{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/gt5fb4zc6n/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Moszkowicz, Felix"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2000-08-12 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Kent, John (Interviewer)","Einstein, Ruth (Interviewer)","Moszkowicz, Felix (Interviewee)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Kent and Ruth Einstein interview Felix Moszkowicz in Atlanta, Georgia on December 8, 2000.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eFelix describes his childhood and the beginning of World War II. He recalls the antisemitism he experienced and being in the Lodz Ghetto. Felix talks about life in the concentration camps. He recounts the end of the war. Felix recollects the hostility survivors faced in Poland after the war and deciding to flee. He fondly remembers life in Sweden. Felix explains how he mentally survived the war. He recalls coming to the United States. Felix outlines his career. Felix talks about his father’s experiences after the war. He discusses his marriage, career, and early adult years. Felix considers how his early experiences shaped his career. Felix shares the joys of fatherhood and his feelings on Judaism. He discusses the war’s impact on his perspectives. Felix talks about his values.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eFelix Moszkowicz was born on January 8, 1929 in Lodz, Poland. He was the youngest of two children born to Ester and Morris Moszkowicz. Morris was a successful tailor and the family enjoyed a comfortable life that included family vacations every winter and summer. Felix attended a Jewish school and enjoyed spending time at the YMCA.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eWhen the Germans invaded Poland in 1939, the family was forced into a ghetto. In August 1944, the ghetto was liquidated, and they were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Felix never saw his mother again. His brother, Abraham (1921-1945) was selected to go to the Hannover-Ahlem labor camp, where he later died. Felix and Morris were sent to the Gleiwitz concentration camp. As the Russians advanced in January 1945, they were marched to the Blechhammer concentration camp. When the Allies bombed the camp, Felix, his father, and another group of prisoners escaped. Soon, they were liberated by Soviet soldiers.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAfter liberation, Felix and his father returned to Lodz, hoping to be reunited with family members. When no one else returned and pogroms broke out in Poland, they realized it was time to leave. Through connections, they were able to obtain papers to travel to Sweden. For the next four years, they lived in Helsingborg, Sweden and Morris taught Felix to become a master tailor.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn 1951, Felix and Morris immigrated to the United States. Felix went to work in New York City’s Garment District as a sample maker and later a designer. In 1955, Felix married Phyllis Whitman. He was drafted into the United States Army in 1956. In 1958, Felix and Phyllis welcomed their only child, a daughter named Esther. Morris had also remarried and had two sons with his second wife. Morris remained in New York City until his death in 1963. In 1970, Felix left New York. Until his retirement in 1995, he worked as a production manager for companies in Missouri, Illinois, Florida, Alabama, and Georgia. Phyllis and Felix remained in Atlanta, Georgia after retirement. Phyllis passed away in 2006 and Felix died on January 17, 2017.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29306"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Kent and Ruth Einstein interview Felix Moszkowicz in Atlanta, Georgia on December 8, 2000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFelix describes his childhood and the beginning of World War II. He recalls the antisemitism he experienced and being in the Lodz Ghetto. Felix talks about life in the concentration camps. He recounts the end of the war. Felix recollects the hostility survivors faced in Poland after the war and deciding to flee. He fondly remembers life in Sweden. Felix explains how he mentally survived the war. He recalls coming to the United States. Felix outlines his career. Felix talks about his father\u0026rsquo;s experiences after the war. He discusses his marriage, career, and early adult years. Felix considers how his early experiences shaped his career. Felix shares the joys of fatherhood and his feelings on Judaism. He discusses the war\u0026rsquo;s impact on his perspectives. Felix talks about his values.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFelix Moszkowicz was born on January 8, 1929 in Lodz, Poland. He was the youngest of two children born to Ester and Morris Moszkowicz. Morris was a successful tailor and the family enjoyed a comfortable life that included family vacations every winter and summer. Felix attended a Jewish school and enjoyed spending time at the YMCA.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eWhen the Germans invaded Poland in 1939, the family was forced into a ghetto. In August 1944, the ghetto was liquidated, and they were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Felix never saw his mother again. His brother, Abraham (1921-1945) was selected to go to the Hannover-Ahlem labor camp, where he later died. Felix and Morris were sent to the Gleiwitz concentration camp. As the Russians advanced in January 1945, they were marched to the Blechhammer concentration camp. When the Allies bombed the camp, Felix, his father, and another group of prisoners escaped. Soon, they were liberated by Soviet soldiers.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAfter liberation, Felix and his father returned to Lodz, hoping to be reunited with family members. When no one else returned and pogroms broke out in Poland, they realized it was time to leave. Through connections, they were able to obtain papers to travel to Sweden. For the next four years, they lived in Helsingborg, Sweden and Morris taught Felix to become a master tailor.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1951, Felix and Morris immigrated to the United States. Felix went to work in New York City\u0026rsquo;s Garment District as a sample maker and later a designer. In 1955, Felix married Phyllis Whitman. He was drafted into the United States Army in 1956. In 1958, Felix and Phyllis welcomed their only child, a daughter named Esther. Morris had also remarried and had two sons with his second wife. Morris remained in New York City until his death in 1963. In 1970, Felix left New York. Until his retirement in 1995, he worked as a production manager for companies in Missouri, Illinois, Florida, Alabama, and Georgia. Phyllis and Felix remained in Atlanta, Georgia after retirement. Phyllis passed away in 2006 and Felix died on January 17, 2017.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/254/943/small/Moszkowicz_Felix.mp4_1730131788.jpg?1730131788","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Moszkowicz_Felix.mp4"]},"duration":5642.638,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/254/943/small/Moszkowicz_Felix.mp4_1730131788.jpg?1730131788","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/254/943/original/Moszkowicz_Felix.mp4?1730131784","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5642.638,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Start with your name and pronounce it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=0.0,2.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Pronounce it? How? My name is Felix and my last name is Moskowicz. Here in America, we say ... We forget the Z's and say, \"Moskowitz.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2.0,18.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: When and where were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=18.0,19.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: I was born in 1929, January 8th, 1929, in Lodz, Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=19.0,27.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Give an overview of what your earlier years were like in childhood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=27.0,31.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Well, the childhood years was ... My father was a tailor and he's got a custom tailor business in Poland, in Lodz. He was one of the well-known, one of the well-to-do tailors. We ... I went ... Every winter, they sent me to a camp, winter camp. In the summertime, we used to go to a summer place. How do you say in ... How would you describe it here in America? It is like a summer place, where they had different ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=31.0,84.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Scouting?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=84.0,88.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: The what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=88.0,88.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Was that like Boy Scouts?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=88.0,89.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: No. No, we--the whole family--used to go there. We used to rent a building actually and we used to be there all summer long. So, we were a little bit better off than any other people. Like, my mother used to go to a summer place, klinika [Polish: clinic], where they had their baths in the wintertime. My father and my brother used to go to Czestochowa [Poland] and ski. [We would] summer in the south of Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=89.0,139.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Can you describe your mother and father, so we have a sense of who they were as people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=139.0,143.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: They were the best, the greatest. My father was a secretary of the Tailors Association. My mother was a homebody that was taking care of the home. We had a kosher home because of my grandmother, because of the people that used to ... My nieces were brought up in our house. We lived in Lodz on Piotrkowska, which was the main street of [Lodz]. When the Germans came, they renamed it Adolf Hitler Strasse. Naturally, the first thing, all the Jews had to be extricated to the ghetto. My mother was a ... I don't know how to describe. How do you describe your mother? How can you say something about your mother [that is] anything but good? We did a lot of good because we were a little bit well off than anybody else. We helped out. My mother helped out her aunts and we really contributed to their lives because we could afford it. What else can you tell you about them? She had ... As you can see--I showed you the pictures--they had a ton of friends, a ton of people that we knew, and I don't even remember them, but as many as I can, I remember their names. If you take a look at the picture, I can name at least a half a dozen people. The rest of them, [no]. After all, I was a little [boy]. When the war broke out, I was ten years old, so ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=143.0,298.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: I am curious, even though you were a child, what was your understanding at the time of what it meant to be Jewish as compared to the Polish population? What was the culture around you about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=298.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Okay, I went to a Jewish school and naturally, we went ... We had to avoid any altercation with the Polish people. My next-door neighbor, our next-door neighbor, Absatz, he was my best friend, I would say, because we lived on the same, in the same place. The way it was is that we lived ... You enter Piotrkowska 66 and our entrance to our apartment was the third entrance, because the way they had it is like you came from Piotrkowska. You came into a yard that there was apartments all around the yard, on the lefthand side and on the righthand side there. There, Absatz, my friend, his entrance to his apartment was the second on the righthand side; ours was the third. If we opened up the last room from our apartment, we would have been in his apartment. We went to the YMCA that was built by the Jewish [community] from the Jewish money that was contributed. When we came in there, I looked like a Pollock. My friend looked Jewish, so one day when we came there, he said, they said, \"You can come in,\" pointing at me, \"but he cannot come in.\" So, that gives you an idea of what we had to do. When we went ... When I went to school and to the Jewish school, naturally we had a lot of jeers, and yells, and they were actually picking on us. When you went by a church, everybody in the streetcar used to take the cap off or the hat off. I didn't because I was Jewish. Elbows. You got elbows. You got a lot of nasty remarks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=309.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did that affect you, that attitude?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=483.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: I'm Jewish. I'm proud of it. I didn't give a darn of what they were thinking, so I was a little bit of a snob because I was Jewish. What can you do? You have to live with them. It's not what they did to us before the war, it's what the Pollacks did to us after the war. When we lived in Lodz and people from Kielce [Poland] ... There was a pogrom in Kielce before Passover and the people ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=487.0,543.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What year?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=543.0,546.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Nineteen forty-six. We came back to Poland in 1945. There was many people that came back and they had to actually take the jeers and the remarks that the Pollacks gave, \"Anything that Hitler didn't finish, we'll finish off.\" When the people from Kielce came to Lodz after the pogrom and we found out about the pogrom, that was it. In August of 1946, we escaped from Poland. A lot of people escaped from Poland in 1946, 1945, that they couldn't take it anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=546.0,616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Can you give an overview of that whole period from 1939 to 1945 just so we will have an understanding?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=616.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: I was ... In 1939, after we were kicked out of our apartment on Piotrkowska, we lived in the ghetto. We went to live with some of the friends of my parents for a little while and then we got an apartment of our own. We lived in the ghetto and worked into the ghetto. In 1944, they liquidated the ghetto and sent us to Auschwitz-Birkenau. While being in the ghetto, the ghetto was closed. They had guards guarding us. We, the criminals, couldn't get out of the ghetto. G-d forbid we should mingle with the Pollacks and the Germans. We wouldn't. In 1942, there was a Sperre [from German Allgemeine Gehsperre, a prohibition to leave homes], where they closed up the [ghetto], and they picked the people that they couldn't, that they felt they wouldn't be productive and work for them, for the Germans. They took us. They took out from the ghetto. They took some of the small kids, some of the juveniles, some of the older people that could not, like I said, couldn't be productive slaves working for them. They took those out from the ghetto and who knows where they took them. After the war, we kind of knew where they took those people, all the kids. They had a quota to take out from the ghetto, so in the first go around, where they went around and picked the people, I went downstairs also, but when they came in front of me, they kind of hesitated. The second go around, when they came around the second time, my parents hid me. I wouldn't go out. So, we survived that one. In August, they started to close up the Lodz ghetto, liquidate the Lodz ghetto, and the people ... They used to send us ... And naturally, this ... Where did they send us? They said we going to relocate in another ghetto. The relocation of the 'another ghetto' was Auschwitz and Birkenau.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=622.0,829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: That was August of which year?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=829.0,835.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: [In] 1944, they started. If the Polish people wouldn't say to the Russians, \"Let us liberate ourselves,\" 80,000 Jewish people in the Lodz ghetto would have survived. As it is right now, I don't even know how many of the 80,000 survived Auschwitz-Birkenau or the concentration camp. I don't think that even half of them survived. I doubt very much. No, I don't think so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=835.0,888.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: When you were taken away, how many of your family members were still with you or still alive?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=888.0,894.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: My father, my mother, my brother, me, my mother's niece, my mother's ... the one that got married with the cousin. They all would have survived. As it is, my mother and my niece did not survive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=894.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Were you all taken to the camp together?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=930.0,936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Yes, we kind of went ... Yes, we went. My mother's niece, her husband, his brother, and my mother, my father, and my brother, we went at the same time to camp. When we came to Auschwitz-Birkenau, naturally, my mother was separated from us. My mother's niece went with my mother. My father, brother, my cousins, we went together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=936.0,982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What condition were you in when you arrived there, physically and inside?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=982.0,993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Not in a very good condition, but we wanted to survive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=993.0,1007.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What did you know about what that place was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1007.0,1012.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: We didn't know until we got there. We didn't know much. We were so separated from the world in the ghetto that nobody knew what Auschwitz-Birkenau was until we got there. Once we got there, we found out pretty fast what Auschwitz-Birkenau was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1012.0,1043.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Can you describe some of your experience there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1043.0,1046.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: In Auschwitz-Birkenau? We didn't stay there long enough. They ... Naturally, you were in the barracks. You slept. Your head was between the legs of the next guy that was there. You slept on the concrete. But we were there for about two or three days. Then, they took us to a concentration camp, a labor concentration camp. We were separated from my brother. If we weren't separated, he would have still been alive today. But what can you do? They picked him to go to Ahlem, which is [in] west Germany, and he died there. We were taken, my father and I, we were taken to Gleiwitz, which was actually in Oberschlesien [German: Upper Silesia]. It was on the Polish border side, not too far from any place else, Czestochowa, not far from Czestochowa, not far from Krakow [Poland], and stuff like this, in Oberschlesien. Gliwice was the Polish name of it and the German name was Gleiwitz. But when the Russians started to come closer to Gleiwitz. They marched us out of Gleiwitz and they marched us to Althammer, which was another concentration camp, a labor concentration camp, and they also had a POW [prisoner of war] camp right next to it. The next day, they marched us to Blechhammer. When they took us to Blechhammer, we were the last ones to come there, so they put us right at the end of the camp, and that was our luck that we were there because the people that were in beginning of the camp, they took them out to march and carried the Germans' ...  I don't know what they were doing, but they took them out to carry the bags of the Germans and when the Germans were running away, we stayed in the camp. The barrack in front of us was hit by shrapnel and half of the barracks was blown up. They also blew out a hole in the wall, which was actually a brick wall or a concrete wall. When we woke up the next day, after that night when it was blown apart, the people in our barracks said, \"We are not going to stay here any longer because you never know what's going to happen. The Germans might have come back and took us out.\" Through the hole in the wall, we walked out. Now, came the question. When we came into Blechhammer, we came in at night, so we didn't know where and what. When we got out of the hole, we didn't know in which direction to go. We thought, \"Shall we go to the right or shall we go to the left?\" We said, \"Ah, let's go to the right.\" And when we started to walk, after a little while, we saw soldiers in white sheets. Now, one question was, \"Are they Germans or are they Russians?\" Because they all the Germans were wearing white to hide in the snow and the Russians. My father, may he rest in peace, he knew how to speak Russian. He asked them a question. I don't know what, but they said ... They answered in Russian. They said, \"Come on over,\" so we went and they told us to walk fast because what the Russians did is they cut in, in a box, and then they cleared it out. For the next two days, we were walking on the border where the Russians were fighting the Germans on the right, they were finding them on the left, and we were in the corridor where there were Russians. But we made it out to Czestochowa. When we came to Czestochowa, that's where we were already safe. We got up on a train. There was coal. [It was] bringing coal and they went to Lodz. We came to Lodz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1046.0,1413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What condition were you in at the time of liberation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1413.0,1419.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: I wasn't in a bad condition because my father was the tailor in camp and he got from the Germans a little bit extra food. And naturally, the kapos that took us out to work, he was ... My kapo was the barracks leader. He was a German and naturally, he needed some favors from my father, so [when] I came out, I wasn't in a bad condition. But I was in bad condition walking, marching from our camp to Blechammer. I didn't have shoes. I had very bad shoes because when I was working out there, the wooden shoes were the best things to wear. When you worked on ... What we did is that, where I was working, we were working on laying railroad ties and railroad ramps. I was working on the ramps. I was a bricklayer. I was everything. So wooden shoes were the best because they were ... In the wintertime in the snow, they were worse. By the time they took us out from camp, my father couldn't find a pair of shoes for me, so I had to walk in the wooden shoes and wooden shoes were not the most comfortable shoes to walk in, but we survived. After the war, when after they liberated, we got back to Poland to Lodz, waiting for our family. Nobody came back, nobody. In 1946, after the Kielce pogrom and everything else, we escaped to Sweden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1419.0,1564.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Did you go back to your home first?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1564.0,1566.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1566.0,1567.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What did you find there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1567.0,1570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: The building where we lived before the war was demolished. The building in the ghetto where we lived was demolished. The Germans ... In the few months that the Germans that they were losing the war, the Russians were coming and the Russians got into Lodz in January [1945]. From August to January, they demolished the houses. They were still thinking that they going to be the master race, so we found everything demolished.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1570.0,1618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did the locals respond when they saw you coming back?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1618.0,1622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: \"What Hitler didn't finish we'll finish,\" the Pollocks said.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1622.0,1627.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: These were people who knew you before the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1627.0,1630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: We didn't know any Pollocks from before the war. The Jewish people, there wasn't that many that came back; just a few. So, in 1946, we escaped to Sweden and that's where our friends are. The Swedish, the Swedes, they were the greatest. I mean, when we escaped, the Pollocks wanted to ... They knew that we were not ... We were all in American uniforms, UNRRA [United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration] uniforms, and everything else. They knew that we were ... So, they wanted to have a payoff. The two Israeli soldiers, officers that were that did the whole thing for us to go to Sweden, and from Sweden to go to France, couldn't pay them off because then they would have agreed that we were ... So, they went back to their ... to wherever they came from and they left us in Poland. It's a good thing that among the 26 people that escaped, that we were trying to escape, some of them were Partisans that were fighting the Germans in the woods. Some of their friends in Warsaw [Poland] ... They had friends in Warsaw, so they went back to Warsaw, and they spoke to them, and they somehow they got the papers for us to leave Poland. But when we came to Sweden, they wouldn't let us in. But in Sweden, the king's cousin intervened and they let us in to Sweden. We went down to Landskrona [Sweden] and they put us in a castle with a moat, a water moat all around the castle. The castle must have been at least 600 years old. But they treated us the best. They kept us there for a month to make sure that we are healthy and they gave us clothing, dress up clothing, working clothing. They gave us some money to start up and because my father was the tailor, they found a job for him in Helsingborg [Sweden] in one of the custom tailors. And they made sure that he found us a place to live and took care of us. The Swedish, the Sweden ... We lived in Sweden for four years and I think that was the greatest thing that ever happened to us. The people ... First of all, we had some friends over there that were also like us, you know, and they are all here in the United States now. The ones that survived, the ones that are still alive are still here in the United States. But, like my father, they passed away. Their age ... You know, after all, I was a youngster. I was the baby of the of the survivors. I was actually 16 years old when I came out of the camp and I was the baby. Here we are, in the United States. I was ... My father taught me how to be a tailor, so I became a tailor here and in the United States and I was working as a tailor, a custom tailor, for a while. Then, I switched over to ready to wear and went to the Garment Center in New York [City, New York]. That's where it all started. I worked in New York. I was a sample maker. Custom tailor, naturally, then a sample maker. Then, I became a designer. In 1970, I switched over to production manager.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1630.0,1964.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Tell us more about those four years in Sweden. How did you get used to normal life after five years as a prisoner?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1964.0,1976.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: You had to understand. You had to know the Swedish people to understand how you could get back, how you could become a normal person. The Swedish people, first of all, if you told them you're Jewish, they said, \"Okay, so you're going to be here five years. You become a citizen. You'll be a Swede.\" They did not take ... They couldn't understand what a Jewish person is. You have to explain to them that Jewish, that you ... That's a religion, a Jewish religion that no matter what, even if you become a Swede, you're still a Jewish person, Jewish because that was the religion. That's what you believed in, in Old Testament. You had to tell them that you believed in the Old Testament. They said, \"Oh.\" Some of them said, \"So you're a Seventh-day Adventist?\" No, you still believe in the Old Testament, but you're Jewish because that's what you follow. I showed you some of the pictures of the Swedish. I showed her [Ruth Einstein] some of the pictures that I have from Sweden that I had, the friends and everything else. It's a different world. It was a different world. I don't know how today it's in Sweden, but I knew then. Here I am, 17 years old. When I was in Sweden, 16, 17 years old. You get on a streetcar to go from one place to another, and the kids from school get up from the chair, and say, \"Uncle, please sit down.\" Uncle? Seventeen years old. Uncle. There is no such thing. They all ... They never said, \"Sir.\" They always said, \"Uncle\" or \"Aunt.\" There was no such thing as anything else. I can't describe it. They are people that ... You lived in Sweden, you never locked the door. You never locked a bicycle because the main transportation was bicycle. [If] you took a taxi someplace and you wanted to tip them, you know, like tip ... No, you don't tip them. You don't. There are people that came to Helsingborg from Malmo [Sweden] for a visit and they forgot to take their address, our address, but they knew that we took a bus to our place how to go. So they went over to the bus station and they said to them, \"We forgot to take the address, but I know that our friend takes a bus. We do not know which bus and how.\" The bus driver took around the person from one bus to the next one, to the next one, and they said, \"He's got a friend that lives out ... that takes a bus, is here.\" And they ask him, \"How short is he? Is he ...\" They took him to the bus driver. The bus driver took him over to the house, stopped in front of the house to make sure that this is the people that they are looking for, and they, sure enough ... In Sweden, if you ask them how to get someplace, they took you there to make sure that they took you there. That's the kind of people they were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1976.0,2303.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Much different from Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2303.0,2307.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Oh, G-d Almighty, forget it. It's not even anything close. We have ... I showed her pictures from Sweden and I said, \"What's the use of giving you the pictures? These are Swedish people.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2307.0,2325.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How do you suppose you changed during the war? How did your outlook change?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2325.0,2336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: The outlook? There was no such thing as an outlook. You were ... Before the war, you lived, your parents looked out for you and looked out very well for you. You have no conception of life at that time at my age. What conception of life did you have when you were eight, nine, or ten years old? There was nothing and when the war ... During the war, you only looked out to survive a day at a time. So, there was no change because you actually had no mind of your own. You had no conception of life at that time because your parents looked out for you and then, you had to look out for yourself. So, it's like taking and changing a ... from left, from ... completely change. It's nothing like it. You had to. You just didn't know. It's not like you changed from one way of doing things to changing to the other thing. But it's like you're just... You are here, and then you are there, and you had to look out for yourself, and all you did is you looked out to survive that one day, because there is no such thing as looking out for ... like planning for the next date. There was no plans. There was no planning whatsoever, because you didn't know what the next day it's going to bring and the next day, when it came along, you just took care of that day, hoping that you did the right decision for that day because there is ... You had no plans for tomorrow on, no plans for the next day. All you wanted is to live that one day at a time, and survive that one day, and one day survive enough to say, \"I survived this,\" and I did accomplish it. Today--and this is in the United States--you plan for tomorrow, you plan for the next day, you plan for next year, but you didn't during the war. You didn't know if you're going to have a tomorrow. You didn't know if you're going to have a next year or anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2336.0,2547.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: When you say that you survived, how much of that was due to your efforts, your decisions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2547.0,2555.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: I survived because of my father, because when I told you that when they walked us from one camp to the next camp, I wanted to give up. If you give up and you fell out, you were killed. You were shot. My father turned around, and he says, \"You don't care about me. You're only looking out for yourself. Did you ever ...\" My father always said ... At that time, he said to me, \"Did you ever think of how I'm going to feel if you give up? If you give up, you will not have any more problems ever again, but did you ever think how it's going to affect me?\" That's what kept me going.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2555.0,2623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What are some of the other, let us say 'lessons' maybe that you learned, that helped you get through the war? What personal qualities did you have that helped you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2623.0,2637.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Stubbornness, perseverance, and fight, fight, fight. That is actually what helped me also here in the United States because there were times when you had to fight to survive. I am a survivor. I am a fighter. I am stubborn as hell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2637.0,2684.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Continue with your history. You left Sweden after four years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2684.0,2690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2690.0,2691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did that decision come about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2691.0,2693.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Well, the [way the] decision came about is our papers, affidavits to come to the United States have come true. Because there are so many people that fell out, that it came true for us to come to the United States. My father wanted to come to the United States since 1921, but ... You know, you had to wait for the quota, but with so many people that did not survive the war, our quota came about much faster and we ... The papers came through and we came to the United States. You know, the United States had such a power over people to come here. You know, it's the gold that's laying in the street, and needs somebody to come here, and to pick it up and, well, I was ready to pick it up. I was ready to pick it up. But it's the United States' ... power of the United States ... It's such a power to come here that ... Well, we had so many relatives still over here, living over here, like the two brothers of my mother. My mother's brothers were here, my ... three of her sisters were here. You know, in Europe, there was nobody. Nobody [was] there. My two uncles lived in Boston [Massachusetts]. One of my aunts lived in Brooklyn. Two of my aunts lived in California and their children and their ... My cousin, the one that I stole the pictures from, she lived in the Bronx. When you have so many of your relatives that live here in the United States, and when you have so many of your relatives that died during the war, or were destroyed during the war, and there is nobody left in Europe, no matter how good Sweden was to you and no matter how many good friends you made in Sweden ... But there is that relatives are stronger than anybody, than any friends that were there in [Sweden] and in America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2693.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What were your impressions of America when you first got here, when you got to know the culture?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2916.0,2923.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: The first impression that I had coming to America is getting off the boat and getting into my uncle's car and driving on the West Side and seeing all the dirty buildings and everything else. I looked at my father and I said, \"Let's go back to Sweden, where the people every Friday, they go out and wash the sidewalks and the buildings.\" They scrub the sidewalks. But we went to Brooklyn to my uncle's house near Kings Highway. We said, \"We're going to survive.\" We left. [We] came to the United States December 18th. January the 2nd, we already went to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2923.0,2999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: You were 20 years old?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2999.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: In 1950, I was 21 and we went, and that's when I started to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3000.0,3014.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Did you speak English yet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3014.0,3018.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: No, I spoke a perfect Swedish. In fact, I learned how to speak Swedish, that everybody thought that I was a Swede from Lapland because my accent was like a ... But six months later, here in the United States, I spoke English. I spoke English the way I speak now. I haven't improved anything. I haven't improved since then. I still speak with an accent. I never could get rid of the accent. I worked in the Garment Center in New York. In New York, I went to work. The first job I interviewed [for] was for James W. Bell [on] 49th Street and Fifth Avenue. The first thing they did give me is a coat. In 1951, that they charged for that coat $975, and they told me, \"You better not smoke because that fabric cost 100 and a quarter,\" $125 a yard in 1951. They wanted me to work for them, but not my father.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3018.0,3123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3123.0,3124.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Who knows? So, I said, \"No. If my father doesn't work, I don't work.\" Then, I went to work on 57th Street. He made stuff for Christian Dior. Then, I worked for a guy, Jacques Teeger, on Madison Avenue. At that time, he was charging $475 for a lady's suit. I said, \"All these things are very fine and very good, but what do I get?\" And when they told me how much I said, \"I'm going down to the ... \" I worked for them for about two or three weeks, and then I went to work in the Garment Center [making] ready to wear because that's where you could make a little bit money. Over there, $70 a week. All you could get is a hunchback from working. I went down. I worked in the Garment Center and kept on working until 1970. I became ... As I told you, I was working as an operator, became a sample maker, became a designer. Then, I switched over into production, [became a] production man. I found out that production men can criticize a designer, but a designer cannot criticize a production man. Since then, I've been production man for different places, and different companies, and vice-president of manufacturing. I really hustled. I was a hustler. I worked. I was a production man [for] Leslie Fay in St. Louis [Missouri]. Then, I went to work for Kansas City [Missouri]. From Kansas City, I went to southern Illinois, from southern Illinois to California, and from California to Florida, and from Florida to Alabama, and I wound up in Atlanta [Georgia]. Everything because I was hustling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3124.0,3302.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Where was your father during those years? How long ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3302.0,3304.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: He passed away in 1963. He was working in New York. He also became a sample maker, then became a designer. I became a designer. I was a designer. I designed raincoats. Then, from raincoats, I went into coats and suits. From coats and suits, I went and became a designer in fur trimmed, fur lined coats and fur trimmed suits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3304.0,3355.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How do you suppose the war experience affected your father since he was already an adult during those years? Did he talk about it much after the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3355.0,3369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: We didn't talk too much about it because we tried to avoid talking about it. [It] affected him. [It] affected him that he died in 1963 from a heart attack. He lost a son, he lost a wife, he lost all the friends and relatives. You see, I didn't have that many friends, because what was I? Ten years old? I had a friend here, a friend there, and a friend here. He had friends that were for years on end, that ... for years. I showed you the pictures of all his friends and that was only part of the friends. That was not all the friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3369.0,3430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Well, you lost a mother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3430.0,3431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Beg your pardon?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3431.0,3433.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: You lost your mother, did you not?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3433.0,3435.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Yes, I lost my mother, but he lost his wife, his partner, and his son. Yes, I lost a mother. I lost a brother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3435.0,3458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: When did you have a family feeling again? In America, how did you go about putting a family together again?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3458.0,3470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Well, you have to ... My father, he remarried.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3470.0,3479.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Did he?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3479.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Yes, and he had two sons with his wife. So, I have two brothers. One lives in Cleveland [Ohio] and one lives in St. Louis. The one in St. Louis I was a little bit closer [with] than with the one in Cleveland, because when I lived in St. Louis, he came to live with me. He lived with me. After my father died in 1963, my brother, the one, he came to live with me because at that time he could not go to college in New York because all the black people with the ... He couldn't get into college because ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3480.0,3544.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Quotas?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3544.0,3544.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: The quotas, so he came out. What's the matter?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3544.0,3551.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: We are going to run out of tape in a few seconds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3551.0,3553.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Okay, let me know when.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3553.0,3555.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Go ahead and finish that story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3555.0,3557.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: So, he came out. At that time, I lived in New Jersey and I worked in New York. So, he came out to live with me in New Jersey so he could get into college. He lived with us [and] attended college. When we moved to St. Louis, he came out to St. Louis and lived with us. He met his now wife in St. Louis and got married in St. Louis. I, on the other hand, in 1955 ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3557.0,3604.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Let us start that on the next tape.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3604.0,3605.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Okay, so now. In 1955, I married my wife, the one I'm still married to only 45 years, 45th anniversary. In 1956, I was drafted into the army here in the United States. In 1958, my daughter was born and we've been together since then, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3605.0,3642.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did you meet your wife?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3642.0,3645.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: She was working in a place where I went to visit. I met her and kind of said, \"That's it.\" That's how I met her. But I had something in mind ... not telling you. Oh, yes. At that time, I was still working in the Garment Center in New York. I don't know why I wanted to come back and tell you that, but I just wanted to let you know that I was married, not ... that I wasn't running around. I told you I worked in Garment Center until 1970 and then I went to St. Louis and worked for Leslie Fay, in a division of Leslie Fay, in St. Louis until nineteen seventy ... 1976. Yes, 1976. I worked for them six years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3645.0,3731.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: You described yourself as a fighter, and stubborn, and so on. What were the types of issues or goals where you needed to be that way?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3731.0,3743.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Well, it was ... The Garment Center was ... You had to fight because it's a dog-eat-dog type of a business. You had to fight. You have to. You had to be aggressive because if you weren't aggressive, somebody else was aggressive and you were out. When I went to St. Louis, it was a different situation already because the competition wasn't that great over there. But you still had to fight to be able to retain your job because if you weren't a fighter, you were not accomplishing what you wanted to accomplish or what you had to accomplish to stay on top of the business. If you didn't do it, you were a loser. You had to fight every step of the way, no matter where you worked and how you worked. And to be able to retain your position, you would [fight]. If you didn't do it, then you were fired. To be able to accomplish it, you had to fight every step of the way. In fact, when I went from St. Louis to Kansas City ... In Kansas City, after a year, I lost my job because I was a fighter. Because I was a fighter, I lost my job.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3743.0,3887.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Like how?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3887.0,3892.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Because both jobs were union jobs and I was not a friend of the union. When I went to Kansas City, the union fought me and I lost my job because of the union. The union went to the boss and said, \"Either he goes or we go,\" so I lost my job. I went from there to southern Illinois and worked in southern Illinois. Again, you had to ... I was then a plant manager for one of the Chicago [Illinois] outfits. Again, it was also a union job and you had to really fight for every day of the of the year. You had to fight. Yes, over there was a tough job because the people that worked in southern Illinois, they were the wives of coal miners and the coal miner's union was very strong at that time in southern Illinois. Whatever they learned about the business, they learned from the coal miners' union, and they tried to bring it into the garment business, so you had the pretty good ... But it worked out okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3892.0,4008.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Sounds like much of your career had that same struggle for survival that you described in the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4008.0,4016.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Oh, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4016.0,4016.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Maybe more planning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4016.0,4018.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Well, there is more ... This was more planning, but at the same time, it was also a job of survival. You had to be able to survive. You had to fight for survival in every day. That's why, if you stop and think of it, 1970 was the day that I left the Garment Center in New York. I went to work in St. Louis and I worked in St. Louis till 1976. In 1976, I went to work for a place in Kansas City. Now, the reason why I left St. Louis is because that job, that company folded, went out of business. So, I went in 1976 and worked for Kansas City. I worked in Kansas City for about almost a year and then I lost the job because of the union fight and everything else. I went to southern Illinois. In fact, six months later, that company went, closed up. The people that fired me almost went to jail because they did something very fishy with the company, but the company went out of business. I went to work in southern Illinois. In southern Illinois, I worked there 1976, 1977, 1978, almost two years. I went to work in California. I worked in California for four years. Then, I went to Florida, [to] Miami. I worked there for one week. The reason why I worked there for one week is because Bobbie Brooks went Chapter 11 and then, to get some money, our division had the most fabric in for the whole season, and everything else, and they could get some money out of it to save the rest of the company. So, here I am, traveling from California to Florida, coming in to Florida, and they tell me they went Chapter 11 and going out of business. I went to work for Manhattan Industries in New York while living in Florida. I went to work for Manhattan Industries and worked there for about a year. Then, I got a job in Florida with Lilly Pulitzer. I worked for Lilly Pulitzer for four years until she went out of business. Then, I went to work for Alabama for one year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4018.0,4239.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did it affect your family to have to move so many times over the years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4239.0,4244.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Oh, we survived. We are a family of survivors. Then, while working in Alabama for one year ... Alabama. Yes, in Scottsboro, Alabama. I worked there and then I came to work for a woman over here in Atlanta. Worked for her for one year, and then went, left, and started a business downstairs, a studio. While I was working in the studio, and working, and did pretty well, I got a call to go to work in Chicago. Worked in Chicago for seven and a half years while living in Atlanta here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4244.0,4308.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Quite a commute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4308.0,4309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Seven and a half years, I worked for that company. Then, in 1995, I retired. I retired to Atlanta, back here and reopened my studio downstairs. That's why when you asked me about to go downstairs and take the picture, I said, \"That's a bigger mess downstairs than it is up here.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4309.0,4338.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Talk about your family life. What was it like being a father for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4338.0,4344.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: I think it was the greatest thing that ever happened to me, to become a father. We did ... My daughter and I, since she was almost two years ... You see, I was an ice skater and I skated at Rockefeller Center for about five, six times every five, six times a week. I went down there when she was about two years old, I took her ice skating. We were ice skating together. Then, we were bicycling together, and then we [went] horseback riding together, and always did everything together. That was the greatest thing that I ever had. Naturally, you don't stay married for forty-five years if you don't ... if it's not a good marriage. I guess it was a good marriage. It is a good marriage because we have 45 years together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4344.0,4423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Did you try to teach your child anything in particular or raise her in any particular way?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4423.0,4430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: No, I left that to my wife. She did a better job than I could do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4430.0,4436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: You handled the entertainment?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4436.0,4437.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: That's it. I handled the fun part and she ... My wife did a great ... is doing a great job, still doing a great job.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4437.0,4453.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Talk about the Jewish part of your life after the war. To what extent have you had a chance ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4453.0,4459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: No, I'm just ... I'm Jewish out of tradition. I'm a traditional Jew, not religious, not ... I don't ... I'm not much of a Jew. Let's put it this way: I still like the Jewish part about it, I still like to light the candles. [On] Hanukkah, I still like to eat the traditional Jewish food. I'm still proud of being a Jew, but I don't belong to any temple, even though I volunteered to build the temple down here, the one Or VeShalom. I worked there. When they bought the building, the building was a mess. We did everything to fix it up. In fact, they put my name on the Tree of Life as an honor. I also gave. I donated about three different stained-glass windows. You see, I make stained-glass windows. All these windows that you see here, I made, and those that are standing there in the corner that I haven't got windows anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4459.0,4551.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: See if you can get one on film.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4551.0,4551.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: How about the ones in back of you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4551.0,4559.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: The colors are not coming out as good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4559.0,4573.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: It should come out good with the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4573.0,4576.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Yes, it is because the light is in back, so the colors are not good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4576.0,4580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How come you are not more into the Jewish life or Jewish culture? I am not saying you should be, but I am wondering, did that change for you after the war? Was it part of moving to America from Europe?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4580.0,4601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: No, it's just ... I don't know. I don't know why, but I don't deny being Jewish. I'm just not into that Jewish regimentation, the Jewish way of life. I believe in one thing. If you do something, do it 100 percent, do it right. And if you cannot do it 100 percent or even 90 percent right, don't do it at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4601.0,4645.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How much have you carried the war experience with you these last 50 years or so? How much is that a part of your inner life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4645.0,4659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: [It] makes you appreciate and makes you appreciate the life that you have here. I don't know how to describe. How do you carry it over? Yes, you do. You don't ... You cannot forget it completely. You do live with it constantly. Always, it's always there. If it's not during the day, it's at night. How many times there are things that happen in your sleep, nightmares. Maybe not 100 percent nightmares, but they are nightmares.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4659.0,4713.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What kinds of images?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4713.0,4716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Running, being chased, being ... Some of the things that come back to you that you lived during the war, that come back to you in a way. You relive it in your dreams, some of the things that happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4716.0,4744.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Did you encounter a lot of death during the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4744.0,4750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4750.0,4751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did that affect you, especially as a young person?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4751.0,4755.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: At that time, death was part of life. It was part of life. You lived, you survived, or you died. It was just an everyday occurrence, so it was like it ... It's something that ... Did it affect me? No, because it was part of life. If, on the other hand, if somebody would have killed somebody in front of me, that's a different story. But mostly the people were killed due to malnutrition, due to illnesses, and stuff like this, which is part of life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4755.0,4835.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Having so much of your world taken away from you, so many of the people from your family killed, and your home taken away, what was the emotional reaction to all of that? Losing was such a tremendous part of your whole life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4835.0,4855.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: You learn to live with it, because if you take a look in my situation, how many times did we lose what we had? First is when the Germans came in. Right away, we lost our home. Next, we lost our second home. The third we lost again. And running away from Poland, escaping from Poland, we lost everything, too, because you had to give up life. You had to leave everything behind you. You couldn't take everything with you. So, shall I say that you take it with a stride? No, you cannot take it with a stride, but you still have to take it to be able to survive. So, whether you are stupid, no; blind, no, you don't close your mind to it or to what happened because you live with it. But I don't know how to describe it. I don't know how to [answer], \"What is your feeling and how do you feel about it?\" It's something that I personally cannot find a way to express how I feel because, you see, there are certain times that I feel one way; certain times I feel another way. Certain times I'm depressed; certain times I am up high; and sometimes I am nasty. I'm just plain nasty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4855.0,4999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Nasty, like about what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4999.0,5001.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Grouchy and picky.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5001.0,5008.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Does it have some significance?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5008.0,5009.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: I am not a psychiatrist. I am not a psychologist. I don't know. I don't know why the moods change and what it is that changes your moods. My moods ... Let's put it this way. Why sometimes I'm depressed, and sometimes I'm picky, sometimes I'm grouchy? Who knows why? I don't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5009.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What types of things are you most sensitive to or most reactive to? What gets you, you know, very emotional?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5040.0,5057.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Unfairness. That's one thing. Sometimes I'll pick on my wife and my daughter, too, because they don't do it as fast as I would like them to do it. So, who knows why? It sometimes is [that] certain things don't go your way. Let's say, for example, I go downstairs, and I do some work, and if it doesn't go the way I want it, I get grouchy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5057.0,5094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How are you in terms of dealing with authority systems, and institutions, and so on? I wonder if being essentially a prisoner for five years and having to be under other people's power, if that had some effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5094.0,5109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Yes, it did have an effect. It does have an effect. It does have an effect because ... The question is what authority you're talking about, what authority you come to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5109.0,5125.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: The people who could have selected you to die.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5125.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Well, it's ... Yes, you resent authority; you resent dictatorship. That's not authority, but because everybody has to live up to authority, you have to answer to something, but a dictatorship is another story. And if somebody comes along, dictates to you, and insists, \"Do it my way,\" or something like this, or, \"Your way is no good, but my way is the right way and I want you to do it,\" it affects me. In fact, the last job I had, I had one of those guys that always liked to diminish somebody else's knowledge and [say,] \"You don't know. You don't know,\" which is bull because when you're in business for 50-some-odd years, you do learn something, and if you don't learn, you don't grow. And I grew in the business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5130.0,5205.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: A lot of survivors talk about owing something to those who did not make it, that sort of thing. I wonder, when you were looking at all the pictures and you said almost all of those people died ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5205.0,5219.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: No, then you ask yourself a question, \"Why me?\" How do you know why me? I don't. You know, when soldiers go into battle and they ... The movies show. Some of the movies show, \"Why did I survive and he got killed? It should have been me that was killed.\" There is no such thing. There is a higher authority that decides and you cannot decide anything. I ask myself a lot of questions also, \"Why me and not my brother?\" He was so much stronger. Some were older and more knowledgeable in everything else. How can I answer it? What can I answer? If I gave up my life for him, if I could, would I? Probably, maybe. I don't know. I don't know because ... No, I just say I'm sorry for them that they didn't survive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5219.0,5314.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: So, does being alive have any extra measure of meaning or purpose to you because of all those who did not?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5314.0,5327.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Well ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5327.0,5329.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: You know, like extra symbolic significance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5329.0,5332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: The ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5332.0,5341.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Just a lot of survivors have talked about that, that it is not just that everybody lives, everybody works, family, but that it is like, \"I'm still here. I don't know why, but I have to make something more of it, of my life,\" you know, because ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5341.0,5357.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: No, you don't have to. You don't have to make more out of your life. For what reason? For what? For whom? To ... You do good deeds, you do charitable work, you do things that ... volunteering for different things, and everything else, but that's normal. That comes as a ... You want to give somebody some of yourself, but not because ... You do it because it's humane. And whether you were in concentration camp or whether you were not in concentration camp, you still should do tzedakah, good deeds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5357.0,5416.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What are the things that you are proud of, that you have accomplished?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5416.0,5419.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Volunteering and doing things for other people, helping other people. But not because I was in concentration camp, because this is human nature should be that try to help somebody if they need help. My daughter and I, we volunteer a lot. We left for Christmas. We volunteered for two, three days packing packages and doing things for poor people. I went and volunteered to the temple for as much as I could, and building their stuff, and things, and then I give away things to people because ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5419.0,5483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Now that you are retired and getting older, do you tend to think more about these things and about the past?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5483.0,5492.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: No, not more; but no less either. You use those things are going to be with you as long as you live and whether it's escalating or de-escalating. No, it's always there and always there. The same measure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5492.0,5524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: I have heard from a lot of survivors that once they are retired and just getting older, that things become more sensitive or rawer because they are not just there, you know?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5524.0,5536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: What it is [is that] when you retire, you have more time to do things for other people. So, you are confusing things. You are confusing the time element. Because when you were working and trying to make a living, you didn't have the luxury of spending that time on other things as much as you wanted to. But when you retired, you don't have to hustle any more for a living, and you have more time, and you can do more things for charitable work. So, when you think that because you're retired, you think more about it, no. You think more about it because you have more time. You would have probably wanted to do the same thing, but you had the obligation for making a living and working, so you didn't have the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5536.0,5615.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Are there any other things that you would like to talk about that we did not bring up, any other angles?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5615.0,5620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: I don't know what else to tell you and what else to say. Just enjoy every day that you are alive because once you're gone, that's it. It's too late.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5620.0,5635.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5635.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/transcript/72178/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moszkowicz: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5640.0,5642.638"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, Lodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles (121 km) from Warsaw. Lodz was approximately 143 miles (230 km) east of the German border. Jews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.) Jews owned many plants and factories in Lodz, including one of the largest in Europe, which was owned by Izrael Kalmanowicz Poznanski. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. Lodz also had a sizable German population, amounting to ten percent of the total. The vast majority of Jews living in Lodz before World War II spoke Yiddish, but increasingly used Polish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=19.0,27.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\").\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=143.0,298.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiotrkowska Street [Polish: Ulica Piotrkowska; also popularly known as Pietryna] is the main artery of Lodz, Poland, and one of the longest commercial thoroughfares in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=143.0,298.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans occupied Lodz on September 8, 1939 and renamed it “Litzmannstadt.” Immediately after occupying Lodz, anti-Jewish violence broke out in the city. The Germans began seizing Jews for forced labor, confiscating Jewish property, and executing or deporting to concentration camps hundreds of the city’s elite. Antisemitic restrictions were also immediately passed. Jews were forbidden to congregate for religious services and they were forced to wear the yellow star. Curfews were imposed and radios were confiscated. In addition, Jews were barred from most professions, and all Jewish communal institutions were ordered to disband. After the German invasion, Lodz was annexed into the Reich. To make room for “repatriated” ethnic Germans [German: Volkesdeutschen], waves of Jews and Poles were deported to the Generalgouvernement. Even before a ghetto was set up, Jews were deported in waves and by March 1940, almost 70,000 Jews had already been forced out or fled the city voluntarily.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=143.0,298.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 10, 1939, a ghetto was established in Lodz. It was to be established on 1.6 square miles (4.13 km) in the northern neighborhoods of Baluty, Stare Miastro (Old Town), and Marysin. Jews were to move in by April 19, 1940 and Poles and ethnic Germans were to move out of the neighborhoods by the end of April. In March and April 1940, the Germans encircled the ghetto with a barbed wire and wooden fence. On April 30, the gates closed on its 163,777 residents. The living conditions in the ghetto, including food rations, were very poor because the ghetto was hermetically sealed. A system of food cards was introduced to divide food supplied to the ghetto by the German authorities. Ghetto inhabitants stood in line for hours on end to receive their meager food rations. Distribution of different foods took place in different locations throughout the ghetto. Bread and other food were distributed only once every few days and families were forced to make do with what was distributed until the next food distribution. This policy required careful rationing among families. Conditions in the Lodz ghetto declined rapidly. In the first months of the ghetto’s existence, daily food rations equaled about 1,800 calories per person. By mid-1942, they had decreased to 600 calories. Most Jews subsisted on a daily bowl of watery cabbage or potato soup, a piece of bread, and a small evening snack of radish greens of potato peels. Paltry heating rations meant most residents did not have heating or hot water for bathing and laundry. The poor conditions contributed to outbreaks of typhus and dysentery. In 1942, the annual death toll in the ghetto peaked at 18,000. Overall, 45,327 people died in the ghetto. Waves of Jews from the surrounding area and Western Europe were pushed into the Lodz ghetto making the total number of Jews who passed through it at over 200,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=143.0,298.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=143.0,298.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. In Poland’s major cities, Jews and Poles spoke each other’s languages and interacted in markets and on the streets. Even smaller towns and villages in Poland were, to some extent, mixed communities. That did not mean that antisemitism did not impact the lives of Polish Jews, however. After World War I, Poland had become a democratic independent state and increasing nationalism made Poland a hostile place for many Jews. The antisemitic atmosphere increased in Poland during the 1930s. A series of pogroms and discriminatory laws were signs of growing antisemitism, while fewer and fewer opportunities to emigrate were available. A series of pogroms occurred in the 1930s. In Lodz, for example, organized attacks wounded and killed Jews in April 1933, May 1934 and in September 1935. At Polish universities, Jews experienced discrimination and exclusion. Unofficial quotas restricting Jewish enrollment to around ten percent was introduced at some universities. Jewish students often endured harassment and even physical violence from right-wing students. An economic boycott of Jewish businesses was in full force by 1937. Wealthy Jews were arrested in 1938 and guards were placed outside Jewish shops to prevent non-Jewish customers from entering them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=298.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=487.0,543.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKielce is a city in south central Poland. In 1939, there were approximately 24,000 Jewish inhabitants in Kielce or one-third of the town's population. Almost all of them were murdered during the Holocaust. After liberation, many Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In postwar Poland, there were a number of pogroms (violent anti-Jewish riots). One of the most well-known examples occurred in the southeastern Polish town of Kielce on July 4, 1946. To avoid punishment for wandering away from home for three days, a nine-year-old boy claimed he had been kidnapped and held in the basement of the Jewish Committee building. When police went to investigate the fictitious claims, Polish civilians, soldiers and police killed 42 Jews and injured 40 others. While not an isolated instance, the massacre symbolized the precarious state of Jewish life in the Holocaust’s aftermath and prompted many survivors to leave Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=487.0,543.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=546.0,616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDespite their wartime alliance, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States and Great Britain intensified rapidly as the World War II came to a close. After Germany’s surrender in 1945, Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe. As Soviet power and influence expanded, a communist dictatorship was established under Josef Stalin, who led the Soviet Union from the mid–1920s until 1953. Several countries in Eastern Europe—Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany—operated as Soviet satellite states. These countries were not officially part of the USSR, but their governments were loyal Stalinists and therefore looked to and aligned themselves with the Soviet Union politically and militarily via the Warsaw Pact. After liberation, many Eastern European Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In 1946, a surge of Jewish survivors and refugees from the Soviet Union flooded into the western Allies’ zones, hoping to escape the anti-Jewish violence and further persecution from Stalin’s regime. By that time, escalating tensions between the Soviet Union and the western European countries that were allied to the United States had created a political, military, and ideological barrier that divided Europe. In order to curb a concentration of anti-communist political expatriates in the West, the Soviet Union began closing borders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=546.0,616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=622.0,829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first major deportation from Lodz took place from December 21, 1941 through May 15, 1942. A total of 57,064 people were sent to the Chelmno extermination camp. From January to May 1942 another wave of deportations took place and about 55,000 Jews were sent to Chelmno. A major deportation Aktion took place on September 1-2 and 5-12, 1942. In the Aktion, known as the “Sperre” [from German AllgemeineGehsperre, a prohibition to leave homes],15,682 children, elderly and infirm Jews were sent to their deaths at Chelmno. During the Aktion, three Jewish hospitals in the ghetto—Lagiewnicka, Drenowska and Wesola Streets—were surrounded and brutally emptied by the Germans. The children’s hospital on Lagiewnicka Street was four stories tall and the Germans, rather than walking up and down the stairs with the children, just threw them out the window to the street below. Even as they emptied the hospitals, the Germans surrounded the ghetto streets and brutally dragged another 16,000 Jews from their homes. Ghetto residents were profoundly shocked by the “Sperre.” During the deportations of early 1942, there as an illusion that the people were being sent to labor camps. The brutality of the “Sperre” made it clear that deportation meant death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=622.0,829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the September 1942 Aktion, the ghetto was turned into a work camp. Between January 1, 1943 and March 31, 1943, German SS and police authorities deported approximately 105,000 Jews from Lodz to Auschwitz-Birkenau. By August 1944, the Lodz ghetto had been completely liquidated. Some Jews were sent to a temporarily re-opened Chelmno and murdered. Most were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Some Jews were kept to clean out the ghetto and when the Russians liberated the city in January 1945 only about 900 Jews were still alive. Another 10,000 to 20,000 survived in other camps in the Reich or in the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=622.0,829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFelix seems to be referring to events in Warsaw, Poland that occurred in the fall of 1944. On August 1, 1944, the Armia Krajowa (Polish Home Army) tried to seize control of the city from the Germans in advance of the arrival of the Red Army, which had halted just outside of Warsaw. The Germans used tanks, heavy artillery, and tactical bombers to suppress the uprising. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were killed during the Warsaw Polish uprising. About 20,000 civilians were evacuated from Warsaw during a ceasefire from September 8-10. The Soviet army was within sight of Warsaw but did not advance into the city. The Western allies dropped ammunition and supplies but failed to offer enough support. The Polish resistance ultimately capitulated in October. The civilian population was expelled from the city and the Germans systematically razed much of the remaining buildings. The majority of Warsaw was left in ruins.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=835.0,888.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlechhammer was a sub-camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau. It was the second largest sub-camp after Monowitz and was established on April 1, 1944. Initially, there were about 3,000 men and 200 women in the camp. The prisoners were put to work constructing chemical factories. In the following months, over 1,000 Jewish prisoners were also sent there to work. The barracks were severely overcrowded, and the prisoners were treated brutally. Clothing and food were inadequate. Selections of the weak and sick were conducted, and they were sent back to Auschwitz-Birkenau to be murdered. Some of the prisoners were put to work building a synthetic gasoline factory while others in units of 100 to 200 did heavy construction work: excavating foundations, building roads and structures and transporting building materials. The prisoners worked from dawn to dusk. After the factory was bombed, they were put to work hauling out the dud bombs, during which many were killed. On January 21, 1945, the prisoners were marched out of the camp as the Russians drew near and were driven on foot to Gross-Rosen concentration camp. The journey took ten days. Those who could not keep up were shot. An estimated 800 prisoners were executed in this way on the march.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1046.0,1413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthammer was a sub-camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau. It was established in September 1944 in the village of Stara Kuznia [German: Althammer], now in the city of Ruda Slaska, in southern Poland. The prisoners—mostly Jews from France, Poland and Hungary—were housed in barracks that had previously housed Italian prisoners of war. The prisoners worked digging foundations and drainage ditches and laying cable for an electric power station. Jobs included bricklaying, digging sewage ditches, building a railway siding, and unloading railroad cars. Food rations were inadequate and uniforms—striped suits and wooden shoes—provided no protection from the climate. The SS guards in the camp brutally persecuted the prisoners. In mid-January 1945, most of the approximately 500 prisoners were evacuated on foot to Gliwice and then by train to other concentration camps. Several dozen sick prisoners were left behind and liberated by Soviet soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1046.0,1413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Soviet Army advanced east, all four Gleiwitz camps were evacuated beginning around January 18, 1945. Prisoners were sent on death marches toward the interior of the German Reich. The majority of the marches headed towards the Blechhammer concentration camp. From there, prisoners were sent to Gross-Rosen and then on to Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen and other concentration camps in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1046.0,1413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGleiwitz [Polish: Gliwice] was a German city in 1939. Today, it is a city in southern Poland called “Gliwice.” The Germans, posing as Poles, staged an attack on the radio station there on August 31, 1939.  Supposedly this was ‘Polish aggression’ against Germany and was used as a pretext for invading Poland and starting the war.  The raid marked the start of World War II.  From the March 1944 until January 1945, Gleiwitz was the location of four Auschwitz-Birkenau subcamps, where prisoners worked in mining and industrial companies and railroad repair. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1046.0,1413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhlem is a village in western Germany, near the city of Hannover. A subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp was established there in late November 1944. Around 840 male Jewish prisoners were used to construct an underground tunnel. Terrible living conditions and the difficult work led to a high death rate. The camp was evacuated in early April 1945. On April 10, American soldiers liberated around 200 sick prisoners who had been left behind. Records of 257 deaths in the camp show Felix’ brother, \u003cbr\u003eAbraham Mordechai Moskowicz (listed as Abram Maszkowicz), died on January 1, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1046.0,1413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within concentration or labor camps, German authorities installed a hierarchy of administrative units under their control. A kapo was a prisoner in a concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp. Kapos were generally criminals. The kapo system minimized costs by allowing the camps to function with fewer SS personnel. It was designed to turn victim against victim, as the kapos were pitted against their fellow prisoners to maintain the favor of their SS guards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1419.0,1564.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish population of Poland in 1937 was 3,350,000. By the end of World War II in 1945, at least 3 million Polish Jews had been murdered by the Germans. Within two years after the end of German occupation in Lodz, the Jewish community was rebuilt to be the second largest in Poland as survivors returned and gathered to begin recovering and searching for others. More than 50,000 Jews had settled in Lodz by the end of 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1419.0,1564.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1630.0,1964.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFelix seems to be referring to soldiers from the Jewish Brigade. Jewish battalions from the British Mandate of Palestine began fighting with the British Army as early as 1940, but it wasn’t until September 1944 that the Jewish Brigade Group (also known as the “Jewish Brigade” or “Israeli Brigade”) was formally established. The Jewish Brigade fought under the Zionist flag. After the war, Brigade members helped establish displaced persons camps in Europe and became active in organizing the emigration of Holocaust survivors to Palestine. The Jewish Brigade was disbanded in the summer of 1946. Many Brigade members joined the Haganah, a paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1630.0,1964.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to the German occupation throughout occupied Europe, partisans banded together to engage in guerrilla warfare against the Germans. Some Jews who managed to escape from ghettos and camps formed their own fighting units. These fighters, or partisans, were concentrated in densely wooded areas. A large group of partisans hid in a forest near the Lithuanian capital of Vilna. They were able to derail hundreds of trains and kill over 3,000 German soldiers. Life as a partisan was very difficult. People had to move from place to place to avoid discovery, raid farmers' food supplies to eat, and try to survive the winter in flimsy shelters built from logs and branches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1630.0,1964.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Seventh-day Adventist Church is an Adventist Protestant Christian denomination that is distinguished by the observance of Saturday, the seventh day of the week in the Christian and Hebrew calendar, as the Sabbath. It places an emphasis on the imminent second coming of Jesus Christ. It was founded in Michigan in 1863.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=1976.0,2303.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Johnson-Reed Act had cut immigration quotas to admit fewer than 6,000 Polish immigrants into the United States per year. From 1939 to 1945, the quota for Polish immigrants admitted into the U.S. had increased to 15,000 per year. Immigration restrictions were still in effect at the end of the war until President Harry S. Truman issued an executive order, the \"Truman Directive,\" on December 22, 1945. It required that existing immigration quotas be designated for displaced persons (DPs). While overall immigration into the United States did not increase, more DPs were admitted than before. About 22,950 DPs, of whom two-thirds were Jewish, entered the United States between December 22, 1945 and 1947 under provisions of the Truman Directive. The Polish quota between 1945 and 1948 was 17,000 a year. Congressional action to increase immigration quotas did not come until 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=2693.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLapland is Finland’s northernmost region, a sparsely populated area bordering Sweden, Norway, Russia and the Baltic Sea. The main languages spoken in Lapland are Finnish, Swedish, and Sami.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3018.0,3123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Garment District, also known as the Garment Center, the Fashion District, or the Fashion Center, is a neighborhood located in the borough of Manhattan in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=3018.0,3123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChapter 11 is a bankruptcy filing that allows a debtor to reorganize their finances and continue operating the business.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4018.0,4239.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRockefeller Center is a large complex consisting of 19 commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th Street and 51st Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Built between 1930 and 1939, it is the city’s historic landmark for dining, shopping, and entertainment. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4344.0,4423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Or VeShalom was established in Atlanta, Georgia by refugees of the Ottoman Empire, namely from Turkey and the Isle of Rhodes. The Sephardic congregation began in 1920 and was based at Central and Woodward Avenues until 1948 when it moved to a larger building on North Highland Road. Or VeShalom’s current synagogue is located on North Druid Hills Road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4459.0,4551.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHanukkah or Chanukah [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. Hanukkah celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rulers of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the menorah (ritual candelabra) but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The Hanukkah menorah, or hanukiah, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, with the ninth candle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=4459.0,4551.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943/annotation_set/1728/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTzedakah [Hebrew: philanthropy and charity] is an ethical obligation that the Torah mandates, also known as a mitzvah. Many Jews give tzedakah before Shabbat and festivals (such as Purim and Shavuot). Its intention is to show the Jewish people's determination to improve the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137757/file/254943#t=5357.0,5416.0"}]}]}]}