting job offers and having them withdrawn because he was Jewish and discusses how most firms in Atlanta did not hire Jewish lawyers. Alexander talks about his involvement with AZA growing up and how he was a part of the Jewish community in a cultural sense. He shares the story of how they ended up joining Ahavath Achim Synagogue over The Temple and his reaction to The Temple bombing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander recalls the aspects of the Jim Crow era that stuck out to him most and how there were very few black lawyers in those days. He discusses the program Harvard started to get more African Americans interested in pursuing a law degree and how he was asked to speak to them about law firms and discrimination in Atlanta. He goes on to discuss how he got so involved in civil rights in Atlanta and how he became friends with such influential people like Maynard Jackson and Vernon Jordan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander discusses his efforts to get African Americans and women accepted as members at the Lawyers Club and the Commerce Club. He reflects on his initial involvement with the Anti-Defamation League and how he would go around the country monitoring and filing reports on right-wing hate groups that were organizing and spreading hate literature. He also talks about his peripheral involvement in the Leo Frank case and how he’s always been interested in it. He shares how he got involved with the American Jewish Committee and how the integration of clubs was really what got him active in the organization. Alexander goes on to describe Cecil Alexander and his contribution to the Atlanta community. He also shares the most memorable aspects of his involvement with the AJC and how he started the oral history project in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander details the beginning of his law career and discusses how he settled on trademark and intellectual property law as his specialties. He shares his experience with newspapers publishing Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech without the proper licensing and how those trademark cases were handled. He reminisces about his two principal mentors in the field, Ernest Rogers and Louis Regenstein, and how lawyers in those days became lawyers because they were really drawn to the profession.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander shares his opinions of Ahavath Achim Synagogue and Rabbi Epstein and how they ultimately switched to Temple Sinai when it was founded. He discusses his four children, their professions, and their family lives. Alexander discusses his experiences Stuart Eizenstat and his reaction to President Jimmy Carter’s poorly titled book on Palestine. He shares that he was involved in Elliott Levitas’ congressional campaigns from the very beginning and discusses what the last campaign was like for Levitas in the face of the anti-Semitism that was present in the race. He also discusses the work he did in Maynard Jackson’s campaigns and how he and Elaine were very active in his Senatorial and Mayoral campaigns. Alexander explains why he supported Maynard over Mayor Sam Massell and how the Jewish community was not happy about his support. He shares that he and Jackson were friends for the rest of his life and reads a piece that he wrote about Jackson after his death.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe interview closes with Alexander sharing that his greatest achievement in life, aside from his family and children, is that he has been liked and respected by more people than he ever expected.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28626"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Miles Alexander (personal name)","Elaine Lowenstein Alexander (personal name)","Kent Alexander (personal name)","David Alexander (personal name)","Michael Alexadner (personal name)","Paige Alexander (personal name)","Elliott Levitas (personal name)","Dr. Theodore \"Ted\" Levitas (personal name)","Ida Goldstein Levitas (personal name)","Barbara \"Babs\" Hillman Levitas (personal name)","Dr. Stanley Perry Brickman (personal name)","Leon Samuel Eplan (personal name)","Samuel Leon Eplan (personal name)","Gail Hirschorn Evans (personal name)","E. Smythe Gambrell (personal name)","Rabbi Alvin M. Sugarman (personal name)","Rabbi Joshua Loth Liebman (personal name)","Rabbi Roland Bertram Gittelsohn (personal name)","Rabbi Emanuel Feldman (personal name)","Rabbi Harry Hyman Epstein (personal name)","Clarence Clyde Ferguson, Jr. (personal name)","Ellis Gibbs Arnall (personal name)","Herman Eugene Talmadge (personal name)","Maynard Holbrook Jackson, Jr. (personal name)","Samuel Massell (personal name)","Patrick Swindall (personal name)","Vernon Jordan (personal name)","Emmet Bondurant (personal name)","Horace Ward (personal name)","Orinda Dale Evans (personal name)","William H. Alexander (personal name)","Louis Gabriel Regenstein, Jr. (personal name)","Mills B. Lane, Jr. (personal name)","Leo Max Frank (personal name)","John Lewis (personal name)","Cecil Abraham Alexander, Jr. (personal name)","Simon Stephen \"Steve\" Selig III (personal name)","Harold D. Hirsch (personal name)","Charles Wittenstein (personal name)","Dale Schwartz (personal name)","Ernest P. \"Jelly\" Rogers (personal name)","Stuart Eizenstat (personal name)","Bayside High School (corporate name)","Emory University (corporate name)","Emory University School of Dentistry (corporate name)","Harvard Law School (corporate name)","Kilpatrick Townsend \u0026amp; Stockton, LLP (corporate name)","King \u0026amp; Spalding (corporate name)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (AA) (corporate name)","The Temple (Hebrew Benevolent Congregation) (corporate name)","Temple Sinai (corporate name)","American Jewish Committee (AJC) (corporate name)","Anti-Defamation League (ADL) (corporate name)","Lawyers Club of Atlanta (corporate name)","Commerce Club (corporate name)","M. A. Ferst Company (corporate name)","Scripto Company (corporate name)","Atlanta Paper Company (corporate name)","Coca-Cola Company (corporate name)","Carter Center (corporate name)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Bayside, New York (geographic term)","Orlando, Florida (geographic term)","Alexandria, Virginia (geographic term)","Boston, Massachusetts (geographic term)","Mitchel Air Force Base (geographic term)","Montreal, Quebec, Canada (geographic term)","Segregation (topical term)","Integration (topical term)","Civil Rights (topical term)","Race Relations (topical term)","Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (topical term)","African American Lawyers (topical term)","Jim Crow Laws (topical term)","Club Integration (topical term)","Discrimination (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","Jewish Lawyers (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","The Temple Bombing (topical term)","Leo Frank Case (topical term)","Trademark Law (topical term)","Intellectual Property Law (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMiles Alexander was interviewed by Sandra Berman on February 11, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiles Alexander was born on November 20, 1931, in Reading, Pennsylvania. Alexander is a first generation American, with his father being born in London, England, and his grandfather coming from Russia. He describes himself as an “Army-brat” and attended four different high schools in Virginia, Japan, New York, and Florida before enrolling as a freshman at Emory University at the age of 16.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander met his wife, Elaine Lowenstein Alexander, in 1949 at the old Emory train station when she was visiting her brother, an Emory classmate and friend of Alexander’s. The two have been married since 1955 and have four children together: Kent, David, Michael, and Paige.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander also met his lifelong friend and colleague, Elliot Levitas, while attending Emory. Alexander and Levitas were active debaters at Emory, and they won the 1949 Emory All-Campus Debate with the argument that Emory Graduate School’s refusal to admit African American students violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution. This topic foretold Alexander’s lifelong commitment to civil rights and pro bono legal work. Alexander went on to attended Harvard Law School after graduating from Emory in 1952. He participated in the Air Force ROTC program at Harvard and graduated cum laude with his Juris Doctorate degree in 1955.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter graduating Harvard, Alexander served as an Air Force Judge Advocate for two years and was stationed in New Mexico, Newfoundland, and New Jersey. He returned to Harvard Law School as a teaching fellow after his Air Force service and lectured on trial practice and legal writing. Not satisfied with teaching when he was aware of how much discrimination and lack of diversity there was in the legal and academic worlds, Alexander made the move to join a law firm. Having summered with Kilpatrick in 1954 and 1955, Alexander returned to Atlanta to join the firm, then known as Smith, Kilpatrick, Cody, Rogers \u0026amp; McClatchey, as an Associate in 1958. Alexander has been practicing law with Kilpatrick for over 50 years and specializes in intellectual property law.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander has been a leading member of the Atlanta community for over 50 years. He was legal counsel to former Mayor Maynard Jackson, and he chaired the City Ethics and License Review Boards under multiple mayors. He also serves on numerous local and national boards. Alexander has long been active in civil rights and has led efforts in multiple organizations for gender and racial equality. He was the President of the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and chaired the Anti-Defamation League Civil Rights Committee for many years. Alexander has been the recipient of numerous Lifetime Achievement Awards and was the co-recipient of the AJC’s Selig Distinguished Service Award along with his wife Elaine and his son Kent Alexander. Alexander is also recognized as a leader in Kilpatrick’s nationally ranked pro bono practice.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview begins with Alexander discussing his family and growing up as a self-described “Army-brat.” He talks about moving around a lot and the different schools he attended while growing up. He shares how he came to attend Emory University and his reactions to life in the Deep South. He recalls his shock at the lack of integrated schools in Alexandria, Virginia and how he had a consciousness of segregation very early on in his life. Alexander shares what Atlanta was like when he first moved to the city and talks about his experiences with Rush week and Jewish fraternities at Emory University. He also details how he and Elliott Levitas became friends.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander recounts the limited Jewish involvement he experienced on military bases growing up and shares that he didn’t really experience anti-Semitism on the bases. He goes on to discuss his limited Jewish education and how he’s always felt part of the Jewish community, even if he isn’t as observant as others.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe interview touches back on Alexander’s friendship with Elliott Levitas, discussing what it was like to meet his family and how embracing his mother, Ida Levitas was. He shares his feelings on Ida Levitas and describes the kind of person she was. Alexander goes on to discuss the discrimination Jewish students faced at Emory’s dental school and shares how he bonded with Perry Brickman when he came forward about his experiences with the school. He reminisces about his lifelong friendship with Levitas, the close group of friends they share, and how they would all go out for parties when they were younger.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander recounts how he chose to go to Harvard Law School because his wife, Elaine was already living in Boston. He shares the story of how they met and how they ultimately began dating and got married. Alexander shares why he returned to Atlanta after graduating law school and reflects on how he had a different perspective on race relations than other people who grew up in the South. He talks about the inter-fraternity debate he and Levitas won at Emory about Emory not admitting African American students into its graduate school.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe goes on to discuss getting offers from a few law firms in New York but that he knew he wanted to practice law in Atlanta. He shares his experience getting job offers and having them withdrawn because he was Jewish and discusses how most firms in Atlanta did not hire Jewish lawyers. Alexander talks about his involvement with AZA growing up and how he was a part of the Jewish community in a cultural sense. He shares the story of how they ended up joining Ahavath Achim Synagogue over The Temple and his reaction to The Temple bombing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander recalls the aspects of the Jim Crow era that stuck out to him most and how there were very few black lawyers in those days. He discusses the program Harvard started to get more African Americans interested in pursuing a law degree and how he was asked to speak to them about law firms and discrimination in Atlanta. He goes on to discuss how he got so involved in civil rights in Atlanta and how he became friends with such influential people like Maynard Jackson and Vernon Jordan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander discusses his efforts to get African Americans and women accepted as members at the Lawyers Club and the Commerce Club. He reflects on his initial involvement with the Anti-Defamation League and how he would go around the country monitoring and filing reports on right-wing hate groups that were organizing and spreading hate literature. He also talks about his peripheral involvement in the Leo Frank case and how he’s always been interested in it. He shares how he got involved with the American Jewish Committee and how the integration of clubs was really what got him active in the organization. Alexander goes on to describe Cecil Alexander and his contribution to the Atlanta community. He also shares the most memorable aspects of his involvement with the AJC and how he started the oral history project in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander details the beginning of his law career and discusses how he settled on trademark and intellectual property law as his specialties. He shares his experience with newspapers publishing Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech without the proper licensing and how those trademark cases were handled. He reminisces about his two principal mentors in the field, Ernest Rogers and Louis Regenstein, and how lawyers in those days became lawyers because they were really drawn to the profession.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlexander shares his opinions of Ahavath Achim Synagogue and Rabbi Epstein and how they ultimately switched to Temple Sinai when it was founded. He discusses his four children, their professions, and their family lives. Alexander discusses his experiences Stuart Eizenstat and his reaction to President Jimmy Carter’s poorly titled book on Palestine. He shares that he was involved in Elliott Levitas’ congressional campaigns from the very beginning and discusses what the last campaign was like for Levitas in the face of the anti-Semitism that was present in the race. He also discusses the work he did in Maynard Jackson’s campaigns and how he and Elaine were very active in his Senatorial and Mayoral campaigns. Alexander explains why he supported Maynard over Mayor Sam Massell and how the Jewish community was not happy about his support. He shares that he and Jackson were friends for the rest of his life and reads a piece that he wrote about Jackson after his death.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe interview closes with Alexander sharing that his greatest achievement in life, aside from his family and children, is that he has been liked and respected by more people than he ever expected.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/124/840/small/Alexander_Miles.mp4_1634768696.jpg?1634754302","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Alexander_Miles.mp4"]},"duration":6159.387,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/124/840/small/Alexander_Miles.mp4_1634768696.jpg?1634754302","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/124/840/original/Alexander_Miles.mp4?1634754275","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6159.387,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Alexander, Miles [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is February 11, 2020. My name is Sandra Berman, I was the\nfounding archivist at the Breman Museum, and I am here with Miles Alexander, who\nhas agreed to participate in the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project\nof the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. Thank you so much for taking the\ntime and agreeing to do this interview.\n\nALEXANDER: Thank you.\n\nBERMAN: I want to start at the very beginning. I'd like to know when and where\nyou were born and who were your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents?\n\nALEXANDER: I was born in Reading, Pennsylvania on November 20, 1931. My parents\nare Abe Alexander, and my mother is Sarah but known as Sally and her married\nname when she died was Fiddelo. My parents got divorced when I was four and I\nonly lived in Pennsylvania for about a year.\n\nBERMAN: And then where?\n\nALEXANDER: We moved around a good bit because my dad was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"closing various five\nand ten cent stores during the Depression. When, after the divorce, I ended up\nstarting kindergarten in Mitchel Field because my mother remarried a man by the\nname of Saul Ben Fiddelo who was regular Army, Army Air Force. I made my home\nwith them during the year and visited my father on holidays and weekends. When\nhe moved to Montreal, I would spend the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"summers in Montreal and vacations during\nthe year in Montreal and make periodic trips up there. Moved around from Mitchel\nAir Force Base in Hempstead, New York to Alexandria, Virginia when my stepdad\nwent to the Pentagon. Finished elementary school in Alexandria, started the\nfirst two years of high school there, Thomas Jefferson Street School and George\nWashington High School, which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the school that the Titans picture was made\nout of, the one that was integrated and merged with another high school. My\njunior year was in Japan, because my mother and I joined my stepfather there for\na year in 1946. Came back and didn't know where he was going to be stationed and\nI couldn't go to school in Canada because they had a matrix that covered all\nfour years of high school. So, I ended up going to Bayside. I was given a choice\nbetween Los Angeles [California] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Bayside, New York where we had aunts and\nuncles living. I went to Bayside High School for two months and finished high\nschool in Orlando, Florida in 1948 before coming to Emory [University].\n\nBERMAN: You described yourself in one of your interviews as an Army brat, you\nknow, one of the kids, how was that growing up? Did you, looking back, was it\nsomething that . . .\n\nALEXANDER: No child really looks forward to moving after they've made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends,\nbut it was an acquiescent type of era in our history. We were not a revolting\ngroup. We just did what we were told. So, it was easier for me than it was for a\nyoung girl because boys had athletics. I was a reasonably good athlete, so I\nimmediately had friends. It was much harder for a girl who, predating girls'\nathletics, you just had to fit in with a new group of people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without a natural entrée.\n\nBERMAN: Did you think that time in moving about and being ready, sort of,\ninfluenced by the military, shaped your later life?\n\nALEXANDER: I don't think they'd question that being at multiple high, four high\nschools, makes a big difference. So, you make new friends, you knew how to make\nfriends, and you had a little more open to meeting new people.\n\nBERMAN: How did you get to Emory?\n\nALEXANDER: Well, I'd ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"applied to three colleges, University of Virginia, thinking\nmy two years in Alexandria would've qualified me but it was post-World War II in\n1947 when I was applying. Veterans were coming back, and University of Virginia\nwas only taking residents, so I could not go to Charlottesville. I got into\nDartmouth [College] and I got into Emory. Even at 16 going to college I was\nperceptive enough to know that Dartmouth ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was 40 miles to the closest girl's\nschool, and I wasn't going to have a car. I had a lot of friends in Orlando that\nloved Emory. Emory was almost all, 80 percent pre-med at that time, and I didn't\nwant to go to med school but the brightest kids in Orlando seemed to be going to\nEmory and they liked it.\n\nBERMAN: How did you find living in the Deep South when you first got there?\nAlthough, you were in Orlando but . . .\n\nALEXANDER: I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the, when we got to Alexandria, I had gone to school with\nAfrican American kids, called negros at the time, not even blacks yet, and I was\nshocked that Alexandria had no integrated schools. I spent the rest of my\nelementary school days and high school days, except for Bayside High School in\nNew York, in segregated schools. You sort of lost ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"consciousness of it. But I\nremember my mother, when I was about sixth grade I guess, I got the flu or\nsomething and a doctor came to visit me, and I was talking about how I couldn't\nunderstand segregation. He was clearly not a person of the same belief, and my\nmother had a fit because she was afraid he wouldn't come back and treat me. So,\nI had a consciousness of it much earlier than you would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expect.\n\nBERMAN: Why do you think?\n\nALEXANDER: I think my closest friend in Mitchel Field was, I thought was black,\nbut he was really Filipino. So, I think that was the reason.\n\nBERMAN: What was Atlanta like when you first moved here? When you came to Emory\nin the 1950s?\n\nALEXANDER: It was a streetcar town, and it was really a, it was not a metropolis\nat that time. Emory was, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't understand Jewish fraternities when I got to\nEmory, I had never seen that before. For some reason my high school career, even\nOrlando or University of Florida was the same, had not prepared me for it so I,\nmy two friends that I came up on the bus with from Orlando were both going to\nSigma Chi where all the Orlando boys went. One of the people came up, that came\nup to go to Georgia Tech [Georgia Institute of Technology] was a classmate, John\nYoung, was an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"astronaut and he was going to Sigma Chi at Georgia Tech, so I\nrushed Sigma Chi. After, it was a three-week rush period and after about five,\nfour or five days, Clyde Rodbell and Leonard Diamond met with me, they were\nPresidents of AEPi and TEP, to explain to me that Sigma Chi was not going to\ntake any Jewish kids. I met Elliott Levitas and we ended up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"becoming fast\nfriends. I ended up rushing TEP and AEPi and went to TEP because Elliott went to TEP.\n\nBERMAN: How did you meet Elliott?\n\nALEXANDER: We met on the front lawn of the Alabama Hall where I was in a\nfreshman dorm throwing a football back and forth. We knew of each other because\nwe both debated in high school. So, we sort of looked each other up and spent\nabout three hours the first time we met, we bonded. His older brother Ted was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at\nEmory Dental School at the time. We remained lifelong friends ever since. He's,\nElliott is a very bright guy, and I was very competitive, and it probably\nresulted in my grades being a lot better than they would have been. So, I regard\nhim as a real asset in my life really ever since we met in 1948.\n\nBERMAN: Going back a little bit to growing up on these military bases, what\nabout Jewish involvement? Were you involved at all in any of the Jewish\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communities in all these places you lived?\n\nALEXANDER: The only area that I, and it was not at a base, we seemed to always\nbe the only Jewish family on the base. I was the only Jewish boy in my high\nschool class of 500 in Orlando. In Japan, of course, there were only 9 or 10\npeople in our high school, so my, and there were no Jewish kids there. Military\nwas not some place that a Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"male generally made a career of. I think my\nstepdad was wounded in World War I. He ended up in the hospital being treated\nfor a couple of years for a leg wound. When he got out there was sort of a\nrecession, so he stayed in and as a result he stayed in right through Korea. So,\nhe was in for about 38 years.\n\nBERMAN: Did you ever experience anti-Semitism being the only Jewish kid in these\nhigh schools and military bases?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALEXANDER: Very little. I never, never on the military bases. The discrimination\nthere was between officers' kids and enlisted men's kids. I did have somebody\napparently called me a name that involved Jew in it when I was in kindergarten\nbecause I came home with a black eye and my parents, not my mother but my\nfather, stepfather, were very proud of me. I have no idea what was said but I\njust knew I had been called a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name. The only Jewish education I had was going to\nChaeda for about a year in Alexandria, Virginia. When I, that summer I'd asked\nmy mother what kind of church that was when we were staying in Rockaway with my\ngrandparents for the summer. It was a synagogue and beside it was . . . my\nfather was reasonably agnostic, so was my grandfather on my father's side. So, I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was raised as a secular Jew, but I was active in four different AZA chapters, so\nI had Jewish contact in Alexandra and Bayside, New York, and Orlando, and\nMontreal. So, I always had a Jewish connection, I never, I always felt part of\nthe community, even if I wasn't as observant as my children or wife were.\n\nBERMAN: So, meeting Elliott must have been a defining moment, Elliot Levitas,\nmust have been a defining ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moment in your life because he was from Atlanta, and\nyou got to meet his entire family. What was that like?\n\nALEXANDER: It was very embracing because I would go over there, I went first\npart of my freshman year, it was I think Yom Kippur, we went over to his\ngrandfather's house who lived on Washington Street with the whole family, and\nhis mother really embraced me. She would refer to me as Elliott's Jewish friend.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I've heard such, I only got to meet Ida Levitas once, but I've heard\nsome amazing stories about her. Can you describe how you felt about her?\n\nALEXANDER: She was a grande dame and lived her whole life without every driving\na car, but she never had any trouble getting rides anyplace. She took no\nprisoners. She said exactly what she thought, and she told people what to do. I\nthink the whole family was very differential to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her. She looked like a much\nolder woman when she was young and she never changed that look, so probably when\nshe was older, she looked much younger than her years. One of the first people I\nwanted to do a, have a family oral history done of was Ida Levitas. Her nephew\nMark Silverman used to take her out regularly and he had a whole series of Ida\nstories, humorous stories. I remember one time she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was friendly with a lawyer's\nmother who's up here, whose name was Alan Klein, and Alan Klein's mother was\nMrs. Steinbeck. She talked about Alan's good friend from the firm and referred\nto me as shegetz, was that the expression? Ida Levitas corrected her and told\nher I was Jewish. She didn't think with a name Alexander in a firm with very few\nJews, Alan had a Jewish friend.\n\nBERMAN: That's funny. You also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mentioned Elliott Levitas' older brother Ted and\nthe dental school. Did you know what was going on with the dental students when\nyou were at Emory?\n\nALEXANDER: I knew something was off beat because two of my fraternity brothers\nflunked out and they were both very bright, so I knew something was going on\nthat was discriminatory. There was somebody who was flunked out, one of our\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fraternity sweethearts was Shirley Hirsch, and Larry Fall was her boyfriend,\nthey got married, and he was flunked out of Emory Dental School after third year\nin his fourth year. It was, I think, Perry [Brickman]'s wife referred to is as\n\"a conspiracy of silence.\" Nobody who flunked out talked about flunking out\nbecause they didn't want anybody to know. So, as a result, it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was secret all\nthose years. But when Perry talked to me about it and told me what he was doing,\nwe immediately bonded over it because I had always wanted to see something done\nand encouraged him. He was, I thought he's done an unbelievable job in\npublicizing it and disclosing it.\n\nBERMAN: You're referring to Perry Brickman?\n\nALEXANDER: Yes. Perry would consult with me on how to approach Emory because I\nknew the General Counsel and knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the President of Emory at the time.\n\nBERMAN: So, what would you attribute your lifelong friendship to Elliott Levitas to?\n\nALEXANDER: Oh, my tolerance of his unique personality. I think it's an\nadmiration for his intellect and friendship. We have a group of us who have been\ncelebrating New Year's Eve for over 60 years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Elliott and Babs and Elaine and\nI, when we first came up to Atlanta, had late stayed at Babs' house for\nconvention or [Unintelligible: 15.12, sounds like 'siegern']. Then in law school\nwe would come back up and we'd look at Atlanta, we'd be with them. When we moved\nback to Atlanta, we would go to Mayfair Club or something with them. It was just\na, I don't think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men maintain friendships if their wives are not close. I think\nthe fact that we had six men that were friendly, it was Leon Eplan and Bob\nEvans, Bob and Gail and Leon and Madalyne, Mark and Judy Taylor, Elliott and\nBabs, Jean and Jerry Cooper, and Elaine and me. We, when Elaine was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pregnant\nwith either Kent or David, we would all go out to parties and go out for the\nevening. Elaine said, \"No body's ever going to bump into my pregnant body again.\nWe're gonna, here's the alphabetical order. We'll do it at each other's houses.\nYou could go anyplace you want. We'll end up at the house for the evening.\" We'd\nend up with a, years ago we'd have breakfast, and the kids would come by or be\nthere for New Year's Eve. Now we have an early dinner, and we just barely make\nit through New Year's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eve.\n\nBERMAN: That's great. So, after Emory you went on to law school.\n\nALEXANDER: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: And that was where?\n\nALEXANDER: Went to Harvard Law School. It was a strange time because I'd only\napplied to Harvard and Yale. Elaine was in Boston [Massachusetts], and I\nprobably would have gone to Yale but for the fact that she was there. It never\noccurred to me to have a safety school in those days. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You had, one of the nice\nthings about going to Emory rather than going to Dartmouth, I was only 16 when I\nwent to college and you can be a big fish in a little puddle at Emory and stand\nout, whereas at Dartmouth, if I had gone, I would've been with all these ivy\nleague kids. So sometimes you never know what a decision reaps, but it turned\nout to be a great decision going to Harvard as well.\n\nBERMAN: How did you meet your wife?\n\nALEXANDER: Met ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her at the Emory Train Station in 1949. Her brother and Elliott\nand I were all classmates and fraternity brothers. Arnold [Lowenstein], who was\nfrom Boston, as Elaine is, died last year. His father and mother were coming\ndown with his sister to have him, going to the fraternity with whatever ceremony\nwe had at the time because his father was a national officer of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fraternity.\nElliott and I went out because we felt that somebody ought to meet Arnie's\nsister. We did not have very good judgement at the time. Elaine was about 14 and\nit was, I had a date with Michelle Leaf, who was the fraternity sweetheart and\nElliott was going with somebody. We flipped a coin to see who would dance with\nher at the, not realizing that both of us should dance with her. So, Elliott was\nat the front of the elephant that was given ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the favor, and I was the rear of\nthe elephant. So, I didn't make a big hit at our first meeting.\n\nBERMAN: So, she was only 14?\n\nALEXANDER: I think so, might've been 15. No, 14, she's two and a half years\nyounger than I am, so this was my freshman year.\n\nBERMAN: How long did you date? The entire time?\n\nALEXANDER: Oh, no. We didn't start dating until 1951. I ended up getting a job\nat a, as a senior, counselor at a senior camp in New Hampshire, and she was on\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"waterfront. Probably, I can have her tell this story, she'd probably do it\nbetter than I can, but Arnie didn't like the person she was dating at the time.\nSo, I tried to fix her up with Bobby Rosenfeld, who was from Atlanta who was\ncoming to camp too. She was so angry that, not at her bother but that some\nstranger would try to fix her up with somebody. She decided that she would make\na real play for me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then drop me, because she was going with somebody. After\nabout three weeks she wrote him a Dear John letter. So that's what started the\nsummer romance, 1951.\n\nBERMAN: When did you get married?\n\nALEXANDER: Got married in 1955. She wanted to get married the following year in\nlaw school, my first year. I just did not want to live with parents. Neither of\nus had the money to be self-sufficient.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So why did you come back to Atlanta?\n\nALEXANDER: Maybe it's the first place I spent four years. I liked the South, I\nliked Emory, I liked, I was young enough here that when I came here as a\nfreshman, I joined the AZA chapter in Atlanta, 518, which Elliott [and] Leon\nEplan were part of, so I could play ball with them. So, I got to know, unlike\nmost Emory students that didn't get to know the native ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanteans that weren't\nat Emory, I got to know a whole group of people from AZA.\n\nBERMAN: Coming from the North and traveling all across the country as a young\nperson, did you have a different perspective on race relations than your Jewish\nfriends who were born and raised in Atlanta?\n\nALEXANDER: I thought most of the Jewish kids I knew were not cognizant of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nday-to-day impact of it on lives of African Americans. I probably was more aware\nof it because Elliott and I, our first year at Emory, there was a, and I give\nEmory a lot of credit for this, the debate topic for the inter-fraternity debate\nwas resolved Emory admit negroes to the graduate school. It was illegal to have\nblacks at a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"white school, but the exception purportedly was if there was no\nblack school that taught that subject, you had to let, either let them in or,\nlike they did with Martin Luther King's sister, they paid for four years of her\ngraduate work at Columbia [University] rather than admit her to a white graduate\nschool. So, Elliott and I won that debate tournament which was, I think, a very\nsignificant aspect of our first year ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I ended up doing a lot of debating\nall four years. But it also made the racial point that this is wrong. I think it\nwas feather in Emory's cap to realize that this was a topic that should be\naddressed even though it was illegal for them to integrate in Georgia.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember some of your arguments?\n\nALEXANDER: Yeah, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the arguments basically paralleled the Supreme Court decision\nthat it was not only lack of access, but it was a mark of inferiority not to be\nable to have a diverse student body. The caliber of the black universities was\nnot comparable to the caliber of the elementary schools and that kind because\nthere was no such thing as separate but equal. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was pretty apparent to\nanybody. We went out, at least I went out and interviewed professors and\nteachers at black universities here in Atlanta, both Morehouse [College] and\nSpelman [College] and [Clark] Atlanta University.\n\nBERMAN: Did you already have your job at Kilpatrick before you decided on the\nmove? Or did you move and then get the job, the position?\n\nALEXANDER: No, I had, after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my second year of law school, I had offers from New\nYork firms and for the US Attorney in New York, but I knew I wanted to come back\nto Atlanta if the practice of law here was comparable to New York. I decided to\nfind that out during the summer of my second year of law school. I interviewed\nat various law firms in Cambridge [Massachusetts]. Most ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"firms did not come up in\ninterview. The only Atlanta firm that came up was, or firms, was E. Smythe\nGambrell who was President of the American Bar Association and Sutherland,\nAsbill, and Brennan, which was a Washington and Atlanta firm. I got an offer\nfrom E. Smythe Gambrell, and I got an offer from Kilpatrick, what was then\nSmith, Kilpatrick, Cody, Rogers, \u0026 McClatchey. My offer from them was by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"phone\nand it was a result of actually a lawyer here by the name of Sidney Haskins who\nhad been President of the TEP, I think National TEP. I wrote him and found out\nthat most firms in Atlanta did not hire Jews. King \u0026 Spalding did not hire Jews,\nAlston, Miller \u0026 Gaines and Jones, Bird, \u0026 Howell. I think the Powell Goldstein\nfirm had not hired ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Jewish lawyer since L. A. Goldstein. The Sutherland firm\noffered me a job in Washington but not Atlanta, and they had not hired a firm\nsince the, a Jewish lawyer, since the 1930s when they hired Herman Elsas. Then\nE. Smythe when he found out I was Jewish withdrew the offer, to my shock. His\nson ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a teaching fellow at Harvard, and I had very good grades and he\nrecommended me. I interviewed with E. Smythe in a hotel, and I don't think he\nwas anti-Semitic. His firm represented Eastern Airlines and Eastern Airlines\nwould not hire a firm that had a Jewish lawyer because their President was a\nreal anti-Semite at the time. So, it was a very different world in terms of no\nfirms hired ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women, no firms hired blacks. That was, the women was pretty much\ntrue of New York as well as here, as you see in the Ruth Ginsburg. She was a\ncouple of years behind me, well three years behind me in law school. My\nclassmates couldn't, with rare exceptions, could not get jobs with major firms.\nThere were only eight women in my class. The first woman had not yet graduated\nHarvard Law School when I arrived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1952. The class of 1953 was the first\nclass. A very different world.\n\nBERMAN: When you came back to Atlanta, did you join, was that the beginning of\nyour involvement with Jewish life in a Jewish community?\n\nALEXANDER: Except for the AZA involvement. I had never, I think I was a member\nof the Jewish community at Alexandria in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sense there was an AZA and I was\ngoing to the what was really the Orthodox synagogue learning Hebrew for the\nfirst time. I think the term, you have about, you weren't learning Hebrew,\nyou're only learning to read Hebrew, which was not, I think if they'd taught it\nas a language I might've stayed with it, but I was never bar mitzvahed because\nwe had gone to Japan. I always felt, I felt very much a part of the Jewish\ncommunity in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orlando too. Orlando, I did go to the synagogue there, there was\nonly one synagogue in town for Orthodox, Reform, and Conservative. I remember\nbeing in, when I got there in November, I was in some class where I was, they\nwere talking about World War II, and I'd been to the, in Japan I'd been to the\nwar crimes trials for a little while. I sort of followed the Holocaust as a\nresult of that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I made some comment about the Holocaust, and I remember Sue\nBecker, there were three girls in the high school class of 500 that were Jewish,\nand I was the only Jewish boy, so I was very welcomed by the three girls, but\nthey didn't know I was Jewish. When I said something about the Holocaust, she\nheld up a notebook saying, \"MOT.\" I had not a clue what \"MOT\" meant, but I was\ninvited to a latke party at the synagogue and became friendly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with, there were\nabout 15 Jewish teenagers in Orlando, so I knew them all. We traveled in AZA\nchapters, at that time, in Atlanta it's very much the same, but we would have a\nconference in Daytona one weekend and several weekends later in St. Petersburg\nand then Jacksonville and West Palm Beach. I met all these Jews named Smith and\nGreene at these places. But we played ball with them, so I was really into the\nJewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community in a cultural sense. I never felt I was an outsider.\n\nBERMAN: Did you join, did you and Elaine join a synagogue when . . .\n\nALEXANDER: We did. It was a very strange story about that. Elaine's Rabbi,\nshe'd, [her] family had been in the same synagogue in Boston, Temple Israel,\nwith a renowned Rabbi by the name of Liebman who wrote Peace of Mind which was a\nbest-selling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"book. When he died, Elaine was brought up under a Rabbi by the name\nof Gittelsohn. Gittelsohn was the Rabbi at Iwo Jima who gave the prayer at the\nend that they wouldn't let him give but they later read because some of the\nchaplains did not want a Jewish chaplain giving the prayer for them. Any rate,\nRabbi Gittelsohn's roommate at Rabbinical school was the Rabbi from the Temple.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Rothschild?\n\nALEXANDER: Rabbi Rothschild. Gittelsohn said, \"Be sure to meet Rabbi Rothschild\nas soon as you get there and join his temple.\" Elaine was pregnant with Kent,\nand she went to interview Rabbis and she went to interview pediatricians and\nobstetricians. She did not want a child born that was, she felt was going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be\ndefective in some way, born without arms or legs or such. She was interviewing\nobstetricians till she found one that she felt would not have a live birth if\nthe child was . . . She did the same with Rabbi Rothschild. As she was leaving,\nRabbi Rothschild said, \"Well, what do you want from your Rabbi?\" She said,\n\"Well, I want him to bar mitzvah my son, if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a son.\" You didn't know in\nadvance. It was Kent at the time. His response was, \"Over my dead body,\" because\nthe Temple was not about to start, and I'm not sure this is an appropriate place\nto be documenting that but --\n\nBERMAN: No, it's important --\n\nALEXANDER: She would tell you the same thing. So, we ended up joining AA\n[Ahavath Achim Synagogue] where Elliott's family was, which was much more\nreligious than Elaine was brought up with. We became founding members of Temple\nSinai when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people withdrew from the AA and the Temple to find a happy medium\nbetween the two. Then we went back to the Temple after all our kids were bar\nmitzvahed because we were close to Sugarman.\n\nBERMAN: That's an amazing story which I never heard from anybody that, you know,\nabout the bar mitzvah. I knew they didn't do bar mitzvahs, but that he was so\nadamant --\n\nALEXANDER: I suspect Marx may be the same. I don't know.\n\nBERMAN: He was. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question, I had a question about Rabbi Rothschild, actually,\nand the Temple. You came to Atlanta, oh, go ahead.\n\nALEXANDER: I want to say he was a great man. I didn't, I could understand where\nhe was coming from better than Elaine, but be that as it may, I didn't want that\nstory to characterize Rothschild because he's done so many great things.\n\nBERMAN: No, no. I mean, it was just the way the Temple was then.\n\nALEXANDER: Yeah.\n\nBERMAN: They didn't do bar mitzvahs. My question was, you came, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1958 was when\nyou came back to Atlanta, right?\n\nALEXANDER: Right.\n\nBERMAN: Same year the Temple was bombed. Can you describe, were you here already\nwhen it was bombed, or did it come . . .?\n\nALEXANDER: I was, I came in the office that day and I heard about it as well. I\nwas very relieved nobody was hurt, was my first reaction.\n\nBERMAN: But that was, must have been such a shock coming from the North, really,\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harvard, and then you move back down South and the oldest temple in Atlanta\nis bombed. How did that make you feel? Did you question your decision at all?\n\nALEXANDER: I did not regard it as indicative of Atlanta. I just regarded it as\nanti-Semitism and there's certainly plenty of anti-Semitism all over the\ncountry. Certainly, the black community was suffering much worse. So, I did not,\nI had the surprise that it was done, but I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't feel like it was a message\nabout the community because everybody rallied around the Temple very quickly. It\nwas not, it was not the Ralph McGill black church where it took a while for\npeople to rally around them.\n\nBERMAN: So, in 1958, Jim Crow is still very much alive and well in Atlanta. What\naspects of Jim Crow and separate but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"equal do you remember the most?\n\nALEXANDER: I remember the reluctance to interview women, interview blacks. There\nwere very few black lawyers around. I, in 1963, it's probably the clearest\nmemory I have of things, I had, I was President of the Harvard Law School\nAssociation, I'd only been practicing for five years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harvard had a program that\nhad been developed to encourage blacks to go to law school. Blacks were treated\nso badly in court, including the lawyers, that it was, the profession was\ndrawing doctors and it was drawing ministers and, I guess, undertakers, but it\nwas not drawing people into law school. So, Harvard started a program ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which took\nthe, gave scholarships to, I think, something like 50 or 60 top back students at\nblack universities that were juniors to try to encourage them to go to law\nschool, to consider it during their senior year. They gave a full year's tuition\nfor their senior year of college, they paid them for the summer. They put them\nup in Harvard Yard, in the dormitories. They paid them the same amount they\nwould've earned if they were working, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plus they paid their room and board and\nliving expenses. They invited a group of, I think, eight black and, four black\nand four white lawyers to come up and talk to them at luncheons or dinners. They\ninvited E. Smythe Gambrell who was President, former President of the ABA and he\nrefused to go or turned them down for either he had a conflict, or he just\ndidn't want to go. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"asked to go, and Elaine flew up with me, because her\nfamily was in Boston. I spoke to this group of African American students who had\nbeen there probably three or four weeks at the time, and I was, they had a\nblack, they had a white University of Virginia professor, law professor, they\nhad a black judge from Chicago [Illinois], a variety of people. I was there\nrepresenting the white segregated law firms ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the South. Dean Ferguson, who was\nDean of Howard Law School, African America who went to Harvard Law School, did\nvery well there, when he asked me when I was flying back and I said I had a four\no'clock flight, he said, \"Cancel it. You're going to be there for four or five\nhours, not two hours at lunch.\" The questions went on all afternoon. I was\ntrying to convince them to go to law school because it was a great profession\nand convince ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them that the South was going to change. You have to remember the\n1954 decision was, in Brown, predated my starting law practice again, and I, at\nHarvard Law School, I had written my graduating paper on the Brown decision,\npredicting how it would come out. It was right after I'd interned for the summer\nhere as the summer associate and one of my partners ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here, Devin McClatchey, was\nPresident of the Atlanta School Board. He had given me his short paper about\npredicting the Brown decision and telling the politicians, \"You're going to have\nto get ready to integrate. It's not something you're going to fight.\" Because\nunder Ellis Arnall, years before, we almost lost our certification for the\nUniversities because of Talmadge's attempt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to privatize the school system. At\nany rate, so I was familiar with the Brown decision, I was very conscious of it\nwhen I started law practice. I had predicted that it would take ten years for\nthe Deep South to integrate, you know, Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, South\nCarolina, and Mississippi. I was chastised by my law school classmates in the\nseminar that \"The Supreme Court Decision in 1954 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you're saying it's going to\nbe 1964 before you integrate?\" I got letters of apology ten years later from\nclassmates when some schools were first integrating. It didn't take quite ten\nyears for Atlanta thanks to Mayor Hartsfield was at the lead of it. It made all\nthe difference in the world in between whether Birmingham [Alabama] was going to\nbecome the lead city in the South or Atlanta. I think I put it all back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nreally the integration, not just the airport, but integration, a place that\npeople would bring their businesses.\n\nBERMAN: How did you end up becoming so involved with civil rights and those\nkinds of activities and become friends with people like Maynard Jackson?\n\nALEXANDER: I can't really put my finger on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why, I just, you can say it's the\nright thing to do but it just came naturally. I became friendly with Vernon\nJordan and with Maynard relatively early in their careers. I think being active\nin ADL [Anti-Defamation League] and American Jewish Committee [AJC] helped in\nthat area as well. Atlanta was made a successful city by a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coalition of liberal\nwhites and African American votes, which would carry the city vote. So, if you\nwere active in politics in any way, you had to be active in the black community\nas well because you were looking for votes in that community, and that was a\nliberal vote almost uniformly.\n\nBERMAN: So, were those the two organizations, the ADL, the Anti-Defamation\nLeague, and the American Jewish Committee, that you involved yourself with\ninitially when you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came back to Atlanta?\n\nALEXANDER: Well, I was active in the Lawyers Club, I was active in other\norganizations as well, but those were the two civil rights organizations. I\nmean, I didn't join Urban League or NAACP. Elaine was very active in Urban\nLeague actually, so I became friendly with Vernon Jordan sometime. He's young,\nVernon's younger than me and so was Maynard, but I remember when I went up to\ntalk to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Harvard Students, I'd already known Vernon very well at that time. I\nasked him about what black lawyers in Georgia were doing, and he spent several\nhours with me, a long lunch, describing King [and Spalding] and Albany, Georgia,\nWard and, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm trying to think of the, there were only 14 black lawyers in the\nwhole state of Georgia. I mean, Don Hollowell had the largest firm, it was\nHollowell, Moore, Ward, and then Vernon Jordan joined them. He told me about\nmeeting every day at meals for lunch, being turned away and going someplace\nelse. It was sort of their meeting place to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just remind themselves that they\nweren't going to get in. His wife had developed either Parkinson's or something,\njust been diagnosed, so it was a difficult time for him as well. But he gave me\nreal background on how black lawyers felt about it. He had flunked the bar exam\nhere as well and he always felt it was discriminatory. I tried to get him to\njoin our firm later on when he finished his tour with the Clinton ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Administration\nand, or maybe even before there when he was, after Urban League and he was also\nvery active in the Black College Organization. The chair of the Bar Examiners\nhad been a partner of mine, Harry Baxter. I don't think Vernon ever forgave\nBaxter. Several years later I think there was ten or 12 black ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"applicants for the\nBar and all ten or 12 had flunked out. Not flunked out but flunked the bar exam.\nThat was inexplicable because several had went to Harvard and there was a\nlawsuit brought. I'm trying to remember who the bar examiner was then, but it\nwas one of my good friends, Gordon Joyner, who had done, who has valedictorian\nof his class, he was Phi Beta Kappa and Harvard Law School, was one of those who\nflunked. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He decided not to bring suit, just to take it again and passed it the\nsecond, the next time around. Of course, Mark Abrams flunked it too. People\nforget about, that happens to the best of people.\n\nBERMAN: Let's talk a little bit about the Atlanta Lawyers Club. When did you join?\n\nALEXANDER: People were told to join the Lawyers Club as soon as they were\neligible, which was two years after practice, on the theory that the longer you\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were in practice, the more enemies you made that would black ball you. So,\neverybody in my generation applied right after two years. So, I would have\napplied in 1960.\n\nBERMAN: Did you know right away that it was, that they didn't have black\nmembers? Was that . . .?\n\nALEXANDER: Well, there was so few black lawyers that probably I did.\n\nBERMAN: You did.\n\nALEXANDER: I never focused on the fact --\n\nBERMAN: But about the policy?\n\nALEXANDER: No, I never focused on whether or not they would take a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"black lawyer\nif they applied. There was a black Gate City Bar which I later joined. So, I,\nit's hard to talk about what you're not conscious of in a generation where you .\n. . Was I conscious there were no women in the firm? Yes. Was I conscious of the\nfact there were no blacks? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it was not a day-to-day consciousness. It was\nsomething I wanted to change subconsciously because the first time I got a\nchance I attempted to do that.\n\nBERMAN: Can you talk about that a little bit? About trying to get the Lawyers\nClub to let in black attorneys.\n\nALEXANDER: Yeah, it seemed to me incredible that we weren't, you've got to\nremember, I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"politicians generally get black balled by the Lawyers Club.\nCarl Sanders had a hard time getting in, as did others. I found it difficult to\nbelieve that people like Bill Alexander, who was a judge, [Horace] Ward, who was\na judge, Jackson who had a, I thought, stellar career, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were not getting in. So,\nI got somebody to join me in putting up Bill Alexander and I put up Maynard\nJackson. We got three people to endorse it to each and they were both black\nballed. Emmet Bondurant was very active with me in trying to change the rules.\nSo, we changed it to ten black balls and then changed it to if you got ten black\nballs, ten black balls ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would not, we thought we had an answer for it, we would\nblack ball everybody who was up if they didn't let the blacks in. That's what\nhappened. Everybody got black balled. We had ten votes against everybody. So,\nthey adopted a rule that you could override the black balls by two-thirds vote.\nWe were trying to get it a 50 percent vote. After about four tries of Maynard\nnot getting in, the last time around, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think Bill Alexander had about 56\npercent of the vote to override the balls, Maynard had 59 percent which\nsurprised me because I couldn't understand why Bill got less. I think I\ncommented in a letter the only reason he would get less is somebody confused him\nwith me. But Felk, not Felker Ward, but Horace Ward, who was a distinguished\nsenior ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"black attorney and judge, first Federal District Court Judge, the\nestablishment decided they needed to do something. So, I think, Griffin Bell and\na group of his senior citizen lawyers who were highly respected all campaigned\nto get Ward in and I think he got 67 percent, just barely getting the\ntwo-thirds. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later, I think, Maynard and Bill got in, utter early.\n\nBERMAN: Did you take a lot of flak from some of the attorneys that didn't want\nthe change to happen?\n\nALEXANDER: No flak from anybody in my firm, but it was clear that anybody put up\nin my firm by me was going to be black balled. Ori[nda] Evans wanted me to put\nher up, I remember, for [Unintelligible: 48.26], first woman Federal District\nCourt Judge ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here, wanted me to put her up for the first woman to go in. I said,\n\"Ori, they're going to black ball you just because I put you up. You don't need\nto carry a double burden of being a woman and having me as a nominator.\"\n\nBERMAN: When did they let women in?\n\nALEXANDER: I'm not sure the year but it was after blacks.\n\nBERMAN: And the same thing with the Commerce Club, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right?\n\nALEXANDER: Yeah, women were permitted as guests for Maid's Night Out on Thursday\nnight, women were welcome at the Commerce Club for dinner.\n\nBERMAN: Could you describe Maid's Night Out?\n\nALEXANDER: Maid's Night Out, Thursday night was traditionally the night that\nhousekeepers and maids were off. The theory was a lot of people didn't have a\ncook at home, I guess. I mean, that's what I interpreted it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as. I sort of laugh\nabout it because Elaine liked the Commerce Club and would like to go out on\nThursdays when it was, until she suddenly realized why it was, and we stopped\ngoing. But it, for a number of, quite some time we would go to the Commerce Club\non the night they would accept women.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember when they finally did accept women?\n\nALEXANDER: It was the 1970s. After I'd gone through the whole thing at the\nCommerce Club ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with being able to, my problems with the Commerce Club started the\nsame year that I went to Harvard to talk about the, to talk to the black student\ngroup. I was, because I was President of the Harvard Law School Association\nGeorgia, we were hosting the Southeastern Harvard Alumni meeting at the Commerce\nClub. Sure enough, a couple black lawyers from North Carolina and elsewhere\nshowed up. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was asked to ask them to leave, and I said, \"You're going to have\nto call the police to get me to ask them to leave, or we'll all leave.\" So, they\nserved them, and it was in the private dining room in the 14th floor. Then I got\na letter from Stern who was President and Chairman of the Board of the Trust\nCompany reminding me of the rules. I then got into an extensive correspondence\nand meetings with Stern and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with, who was the, my memory for names is really\ngoing, the President of C\u0026S Bank. Any rate, he was the one running the Commerce\nClub. That's terrible. Let me see if I can find it. Mind turning it off for a\nsecond . . . Senior moment.\n\nBERMAN: We all have them.\n\nALEXANDER: Mills Lane who was President of C\u0026S Bank had sort ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of founded the\nCommerce Club and he had, there are four floors to it. There was the upper floor\nthat he used for guests of the bank and people like Bobby Kennedy and Jack\nKennedy would stay there when they were there. He had an English butler and maid\nserve. They had several bedrooms. Later it was converted into private dining\nrooms and a buffet. It was 16th and 17th floor which was a two-story spiral\nstaircase ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"area with a main dining room, and then there was the 14th floor which\nwas sort of a rib room. They agreed to have women, ultimately, only in the\nbuffet area on the 18th floor as a concession to my meeting with Stern. But my\nfirst meetings were with respect to having blacks and that was several years\nbefore women, two or three years before women. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mills Lane said there was\nnothing, ultimately said, \"There's nothing prohibiting black guests from the\nCommerce Club, I'd only ask that you,\" in the by-laws, because I'd ask for a\ncopy of the charter and by-laws. That, what prohibited me from having a black\nguest? They said it was against the rules, and I said, \"Give me the rules.\" They\nhad nothing in print about it, so he told me, I've got a letter from him in the\nfile which says, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Dear Miles, there's nothing prohibiting your having black\nguests. We only ask that you not have anybody that you would not have in your\nhome.\" So, the next day I called Vernon to go to the Commerce Club and called\nJim Moore and Emmet Bondurant to join us. Here are these, for lack of a better\nexpression, three pishekas with a black, distinguished black six-foot six lawyer\nwho's younger than us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still. The manager of the club was a little sympathetic in\nterms of what I was doing, so he placed us right in the center of the main\ndining room where everybody could see there was a black guest. Emmett said, \"No\nyou watch, sure enough, the President of the Chamber of Commerce is going to\ncome over like a crab and say, 'Hello, I'm so happy to see you, Vernon.'\" There\nmust have been 25 people who came up to Vernon, who did not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know Emmett, Jim, or\nme from Adam, all of them knew Vernon, welcoming him to the club which was sort\nof a fascinating process. It was sort of a unique luncheon.\n\nBERMAN: Did it change after that?\n\nALEXANDER: Yeah, it was open to black guests after that.\n\nBERMAN: What about membership?\n\nALEXANDER: We tried to get blacks to apply. We had a hard time because it was\nexpensive and why would somebody, nobody was willing to do it at the time. I\ntried to do it for about a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year to get Maynard or Vernon or somebody. I mean,\nultimately, blacks joined the club.\n\nBERMAN: Did you feel sometimes like you were persona non grata at the Lawyers\nClub or the Commerce Club because of your actions?\n\nALEXANDER: Never. I think that there was a solid majority that liked what was\ngoing on. We had some very conservative people in our firm but I never,\nKilpatrick or Cody, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were old-time Georgians, never ever tried to discourage\nme. Louis Regenstein was a very liberal Republican before Goldwater days, and he\nwas all for it. I mean, he was, he had financed and it's one man-one vote\nSupreme Court case up here and he was a great mentor in that respect.\n\nBERMAN: Let's talk a little bit about your work with the ADL and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AJC. What\nwere you mainly involved with first with the ADL?\n\nALEXANDER: I got started at the ADL, being cognizant of them, which was unusual\nfor somebody coming into college, but ADL had put out a study when I took\naptitude tests with my father, for some reason I'd gotten a hold of the copy of\nthe study. I was very good in math, and I was thinking about going into\nengineering and there was a ceiling in engineering on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews. He had been brought\nup working in the five and ten cent business and will work that doesn't make\nJewish managers, so he left and went elsewhere. So, he was more cognizant of\nthis than I was. So, I knew ADL did something along those lines. Then when I got\nto college, Ted Levitas was soliciting for ADL in terms of, I forget what the\ncause was, but his pitch was very good. \"If you give up 25 cents a week for one\nmovie, you'd be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to support this,\" which I thought was an interesting idea.\nWe were, the fraternity supported a Holocaust survivor who was in medical\nschool, provided room and board and clothing and so forth. Actually, it was John\nGalambos, whose wife was later Sandy Springs [Georgia] Mayor, outstanding\ndoctor. But it made me cognizant of fundraising for ADL. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had nothing to do\nwith ADL until I got back to Atlanta after that. I was cognizant of it in\ncollege also because I knew that they were trying to stop the quota system in\nmedical school. Most of my fraternity brothers were going to medical school in\nSwitzerland or France or in Europe, and some of them, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those that had the very\nbest grades, maybe two or three would get into a class of 70 or 80, two or three\nJewish kids. I think four was the traditional cap on Emory Medical School and\nevery place else. In 1958 or 1959, ADL was soliciting young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"professionals to\nmonitor right-wing hate groups. I volunteered to do that. I solicited Emmett\nBondurant I think in 1961 to join me to go to the Ansley Hotel to attend these\nfunctions that were sponsored by organizations that sounded, they weren't called\nthe Klan, but when you went there it was all this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hate literature. We would,\naround the country, we would file reports, getting copies of literature,\nindicating the makeup of the group, were there men and women, were there\nfamilies, what age were they, were there children there, who were the speakers?\nI mean, the former President of the ABA, I'm sorry, the former President of the\nAmerican Medical Association, was the speaker of the Ansley, the first one I\nwent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to. So, it was, it really brought to mind what was happening. Elliott was\nvery active in ADL as well and so was Ted Levitas, so I got drawn into it.\nElliott had ultimately urged me to take the chairmanship of the Civil Rights\nCommittee in it, which followed all of the cases that were going on around the\ncountry. I became a member of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the National Legal Committee that voted on and\nhandled whether which cases to take. So, I had a long period of activity and I\ndecided to have the meetings of the Civil Rights Committee in my office and host\nthe lunches because it was, took less time than going someplace else. It was,\ngave me more time to work and it was, it got the attendance way up.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What were some of the early cases? Do you remember the important cases\nthat you got involved with early on?\n\nALEXANDER: They tended to all be discrimination cases, sometimes women,\nsometimes against gays, could be a case involving ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"homosexuality. I think\nEmmett's wife had handled the case involving sodomy in Georgia where the Georgia\nSupreme Court upheld it, but the Supreme Court later overruled it. I remember\nwhen I was chided for doing that, I, Elaine will kill me for this. I said, there\nwere a group of about 40 men around the firm and I said, they were chiding me\nfor dealing, trying to overrule the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"case. I said, \"Okay, everybody who has not\ncommitted sodomy raise their hand.\" Place broke up and no more questions about it.\n\nBERMAN: That's great. I know that the first, the cause celebre of the ADL way\nback in 1915 was, when it was founded in 1913 --\n\nALEXANDER: The Frank Case.\n\nBERMAN: The Frank Case, and when we first met, you were interested in that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"case.\nHow involved were you with the pardon efforts in 1986 and 1983 and . . .?\n\nALEXANDER: Really just peripherally. Charles Wittenstein and Dale Schwartz\nreally carried the water in that one. For me to claim any real responsibility\nwould be a misrepresentation. I supported it and I wanted more than a pardon\nbecause a pardon didn't find a lack of guilt. I was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taken with Brandeis and\nHolmes, had a dissenting decision in the Frank Case which basically said a\nverdict rendered by fear is not a verdict at all.\n\nBERMAN: I know when we first met, we talked a lot about the Frank Case, you were\nalways interested in it. What drew you --\n\nALEXANDER: I've always collected material because I found it, I knew the Selig\nfamily, and we represented ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"M. A. Ferst which was the pencil company that he was\nbrought down to run. It was the only Jewish lynching in Georgia that I knew\nabout. So, I was drawn to it as a matter of a classic case that a miscarriage of justice.\n\nBERMAN: What about the AJC? What did you, how did you involve yourself with the\nAmerican Jewish Committee?\n\nALEXANDER: I'm trying to think of how I first got involved in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I think I may\nhave been asked to become involved in it, it may have been John Goldin, he was\nPresident right before I was President of it. But I think they were looking for\nsomebody to get involved in the civil rights area of it, and I think they were\nlooking for somebody who was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not Temple, not German-Jewish background. The AJC\nwas, I think, Rabbi Feldman, who I did a lot of pro-bono work for. Jewish\nimmigrants when, after Egyptians started coming over to this country, after the\n1948 war, there were a lot of people who needed legal help that couldn't afford\nit. Even though I had nothing to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with [Congregation] Beth Jacobs, we, Rabbi\nFeldman and I, we played touch football and tennis together, we were friends. He\nhad a doctorate in English. He was, for a very Orthodox Rabbi, he was a\nrenaissance person. We became good friends. He would call the American Jewish\nCommittee the American J Committee. He said, \"Jewish really doesn't belong in\ntheir name.\" But when I got active, I got active, I guess, in the integration ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of\nclubs, going after the Piedmont Driving Club and the Capital City Club and\nothers who were not taking Jews or blacks or women. Probably was elected as\nPresident around 1976 to try to bring a, broaden the net of people who would\njoin the American Jewish Committee. So, it was not just the Reformed Temple\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group. Regenstein, I'm sure earlier than that, encouraged me because he was very\nactive in it. Though he resigned in protest when they wouldn't take non-Jews.\n\nBERMAN: Oh, I didn't know that.\n\nALEXANDER: Steve Selig became President years later and it was Uncle Louis, I\nmean, families were very close. The Selig's and Regenstein's traveled together.\nTheir children were close. I remember Steve saying, \"Why did you wait for me to\nbecome President ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to resign?\" over that issue.\n\nBERMAN: So, the American Jewish Committee wouldn't take non-Jews as members?\n\nALEXANDER: Right. ADL didn't either until we pushed that pretty hard and got\nthat through. When I became President of ADL for, I agreed to do it for a\none-year term, I only agreed to do it if we had a co-chair who was non-Jewish,\nJohn Chandler. That was the first, that was just several years ago that we had\nmaybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eight or ten at most.\n\nBERMAN: Were you involved with the founding of the Black/Jewish Coalition?\n\nALEXANDER: Yes and no. I was not, Elaine was more active in that than I was. I\nhad tried to do something along those lines earlier and the African American\nthan was chosen was indicted for something and it just sort of dropped out. It\ntook several years before that came back. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think Cecil Alexander and John Lewis\nwere the moving forces, and then Elaine came in as the second. I think she\nreplaced Cecil and was very active in it. Her contributions to the AJC were far\nbeyond mine. She started the youth group in it as well, which made the\norganization more viable. ADL was later ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in coming along with its leadership program.\n\nBERMAN: Cecil Alexander was a remarkable man.\n\nALEXANDER: He was.\n\nBERMAN: I got to interview him and get to know him a little bit. What's your,\nhow would you describe him and his contribution to the community, Atlanta community?\n\nALEXANDER: Well, he was well-known as an architect, but I think his real\ncontributions to the community were in civil rights ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and making respectable in\nthe establishment community a bonding between diversity groups. I don't think\nthis, his wife was killed in a tragic automobile accident but amazingly, she had\ndesignated the person he should marry as her successor which worked out well. I\nknew Helen [Eisemann Alexander] very well. She was married to a client of ours\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"previously. Going back to the AJC, I think the most memorable aspects of the AJC\nfor me were, Elaine went on the National Board of AJC and as a result we went to\nWarsaw [Poland] and Krakow and Israel and she went on to Jordan together, which\nwas my first national dealings with, other than accompanying her to meetings.\nBut when I went to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"national meeting as President of AJC, having succeeded John\nas President, I think before Fisher and Bill Epstein, I went to a meeting in\nBoston. That's where I saw my first oral history. Edwin R. Newman was taking the\noral history of Paul Douglas, who's married to Helen Haggen Douglas, and he was\na movie star, Richard Roger's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"widow and Joel Grey who performed in a Cabaret. It\nwas about a two-hour session which was an abbreviated oral history, but it's so\nfascinated me that I came back to Atlanta, and I got a group of about 15 lawyers\nand maybe a non-lawyer or two among them to agree to take the oral histories of\nall these octogenarians. So, I had people like Louis Regenstein and Elliott\nGoldstein ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taking oral histories rather than being taken. Drafted a group of\nquestions to be used and I later took some, I later took a couple myself of\nElliott Goldstein and Sam Miller and Joe Haas. I think Joe Haas was taking one\nof them as well. So, we got a bunch of people before they died and then the\npeople that were taking them were motivated to let us take theirs.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that was the beginning of an unbelievable project. I mean, now there\nare literally thousands of oral histories.\n\nALEXANDER: Well, the first, I think it was the first one that was done in\nAtlanta, but there was a national --\n\nBERMAN: Right.\n\nALEXANDER: I'm sure there's a Holocaust oral history as well in Washington or\nNew York.\n\nBERMAN: They hadn't really started that because historians didn't view them\ninitially as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worthwhile original research.\n\nALEXANDER: These were all audio. We didn't have video to take at the time. We\ndid one video of Albert Mayer who was almost 90 at the time and Sam Eplan. We\nhad a, and a woman, I can't remember whether it's Gershon or Jacob --\n\nBERMAN: Reb Gershon? Rebecca Gershon?\n\nALEXANDER: Either Rebecca Gershon or Jacobs, one of the two. But we had one\nwoman and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two men with the video oral history which still exists.\n\nBERMAN: That's amazing.\n\nALEXANDER: I think I asked Ruth to take Reb Gershon's and she said she would do\nit with her father. Ruth Gershon.\n\nBERMAN: Huh. That's amazing. I want to go back a little bit to your legal\npractice. What made you decide on trademark law?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALEXANDER: Well, when I started law practice, we were the largest firm in\nAtlanta at 14. We now have more offices than that in China and Japan and Sweden,\nbut we did everything. I did divorce work, I did slip-down work, anti-trust\nwork, corporate. I became heavily involved in some anti-trust cases in which\nthere were counter claims by the other side that involved trademarks ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I\nfound very interesting. For example, we would, Frito-Lay would be sued or would\nsue somebody for infringing a trademark and the counter claim would say, \"Fritos\nis a generic term like aspirin and cellophane and therefore you're going to lose\nyour, if you keep suing us, you're going to lose this 100 million dollar or\nbillion dollar asset.\" It was just something everybody understood, and it was at\nthe heart of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"company. Your name is everything to you. If you're talking\nabout Domino's Pizza and you're talking to the owner of Domino's Pizza, that's\nhis existence. You talk about DC Comics or Rolls-Royce, The Flying Lady.\nEverybody understands what you're doing and it's an interesting area of the law.\nBut I stayed with anti-trust and that until I think Nixon eliminated the\nanti-trust laws for practical purposes during his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"administration. It turned out\nthat IP [Intellectual Property] was a . . . and I'd done some patent work as a\nyoung lawyer. When you look at it, there's some areas that really effect your .\n. . if Coca-Cola had every plant that it owned and its headquarters burn down\ntomorrow, and all the trucks were gone, they could borrow a billion dollars just\non their trademark. There's no other asset that carries that worth.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Many years ago, you donated to the Breman Museum the papers of Harold\nHirsch that related to trademark of Coca-Cola.\n\nALEXANDER: Right.\n\nBERMAN: Did that inspire you at all to, had you looked at those early on and saw\n. . .?\n\nALEXANDER: Well, we were one of, we were probably the only general practice firm\nthat was doing a lot of trademark work at the time. Everything was a boutique\nfirm that did patent, copyrights, and trademarks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I knew the firm's heritage\nin the Coca-Cola mark, a lot had been written about it. He was General Counsel\nof Coca-Cola from maybe 1908 or so till the 1930s while being Senior Counsel of\nthe firm. So, the firm had a rich heritage in trademarks and knew about the loss\nof the Cola mark and the protection of the Coke mark and Coca-Cola being a\nsingle thing from a single ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"source under Justice Holmes' language. It was a\nnatural, and one of my mentors was doing trademark work and at one point he said\nto me, or said to the younger lawyers in the firm, unless he gets some help from\nyounger lawyers, he's going to start sending it to Washington. I volunteered to\nget involved in it then. It turned out to be a great move for my career.\n\nBERMAN: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of your bios I read that you worked on the trademark for the \"I\nHave a Dream\" speech. What was that like? What were they trying to use it for?\nWho was trying to use it?\n\nALEXANDER: Well, the first case we had was USA Today reprinted the whole speech\non their front page, on the upper half of the front page, and even though it was\nthe anniversary, it was clearly taking away the licensing rights to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"use the\nmark. I mean, book publishers were paying for the rights to publish his speech,\nwhy would they publish it if anybody can? Then CBS did the same thing. One of my\npartners, Joe Beck, is the leading copyright lawyer certainly in Georgia but one\nof the leading ones in the country. I got him involved in it very quickly. I\nsettled the one with USA ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today, interesting enough, with Charlie Wittenstein's\nson, Charles Wittenstein's son who was on the firm that represented them in\nWashington. They paid the royalty and we got rid of the case. CBS was a more\ndifficult situation and the resolution of that is more confidential. But we\nended up having Jojo Kelly declare the speech in the public domain and we got a\nreversal by the Court of Appeals by a two-one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vote. Joe Beck argued that case in\nthe Court of Appeals as well. One of my great assets at the firm is knowing when\nthere is somebody better than I am to argue a case and using them. Clients tend\nto have confidence in you when they know that you're not going to take\neverything that they have, either somebody that's better equipped to do it.\n\nBERMAN: Who were some of your mentors ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Atlanta when you look back? Who would\nyou describe as a mentor to you?\n\nALEXANDER: I'll give you a couple of those but let me, one more thing on the\nKing estate. Dexter King had gone to New York to interview law firms because the\nthings they had at risk were the heart of the assets of the family. He\ninterviewed four New York firms and he asked all of them, \"If we didn't use your\nfirm, which firm would you use?\" All of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them named us, all four firms. Now, I\nattribute that to the fact that we were in Atlanta, and they were saying, \"Why\nwouldn't you use a fine Atlanta firm?\" I also attribute it to the fact the other\nfirms were all competitors there in New York and we weren't. I thought that\nworth adding to the King, of how we got the King representation. My two\nprincipal mentors here were a man by the name of Ernest Rogers, who was called\nJelly Rogers. Never surely knew, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't for certain what how he got the nickname\n'Jelly' but apparently in the 1920s it was a dapper ladies' man, and Louis\nRegenstein, who probably fit that description as well. Rogers was a outstanding\ntrial lawyer, patent, intellectual property lawyer, and had been President of\nScripto during World War II. He was one of those that was just over age to go to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II. He said if there's another war he's retiring because he got all\nthis work. He started giving me work early on and I worked closely with him. He\nwas always promoting younger lawyers. Herman Lay would say at Frito-Lay, \"I've\ngot this difficult problem.\" Rogers would say, \"Well, I can't do it because it's\noutside my area of expertise, but if Miles Alexander has time, you'll be lucky\nto get him.\" You can't pay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back that type of mentorship and promotion of you.\nLouis was much the same way. He got me involved in very big matters very early\non. They were both renaissance lawyers. Everybody I started practice with I\nreally regard as giants of the field. There was a, people went into law in the\n1920s and 1930s and 1940s and even the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1950s because they really were drawn to\nit. It's much more difficult to tell whether somebody wants to be a lawyer in\n1980 or 1990s when law firms are paying 100 thousand dollars a year. We started,\nI started at less money than I was making teaching at law school at Harvard and\nless money than I was making as a Lieutenant in the Air Force. Why would\nsomebody be drawn to that field if they really didn't want ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be a lawyer or a doctor?\n\nBERMAN: And make a change, make a difference.\n\nALEXANDER: And do something you enjoy doing.\n\nBERMAN: What about within the Jewish community? Was there anybody who you would\nconsider a mentor or somebody that you admired?\n\nALEXANDER: Well, a lot of people I admired, I'm trying to think. Louis\nRegenstein was certainly a mentor in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish community. I think it comes more\nfrom contemporaries, I think, than it does seniors. I think Leon Eplan was very\nactive in the Jewish community. Elliott Levitas was very active, Jerry Cooper\nwas very active. They were all close friends and peers, and you tend to do what\nyour peers do as well. The, I mean, you watch ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people like Ida Levitas, and you\nknow how much she gave to the Jewish community, but I couldn't call her a mentor.\n\nBERMAN: But you were at AA, what about Rabbi Epstein? What did you think about him?\n\nALEXANDER: Elaine was concerned about our children believing he was God. I was,\nI liked Rabbi Epstein very much. His daughter was dating age when we were all\ngrowing up, so we all knew Davida [Epstein Weiss]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was baseball player and a\ngolfer, so he was an interesting and very bright guy. He'd speak at our\ncompulsory chapel. He was the Jewish representative who would tend to appear at\nGlenn Memorial. I was left with a sour taste for the AA synagogue because I was\na first-year associate when Elaine said we're going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"join. I was not anxious\nto join any synagogue at the time because I was making $4,200 a year and $600 or\n$700 dues or whatever it was was . . . we joined and six months later they had\nan assessment that was about half my income. That struck me as bad faith on\ntaking somebody in as a member that was just starting out in practice. So, I was\nvery happy to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"switch to Temple Sinai when it came around. I don't need, my guess\nis Rabbi Epstein had nothing to do with that. That was probably the Board that\ndecided on doing that type of thing.\n\nBERMAN: I interviewed him a couple of times and he told me one of his greatest\nregrets, it was toward the end of his life, was that he didn't get more involved\nin the general community, the civil rights ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"era, that he felt he was the\nsynagogue Rabbi --\n\nALEXANDER: Right.\n\nBERMAN: -- but not a community Rabbi. So, it doesn't seem like the right fit for\nyou. Were you sorry you weren't more involved in the Temple in those early years\nwhen they were doing so much in the civil rights era?\n\nALEXANDER: Well, it was probably a no-good fit for me because that was not my\nthing. It's sort of ironic because, I mean, Elaine has made sure that all of our\nchildren were brought up religiously. Kent is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incoming Temple President, I think\nhe's going to be the next President of the Temple. So, Elaine has really brought\nthe children up. She said at one point, or I said at one point, \"You really\nbecame a great father when they got their first jump shot.\" But it was a very\ndifferent world and women stayed at home and raised children. That was very\ndifficult for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men as well because here I was with four children and a wife, and\nif I didn't make partner in firm and success that of my career, the pressure\nthat is on was, I think, in that sort of atmosphere and culture, I think women's\nliberation was really men's liberation.\n\nBERMAN: You mentioned Kent. What are the names of your other children and what\nare they doing?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALEXANDER: All of the children are, I sort of feel like Rosalynn Carter, because\nyou can't talk about one child without talking about the others because they're\nreally all outstanding. David is a family therapist and when lawyers come up to\nme to talk about David, who is our second son, Kent is 61, turns 62 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this year,\nDavid turns 60 on Valentine's Day. When lawyers stop me and say, \"I really love\nyour son,\" most of them are talking about David who has helped them with their\nfamily problems as opposed to Kent who I expect them to be talking about because\nhe's had an incredible career. I mean, Kent started out with Long \u0026 Aldridge out\nof law school because he wanted to be a litigator. One of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the litigators from\nour firm who was a mentor to him, or would have been a mentor to him, Phil\nHeiner, developed cancer before Kent even got the firm. There was no litigation\ngroup there, so he went with the U.S. Attorney and spent about seven years\nthere, and then went to King and Spalding, became a partner. [President Bill]\nClinton appointed him as U.S. Attorney, so he had the tour during the Olympics\nwhere he . . . then ended up being lured by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emory. Like me, he married above his\nstation, like all of our children, his wife's a plastic surgeon which gave him\nmore flexibility of going to Emory. When he too the pay cut from King and\nSpalding to Emory, he said, \"I could live on a lot of money. My parents taught\nme to do that. I don't have to live about it,\" he didn't say obscene but an\nexcessive amount of money. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then he went in house with a company that would've\nrequired him to go to Chicago and left that to go with CARE. Then he left that\nto go with, run, be Chief of Staff of Michelle [Nunn]'s campaign. Then he wrote\nhis book and I think he's going to be an author/lawyer rather than lawyer/author\nnow. David is married to a wonderful woman from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Athens [Georgia]. He's the only\nintermarriage among our four children but she's probably more familiar with the\nTemple and Judaism than he is. As they've raised their children to celebrate\nboth holidays, they've all been bar mitzvahed and confirmed at the Temple. All\nthe kids have been at the Temple. Michael, the third ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child, had gone to Syracuse\nto go into one area and then ended up switching to SCAD and became, got a degree\nin architecture and historical restoration. He's built develops and builds and\nrestores. He's married to Pam Gold, who performed on Broadway and one of the\nfour Gold sisters here who are prominent in their own rights in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town. She was in\na couple of Broadway shows, a lot of traveling shows, but when they wanted to\nhave children, they came back to Atlanta because Michael hated New York as much\nas Pam loved it. Paige is living in Amsterdam [Netherlands] now. As we speak,\nshe is in the finalist for the CEO position at the Carter Center, which is an\nincredible position. She's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"turning 54 this coming month. It's hard to get to,\nthink of your children in those terms because I'm on the Carter Board of\nCouncilors and I was chastised by a lot of people for going on it because we had\n20 Jewish members resign in protest over apartheid title. I can't say that my\nfamily was very supportive of my going on the Board at the time. Got a number ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of\ncalls urging me not to, but some calls are former Board members with other Board\nmembers saying it was time to have somebody Jewish present at those things. I'm\nvery glad I did it a number of years ago. I'm now a lifetime member and\nbasically having a daughter interview for that position.\n\nBERMAN: That's amazing. I know, is Stuart Eizenstat back doing things with the\nCarter Center?\n\nALEXANDER: He has always been Carter's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conciliarge or whatever you call them.\nCarter looks to him for any sort of advice in the Jewish community. If you have\ntime for 900 something pages, he's got a great book on the Carter administration.\n\nBERMAN: I spoke to him during the interview about his, he was very disappointed\nin Carter during that time.\n\nALEXANDER: Very clearly. If you take a look in my oral history, he's very candid\nabout, I was surprised on candid because I asked, I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know Stu from, Stu\nwas on my committee that I put together during the Maynard Jackson\nadministration, which we haven't really talked about, but I had a committee of\nwhite lawyers because he was having so much trouble with the white business\ncommunity, to try to build bridges. One of the lawyers was Mike Trotter but it\nwas also Stu Eizenstat. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are about seven or eight of us, we'd set up\nmeetings with the business community to try to bring peace to the affirmative\naction aspect of his administration, which people were balking at. But Stu had\nsaid specifically that he didn't find out about the title of the book until he\nwas on a program with Derschowitz at Yale or something. Derschowitz was chiding\nabout something, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"What do you think of your President's books?\" He immediately\ncalled Carter, and this is all on tape, and Carter told him it was too late,\nthat he'd already gone to the printer. I don't think Stu has any doubt but that\nthat was deliberate, because he'd run every other book by him. Now people are\nfrequently saying, \"Well, is it apartheid?\" It's a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very difficult situation.\nIt's a very unfortunate use of that title to sell books.\n\nBERMAN: I agree. We didn't talk, that was another question that I did have about\nyour work on political campaigns, both for Governor Jackson, Mayor Jackson, and\nalso for Congressman Levitas. What did you do on those campaigns?\n\nALEXANDER: Elliott's campaign I was involved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in from the, as was Elaine, from\nthe very beginning. Everything from fundraising to being the lawyer for the\ncampaign and giving back illegal contributions which people inadvertently make.\nCorporations and people doing business with government can't make contributions.\nWe're there from sort of opening gong to election and then I was his counsel for\nall the campaigns. I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arnall, I think Ellis, not Ellis Arnall but Sol Gold,\nhe was at the Arnall Golden Gregory firm at that time, said, \"Why are you using\nMiles from another firm rather than somebody from here?\" He said, \"Because Miles\nwill tell me no.\"\n\nBERMAN: Were you involved also during his last campaign when Pat Swindall and\nthe anti-Semitism that was going on during?\n\nALEXANDER: Yeah, very much so.\n\nBERMAN: Can you describe what that was like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for Elliott?\n\nALEXANDER: Well, I think Elliott took the position that if people were not aware\nof all he had done, then he was not going to spend all his time campaigning\nrather than serving in Congress. Swindall had no moral compass at all. We had\nactually caught somebody taking down all of Elliott's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"signs by having them\nfollowed. Of course, going to the churches and saying, \"Vote for a Christian,\"\nwas enough to get Elliott beat. It's unfortunate. But he was generally viewed as\none of the most effective people in congress. One of the reasons was that he\nread all the bills that he was voting on. People would come to him that didn't\nhave the time or the comprehension that was necessary to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so, and Elliott\nwould say, even if Elliott was for the bill, he would tell them, \"In your\nconstituency, if you vote for the bill you won't be re-elected.\" So, he would be\ncandid with them.\n\nBERMAN: What was some of the work you did for the Jackson campaigns and the\nJackson administration?\n\nALEXANDER: Well, I started out with Jackson because I got a call from a client,\nLeila Ogden, who is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister of Arthur Harris, The Atlanta Paper Company, Mead, old\nAtlanta family. David Franklin was buying a piece of jewelry from her, and he\nwas buying it either for his wife or for Bunnie Jackson, but he was urging her\nto loan Maynard $3,000 to enter the race against Talmage for Senate. She called\nme to see if I knew of Maynard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jackson and David Franklin and would I loan them\nmoney? I said, \"Yes, I would,\" if I were her. She was a very wealthy woman, and\nit was just a loan. She and Jackson became very friendly. Elaine and I became\nactive in the Senatorial campaign because Talmadge was at that time still a\nracist in his voting. I remember going to their first finance committee meeting\nand there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"John Kennedy, a black lawyer, Elaine and me and that's all. We\nwere the only ones there because he had a very hard time raising funds. But I\nmade sure he complied with the federal election laws and from that time on\nthrough his terms as Vice-Mayor and also his terms, first two terms as Mayor,\nand his third term as Mayor, I was always pro-bono legal counsel with respect to\nthe reports, making sure he returned contributions and reported what he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needed.\nHe never had a challenge to any of his financing. A lot of people may have gone\nto jail over the airport, but that was their own doing. I got very involved in\nraising money in the first race. I was not on the finance committee, they wanted\nto put me on it later because I'd got so much money from clients who realized he\nwas going to win. I took a lot of static for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, more static for that race\nthan anything short of going on the Carter Board of Counselors. More than I took\nfor integrating, trying to integrate clubs. I think the reason I got involved,\ndespite Massell being a very good mayor, and I supported Massell, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's some\npicture up there that has me with, Maynard pulled me into a picture with Massell\nand Andy Young and Shirley and himself, saying I was the only one who supported\nall four of them. I supported Campbell too. But it was a practical matter, the\nJewish community having a Jewish lawyer go over to Maynard Jackson against\nMassell was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unacceptable to, even to some clients.\n\nBERMAN: So, you took a lot of flak for that?\n\nALEXANDER:Yeah. But I raised a lot of money from clients that would, the client\nwould come with ten thousand dollars cash and want to make a cash, because in\nthose days, people thought cash really gave a message. People see dollars and\nit's not like giving a check and giving it to somebody. So, I walked them over\nto give the cash and then I walked Maynard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over to the bank to get a money order\nfor the cash, then deposited the cash to make sure, made sure they knew it was\ntax, it was not tax deductible. It was sort of keeping, I guess, above Cesar's\nwife type of thing.\n\nBERMAN: So why did you support Maynard instead of Sam Massell?\n\nALEXANDER: I thought the black community was in great need of having black\nleadership and a black role model. I thought he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was ideally suited for that. He\nwas bigger than life. I thought he was well motivated, I thought he was bright,\ncertainly as articulate as anybody I knew. He had already, in practice at that\ntime, started calling me about, he was in law practice, but he was a very young\nlawyer and he had nobody to consult with. So, if he had a question about how to\ndeal with a client or something, he would regularly call about, if he needed to\nwithdrawal from a case because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they weren't paying him, he didn't know how to do\nit, complying with the rules. So, I sort of operated as a, almost like a big brother.\n\nBERMAN: Did you remain close for his entire, for the rest, all those years?\n\nALEXANDER: The rest of his life. It was a, going through my papers I ran across\nsomething that I never finished but . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you want to turn that off for a\nsecond? We back on? You asked me to read some of this. I'm not going to read the\nwhole thing obviously, but when Maynard died, the week before I'd been on a\nflight to Washington with him and he'd introduced me with glowing\nrecommendations to people. I said, \"The white man's view of Maynard Jackson. The\nloss of a controversial younger friend who was larger than life causes one to\nreflect and creates a desire to share those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reflections.\" Then I go on to say\nwhile I was at a prominent law firm, how I got involved with him. At the very\nend I say, \"On behalf of those of us in the white community who were made so\nmuch better for having known you, I, with tears in my eyes, salute you and thank\nyour family for sharing you with us.\"\n\nBERMAN: That's beautiful. I have only last question for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you. What, beside you\nfamily and your wife and your children, what do you consider to be your greatest achievement?\n\nALEXANDER: I've really never focused on it because I always thought of my family\nas . . .\n\nBERMAN: I knew that you would say your family, so . . .\n\nALEXANDER: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think being liked by more people than I ever expected and being\nrespected by more people than I ever expected.\n\nBERMAN: I think that's a beautiful answer. With that, unless I've missed\nsomething . . .\n\nALEXANDER: We probably missed Paige's husband. I've given everybody else's.\nPaige's husband is a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accomplished political science government guru that's\nwritten an outstanding book and outstanding articles on how to bring peace to\nthe Mideast. They're living in Amsterdam together while she heads a\nnot-for-profit. He's been teaching and he's now got a great project that is\naimed at doing what I don't think Trump will ever be able to do. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I have to,\nwhen I say my greatest pride is my family, they've all married outstanding\npeople who we're proud to have as son-in-laws and daughter-in-laws. They've all\nexceeded anything we could've hoped for from them. A lot of people say you're\nonly as happy as your unhappiest child and we've been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/transcript/33014/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lucky to have a very happy life.\n\nBERMAN: Well, thank you very much.\n\nALEXANDER: Thank you.\n\nBERMAN: This has been a true pleasure. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=6150.0,6180.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSandra Katz \"Sandy\" Berman is an American archivist. A native of Cleveland, Ohio, she was the founding archivist of the Cleveland Jewish Archives. She later moved to Atlanta, Georgia, and in 1985 became the founding archivist of the Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. During her 28-year tenure at the Breman, she co-curated multiple exhibitions and expanded the scope of the museum to include collections from Jewish communities throughout Georgia and surrounding states. She is the interviewer for many of the oral histories that can be found in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta celebrates and commemorates Jewish history, culture, and art through events and museum spaces. The Breman also contains the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, which houses thousands of manuscripts, oral histories, and photograph collections, related to southern Jewish history and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiles J. Alexander is a senior partner with Kilpatrick Townsend \u0026amp; Stockton LLP in Atlanta and is one of the elder statesmen of Georgia’s legal community. Alexander has consistently been ranked one of the world’s leading trademark lawyers during his more than six decades in the profession. He is equally known for his career-long commitment to fighting discrimination as a leader in the Anti-Defamation League (ADL). Alexander rejoined his law firm in 1958 after teaching at Harvard Law School and serving two years as a United States Air Force Judge Advocate. Alexander married Elaine Alexander in 1955 and the couple had four children, Kent, David, Michael, and Paige.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Esther and Herbert Taylor Family Foundation supports The Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection at the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History at the Breman Museum in Atlanta, which consists of a thousand oral histories that document Jewish life in Georgia and Alabama. The Foundation was founded in 1983 and is administered by the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReading is a city in southern Pennsylvania and is the county seat of Berks County, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMontreal is the largest city in Canada’s Quebec province. It is set on an island in the Saint Lawrence River and named after Mt. Royal, the triple-peaked hill at its heart.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Army Air Forces was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMitchel Air Force Base, also known as Mitchel Field, was a United States Air Force base located on the Hempstead Plains of Long Island, New York. The base was in use from 1917 to 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries, it started in about 1929, when the American stock market crashed, and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century. The Great Depression is often seen as the major turning point in 20th-century world history. In Europe, World War I had a long-term impact on the economy and financial stability. Postwar inflation spiraled into hyperinflation by the 1920’s and European banks struggled to stay open. Exasperating the situation were skyrocketing unemployment rates. The Great Depression had immediately visible political and social ramifications in Europe, including increased antisemitism and nationalism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePopular in the early to mid-20th century, the five-and-dime (also called the five and ten) was the precursor to modern-day discount stores, offering everything from candies to household goods for bargain prices.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Town of Hempstead is one of the three towns in Nassau County in the U.S. state of New York. It occupies the southwestern part of the county, on the western half of Long Island.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlexandria, Virginia, is a city on the Potomac River, just south of Washington, D.C. It’s known for its Old Town, with brick sidewalks and well-preserved 18th- and 19th-century buildings.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense. As a symbol of the U.S. military, the phrase ‘The Pentagon’ is also often used as a metonym for the Department of Defense and its leadership.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThomas Jefferson Elementary School in Falls Church, Virginia, was renamed to Oak Street Elementary School in April 2021. Oak Street Elementary is a school for third, fourth, and fifth grade students. In 2012, Oak Street Elementary School became authorized to implement the Primary Years Program of the International Baccalaureate (IB).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLos Angeles is a city in Southern California and the center of the nation’s film, and television industry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBayside is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. It is bounded by Whitestone to the northwest, the Long Island Sound and Little Neck Bay to the northeast, Douglaston to the east, Bellerose to the south, and Fresh Meadows to the west.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchool integration in the United States is the process (also known as desegregation) of ending race-based segregation within American public and private schools. Racial segregation in schools existed throughout most of American history and remains an issue in contemporary education. During the Civil Rights Movement, school integration became a priority, but since then de facto segregation has again become prevalent. School segregation declined rapidly during the late 1960s and early 1970s but appears to have increased since 1990. The disparity in the average poverty rate in the schools whites attend and blacks attend is the single most important factor in the educational achievement gap between white and black students.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlexandria City High School (formerly named T. C. Williams High School) is a public high school in the City of Alexandria, Virginia, and is referred to informally as the “Titans” by students, faculty, and locals. The school’s football team was the subject of the 2000 film \u003cem\u003eRemember the Titans\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRemember the Titans\u003c/em\u003e is a 2000 American biographical sports film produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Boaz Yakin. The screenplay, written by Gregory Allen Howard, is based on the true story of coach Herman Boone, portrayed by Denzel Washington, and his attempt to integrate the T. C. Williams High School (now Alexandria City High School) football team in Alexandria, Virginia, in 1971. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBayside High School is an American public high school located in the Bayside neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrlando is a city in central Florida and is home to more than a dozen theme parks.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1936 as “Emory College” by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Army brat is the child of someone (usually an officer) serving full-time in the army or another branch of the military, especially a child who grew up living on military bases.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire. Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock, it is the ninth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges charted before the American Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharlottesville is a city in Virginia. It’s home to the University of Virginia and the city is a gateway to Shenandoah National Park, along a section of the Blue Ridge Mountains.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Virginia is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia, founded in 1918 by Thomas Jefferson. It is the flagship university of Virginia and home to the Academical Village, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Deep South is a cultural and geographic subregion in the Southern United States. The term was first used to describe the states most dependent on plantations and chattel slavery during the early period of United States history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRacial segregation is the systematic separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life. Segregation can involve the spatial separation of the races, and mandatory use of different institutions, such as schools and hospitals, by people of different races. 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The fraternity has 244 active chapters across the United States and Canada and has initiated more than 350,000 members.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly referred to as Georgia Tech, is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Watts Young was an American astronaut, naval officer and aviator, test pilot. And aeronautical engineer. He became the ninth person to walk on the Moon as commander of the Apollo 16 mission in 1972.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElliott Harris Levitas (born 1930) is a Jewish American politician who was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a Rhodes scholar who received a bachelor’s degree from Emory University, law degree from Emory Law School, and Master of Law degree from Oxford University. From 1955 to 1958, he served in United States Air Force. He served in the Georgia House of Representatives (1965-1975) and was a United States Congressman from Georgia's 4th district in the United States House of Representatives (1975-1985).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTau Epsilon Phi (ΤΕΦ, nicknamed “Tep”) is a college social fraternity founded by Jewish students at Columbia University in 1910. As of 2021, it has fifteen active chapters and five active colonies, with its oldest active chapter residing at the University of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlpha Epsilon Pi (ΑΕΠ, nicknamed \"AEPi\") is a Jewish college social fraternity founded at New York University in 1913. As of 2021, it has over 186 active chapters located on university campuses around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeonard Diamond (1927-2009) was an Emory University graduate who was deeply involved in the Atlanta community. Diamond was a past President of the Marcus Jewish Community Center and was presented the Distinguished Rotarian Lifetime award from the Rotary Club of Atlanta. Diamond was a pioneer in the construction industry and was Chairman Emeritus of Goodman Decorating. He was also President of the Atlanta Chapter of the Painting and Decorating Contractors of America and Chairman of the Industrial painting Committee of the SSPC. He was active in Associated general Contractors, American Subcontractors Association and Associated Specialty Contractors, and the American Arbitration Association. Diamond was an active member of Ahavath Achim Synagogue. He passed away in 2009 at the age of 82.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eClyde Rodbell (1927-2015) received his Bachelor of Business Administration from Emory School of Business in 1949. After graduation, Rodbell joined his late brother at Apex Supply Company where he worked for 54 years, serving as President and Chairman until the company was sold to The Home Depot in 2000. Rodbell served on several boards throughout his career, including the American Jewish Committee, Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, Atlanta Jewish Federation, Standard Club, Kidney Foundation of Georgia, Southern Wholesalers Association, Georgia Citizens for Good Government, Shepherd Center, Atlanta Rotary Club, American Red Cross, and several Industry Advisory Boards. Rodbell eventually created the Clyde Rodbell Family Philanthropic Foundation and supported several charities including The Temple Congregation, United Jewish Appeal, Shepherd Center, Atlanta Jewish Community Center, and Camp Sunshine.  Rodbell was a pioneer in championing the Republican Party in Georgia and was actively involved in the Fund for America’s Future, Presidential Candidate George H. W. Bush – National Finance Committee Georgia State Co-Chairman, The Kennedy Center – President’s Advisory Committee on the Arts and fundraised for conservative candidates and incumbents around the state and the nation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRush week, more officially known as recruitment week, is the period when fraternities and sororities recruit students to their respective Greek letter organizations. 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He attended Boys’ High in Atlanta. He was a graduate of the Emory University School of Dentistry. He served as chief of staff for the Ben Massell Dental Clinic in Atlanta for several years. He was in the United States Navy during World War II, serving in the Pacific Theater. He was president of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, the American Society of Dentistry for Children, the Southeastern Society of Pediatric Dentistry, the Northern (Georgia) District Dental Society, and Atlanta's Thomas P. Hinman Dental Society.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory School of Dentistry closed in 1988, as the founding of newer, state-supported dental schools throughout the Southeast led to a decline in Emory’s dental enrollment.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA recession is a business cycle contraction when there is a general decline in economic activity. Recessions generally occur when there is a widespread drop in spending.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Korean War was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the support of the United Nations, principally from the United States). The war began on June 25, 1950, when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and insurrections in the south. 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An agnostic is a person who believes that nothing is known or can be known about the existence or nature of God or anything beyond material phenomena and is someone who claims neither faith nor disbelief in God.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA secular Jew is someone who partakes in modern secular society and are not strictly religious.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAleph Zadik Aleph (AZA) is an international youth-led fraternal organization for Jewish teenage boys. 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People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the \u003cem\u003eshofar\u003c/em\u003e (a ram’s horn). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003egrande dame\u003c/em\u003e is a woman of influential position within a particular sphere. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIda Goldstein Levitas (1897-1987) was born in in the town of Zabludow (near Bialystok), Poland and grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. During the First World War and before marrying her husband Louis J. Levitas, she was a social worker for the Jewish Educational Alliance in Atlanta. Her son Elliott Levitas was a United States Congressman from 1975 to 1985 and her son Ted Levitas was a prominent pediatric dentist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSheigetz \u003c/em\u003eor \u003cem\u003eShegetz\u003c/em\u003e is a Yiddish word that refers to a non-Jewish boy or young man or a Jewish boy who does not observe Jewish precepts. The term is often used disparagingly by Jewish people. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish students in Emory’s dental school were failed or forced to repeat courses at a rate disproportionately higher to their non-Jewish colleagues from 1948 to 1961. Although data revealing these discriminatory practices were presented by the Anti-Defamation League more than five decades ago, the Emory administration at the time denied that this unusually high rate of failures was the result of discrimination by the dental school’s Dean and faculty. Through the initiative of Perry Brickman, a former student of Emory College and the Emory University School of Dentistry, a new film spotlights a story from a story first published in the 1960s in \u003cem\u003eSome of My Best Friends…\u003c/em\u003e by Benjamin R. Epstein and Arnold Forester. Brickman interviewed dozens of former Emory dental students to create an oral history of that period and conducted documentary research to back up their stories. This history forms the substance of the new film, “From Silence to Recognition: Confronting Discrimination in Emory’s Dental School History.” \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Stanley Perry Brickman (1931-), a native of Chattanooga, Tennessee, was kicked out of Emory University’s School of Dentistry in 1951 because he was Jewish. Brickman spent the next few years interviewing dozens of Jewish students who attended the school in the 1950s and 1960s, compiling a video that revealed a pattern of antisemitism by the school’s dean. In 2012, Emory University administrators issued a public apology. Dr. Brickman is a noted oral surgeon practicing in Atlanta, and released a book, \u003cem\u003eExtracted: Unmasking Rampant Antisemitism in America’s Higher Education\u003c/em\u003e, in 2019. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShirley Berkowitz Brickman (1935-) is a native of Atlanta, Georgia. Along with her husband, Dr. Perry Brickman, she is a long-time volunteer with Jewish organizations in the community, including as a docent at the William Breman Jewish Heritage \u0026amp; Holocaust Museum and a founder of the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta's newcomer program, Shalom Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBarbara “Babs” Claire Hillman Levitas (b. 1934) is a native of Atlanta, Georgia. She is the wife of Elliott Harris Levitas, a United States Congressman. She was a teacher who graduated from the University of Michigan and was a volunteer for the League of Women Voters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElaine Lowenstein Alexander (born 1934) has served on numerous civic and Jewish board and commissions during her professional career. Alexander served as the Executive Director of Leadership Atlanta from 1978-1992, she is a lifetime board member of the American Jewish Committee and Southeast region’s Anti-Defamation League, and she was a founding member of the Black/Jewish Coalition. She was also a member of the Executive Committee of the Georgia Commission on the Status of Women from 1976-1979 and served on the board of the Atlanta Women’s Foundation from 1997-2004. Alexander was the founding president of Vote Choice/A Georgia PAC and served as Vice Chair of the Georgia Democratic Party. Alexander served on and supported several political campaigns, including those of Maynard Jackson, John Lewis, and Elliott Levitas. Alexander married Miles Alexander in 1955 and the couple had four children together, Kent, David, Michael, and Paige.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mayfair Club opened in 1938 at 1456 Spring Street in Midtown Atlanta. The two-story club was a focal point of Jewish life in the city for more than 25 years. The club was founded in 1930 and first met at the Biltmore Hotel. Eleanor Roosevelt, Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, mayors Ivan Allen and William Berry Hartsfield, senators Herman Talmadge and Richard Russell, and Governor Carl Sanders all visited the club. A Fire destroyed the Mayfair Club on December 4, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerry Cooper is the principal, chairman of the board, and co-founder of the Atlanta design firm Cooper Carry. He is a longtime supporter of the William Breman Jewish Home and is involved in causes helping Holocaust survivors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJean Cooper is a volunteer and past board member of the William Breman Jewish Home.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJudith Taylor graduated from Brandeis University and moved to Atlanta, Georgia after marrying her husband, Mark Taylor. Judith served as the State Public Affairs Chair for the National Council of Jewish Women and was very active in lobbying in the state legislature on issues relating to women, children, the elderly, changing rape laws, and juvenile justice. She was a founding member of the Atlanta Women’s Foundation, the first woman to serve as Vice President of the Planning and Allocation Division of the United Way of Metropolitan Atlanta, and the Vice President of United Way’s Community and Government Relations Division. Judith is the alumni chair, trustee, and treasurer of Leadership Atlanta, and is a member of the Board of the Southeast Region of the Anti-Defamation League. In 2008, Mark and Judith were recipients of the Jerry and Dulcy Rosenberg SHORASHIM Award, and in 2010 they received the Planned Parenthood of Georgia’s Living Legends Award. Judith and Mark were also recipients of the Abe Goldstein Human Relations Aware at the Anti-Defamation League’s Community of Respect event in November 2018.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMark Taylor received an engineering degree from Cornell University and a master’s degree from Georgia Institute of Technology. He also later studied philosophy at Georgia State University and attended law school in Atlanta. After World War II, Taylor went into the construction business with his father where they built apartments, shopping malls, commercial buildings, and other large projects in Atlanta. Taylor married Judith Grossman in 1957 and they had three children together. Taylor has a daughter from an earlier marriage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMadalyne Eplan (1935-2021) was a schoolteacher at Morris Brandon, Ahavath Achim Synagogue, and the Hebrew Academy of Atlanta. She met her husband, Leon Eplan, upon moving to Atlanta after graduation from the University of Texas, and the two were married in August 1959.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGail Hirschorn Evans is an American author, lecturer, and business executive. She is known for being the highest-ranking female executive at Cable News Network (CNN) and for her two books, \u003cem\u003ePlay Like a Man, Win Like a Woman\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eShe Wins, You Win\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Evans (1930-2017) served in the U.S. Navy during the Korean War before beginning his career as a TV journalist with CBS News. Evans was a foreign correspondent and Bureau Chief in Washington for CBS News. He later became a professional speaker presenting global trends analysis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeon Samuel Eplan was born in Jacksonville, Florida in 1928 and moved to Atlanta, Georgia as a child. He was an urban planner who served as planning commissioner for the City of Atlanta. He was a graduate of Boys' High in Atlanta and held degrees in sociology and regional planning from Emory University, University of Tennessee and University of North Carolina. He served in the United States Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Alexander, LPC is an Atlanta-based psychologist who has been practicing in the Atlanta area for over 30 years. has a private practice as a Licensed Professional Counselor specializing in children and parenting concerns. Alexander spent his early career working with the Georgia Mental Health Institute as Inpatient Treatment Coordinator, advocate, and therapist for children and their families. Alexander has taken an active role in developing and providing specialized counseling resources and training for domestic law professionals, mental health providers, parents, religious organizations, and teachers. He is the President and Director of Services for Atlanta Developmental Consultants, Inc., a founding member of the Atlanta Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, and a past board member and past President of the Collaborative Law Institute of Georgia. Alexander is also on the board of the Center for Navigating Family Changes and is a founding member of the Atlanta Collaborative Divorce Alliance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKent Alexander was the US Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia during the 1996 Olympics. He spent hundreds of hours working with the FBI to find the bomber, and ultimately wrote and hand-delivered Richard Jewell’s clearance letter. He has worked as Assistant United States Attorney for seven years, was a partner at King \u0026amp; Spalding law firm, Senior Vice President and General Counsel of Emory University and CARE, Chief of Staff and Strategy for Michelle Nunn for US Senate and is an author and attorney at ABRAMS. Currently, Kent is President of The Temple in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarvard Law School is the law school of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest continuously operating law school in the United States and one of the most prestigious in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The city is the 24th-most populous city in the country, and the most populous city in New England.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Dear John letter is a letter written to a man by his wife or romantic partner to inform him that their relationship is over, usually because she has found another lover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) is best known for his role as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous \"I Have a Dream\" speech. On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many United States’ cities. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a United States federal holiday in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWillie Christine King Farris is the eldest sibling of Martin Luther King Jr. She taught at Spelman College and is the author of several books. Farris was also a public speaker on various topics, including the King family, multicultural education, and teaching.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbia University is a private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King’s College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan, Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWillie Christine King Farris was unable to attend the University of Georgia because the university did not admit black students until the mid-1960’s. Instead, Farris attended New York’s Columbia University, where she received a master’s degree in Social Foundations of Economics in 1950 and went on to earn another master’s in Special Education in 1958.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeparate but equal was a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law, according to which racial segregation did not necessarily violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed “equal protection” under the law to all people. Under the doctrine, if the facilities provided to each “race” were equal, state and local governments could require that services, facilities, public accommodations, housing, medical care, education, employment, and transportation be segregated by “race”. The doctrine was confirmed in the \u003cem\u003ePlessy v. Ferguson\u003c/em\u003e Supreme Court decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka\u003c/em\u003e (1954) was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for Black and white students unconstitutional. The ruling paved the way for integration and the civil rights movement. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States of America. It has ultimate and largely discretionary appellate jurisdiction over all federal and state court cases that involve a point of federal law, and original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases, specifically “all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be party.” The Court holds the power of judicial review, the ability to invalidate a statue for violating a provision of the constitution. It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating ither the Constitution or statutory law. The Court may decide cases having political overtones but has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorehouse College is a private historically black men’s liberal arts college in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSpelman College is a private, historically Black, women’s liberal arts college in Atlanta, Georgia. The college is part of the Atlanta University Center academic consortium in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eClark Atlanta University is a private Methodist historically black research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Clark Atlanta University is the first HBCU in the Southern United States. Founded on September 19, 1865, as Atlanta University, it consolidated with Clark College to form Clark Atlanta University in 1988.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKilpatrick Townsend \u0026amp; Stockton is an international law firm headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. The firm is well known for its intellectual property practice and has represented major clients in cutting-edge IP cases. In 1997, Kilpatrick \u0026amp; Cody (founded 1874 in Atlanta) and Petree Stockton (founded 1918 in Winston-Salem) merged to form Kilpatrick Stockton LLP. On January 1, 2011, Kilpatrick Stockton and Townsend and Townsend and Crew (founded 1986) merged to form Kilpatrick Townsend \u0026amp; Stockton LLP.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCambridge is a city in Massachusetts, across the Charles River from Boston.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSutherland Asbill \u0026amp; Brennan LLP, rebranded to the abbreviated name of Sutherland, was an AmLaw 100 American law firm. Founded in 1924 by William Sutherland and Elbert Tuttle as Sutherland \u0026amp; Tuttle, the firm originally achieved national prominence on tax issues. Sutherland’s practice extended throughout the United States and worldwide and was focused on seven major practice areas: corporate, energy and environmental, financial services, intellectual property, litigation, real estate, and tax. In 1933, Joseph Brennan became partner, and the firm became known as Sutherland, Tuttle \u0026amp; Brennan. The firm opened an office in Washington, D.C. in 1937. In 1949, Mac Asbill, Sr. joined the Washington office. Upon Elbert Tuttle’s departure in 1954, the firm was renamed Sutherland, Asbill \u0026amp; Brennan LLP. In 2014, Sutherland combined with Arbis LLP in London and Geneva to create a global energy practice. In 2016, Eversheds and Sutherland partners voted to merge as Eversheds Sutherland. In February 2017, the firms became equal members in the new entity and currently do business around the world as Eversheds Sutherland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Bar Association, founded August 21, 1878, is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eE. Smythe Gambrell (1896-1986) was a lawyer with firms in Washington, D.C. and Atlanta, Georgia. Gambrell was a Harvard Law School graduate who served on Emory’s law faculty in the late 1920s and 1930s while he practiced law in Atlanta. Gambrell was President of the American Bar Association and founder of Legal Aid Society in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKing \u0026amp; Spalding is an Am Law 100, Global 30, white-shoe American international corporate law firm that is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia and has offices located in North America, Europe, and Asia. King \u0026amp; Spalding’s flagship Atlanta office dates to the firm’s 1885 founding. Their Atlanta lawyers represent many large U.S. and multinational corporations, global corporate leaders, and many middle market, entrepreneurial, and high-growth companies. King \u0026amp; Spalding Atlanta also has leadership roles in the civic, cultural, and philanthropic life of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlston \u0026amp; Bird is a law firm that dates to 1893 through Alston, Miller \u0026amp; Gaines’ predecessor firms. Alston, Miller \u0026amp; Gaines merged with Jones, Bird and Howell to form Alston \u0026amp; Bird on December 1, 1982.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePowell Goldstein LLP, formerly known as Powell, Goldstein, Frazer \u0026amp; Murphy, was a law firm that provided legal services to community organizations, charitable endeavors, and to public service legal organizations. Powell Goldstein LLP combine with the international law firm of Bryan Cave LLP on January 1, 2009.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEastern Airlines, also known as Eastern, was a major American airline from 1926 to 1991. Before its dissolution, it was headquartered at Miami International Airport in an unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County, Florida. Eastern was one of the “Big Four” domestic airlines created by the Spoils Conferences of 1930 and was headed by Eddie Rickenbacker in its early years. It had a near monopoly in air travel between New York and Florida from the 1930s until the 1950s and dominated this market for decades afterward. After continuing labor disputes and a strike in 1989, Eastern ran out of many and was liquidated in 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoan Ruth Bader Ginsburg (1933-2020) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1993 until her death in September 2020. She was nominated by President Bill Clinton and at the time was generally viewed as a moderate consensus-builder. She eventually became part of the liberal wing of the Supreme Court. Ginsburg was the first Jewish woman and the second woman to serve on the Court, after Sandra Day O’Connor. Ginsburg spent much of her legal career as an advocate for gender equality and women’s rights, winning many arguments before the Supreme Court. She advocated as a volunteer attorney for the American Civil Liberties Union and was a member of its Board of Directors and one of its General Counsel in the 1970s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “son of commandments.” A rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e quorum for public worship. He celebrates the\u003cem\u003e bar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), also known as the Tokyo Trial or the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, was a military trial convened on April 29, 1946, to try the leaders of the Empire of Japan for joint conspiracy to start and wage war (categorized as “Class A” crimes).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003elatke\u003c/em\u003e is a type of potato pancake or fritter in Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine that is traditionally prepared to celebrate Hanukkah. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWest Palm Beach is a city in South Florida. It’s separated from neighboring Palm Beach but the Lake Worth Lagoon.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacksonville is the most populous city in Florida and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States as of 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSt. Petersburg is a city on Florida’s gulf coast, part of the Tampa Bay area. It’s known for its pleasant weather, making it popular for golfing, boating, fishing, and beachgoing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDaytona Beach is a city on Florida’s Atlantic coast. It’s known for Daytona International Speedway and the beach has hard-packed sand where driving is permitted in designated areas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Israel is a Reform synagogue in the American city of Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1854 as Adath Israel, the congregation is the largest Reform synagogue in Boston and New England.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoshua Loth Liebman (1907-1948) was an American Reform Rabbi and best-selling author, best known for the book \u003cem\u003ePeace of Mind\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn \u003cem\u003ePeace of Mind\u003c/em\u003e, Rabbi Liebman tries to present some answers that have proved helpful to him about the universal human dilemmas of conscience, love, fear, grief, and God – crucial problems that present themselves in every kind of society, and, he believes, will present themselves as long as man is man. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRoland Bertram Gittelsohn (1910-1995) was an American rabbi, a scholar on religious and governmental issues, and author. Gittelsohn was the first Jewish chaplain to serve with the Marine Corps. He served with the 5th Marine Division during the battle of Iwo Jima. He was awarded three combat ribbons for his service. His sermon at the dedication of the division's cemetery attracted wide attention. It was circulated among the military, inserted into the Congressional Record, excerpts were published by Time magazine, and it was read by many radio and television announcers during and after the war. From 1936 to 1953, he served the Central Synagogue of Nassau County in Rockville Centre, New York. Gittelsohn became Rabbi Emeritus at Temple Israel in Boston, where he served from 1953 to 1977.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIwo Jima is one of the Japanese Volcano Islands and lies south of the Bonin Islands. The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February-26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States marine Corps and navy landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. Joe Rosenthal’s Associated Press photograph of the raising of the US flag at the top of Mount Suribachi by six US Marines became an iconic image of the battle and the American war effort in the Pacific.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2021, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Mortimer \"Jack\" Rothschild (1911-1973) served as rabbi of Atlanta’s oldest Reform congregation, the Temple, from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Sinai was founded as a Reform congregation in 1968 and met in a variety of locations before establishing a synagogue on Dupree Drive in Sandy Springs, north of Atlanta. Rabbi Richard Lehrman was chosen as the congregation's founding rabbi. The current rabbi is Rabbi Ron Segal (2021).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2021, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Alvin M. Sugarman (b. 1938) is the Rabbi Emeritus of the Temple in Atlanta and currently serves with life tenure. He began his rabbinate at the Temple in 1971 and in 1974 was named senior rabbi. A native of Atlanta, Rabbi Sugarman's family were members of the Temple, where he was also confirmed. He received his BBA from Emory University and was ordained by Hebrew Union College. In 1988 he received his PhD in Theological Studies from Emory University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Dr. David Marx (1872-1962) was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia. A native of New Orleans, he led the congregation’s move toward the practices of Reform Judaism. He served as rabbi from 1895 to 1946. When he retired, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild took the pulpit that Rabbi Marx had held for more than half a century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia was bombed in the early morning hours of October 12, 1958. About 50 sticks of dynamite were planted near the building and tore a huge hole in the wall. No one was injured in the bombing as it was during the night. Rabbi Jacob Rothschild was an outspoken advocate of civil rights and integration and friend of Martin Luther King Jr. Five men associated with the National States’ Rights Party, a white separatist group, were tried and acquitted in the bombing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRalph Emerson McGill (1898-1969) was an American journalist, best known as an anti-segregationist editor and publisher of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper. He won a Pulitzer Prize for editorial writing in 1959. He became friends with Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson, acting as a civil rights advisor and behind-the-scenes envoy to several African nations. After his death, Ralph McGill Boulevard in Atlanta (previously Forrest Boulevard) was named for him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. The name seems to have originated in the song “Jump Jim Crow,” a song-and-dance caricature of Blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in Blackface in 1832. As a result of Rice’s fame, “Jim Crow” became a pejorative expression meaning “Negro” by 1838 and the later segregation laws became known as “Jim Crow” laws. Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly “separate but equal” status for Black Americans, although in reality this was not so. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and Blacks. Private businesses, political parties, and unions created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring Blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc. In the middle twentieth century, the Supreme Court began to overturn Jim Crow laws on constitutional grounds. Rosa Parks defied the Jim Crow laws when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, which became a catalyst to the Civil Rights movement. Her actions, and the demonstrations that followed, led to a series of legislative and court decisions that contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended Jim Crow segregation laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarvard Yard, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is the oldest part of the Harvard University campus. The grassy area enclosed by fences and 27 gates is Harvard’s historic center and its modern crossroads. Harvard Yard contains most of the freshman dormitories, Harvard’s most important libraries, Memorial Church, classrooms and departmental buildings, and the offices of the Dean of Faculty of Arts and Sciences, the Dean of Harvard College, and President of Harvard University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChicago is located on Lake Michigan in Illinois and is among the largest cities in the United States. The city is famed for its bold architecture and is renowned for its museums.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHoward University School of Law is one of the professional graduate schools of Howard University. Located in Washington, D.C., it is one of the oldest law schools in the country and the oldest historically black college or university law school in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eClarence Clyde Ferguson, Jr. (1924-1983) was a law professor and a United States Ambassador to Uganda. Ferguson worked as a diplomat to safeguard and extend the fundamental freedoms essential to world peace and was the main proponent in many decisions implementing the social provisions of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, particularly in relation to apartheid, and more generally in relation to all forms of racial, religious, and cultural discrimination. Ferguson was the chief draftsman of the United National Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization’s statement on race in 1967 and is considered the founding father of affirmative action.  In 1969, Ferguson served as the US Ambassador-at-large and Coordinator for Civilian Relief in the Nigerian civil war and negotiated the “Protocol on Relief to Nigeria Civilian Victims of the Civil War.” He served as ambassador to Uganda in 1970 and as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African affairs in 1973. From 1973 to 1975, he was the US representative to the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Ferguson held a professorship at Rutgers University and served as Dean of the Howard University school of law from 1963 to 1969. He joined the faculty of Harvard Law School in 1976 and worked there until his death.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEllis Gibbs Arnall (1907-1992) was the 69th Governor of Georgia from 1943-1947. Arnall was a nationally recognized litigator and served as Attorney General of Georgia before becoming Governor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerman Eugene Talmadge (1913-2002) was Governor of Georgia twice; once in 1947 and then from 1951 to 1955. He spent most of his public service in the United States Senate, serving from 1957 to 1981. He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 18, 19952, Georgia Governor Herman Talmadge announced he would end public education in the state rather than integrate Georgia schools. The announcement was in anticipation of the United States Supreme Court striking down racial segregation in public schools. Rather than integrating Georgia’s schools, Talmadge proposed amending the state’s constitution to create a state-subsidized, racially segregated private school system. The only objective of Talmadge’s plan to restructure the state’s education system was to continue enforcing racial segregation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Berry Hartsfield, Sr., was an American politician who served as the 49th and 51st Mayor of Atlanta, Georgia. His tenure extended from 1937 to 1941 and again from 1942 to 1962, making him the longest-serving mayor of Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBirmingham is a city in the north central region of Alabama and the seat of Jefferson County, Alabama’s most populous county.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaynard Holbrook Jackson Jr. (1938 – 2003) was an American politician and attorney from Georgia. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected in 1973 at the age of 35 as the first Black mayor of Atlanta, Georgia and of any major city in the South. He served three terms (1974–1982, 1990–1994), making him the second longest-serving mayor of Atlanta, after six-term mayor William B. Hartsfield. After his death, the William B. Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport was re-named Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport to honor his service to the expansion of the airport, the city, and its people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVernon Eulion Jordan, Jr. (1935-2021) was an American business executive and civil rights activist who worked for various civil rights movement organizations before becoming a close advisor to President Bill Clinton. Jordan grew up in Atlanta, Georgia, and graduated in 1957 from DePauw University. In the early 1960s, Jordan started his civil rights career, most notably being a part of a team of lawyers that desegregated the University of Georgia. After Clinton’s departure, Jordan began working with multiple corporations and investment banking firms up until his death\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Committee (AJC) was founded in 1906 to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews worldwide. It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Anti-Defamation League (ADL) was founded in 1913 “to stop the defamation of the Jewish people and to secure justice and fair treatment to all.” ADL fights antisemitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals, and protects civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1922 by twelve members of the bar, the Lawyers Club of Atlanta is a place for Atlanta’s attorneys to get away from work and socialize in a relaxed setting. Since its founding, the Lawyers Club has grown from a small coalition of lawyers determined to improve the standards of the legal profession to a highly diverse group who enjoy the privilege of an ethical and professional practice made possible by the ideals of the Club’s founders. The Club was incorporated in 1939 under the name “Lawyers Club of Atlanta, Inc.”, with the purpose of promoting the principles of jurisprudence, supporting the administration of law and order, being militant in keeping high the honor of the legal profession, and strengthening the fraternal relations of members of the Bar.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUrban League of Greater Atlanta is an organized invested in the economic success of African Americans that works to coach them to a better life. The Atlanta Urban League was founded in 1920 as an affiliate of the National Urban League to support African American families migrating from the rural communities of Georgia to the city of Atlanta. These families were seeking opportunities and the Atlanta Urban League provided the much-needed support to connect with employment, job training, housing, health care, and education for their children. Today, the League’s focus is preparing the workforce for careers in the 21st century, raising the graduation rate among metro-Atlanta students and preparing youth for college and careers, homeownership and wealth creation, entrepreneurship and small business growth, sustainable communities, and serving as an advocate for education, civic engagement, and economic development and a voice for the underserved in the Atlanta community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn African American civil rights organization in the United States. It was formed in 1909 and its mission is “to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlbany is a city in southwest Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDonald Lee Hollowell (1917-2004) was an American civil rights attorney during the Civil Rights Movement, in the state of Georgia. He successfully sued to integrate Atlanta’s public schools, Georgia colleges, universities and public transit, freed Martin Luther King, Jr. from prison, and mentored civil rights attorneys.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1952, Donald Hollowell started his own law practice in Atlanta, Georgia, where he began to play a major role in the Civil Rights Movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVernon Jordan was a friend and political advisor to Bill Clinton and served as part of Clinton’s transition team in 1992-1993. In 1998, Jordan helped Monica Lewinsky find a job after she left the White House and recommended an attorney. His role was considered controversial given the scandal that the Clinton administration had suffered because of the President’s involvement with the intern.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eParkinson’s disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry Baxter (1915-1999) was a retired Senior Partner of Kilpatrick Stockton, LLP. Baxter graduated the University of Georgia School of Law in 1939 and was a Sterling Fellow at Yale University School of Law from 1939-1940. During World War II, Baxter was in the United States Army Counterintelligence Corps. He served as Chairman of the Georgia State Board of Bar Examiners and the Georgia Judicial Qualifications Committee. Baxter was President of the Atlanta Community Chest in 1963 and Co-Chairman of the joint Georgia Tech-Georgia Development Fund in 1967. He served as Chairman of the Trustees of the University of Georgia Foundation during the 1970s. Baxter was a Fellow of the American Bar Foundation, a member of the American Bar Association, the American Judicature Society, the Georgia Bar Association, the Atlanta Bar Association, and the American Law Institute. He was a former Director of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, former President of the Atlanta Legal Aid Society, and a former member of the Board of St. Joseph’s Hospital. Baxter also served as President of the Capital City Club and the Lawyers Club of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGordon Joyner is a Georgia native who has been selected for governmental leadership positions by the President Jimmy Carter Administration, the President Ronald Reagan Administration, five State of Georgia Governors, two City of Atlanta mayors, and the voters of Fulton County, Georgia. Joyner served a tenure under appointment by three successive Governors as Executive Director and Administrator of the State of Georgia Civil Rights Department, which enforces Georgia’s laws against housing and employment discrimination. Joyner graduated from Morehouse College and received his Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School. He is a member of the bar in Georgia and Washington, D.C., and is admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court. After graduating from Harvard, Joyner became an Associate in the Atlanta Home Office of the international corporate law firm now known as Kilpatrick Townsend \u0026amp; Stockton LLP. He later relocated to Washington, D.C. to serve as Assistant Director in the American bar Association (ABA) Governmental Relations Office where he was also Staff Director of the ABA’s Individual Rights Section. While in Washington, Joyner was appointed in the Administrations of President Jimmy Carter and President Ronald Reagan as Director of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development’s Office of Fair Housing Enforcement in the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity. Joyner returned to Atlanta to serve as Federal Government Executive-in-Residence and Visiting Professor in Political Science, Urban Studies, and Pre-Law at Morehouse College, and to re-enter private law practice. Joyner was appointed by then-mayor Andrew Young as a Judge on the Atlanta Municipal Court and was selected as Chairman and Chief Registrar of the Fulton County Board of Elections and Voter Registration by the Fulton County Board of Commissioners. Joyner also won four consecutive elections to the Fulton County Board of Commissioners. Joyner now practices full-time in The Law Offices of Gordon L. Joyner, where he specializes in Civil Rights, Voting Rights and Elections Law, major personal injury, Workers Compensation, business and corporate litigation, and providing legal assistance to students.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Phi Beta Kappa Society (ΦΒΚ) is the oldest academic honor society in the United States, and is often described as its most prestigious one, owing to its long history and academic selectivity. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the liberal arts and sciences, and to induct the most outstanding students of arts and sciences at American colleges and universities. It was founded at the College of William and Mary on December 5, 1776, as the first collegiate Greek-letter fraternity and was among the earliest collegiate fraternal societies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlackballing is when someone is voted against, ostracized, or excluded socially. It is a rejection in a traditional form of secret ballot, where a white ball or ballot constitutes a vote in support and a black ball signifies opposition.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished in 1948, the Gate City Bar Association is the oldest African American bar Association in the State of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCarl Edward Sanders, Jr., (1925-2014) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 74th Governor of the State of Georgia from 1963 to 1967.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam H. Alexander was a Fulton County Superior Court judge in Georgia, state legislator, and civil rights attorney who successfully challenged segregation and discrimination. Alexander became a civil rights icon as the lead attorney in a case forcing the desegregation of the Pickrick restaurant owned by segregationist Georgia Governor Lester Maddox. Alexander was among the first African Americans elected to the Georgia Legislature after the passage of the Voting Rights Act, representing Atlanta from 1966-1975. After serving in the legislature, he served as a judge for 20 years, first as a Fulton County State Court judge and then as a Fulton County Superior Court judge until his retirement in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHorace Taliaferro Ward (1927-2016) was an American lawyer and judge. He became known for his efforts to challenge the racially discriminatory practices at the University of Georgia School of Law and was the first African American to serve as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmmet Bondurant is a nationally recognized trial lawyer with more than 50 years of experience representing both plaintiffs and defendants. Bondurant’s career has included a strong commitment to community service and pro bono litigation, including death penalty, habeas corpus, reapportionment, and other civil rights and constitutional cases. He served as President and a Director of the Atlanta Legal Aid Society, President of the University of Georgia law School Alumni Association, Chairman and a member of the Board of the Georgia Resource Center, a Trustee of the American Inns of Court Foundation, and is currently a member of the national Governing Board of Common Cause.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFelker W. Ward, Jr., is a principal in the Investment Advisory Firm of Pinnacle Investment Advisors, LLC. After graduating from Tuskegee Institute, he was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in the U.S. Army and served 20 years on active duty. Ward practice law for 15 years after retiring from the Army, engaged in business and finance practice. Ward earned a bachelor’s degree from Tuskegee institute School of Commercial Industries in 1953 and a Juris Doctorate from Emory University School of Law. He is a Trustee Emeritus of Emory University and served on the Board of Trustees for Tuskegee University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGriffin Boyette Bell (1918-2009) was the 72nd Attorney General of the United States and previously was a U.S. Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrinda Dale Evans was the Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia and was the first woman to serve as a Federal District Court Judge in the State of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Commerce Club is a private business and social club on Peachtree Street in Downtown Atlanta. Since 1960, the Commerce Club was located at 34 Broad Street in the Five Points area of downtown, where major banks, law firms and accounting firms were headquartered within walking distance. In 2010, the Commerce Club merged with the One Ninety-One Club and the new Commerce Club opened on the 49th floor of the 191 Tower. Since the merger, the Commerce Club is also known as the “191 Club.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Harvard Law School Association (HLSA) has been a Harvard Law School tradition since its founding in 1886. The HLSA unites more than 40,000 Harvard Law School students and alumni by supporting and sponsoring programming and events in many locations across the globe. These HLSA events and programs bring the Harvard Law School community together for networking, discussions on trending topics, thought leadership, and socializing, providing a link between Harvard Law School and its alumni.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCitizens and Southern National Bank (C\u0026amp;S) began as a Georgia institution that expanded into South Carolina, Florida, and into other states via mergers. Headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, it was the largest bank in the Southeast for much of the 20th century. C\u0026amp;S merged with Sovran Bank in 1990 to form C\u0026amp;S/Sovran in hopes of fending off a hostile takeover attempt by NCNB Corporation. A year later, C\u0026amp;S/Sovran merged with NCNB to form NationsBank, which forms the core of today’s Bank of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMills B. Lane, Jr. was President of Citizens and Southern national Bank, based in Atlanta, from 1946 to 1973. During his tenure, Lane financed several major projects in the city, including the Atlanta Stadium, and worked to establish peaceful ace relations in both Atlanta and Savannah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-1963), often referred to by his initials \"JFK,\" was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his work as president concerned relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba. A Democrat, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in both houses of the U.S. Congress prior to becoming president.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Francis “Bobby” Kennedy (1925-1968), commonly known by his initials “RFK,” was the brother of John F. Kennedy the 35th President of the United States.  During his brother’s tenure as President, he served as the United States Attorney General from 1961-1964 and then as a Senator from New York from 1965 until his assassination in 1968.  Kennedy ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 1968 election, during which he was assassinated in Los Angeles, California at the Ambassador Hotel on June 5, 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePisher\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish] is slang for a young, inexperienced, presumptuous person. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePersona non grata\u003c/em\u003e is an unacceptable or unwelcome person. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis Gabriel Regenstein, Jr. (1912-1994) was a native Atlanta lawyer. He graduated from Harvard University with a bachelor’s degree and received his law degree from Harvard Law School. After graduation, Regenstein returned to Atlanta and practiced law as a member of Kilpatrick \u0026amp; Cody. He was also a board member of numerous organizations including the Jewish National Fund, the High Museum of Art, The Atlanta Arts Alliance, the Atlanta College of Art, the Atlanta Symphony Guild, and the Atlanta Historical Society. Regenstein was also a trustee for the Center for the Visually Impaired, and Co-Chairman of the National Conference of Christians and Jews. He was awarded the American Jewish Committee’s Distinguished Citizen Award in 1975.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBarry Morris Goldwater was an American politician, statesman, businessman, United States Air Force officer, and author who was a five-term Senator from Arizona and the Republican Party nominee for President of the United States in 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOne man, one vote (or one person, one vote) is the idea that individuals should have equal representation in voting, and that one person’s voting power should be roughly equivalent to another person’s within the same state. The rule was brought to Georgia with the \u003cem\u003eGray v. Sanders\u003c/em\u003e 1963 Supreme Court case that dealt with the county unit system and equal representation in voting. By a vote of eight to one, the court struck down the County Unit System and said, “The concept of political equality . . . can mean only one thing – one person, one vote.” The court found that the separation of voters in the same election into different classes was a violation of the 14th Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection. Following the decision, the Georgia Legislature had the option to redesign the county unit system to meet the new “one person, one vote” standard. The legislature chose, instead, to continue electing statewide offices by popular vote, which continues until the present day. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn aptitude test is an exam used to determine an individual’s skill or propensity to succeed in a given activity. Aptitude tests assume that individuals have inherent strengths and weaknesses and have a natural inclination toward success or failure in specific areas based on their innate characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA glass ceiling is a metaphor used to represent an invisible barrier that prevents a given demographic from rising beyond a certain level in a hierarchy. The metaphor was first coined by feminists in reference to barriers in the careers of high-achieving women.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEva Cohn Galambos (1928-2015) was a German American activist, economist, and politician who served as the first Mayor of Sandy Springs, Georgia from December 1, 2005, to January 7, 2014.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. John Galambos was born in Budapest, Hungary and survived the Holocaust. He then moved to Athens, Georgia and graduated medical school. He became a gastroenterologist and a professor of medicine at Emory University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of World War II, anti-Semitism was widespread in the United States. Quotas to limit the number of Jewish students were put in place at most U.S. medical schools in the 1920s and were well-established by 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Emory University School of Medicine is the graduate medial school of Emory University and a component of Emory’s Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center. Before it was established as the Emory School of Medicine in 1915, the school first began as the Atlanta Medical College.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hotel Ansley was a hotel that occupied the south side of Williams Street between Forsyth and Fairlie streets in the Fairlie-Poplar district of Downtown Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or “Knights of the Ku Klux Klan” today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods have included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past it members dressed up in white robes and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Medical Association is a professional association and lobbying group of physicians and medical students.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Anti-Defamation League’s Civil Rights Committee assesses and recommends policies, develops programs, builds coalitions, advocates, and writes op-eds or letters to the editors. The committee also selects the recipient(s) of the annual ADL Civil Rights Award.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Georgia is the highest judicial authority of the U.S. state of Georgia. The court was established in 1845 as a three-member panel. Since 1896, the justices have been elected by the people of the state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSodomy is sexual intercourse involving anal or oral copulation. It may also mean any non-procreative sexual activity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cause celebre is a controversial issue that attracts a great deal of public attention.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Max Frank (1884-1915) was a Jewish factory superintendent in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1913, he was accused of raping and murdering one of his employees, a 13-year-old girl named Mary Phagan, whose body was found on the premises of the National Pencil Company. Frank was arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced to death for her murder. The trial was the catalyst for a great outburst of antisemitism led by the populist Tom Watson and the center of powerful class and political interests. Frank was sent to Milledgeville State Penitentiary to await his execution. Governor John M. Slaton, believing there had been a miscarriage of justice, commuted Frank’s sentence to life in prison. This enraged a group of men who styled themselves the “Knights of Mary Phagan.” They drove to the prison, kidnapped Frank from his cell and drove him to Marietta, Georgia where they lynched him. Many years later, the murderer was revealed to be Jim Conley, who had lied in the trial, pinning it on Frank instead. Frank was pardoned on March 11, 1986, although they stopped short of exonerating him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEfforts to vindicate justice for Leo Frank were strengthened in 1982, when 83-year-old Alonzo Mann, who ran errands in the factory as a boy, came forward to announce that he had seen the factory janitor carrying Mary Phagan’s body to the basement the day of her death. The janitor had threatened to kill him if he told anyone. ADL’s Atlanta-based Southern Counsel, Charles Wittenstein and prominent immigration lawyer and national ADL leader Dale Schwartz led a vigorous legal campaign to clear Frank’s name. The landmark decision, however, did not exonerate Frank and prove his innocence. Instead, Georgia pardoned Frank because of their failure to protect him and bring his murderers to justice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Wittenstein (1928-2013) was an Atlanta attorney who contributed over three decades of service to the Jewish community and social justice causes. While working with the American Jewish Committee, he worked to desegregate public accommodations, schools, private and public hospitals in Atlanta. He performed evaluations for the United States Health, Education \u0026amp; Welfare Department throughout the South to ensure hospitals qualified for Medicare by complying with the civil rights act of 1964. In 1973, Charles became the Southern Civil Rights Director and Southern Counsel for the Anti-Defamation League. Among his numerous contributions of historical importance were his efforts in securing the posthumous pardon for Leo Frank, an Atlanta Jewish businessman who was convicted of murder in 1913 and lynched by a mob in Marietta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDale Schwartz (1942-2021) was an immigration attorney and an Adjunct Professor at Emory University School of Law in Atlanta, Georgia. Schwartz was an advocate for immigrants, refugees, and anyone who didn’t have a voice. He joined John Lewis in the lunch counter sit-ins in Nashville, worked tirelessly to acquire a pardon for Leo Frank, represented the Mariel Cubans in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, and started the Secret Santa program for children in the Fulton County DFCS system.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Selig family was connected to Leo Frank through the marriage of Lucille Selig and Leo Frank.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter Leo Frank was found guilty in his first trial, his lawyers filed three successive appeals to the Supreme Court of Georgia and two more to the United States Supreme Court, all on such procedural issues as Frank’s absence when the verdict was rendered, and the excessive amount of public influence played on the jury. Ultimately, the U.S. Supreme Court, still on procedural groups, denied Frank’s appeals; however, a minority of two, Oliver Wendell Holmes and Charles Evans Hughes, dissented. They noted that the trial was conducted in an atmosphere of public hostility: “Mob law does not become due process of law by securing the assent of a terrorized jury.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (1841-1935) was an American jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1902 to 1932. Holmes is one of the most widely cited United States Supreme Court justices in history, particularly for his opinions on civil liberties and American constitutional democracy and is one of the most influential American common law judges.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis Dembitz Brandeis (1856-1941) was an American lawyer and Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1916 to 1939. Brandeis was the first Jewish person to be nominated to the Supreme Court and he became one of the most famous and influential figures to ever serve on the Supreme Court. According to legal scholars, his opinions were some of the greatest defenses of freedom of speech and the right to privacy ever written by a member of the Supreme Court.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Scripto Pen Company originated as the M. A. Ferst Company in Atlanta, Georgia. The company’s name was changed to Scripto, meaning “I write” I Latin, in 1924. At one time, Scripto was the largest producer of writing instruments in the world. The company now produces butane lighters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Frank was invited by his uncle, Moses Frank, to travel to Atlanta for two weeks in late October 1907 to meet a delegation of investors for a position with the National pencil Company, a manufacturing plant in which Moses was a major shareholder. Frank accepted the position and traveled to Germany to study pencil manufacturing at the Eberhard Faber pencil factory. After a nine-month apprenticeship, Frank returned to the United States and began working at the National Pencil Company in August 1908. Frank became superintendent of the factory the following month.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmanuel Feldman (b. 1927) is an Orthodox rabbi and Rabbi Emeritus of Congregation Beth Jacob of Atlanta, Georgia. During his nearly 40 years at Beth Jacob beginning in 1952, he nurtured the growth of Atlanta’s Orthodox community from a city with two small Orthodox synagogues to a community large enough to support Jewish day schools, \u003cem\u003eyeshivas\u003c/em\u003e, girls’ schools, and a \u003cem\u003ekollel\u003c/em\u003e. He is a past vice-president of the Rabbinical Council of America and former editor of \u003cem\u003eTradition: The Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought\u003c/em\u003e published by the RCA. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arab-Israeli War of 1948 broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of the independence of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948. Fighting continued until February 1949, when Israel and its neighboring states of Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria agreed to formal armistice lines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. The congregation first met in a rented grocery store on Parkway Drive. It moved to a permanent location on Boulevard when it purchased and renovated a two-story apartment building. In 1956, it converted the Tabernacle Baptist Church on Boulevard to a synagogue. It built its current synagogue building on a five-acre lot on LaVista Road in 1961. Rabbi Joseph Safra was the congregation’s first permanent rabbi in 1951, followed by Rabbi Emanuel Feldman from 1952 to 1991. Rabbi Ilan Feldman has been the congregation’s rabbi since his father Emanuel’s retirement in 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Piedmont Driving Club is a prestigious private social club located adjacent to Piedmont Park that was founded in 1887. New members have to be vouched for by three current members. The club prohibited Jewish and Black membership for most of its history, although today there are a few Black, Jewish, and other ethnic minority members.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Capital City Club is a private social club founded in Atlanta in 1883. It is among the oldest social organizations in the South. The Club presently operates three facilities, the oldest of which, the downtown Atlanta club. The Capital City Country Club, located in Brookhaven, was leased in 1913 and purchased in 1915. In the autumn of 2002 an additional club facility, the Crabapple Golf Club, was completed in the city of Milton, in the northern portion of Fulton County.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Simon (Steve) Stephen Selig, III (b. 1943) is the son of Simon Selig Jr. and Caroline Massell Selig. After college he worked in the Selig real estate development business, campaigned for Jimmy Carter in his presidential campaign, after which he moved to Washington D.C. where he served as Deputy Assistant to the President. After his government work, he returned to Selig Enterprises and then founded Southern Promotions, which arranged conventions and concerts in the Atlanta area. He was instrumental in bringing the Music Midtown Festival to Atlanta. Today Selig Enterprises is one of the major real estate companies in the Southeast with shopping centers, official buildings and industrial complexes. He was also active in the Jewish community with roles in the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and the United Jewish Communities, where he served as chairman of the annual campaign and president of the Federation from 1996 to 1998. He donated the building for the Selig Center and William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Midtown Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Chandler is a partner at King \u0026amp; Spalding LLP. He was the 2007 recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award and served as a past chair of the Jurisprudence Luncheon Committee. Chandler and Miles Alexander served as Region Board Co-Chairs of the Anti-Defamation League in 2014.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1982, a group of concerned citizens from Atlanta’s Black and Jewish communities came together to campaign for the renewal of the Voting Rights Act. The drive to renew one of the most important pieces of civil rights legislation in US history reinvigorated the bond between the two communities. Those involved decided to create a coalition to ensure that open dialogue and partnership between the Black and Jewish communities would continue in Atlanta. Today, AJC’s Atlanta Black/Jewish Coalition has emerged as a central platform for education, outreach, and advocacy. The coalition continues to build on its original mission by providing a forum for meaningful dialogue and action.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCecil Abraham Alexander, Jr. (born Henry Alexander II, 1918-2013) was an American architect, principally a designer of commercial architecture, best known for his work in Atlanta, Georgia. He worked with the firm FABRAP, which, in 1985, became Rosser FABRAP International and later Rosser International. Together with other architects of the firm, he \"shaped the skyline of Atlanta.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Robert Lewis (1940-2020) was an American statesman and civil rights leader who served in the United States House of Representatives for Georgia's 5th congressional district from 1987 until his death in 2020. He was the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) from 1963 to 1966. Lewis was one of the \"Big Six\" leaders of groups who organized the 1963 March on Washington. He fulfilled many key roles in the civil rights movement and its actions to end legalized racial segregation in the United States. In 1965, Lewis led the first of three Selma to Montgomery marches across the Edmund Pettus Bridge. In an incident which became known as Bloody Sunday, state troopers and police attacked the marchers, including John Lewis. A member of the Democratic Party, Lewis was first elected to Congress in 1986 and served 17 terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. The district he represented included most of Atlanta. Due to his length of service, he became the dean of the Georgia congressional delegation. While in the House, Lewis was one of the leaders of the Democratic Party, serving from 1991 as a Chief Deputy Whip and from 2003 as a Senior Chief Deputy Whip. John Lewis received many honorary degrees and awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAJC Atlanta’s Leaders for Tomorrow (LFT) is a program for high school students that enables young Jewish leaders to develop skills to advocate on behalf of the Jewish people, Israel, and human rights, and to serve as positive change agents for their peers and community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHelen Eisemann Harris Mantler Alexander (1919-2014) was a social activist and actress. She helped found the Speech and Hearing Clinic for Atlanta’s deaf African American children and was active in the American Jewish Committee, serving as president in 1968 and 1969. She had two sons and a daughter from her first marriage to Arthur Harris, and a daughter with her second husband, Marshall Mantler. In 1985 she married Atlanta architect and civic leader Cecil Alexander.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow is a southern city in Poland near the border of the Czech Republic. The city is known for its well-preserved medieval core and Jewish quarter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWarsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and largest city of Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul Douglas Fleischer (1907-1959) was an American actor. He worked originally as an announcer for CBS radio station WCAU in Philadelphia. Douglas co-hosted CBS’s popular swing music program from 1936 to 1939. He began appearing in films in 1949. He may be best remembered for two baseball comedy movies, \u003cem\u003eIt Happens Every Spring\u003c/em\u003e (1949) and \u003cem\u003eAngels in the Outfield\u003c/em\u003e (1951). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul Douglas Fleischer (1907-1959) was an American actor. He worked originally as an announcer for CBS radio station WCAU in Philadelphia. Douglas co-hosted CBS’s popular swing music program from 1936 to 1939. He began appearing in films in 1949. He may be best remembered for two baseball comedy movies, \u003cem\u003eIt Happens Every Spring\u003c/em\u003e (1949) and \u003cem\u003eAngels in the Outfield\u003c/em\u003e (1951). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoel Grey (1932- ) is an American actor, singer, dancer, director, and photographer. He is best known for portraying the Master of Ceremonies in the Kander \u0026amp; Ebb musical Cabaret on Broadway as well as in the 1972 film adaptation. He has won an Academy Award, a Tony Award, two Grammy Awards, and a Golden Globe Award.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn octogenarian is a person who is from 80 to 89 years old.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElliott Goldstein (1915-2009) was a prominent attorney in Atlanta. He served in World War II and fought in the Battle of the Bulge. Goldstein was active in a number of civic, cultural, political, and religious organizations, including the Atlanta Historical Society (now the Atlanta History Center), the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (The Temple), the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, the United Way, Central Atlanta Progress, the High Museum of Art, the National Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the Atlanta Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Economic Opportunity Atlanta, Citizens Planning Group for Social Services Atlanta, Atlanta Action Forum, the American Jewish Committee, the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, the Chatham Valley Foundation, the Standard Club, the Commerce Club, the Atlanta Opera, and the Kiwanis Club.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Alva Miller (1906-2003), a native of Cordele, Georgia, was a prominent attorney in Atlanta and partner in the law firm Nall \u0026amp; Miller. He was a president for the Piedmont Federal Savings \u0026amp; Loan Association, Mercantile City Bank, and Standard Federal Savings \u0026amp; Loan. He served a term as president for The Temple, the Gate City Lodge of B’nai B’rith, the Mayfair Club, and the Standard Club. He was honored with the City of Hope Torch Award in 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Haas (1911-2000) was a community leader, prominent Atlanta attorney, and graduate of Harvard Law School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRebecca Mathis Gershon (known as “Reb”) (1899-1987) was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee but her grandparents came from Germany. On a visit to Atlanta, she met and later married Harry Gershon. Rebecca Mathis Gershon was involved in the life of the Jewish community of Atlanta including the National Council of Jewish Women, the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, Hadassah, as well as in the Civil Rights Movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Leon Eplan (1896-1984) was a major presence in the Atlanta Jewish community throughout his life. He was born in Atlanta into a large family of six brothers and three sisters. His brothers were also prominent in the Jewish community life. His father was initially a peddler and then a grocer. In an interesting aside, the Coca-Cola Company rented the floor above his father's store for storage. One night a barrel of syrup burst and ruined some of his father's stock. Asa Candler, the president of Coca-Cola, apologized and offered Sam's father Coca-Cola stock in lieu of dollar damages. Sam's father turned it down, saying, “nobody was ever going to drink that drink!” He attended the first class of the Emory Law School and joined a Jewish fraternity. He later went on to become a prominent attorney in Atlanta. He married Bess Abelson (Eplan). He was also active in all the Jewish clubs in the area and the Ahavath Achim congregation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRuth Harriet Gershon (b. 1946) served as the Chairwoman of the Atlanta Chapter American Jewish Committee Oral History Project.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA trademark is a word, phrase, or logo that identifies the source of goods or services. Trademark law protects a business’ commercial identity or brand by discouraging other businesses from adopting a name or logo that is “confusingly similar” to an existing trademark. Service marks, which are used on services rather than goods, are also governed by Trademark law.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the United States, antitrust law is a collection of mostly federal laws that regulate the conduct and organization of business corporations and are generally intended to promote competition and prevent monopolies. Antitrust laws are applied to a wide range of questionable business activities, including market allocation, bid rigging, price fixing, and monopolies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrito-Lay is an American subsidiary of PepsiCo that manufactures, markets, and sells corn chips, potato chips, and other snack foods.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAspirin is a medication used to reduce pain, fever, or inflammation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCellophane is a thin, transparent sheet made of regenerated cellulose. Its low permeability to air, oils, bacteria, and water makes it useful for food packaging.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rolls-Royce Spirit of Ecstasy is a small statuette that is found on the hood of every Rolls-Royce vehicle. The hood ornament is a woman in flowing gowns, leaning forward as if jumping into the wind, and has often been identified colloquially as ‘the flying lady.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRolls-Royce was a British luxury car and later an aero-engine manufacturing business established in 1904 in Manchester, United Kingdom by Charles Rolls and Henry Royce. Rolls-Royce Holdings plc is a British multinational aerospace and defense company that was incorporated in February 2011. The company owns Rolls-Royce, which today designs, manufactures, and distributes power systems for aviation and other industries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDC Comics, Inc. is an American comic book publisher and the flagship unit of DC Entertainment.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDomino’s Pizza, Inc. is an American multinational pizza restaurant chain founded in 1960.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIntellectual Property (IP) law deals with laws to protect and enforce rights of the creators and owners of inventions, writing, music, designs, and other works known as the “intellectual property.” There are several areas of intellectual property including copyright, trademarks, patents, and trade secrets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Coca-Cola Company is a multinational beverage corporation incorporated under Delaware’s general Corporation Law and headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. The Coca-Cola Company has interests in the manufacturing, retailing, and marketing of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, and alcoholic beverages.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold D. Hirsch (1881-1930) was a well-known attorney who was active in philanthropic organizations in the Atlanta area. He received his undergraduate degree in 1901 from the University of Georgia, where he also played football. He later earned a law degree from Columbia University and became one of Atlanta's most prominent lawyers, helping Coca-Cola trademark its signature logo and bottle design in a number of copyright infringement cases. He was also involved in the creation of the law school at Emory University and one of the founding members of the faculty. Hirsch was very involved in philanthropic endeavors, particularly those in the Jewish community. He was a member of the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (the Temple), the Federation of Jewish Charities, the United Jewish Charities, and the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith. 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In the speech, King called for civil and economic rights and an end to racism in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUSA Today\u003c/em\u003e is an American daily middle-market newspaper that is the flagship publication of its founder, Gannett. It is printed at 37 sites across the United States and at five additional sites internationally. Its dynamic design influenced the style of local, regional, and national newspapers worldwide through its use of concise reports, colorized images, informational graphics, and inclusion of popular culture stories. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph M. Beck is an intellectual property lawyer who has served as lead counsel in some of the most important copyright cases in the United States. 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It serves as the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Wittenstein is a Partner at Cooley LLP where he handles copyright, trademark, media, and related issues for clients in a broad range of industries. Wittenstein is a frequent speaker on communications, media, and intellectual property issues, and he was an adjunct professor at Howard Law School for three years, teaching a copyright and trademark course.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the federal system, 94 district courts are organized into 12 circuits, or regions. Each region has its own Court of Appeals that reviews cases decided in the U.S. District Courts within the circuit. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit brings the number of federal appellate courts to 13.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDexter Scott King is an American civil rights activist and the second son of civil rights leaders Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eErnest P. “Jelly” Rogers, Sr., was a former Senior Partner of an Atlanta and Washington law firm, a top trademark attorney, and the former President of Scripto, Inc. Rogers was a Senior Partner of Kilpatrick, Cody, Rogers, McClatchey and Regenstein, now Kilpatrick Townsend, until his retirement in 1974. He headed Scripto during World War II and served on the legal staff of the Coca-Cola Company before joining the law firm as a full-time associate in 1935.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eScripto is an American company that was founded in Atlanta, Georgia in 1923 by Monie A. Ferst. The company was originally known as the M.A. Ferst Company until changing its name to Scripto in 1924. During World War II Scripto became part of the war effort. At first, the company polished 75mm brass cannon shells. It then received a contract to manufacture ammunition pieces. In 1947, the company hired James V. Carmichael as its President. Under Carmichael, the company became an international business and was the largest producer of writing instruments in the world. In 1955, the company began selling refillable lighters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerman Warden Lay was an American businessman who was involved in potato chip manufacturing with his eponymous brand of Lay’s potato chips. He started H. W. Lay Co., Inc., now part of the Frito-Lay corporation, a subsidiary of PepsiCo.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Hyman Epstein (1903-2003) served as rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982, when he became rabbi emeritus. Under Rabbi Epstein, the formerly Orthodox congregation began to shift to Conservative Judaism, and officially joined the United Synagogue of America (now the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism), in 1952.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGlenn Memorial United Methodist Church is a church located in the Druid Hills neighborhood on Emory University’s campus. Glenn Memorial began on Emory’s campus in 1920 as the Emory University Methodist Church. In 19311, the congregation moved from the chapel in the University’s Candler School of Theology to a new building on the edge of campus named for Emory alumnus Revered Wilbur Fisk Glenn.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1954-1968 civil rights movement in the United States was preceded by a decades-long campaign by African Americans and their like-minded allies to end legalized racial discrimination, disenfranchisement, and racial segregation in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe women’s liberation movement was a political alignment of women and feminist intellectualism that emerged in the late 1960s and continued into the 1980s, primarily in the industrialized nations of the Western World, which effected great change throughout the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFormer First Lady Rosalynn Carter is a leading advocate for mental health, caregiving, early childhood immunization, human rights, and conflict resolution through her work at the Carter Center, which seeks to prevent and resolve conflicts, enhance freedom and democracy, and improve health around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMcKenna Long \u0026amp; Aldridge was a United States-based international law and public policy firm with more than 575 attorneys and public policy advisors in 15 offices and 13 markets. The firm provided legal, business, and public policy solutions in the areas of complex litigation, corporate law, environment, energy, family wealth, finance, insurance, global infrastructure, government contracts, health care, intellectual property, technology, and real estate. The firm merged with Dentons, a large multinational law firm, in June 2015.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKent Alexander was the U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia at the time of the 1996 Olympics. He spent hundreds of hours in meetings with the FBI about the bombing, and ultimately, Alexander wrote and hand-delivered Richard Jewell’s clearance letter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKent Alexander was appointed U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia by President Bill Clinton in 1994. He served as the region’s head law enforcement official through late 1997, overseeing 65 federal prosecutors who represented the government in criminal and civil cases.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Jefferson Clinton (1946- ) was the 42nd President of the United States. He served from 1993 to 2001. He was a Democrat. Clinton was impeached in his second term. He faced charges of perjury and obstruction of justice in December 1998-February 1999 but was acquitted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Attorney is the chief federal law enforcement officer in their district and is also involved in civil litigation where the United States is a party.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eS. Phillip Heiner (1941-1982) was an Atlanta attorney who helped found the Georgia Legal Services Program. Heiner was a partner at Long, Aldridge, Heiner \u0026amp; Stevens, and a former Partner at Kilpatrick \u0026amp; Cody. Heiner recognized a need for a statewide program that would provide legal aid to poor and indigent citizens, Heiner helped found the Georgia Legal Services Program, then called the Georgia Indigent Legal Services, in the early 1970s. Heiner died of cancer at the age of 41.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCARE is a non-profit humanitarian organization and is a global leader within a worldwide movement dedicated to ending poverty. CARE works around the globe to save lives, defeat poverty, and achieve social justice. For 75 years, CARE has led the way to a better life for the world’s most vulnerable people. In 2020, CARE worked in over 100 countries, reaching more than 90 million people through 1,300 projects.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMary Michelle Nunn is an American philanthropic executive and politician. Since 2015 she has been President and CEO of CARE USA, the American national member of CARE International, the humanitarian aid and international development agency. Nunn was the Democratic Party’s nominee in the race for Georgia’s U.S. Senate seat in 2014.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKent Alexander joined Michelle Nunn’s U.S. Senate campaign as their full-time Chief of Staff and Strategy in 2014.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn their book \u003cem\u003eThe Suspect: An Olympic Bombing, the FBI, the Media, and Richard Jewell, the Man Caught in the Middle\u003c/em\u003e, U.S. Attorney Kent Alexander and former Wall Street Journal reporter Kevin Salwen reconstruct the events leading up to, during, and after the Olympic bombing from law enforcement evidence and the extensive personal records of key players, including Richard Jewell. The Suspect is the culmination of more than five years of reporting and is a story about the rise of domestic terrorism in America, the advent of the 24/7 news cycle, and Richard Jewell’s fight to clear his name. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAthens is a city in northeast Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMichael Alexander is an Atlanta based general contractor that specializes in remodeling and home additions. He received his master’s degree in architecture, historic preservation, and conversation from Savannah College of Art and Design.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBroadway theatre, also simply known as Broadway, refers to the theatrical performances which are presented in the 41 professional theatres located in the Theater District and the Lincoln Center along Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePamela Gold is a Broadway performer who had roles in \u003cem\u003eOnce Upon a Mattress\u003c/em\u003e (1996) and \u003cem\u003eHow to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\u003c/em\u003e (1995). She is married to Michael Alexander. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSavannah College of Art and Design is a private nonprofit art school with locations in Savannah, Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, and Lacoste, France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSyracuse University is a private research university in Syracuse, New York. The institution’s roots can be traced to the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, founded in 1983 by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaige Alexander is the Chief Executive Officer of The Cater Center. Alexander has a distinguished global development career in the government and nonprofit sectors. She was Associate Director of Project Liberty at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government in 1992-93 and was a consultant to many institutions including the C.S. Mott Foundation, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, and the Open Society Institute in Prague. She has held senior leadership positions at two regional bureaus of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), covering missions and programs in 25 countries. Between her assignments with USAID, Alexander was Senior Vice President and European Founder/President of IREX, an international civil society, democracy, and education nonprofit organization, from 2001-2010. From 2017 until her appointment to The Carter Center in 2020, Alexander served as Executive Director of the European Cooperative for Rural Development (EUCORD) in Brussels and Amsterdam.  She has served on many global boards and committees, including the advisory boards for World Learning, IREX, the Romanian-American Foundation, the World Affairs Council of Atlanta, the ADL Southeast Region, and is a member of several human rights organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmsterdam is the Netherlands’ capital city known for its artistic heritage, elaborate canal system, and narrow houses with gabled facades.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Carter Center is a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter. He and his wife Rosalynn Carter partnered with Emory University to establish an organization whose mission is a “commitment to human rights and the alleviation of human suffering, the Center seeks to prevent and resolve conflicts, enhance freedom and democracy, and improve health.” It is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Board of Councilors was founded in 1987 at the initiative of President Carter and Ivan Allen III as a leadership advisory group that serves to advance understanding of and support for The Carter Center and its activities among private-sector opinion leaders in Atlanta and Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePalestine: Peace Not Apartheid\u003c/em\u003e is a New York Times Best Seller book written by 39th President of the United States Jimmy Carter. Carter argues in the book that Israel’s continued control and construction of settlements have been the primary obstacles to a comprehensive peace agreement in the Middle East. That perspective, coupled with \u003cem\u003eApartheid\u003c/em\u003e in the phrase \u003cem\u003ePeace Not Apartheid\u003c/em\u003e and errors and misstatements in the book sparked criticism.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Earl “Jimmy” Carter Jr. (1924- ) was the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967 and as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. Founder of the Carter Center, he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize for work to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development. He is the author of numerous books, including \u003cem\u003ePalestine: Peace Not Apartheid\u003c/em\u003e (2006), \u003cem\u003eAn Hour Before Daylight\u003c/em\u003e (2001) and \u003cem\u003eOur Endangered Values\u003c/em\u003e (2005).  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStuart Elliott Eizenstat is an American diplomat and attorney. He served as the United States Ambassador to the European Union from 1993 to 1996 and as the United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury from 1999 to 2001.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMichael Trotter is an attorney at Taylor English law firm. He has served as the principal securities lawyer for more than 15 companies and has served as a special master for the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. Trotter has taught securities regulation at the Emory University School of Law as well as courses in law firm management and economics. Trotter is a published author and has two books on the economics and operations of major business practice law firms in America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAffirmative action refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to include particular groups based on their gender, race, sexuality, creed, or nationality in areas in which they are underrepresented, such as education and employment.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSol Golden was an Atlanta entrepreneurial corporate attorney who practiced law for 23 years prior to joining Arnall Golden \u0026amp; Gregory, LLP. He had developed a reputation as a skilled corporate attorney who had initiated several innovative financing techniques for his clients.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArnall Golden Gregory (AGG) is an Am Law 200 law firm with 180 attorneys in Atlanta and Washington, D.C. AGG’s transaction, litigation, regulatory and privacy counselors serve clients in healthcare, real estate, retail, fintech/payment systems, global commerce/global mobility, government investigations, life sciences and logistics and transportation. Ellis G. Arnall, Sol I. Golden, and Cleburne Gregory, Jr., founded the firm in 1949 after receiving significant recognition for their individual achievements in the practice of law and public service.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePatrick Lynn Swindall was an American politician, attorney, and businessman who served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia’s 4th congressional district, based in Atlanta’s eastern suburbs, from 1985 to 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1984 congressional race between Republican Patrick Swindall and Democrat Elliott Levitas was one marked by anti-Semitism. Though Swindall denied engaging in anti-Semitic tactics, there was a campaign letter circulated that proclaimed Swindall as “one of us.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeila Harris Ogden (1919-1993) is an Atlanta native and daughter of Arthur I. Harris and Erma Libeman. Leila’s brother is Arthur L. Harris, President of The Atlanta paper Company. She married Henry H. Ogden in 1937 in Atlanta, Georgia. Leila and Henry had two children, Hank and Meredith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBunnie Jackson-Ransom (1940-) graduated North Carolina College with a BS in business and a minor in education. She went on to receive her MS degree from North Carolina Central University School of Business and Economics in 1969. She worked as an Instructor of Business and Supervisor of Secretarial Services at Bennett College and then joined Economic Opportunity Atlanta, Inc., where she was a Contract Specialist, Program Coordinator, and Director of Planning and Program Development. In 1965, she met and married Maynard Jackson. The pair divorced in 1976. In 1975, Jackson-Ransom founded firstClass, Inc., a company specializing in marketing, community affairs, communications, and public relations. She later married Raymond Ransom, a bass player for Brick. From 1979-83, Jackson-Ransom was owner and operator of Airport Amusement Concessions at Hartsfield International Airport and from 1978-88 she managed several performing artists. She is a member of the Atlanta League of Women Voters, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Executive Committee member of the Atlanta branch of the NAACP, the Azalea Chapter of The Links, Inc., the Metropolitan Atlanta Coalition of 100 Black Women, and the National Council of Negro Women.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid McCoy Franklin (1943-2008) was a key advisor to former Mayor Maynard Jackson and ex-husband of Atlanta Mayor Shirley Franklin. Franklin worked closely with Jackson and other elected mayors, bringing together white liberals, public housing residents, universities, neighborhood groups, and senior citizens. Franklin joined Jackson’s law firm in 1972 and previously represented celebrity clientele. He became a political liability and was charged with unethical and financial misconduct in connection with a real estate and loan deal handled on behalf of a Kuwaiti business firm. He later founded Franklin \u0026amp; Wilson Airport Concessions, which ran 15 retail outlets at Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mead Paper Company was established in Dayton, Ohio in 1847 and is now known as MeadWestvaco. It acquired Atlanta Paper Company in 1957.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArthur L. Harris was President of The Atlanta Paper Company when the company built a new paper plant on Marietta Street.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaynard Jackson became Atlanta’s first black Vice-Mayor in 1970, a position he held for four years. He went on to serve three terms as Atlanta’s Mayor, from 1974-1982 and 1990-1994, making him the second longest-serving Mayor of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Alan Massell, Jr. (b. 1927) is a businessman who served from 1970 to 1974 as the 53rd mayor of Atlanta. He is the first Jewish mayor in his city's history. A lifelong Atlanta resident, Massell has had successful careers in real estate brokerage, elected office, tourism, and association management.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAndrew Jackson Young (b. 1932) is an American politician, diplomat, activist, and pastor from Georgia. He has served as a Congressman from Georgia's 5th congressional district, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, and Mayor of Atlanta. He served as President of the National Council of Churches USA, was a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) during the 1960s Civil Rights Movement, and was a supporter and friend of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShirley Clarke Franklin is an American politician and a member of the Democratic Party who served as the 58th Mayor f Atlanta from 2002-2010. She currently serves as a member of the Board of Directors for both Delta Air Lines and Mueller Water Products.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam (Bill) Campbell, a Democrat, was the 57th mayor of Atlanta, Georgia from 1994 to 2002. Campbell was convicted in 2006 of federal charges of tax evasion and went to prison from 2006 to 2008.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/annotation_set/586/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDonald John Trump (1946- ) was the 45th president of the United States. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=6090.0,6120.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/index/48976","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Alexander, Miles [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/index/48976/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Growing Up as an Army-Brat, Going to Multiple Schools, and How Moving Influenced His Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=24.0,236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/index/48976/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to start at the very beginning. I'd like to know when and where you were born and who were your parents?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840#t=24.0,236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52602/file/124840/index/48976/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe Alexander","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alexandria City High School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alexandria, Virginia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Army Brat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bayside High School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bayside, New 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