{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/gq6qz2317v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Haber, Rosalyn Gross"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1996-01-01 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRosalyn Gross Haber interviewed by Jane Leavey on January 1, 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRosalyn Gross Haber was born in Palanok. She was the youngest child and had six brothers: Alex, Filip, Benjamin, Bernie, Bill, and Sam. Palanok was in Czechoslovakia, but in 1939 the area was transferred to Hungary. Then, in March 1944, the Germans took over the area. \u003cbr\u003eIn April 1944, all of the Jews in the area were gathered into a temporary ghetto in the nearby town of Munkacs, on the site of a brick-making factory. Within weeks, trains deported all of the Jews in the Munkacs ghetto to Auschwitz-Birkenau. When they arrived, Rosalyn and her mother were separated from her father and brothers and sent to different parts of the camp. Two weeks later, Rosalyn was separated from her mother in a selection. Rosalyn never saw her mother again. In the fall of 1944, Rosalyn slipped out of a group selected for execution and joined a group of women selected for labor at an ammunition factory. In February 1945, she was sent to Bergen-Belsen, where horrific conditions left more dead than alive. The British liberated Bergen-Belsen on April 15, 1945. After she had recovered from typhoid fever, Rosalyn began to make her way back to Palanok. When she passed through Prague, Czechoslovakia, she found her brother Ben. All seven siblings had survived and were soon reunited. Their parents had not survived, however, and Palanok no longer felt safe. Just before the Russians closed the border, Rosalyn and her brothers returned to Prague, where they all lived in one room. When they realized Prague was also going to fall under Soviet rule, the family separated again. Rosalyn and Alex went to Scotland and then England. Sam also went to England before immigrating to Israel, where he fought in the 1948 War of Independence. Eventually, an uncle living in New York sponsored Rosalyn and her brothers’ immigration to the United States and the siblings were reunited. Rosalyn married in 1949 and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. She became an interior designer. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eRosalyn introduces her family and how their lives began to change when World War II began. She recalls three of her six brothers being sent to a labor camp while the rest of the family was sent to the Munkacs ghetto. Rosalyn describes their deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau, their separation, and losing her mother. She recounts being sent to Germany, first as a slave laborer at a munitions factory in Unterluss and then to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Rosalyn remembers her liberation by the British Army and how she reunited with her brothers. She shares her experiences escaping Soviet-controlled Czechoslovakia for Scotland and England. Finally, she recounts immigrating to America.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28425"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRosalyn Gross Haber interviewed by Jane Leavey on January 1, 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRosalyn Gross Haber was born in Palanok. She was the youngest child and had six brothers: Alex, Filip, Benjamin, Bernie, Bill, and Sam. Palanok was in Czechoslovakia, but in 1939 the area was transferred to Hungary. Then, in March 1944, the Germans took over the area. \u003cbr\u003eIn April 1944, all of the Jews in the area were gathered into a temporary ghetto in the nearby town of Munkacs, on the site of a brick-making factory. Within weeks, trains deported all of the Jews in the Munkacs ghetto to Auschwitz-Birkenau. When they arrived, Rosalyn and her mother were separated from her father and brothers and sent to different parts of the camp. Two weeks later, Rosalyn was separated from her mother in a selection. Rosalyn never saw her mother again. In the fall of 1944, Rosalyn slipped out of a group selected for execution and joined a group of women selected for labor at an ammunition factory. In February 1945, she was sent to Bergen-Belsen, where horrific conditions left more dead than alive. The British liberated Bergen-Belsen on April 15, 1945. After she had recovered from typhoid fever, Rosalyn began to make her way back to Palanok. When she passed through Prague, Czechoslovakia, she found her brother Ben. All seven siblings had survived and were soon reunited. Their parents had not survived, however, and Palanok no longer felt safe. Just before the Russians closed the border, Rosalyn and her brothers returned to Prague, where they all lived in one room. When they realized Prague was also going to fall under Soviet rule, the family separated again. Rosalyn and Alex went to Scotland and then England. Sam also went to England before immigrating to Israel, where he fought in the 1948 War of Independence. Eventually, an uncle living in New York sponsored Rosalyn and her brothers’ immigration to the United States and the siblings were reunited. Rosalyn married in 1949 and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. She became an interior designer. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRosalyn introduces her family and how their lives began to change when World War II began. She recalls three of her six brothers being sent to a labor camp while the rest of the family was sent to the Munkacs ghetto. Rosalyn describes their deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau, their separation, and losing her mother. She recounts being sent to Germany, first as a slave laborer at a munitions factory in Unterluss and then to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Rosalyn remembers her liberation by the British Army and how she reunited with her brothers. She shares her experiences escaping Soviet-controlled Czechoslovakia for Scotland and England. Finally, she recounts immigrating to America.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/544/small/Haber_Rosalyn.mp4_1618696192.jpg?1618681793","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Haber_Rosalyn.mp4"]},"duration":3034.244,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/544/small/Haber_Rosalyn.mp4_1618696192.jpg?1618681793","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/111/544/original/Haber_Rosalyn.mp4?1618681790","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3034.244,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Rosalyn Haber [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEAVEY: Anytime you are ready, Rosalyn. If you'd like to start by telling us\nyour name, where you are from, and give us a picture of what your life and your\nfamily's life was like before 1933.\n\nHABER: My name is Rosalyn Gross Haber. I was born in Palanok near Munkacs,\nCzechoslovakia. I came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a fairly large family. I have six brothers older\nthan I am. I'm the youngest and the only girl in the family. We were very, very\nhappy at home. My father was the gabbai [Hebrew: leader of the synagogue] and\nalso the cantor [sings or chants prayers] of the shul [Yiddish: synagogue]. He\nhad a magnificent voice ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he coached the boys to be the singers in the choir,\ntoo. Our home was exceptionally happy. We had people working for us\nalso--approximately five to six people all the time--in the tailor shop. You can\nimagine what our tables [dinners] were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like. Being an only girl [daughter], I'm\ntold I was spoiled. I do not recall that. Times were not easy, so I just took it\nfor granted that's the way life was. On Shabbat [Sabbath], whenever anybody came\nthrough the village and they didn't have a place to stay or they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beggars,\nthey always ended up in our home. My mother always had enough food for\neverybody. Saturday afternoon, my father, mother, and I would go for walks. It\nwas their only leisure time in the entire week. When I was six years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old, the\nHungarians took over [our part of] Czechoslovakia. Life started to change from\nthen on. They were going to take my father away and kill him. Because of my\nscreaming and holding onto him, they said they'll come back the next day and\ntake him. Luckily, they never did. My father remained with us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until 1944 when\nthe Germans [had] already took over our country. From then on, food was\nrationed. Jews were not allowed to get anything extra. Things were getting\npretty bad. When I was 11 years old, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was allowed to go the Hebrew Gymnasium,\nwhich is a preparatory school for university. I had to walk three kilometers [2\nmiles] back and forth to school. It the snow, when it was very cold, my youngest\nbrother, Alex, would always come and meet me halfway. We would walk home\n[together] so I wouldn't be by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself late at night. These were scary times\nbecause they [non-Jewish neighbors] started to throw rocks at us and spit at us\n[Jews]. Things were getting to be very, very difficult. Early that year, we were\nmade to wear yellow bands, Jewish stars in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"front and in the back. Life became\nvery difficult. All three [of my] older brothers [Filip, Ben, and Bernie] were\ntaken away to a place called munkatabor, which is a working camp. We did not see\nor hear from them. Then in April 1944, the day after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover, my mother in her\nnormal [routine did] what she always did. She made the kids and the maid take\neverything upstairs in the attic and put away the Passover dishes. She said to\nmy father and she said to us, \"We will never see this home again, but I've got\nto do everything the way I always did it.\" That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morning, the trucks came and\ntook us to a ghetto, the Munkacs ghetto. In the Munkacs ghetto, people were from\nall around the area of Munkacs--not only our little village, but from\neverywhere. We were told that our living and sleeping quarters will be the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brick\novens. The only thing that we had there was straw. We didn't bring any sleeping\npillows or things with us because we weren't allowed to do that. That's how our\nlives started [to change] in April ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1944. We were in the ghetto for approximately\nsix weeks--my three younger brothers, my father, mother, and I. Then we were\ntold that they were going to take us to work. We were extremely happy about that\nbecause, the way things were in Munkacs, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we thought it couldn't get any worse.\nLittle did we know how terrible life would become. They herded us to the train\nstation and made us get into the cattle cars that were going to take us to\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. Of course, none of us knew what was ahead of us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It took us\napproximately six days to get to Auschwitz-Birkenau. How does one describe hell?\nIt's impossible to describe it. When the cattle cars opened up, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were so\nexhausted from the lack of space--children screaming and people defecating in\nthe same space that they lived in for a week. They opened the gates or they\nopened up the doors and we were practically falling out. There were people all\naround us with striped uniforms. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German soldiers with their guards, screaming,\nhollering, yelling, \"This one go this way, this one go that way. The men to the\nleft, the women to the right.\" You didn't know what was going on. Then the\npeople in striped uniforms like we'd never seen in our entire lives, like they\nwere mumbling to each other, saying, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Don't . . . Whatever you do, say you are\n16.\" To my mother, they said . . . my mother was 42. They told her to say she\nwas 36. We arrived to the area where they were separating all of us. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father\nwent to the right. My mother and I went to the left. My brothers: I don't know.\nWe were all separated, except for my mother and I. We were taken to our bunkers.\nNo, we were taken first to be shaved and deloused, they said. All our clothes\nwere taken away. My mother had saved one loaf ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of bread for an entire week not\nknowing what was awaiting us. They took that away. They took us into a huge\nroom. They said they were going to give us water, or they were going to let us\ntake a shower. We did not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know that that could either be gas or water. When we\ncame out of that room, the Germans were everywhere with their German Shepherd\ndogs. We were absolutely crazed--women naked and covering up their bodies, and\nthey're screaming at us. My mother didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognize me. I didn't recognize her\nuntil I heard her voice. We were taken to our barracks, number 24 in\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. My mother was with me only two weeks. The two weeks we were\nthere, we saw my brothers Alex, Sam, and Bill walking by. They saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my mother.\nThey threw over [the fence], a little scarf or something to cover her head. She\ndid that. When we got back to the barracks the Lagerälteste [German: camp\nelder]--the head of that particular barrack--asked my mother where she got the\nscarf. She said, \"My children threw it to me.\" She beat my mother so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"badly,\n[saying], \"How dare you take anything we don't have? How dare you!\" My mother\ngave it up. She [my mother] didn't eat anything the entire time she was with me\nbecause she saved every piece of bread to give to me and my girlfriend, because\nwe were together at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. Two weeks later, we had a Zählappell [German:\nroll call]. You knew that something was going on because we could feel the\nelectricity in the air--that something terrible was going to happen. My mother\nkept telling me constantly, \"You've got to promise me one thing: you're going to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive.\" I said, \"Oh, Mamika, don't talk foolish. We're all going to survive.\nDon't talk silly.\" She said, \"No, you've got to promise me.\" After realizing she\nwasn't going to give up, I said, \"Of course, I promise. You're going to survive\nand I'm going to survive.\" She said, \"No, you've got to promise me.\" I did. That\nday that they took her, we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lined up from about six in the morning until . .\n. it must have been around noon. [Dr. Josef] Mengele and his people that were\nwith him, came and pulled my mother out [of the line]. I said, \"No, no. I want\nto go with her. I want to go with my mother.\" He said, \"Your time will come,\"\nand he pushed me back. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That day was a terrible, terrible time, a terrible day, a\nterrible time in my life. They put her in a circle with hundreds and hundreds of\nother people and wouldn't let me go to her. I tried several times to run to that\ngroup and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somehow or another I was always pushed or pulled back by somebody. I\nnever saw my mother again. I was lost . . . totally, totally lost. I was in\nAuschwitz-Birkenau until the fall of that year [1944]. They were making\nselections for people to be taken to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working camps. I was only 13 years old at\nthe time. I think I just about the youngest person there. I didn't get a\n[tattooed] number because they didn't expect me to live. Although I tried to say\nI was 16, they knew. I never got a number. When the selection came for people to\ngo to camp to work, they pulled me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out and put me in an area where they put\npeople to be sent to the [gas chambers and] crematorium. Evening came and the\ngirls selected for labor were put on the trains. The trains didn't move. The\ngirls started to scream at me, \"You can crawl out from under there.\" I think it\nmight have been 10 or 12 inches altogether. Somehow I managed to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dig myself out\nfrom that area and ran into the train. The next morning there was a Zählappell\nagain, or counting time. They found there was an extra person. They said that\nperson who shouldn't be here had better come out or they would kill everyone.\nThe girls said to me, \"Don't say a word. You're coming with us. We'll all go\nwith you. We're ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not going to let you go.\" They said they were going to shoot all\nof us. Nobody went out. They said, \"Alright, everybody raus [German: out] from\nthe train.\" As they got us out of the train, we heard this siren. They said,\n\"Okay, everybody back onto the train.\" We all jumped back into the trains and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off we went.\n\nWe ended up in a place called Unterluss. When we arrived there, it was fall\nalready and it started to get cold. The first job that I had was building a\nbrick barracks for the Germans. After that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finished, we were sent to dig\nditches and bunkers for the Germans for the ammunition factory. By then it was\nwintertime already. I think we marched maybe an hour-and-a-half to get there in\nthe snow. It was bitter, bitter cold. [We had] no coats, no underwear, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nwooden shoes. It was so cold. There was nothing for our hands, absolutely\nnothing. We were outside, digging the barracks. After they [the barracks] were\nfinished, we were sent to work in the ammunition factory [on] the night ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shift.\nBy then, most of us were half the weight that we had come with. I wasn't very\nheavy to begin with. I was very tall but I was very thin. People tried to hide\nme between the lines so that they wouldn't see how skinny I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was, so they would\ntake me away to be sent to Bergen-Belsen. There was a lady with us who that\n[had] lived back of our house [in Palanok] and she sort of looked after me a\nlittle bit. She got very sick. She was sent away, so I was left totally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alone.\nThe winter seemed like it would never end. It was so unbelievably\nhorrible--working under those conditions and no food, marching an\nhour-and-a-half to work, and hour-and-a-half back home. We worked the night\nshift so we walked in the evening and came home early in the morning. The\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"temperate must have been below zero most of the time. How most of us didn't die\non the marches alone--it's just totally unbelievable to this day. Towards the\nend of February [1945], they said, \"Everybody is leaving the camp.\" We were\ngoing to be shipped away somewhere else. We had no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"news whatsoever of anything\ngoing on. The only news that we ever heard was from the Germans talking among\nthemselves, which wasn't much because they wouldn't talk in front of us. We knew\nthat the war was coming closer to an end. At the end of February, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were all\nloaded into an open wagons or a truck to be taken somewhere else. When we got to\nthe forest, they lined us up. They were going to shoot us. We didn't realize\nwhat their purpose was. As we were lined up, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bombs started to fall all\naround us. The Germans ran away and we were saved again. They came back and they\ngot us into the trucks. They took us to a hellhole called Bergen-Belsen. How\ndoes one describe Bergen-Belsen? You think Auschwitz-Birkenau was the worst\nplace in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world because of the stench and the fire all the time around us,\nbut Bergen-Belsen was totally indescribable. People were walking around like\nskeletons. The ones that weren't walking were dead. Inside the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barracks, outside\nthe barracks . . . it was so bad that we were sleeping on dead people. There was\nno food. There was no water. There was nothing except death all around us. A\ncouple days prior to us being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated, they told all of us to go to an open\npit. As we were marching towards the open pit, we heard bombs again and the\nGermans scattered. We were spared again. Our lives were spared again. Later, [we\nwere] to find out that that's where they took all of the bodies, and they threw\nthem into open pits there, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lie people together [in a mass grave]. By then,\nmost of us were more dead than alive. On April 15, [1945], we were liberated by\nthe British. I can see them opening up those gates and [saying over] the\nloudspeakers, \"You are free. People, you are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"free.\" I saw soldiers crying, not\nbelieving their eyes what they're seeing. It was . . . just to watch them, we\nknew what they were seeing. We were in such misery we didn't even know what is\nhappening to the world and anything that is going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on near us or if anybody was\nalive or dead.\n\nAfter liberation, they [the British] did something that unfortunately killed a\nlot of people. They meant well. They gave people chocolates and tuna fish.\nWhatever they had, they gave to us. People just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died, left and right. Just like\nflies, people were dying. The next day, they came with a truck again. I can't\nremember the German [commandant] that they had at Bergen-Belsen . . . he [Josef\nKramer] was hanging from . . . They took him around the barracks to show that\nthey found him and they hung him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You would think that there would be so much\njoy. Unfortunately, there wasn't. There was nothing left in us to be joyful\nabout. We had no life left in us to know that from now on we were free people.\nThat same day, I walked to an area [of the camp] where people were milling\naround other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people and talking. A young man was asking, \"Is there anybody who\nknow a family of Gross'?\" The cadet came from Palanok. I'm listening to him\ntalk. I had no idea who he was. I approached him and said, \"I am Rosie ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gross. I\ncome from Palanok. I have six brothers.\" He said, \"I am Yitzhak, your\nstepbrother.\" I had no idea that I had a stepbrother. My father was married to a\nlady in a pre-arranged wedding for one week. Out of that, a child [Yitzhak] was\nborn. I had no idea I had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stepbrother. He said, \"Tomorrow, we're meeting here.\nI'm going to find a potato somewhere, and we'll bake it, and we'll eat it.\" The\nnext day came. I'm there, and I wait, and I wait, and it starting to get dark.\nHe doesn't show up. I said [to myself], \"Something must be wrong. Maybe it was\nmy imagination.\" Most of us were hallucinating ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anyhow. [I though,] \"Maybe I've\njust totally lost it completely,\" but I decided not to let go of that idea that\nsomebody was alive. I went looking in the men's barracks to see if there is\nsomebody by that name. When I went into the barracks, I would say 90 percent,\nmaybe more than 90 percent of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men were lying dead. The ones that walked\naround were begging me to leave because typhus was rampant. I said, \"No, I've\ngot to find Yitzhak Gross.\" They said, \"He died last night.\" That was my . . .\nanother hope gone. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soon after that I got sick. I don't recall too much more\nafter that particular time except that I woke up in [the town of] Bergen. They\ntook us to where the [German] soldiers had their headquarters. Five girls hid me\nbecause they knew my brothers. They felt that if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I . . .\n\nLEAVY: You want to pick up where you . . .\n\nHABER: Liberation?\n\nLEAVY: You were about to tell a story about Bergen [Germany].\n\nRosalyn: I came down with typhoid fever. These five girls hid me. I recall\nwaking up one morning, and having to go to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bathroom, and crawling to the\nbathroom. It seemed like it took me a year to get there. Somebody came out from\none of their rooms and they said, \"Get back quickly into your room and hide\nunder the bed because they're coming to move people out of here who are sick and\nyou look like you are not well yet.\" That would have meant I would be sent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a\nhospital. How I managed to get back their [to my room] . . . The first thing I\nrecall when the girls came back, they brought a mirror--which really wasn't a\nmirror. It was a piece of aluminum. They said, \"Look at yourself. You're so\nbeautiful. You are up now and you are doing so well.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I recall looking at myself\nin that aluminum piece of metal. I threw it against the wall and started to\nscream, \"That's not me!\" I got well and stayed in Germany, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or in that area, for\nabout six months. Then they told us, \"Alright, people. Now you're ready to\nleave. Where did you want to go? You can go anywhere in the world you want to go\nto. Or, if you know that you've got family . . . where you want to go.\" I said,\n\"Where can I go? The only place I go is home and, hopefully, someone might still\nbe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alive. I got onto a train to go to Prague [Czechloslovakia] and then to\nPalanok. When I was on the train, I met somebody who was from my hometown. The\ntwo of us were like two children holding onto each other, afraid to let go, and\njust talking about things that happened to each one of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. We got to Prague and\nthe train stopped for several hours. We heard somebody calling, \"Is there a Mrs.\nGross here? Is there a Mrs. Gross?\" I didn't pay any attention to it because I\nwasn't Mrs. Gross. I was only 14 years old. I didn't go out. They kept coming\naround [asking], \"Is there a Mrs. Gross?\" My friend said to me, \"Why don't we go\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside and see who they want? Maybe it's somebody that you might know.\" We went\noutside. People were milling around this man wearing with a black uniform and I\nthought, \"No, no. He's a Russian. I don't want to go near him.\" He [my friend]\nsaid, \"Come on, come on. Let's go hear what he wants.\" As we got closer to all\nthose ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, he kept saying, \"Is there a Mrs. Gross here from Palanok?\" The\nonly Mrs. Gross from Palanok would have been my mother. I had no idea who he\nwas. As I approached him, I heard his voice. I knew it was my brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ben. He\ndid not expect me to have lived. Nobody did. He expected my mother to survive.\nHe picked me up, put me on his motorcycle, put on a Russian flag, and off he\ntook [me]. I didn't even realize that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left my friend behind. When we got to an\napartment, or while we were on the bike, he said to me, \"All your brothers are\nalive.\" I said . . . \"That's ridiculous.\" When I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrived--this is very funny\nwhen I think of it now--they made me undress outside so I wouldn't bring lice\ninto the house. I undressed, went into the bathtub, [and] got cleaned up. I was\nso exhausted. I went to sleep. Then I felt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"someone touching me. I got so\nnervous, not knowing where I was, [or] who it was. Could it be a German? My\nbrother, Bill, was kissing me and holding me. I knew he [Ben] is right--they are\nmy brothers and some of them are alive. I still didn't believe all of them were\nliving until I saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. Then my youngest brother, Alex, and Sam showed up, and\nmy brother, Bernie. Filip was the only one that was in my hometown. After\nseveral months, we had a chance to go to Palanok. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My brother Ben and I were\ngoing to go together because he had an order to go to Budapest [Hungary] and I\nwas going to go with him. When I arrived to Palanok, my oldest brother [Filip]\nwas there in my house, in our home. It was very difficult to believe that we\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to the house back. He [Filip] came [back to Palanok] before the war\nended. From what he told me, he had to hide out several months, being very, very\nsick. Then my brother, Bernie, and he managed to be together before the war\nended. Here we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were--my oldest brother, my brother Bernie, and I--in our home,\nin our house. There was no joy. There was so much sadness. We didn't have our\nparents. We knew that our parents were killed right away, but my brothers\nsurvived. We were the only people in the entire community that all the children\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived. It was so unusual. [We] considered ourselves exceptionally lucky.\n\nWhen I was there maybe a month or so, we realized that the Russians were closing\nthe borders of that area. We decided to get out of there as quickly as we could.\nUnder extreme difficulties and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"standing two days and three nights, queuing up to\nget a piece of paper from the Russians or whoever they were to sign so we could\nleave. Again [we] went to the train station. There are so many stories about\nthat train station that happened to me in particular ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I won't go into it now.\nA Russian soldier managed to push me into the train to get out of there. He was\nJewish and he knew that I was Jewish. I was just very, very lucky. I ended up\nback in Prague with my brothers. We had one room. The kitchen was maybe [the\nsize of] a postage ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stamp--just enough to turn around in--and a bathroom. Every\nsingle night, there were people from everywhere coming to our home. Many times\nthere were seven of us in a bed because whoever showed up, my brothers just\nsaid, \"Come up to the house.\" They had nowhere to go. I wasn't there too\nterribly long when we realized the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians were taking over Czechoslovakia. The\nJewish agencies told us that the children under 16 should go and register. They\nwere going to try and get us out of Czechoslovakia, out of Prague. We\nregistered. I was the first one to leave because I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"16 at the time. It was in\nFebruary [1946]. I was taken to England [and then] Edinburgh, Scotland to a\nkibbutz-like environment. Soon after, my brother Alex followed. He was with me.\nLater on, my brother, Sam, managed to get out, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but he was taken to London. In\nEdinburgh, we didn't do too much except work--like a kibbutz works: working in\nthe kitchen, doing different chores, and so on. We weren't sent to school. I was\nvery, very upset about that because we were promised we would be sent to school.\nWhen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I visited London, I complained about it. They said, \"Okay. You will need to\ngo to Lancashire, which is another part of England, and you can go to school\nthere.\" My brother, Alex, and I went to Lancashire. I went to college there. I\nwasn't there too terribly long either--only six months. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We [Alex and I] felt\nvery guilty that my brother, Sam, is alone. Alex and I decided that we need to\nbe with my brother, Sam. We left Lancashire and we moved back to London\n[England]. Then we moved into an apartment together. Soon after that, there was\na lady that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just absolutely adored my brother, Sam. [She] asked him to go and\nlive with them. He [Sam] said no, he's going to go to Israel. In London, my job\nis to work in the Jewish Agency, or right now is the Israeli Embassy. I worked\non the Palcor, which is a news agency for Israel, or Palestine at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. I\nwould bring all the news home. My brothers both wanted to go. They decided that\nsomebody has to stay with me. It was decided that Alex would stay with me and\nSam would leave for Israel. The lady that was so fond of Sam begged us to go\nlive with her. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The story is much too long about how we ended up there, but we\ndid end up with the Ralph family outside of London. I lived with her for a year.\nAlex lived there much longer. I was the first one to leave to come to the United\nStates. I came to the United States two days before Thanksgiving. My three\nuncles picked me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up in New York: my mother's brothers. I had never seen them\nbefore. They never saw me before. But we recognized each other. It was a great,\ngreat joy to see that I had family in the United States and what great people\nthey were. You can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"imagine somebody coming from concentration camps--seeing all\nthe horrible, horrible tragedies--and coming two days before Thanksgiving, when\nthere was so much food, and cake, and everything. I was just totally overwhelmed\nby this feast. I said, \"This is crazy. How can people live like this, with so\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much of everything and the whole world is so hungry?\" Things were still rationed\nin England. But I got used to this kind of life very quickly. It's very easy to\nget used to wonderful things. I did go to school for a short while. Soon after\nthat, in 1949, I got married. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have four children. I have four grandchildren.\nUnfortunately, we're sort of scattered. One lives in Erie [Pennsylvania], one\nlives in South Africa, one in Tampa [Florida], and one here. That is my life story.\n\nLEAVY: Can we go back a little bit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the situation in Czechoslovakia when the\nRussians were taking over? Do you want to talk a little bit about why, as Jews,\nyou felt you had to get out of there?\n\nHABER: It wasn't so much as Jews we had to get out of there after the war. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nknew if the Russians were taking over the country, that our lives would be,\nagain, meaningless. The Russians treated everybody very badly. We knew that if\nyou remained there, it would be another hell. Nobody really wanted to live under\nthose conditions. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I was in London and I worked on the Palcor in the Jewish\nAgency, they saw to it that I would get a passport to go see my brothers I\nbecause I thought I would never see them again. I went back to Prague under\nfalse papers saying that I'm a British citizen and I was sent by the Jewish\nAgency to do a story ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, so that they [the Russians] wouldn't keep me\n[there]. I wasn't going as a Czech citizen. I was going as a British citizen. I\nsaw that their lives weren't really terrible at the time yet. There was still\nquite a bit of freedom, but I knew that if they remained under that situation,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that their lives would change drastically. It was very sad for me to say goodbye\nto my brothers thinking that I might never see them again. We knew that the only\nreason that they tried to take us out of Prague--the Jewish agencies, UNRRA, and\nso on--they took all the children out because they knew what was going to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happen. I was so scared. I was saying goodbye to them. It was tearing us all\napart because we never thought we'd see each other again. Soon after I got back\nto England, I got my passport to the United States. What was so amazing [was\nthat] I got to the United States in November [1948]. My brothers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Prague got\ntheir papers in February the next year [1949]. My brother Alex didn't get his\nfor another year-and-a-half to come to the United States. Sam was a soldier in\nthe Palestinian army, now Israel. We didn't hear much from him either. He got\nvery badly injured in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war there. We were really so fortunate through all\nthese difficult times that we managed to survive and all of us are here in this\ncountry and doing very well. When Alex came to this country, they immediately\ntook him into the Army, which was also very scary ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because [we worried], \"Good\nheavens. What is going to happen to him now?\" We all have done exceptionally\nwell. I feel I'm the luckiest person in the world to be in such a wonderful\ncountry. Not only did I get opportunities here that I would have never gotten\nanywhere in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/transcript/24900/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world. I was able to go to school. I was able to become a very\ngood interior designer by sheer determination and will. And here I am talking\nwith you.\n\nLEAVY: That's great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=3000.0,3030.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalanok [also known as Palánka or Polanka] is a small village located along the Latorytsya River, near the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. The village sits below a volcanic hill where Palanok castle was built in the fourteenth century. Historically, the area was part of the Kingdom of Hungary from the eleventh century until 1918. At the end of World War I, it became part of Czechoslovakia. Less than 200 Jews lived in the village at the start of World War II. From 1945 to 1991, it was part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Today, the village is part of the city limits of Munkacs (or Mukachevo) in southwestern Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunkacs [also Minkatch, Munkács, or Munkachs] is a town in present-day southwestern Ukraine. Munkacs changed hands many times over the years and has many alternate spellings. It was part of the Kingdom of Hungary from the eleventh century until 1918, when Munkacs and the surrounding area became part of Czechoslovakia. In 1938, this part of Czechoslovakia was ceded back to Hungary. At the start of the war, Munkacs had a very large Jewish population. Life for the Jews of Munkacs was difficult for the Jews under the Hungarians—their occupations were undermined, many were put to forced labor where many died and some were expelled to other cities under German occupation. After the war, it became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Today, it is called Mukachevo.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosalyn’s father was Chayim Akiva Gross and her mother was Ettele Lebowitz Gross. Her brothers were: Alex (Yankele), Filip (Fishi), Benjamin (Ben), Bernie (Bendi), Bill (Beresh), and Sam (Smilku). Alex published a memoir that recounts his experience: Gross, Alex. Yankele: A Holocaust Survivor's Bittersweet Memoir. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHungary took advantage of the break up of Czechoslovakia in 1938, annexing the area around Palanok in 1939. The Jews in the region were immediately subjected to Hungarian antisemitic legislation. Hungary had passed one of the first antisemitic laws in Europe in 1920. The persecution of Jews continued in the 1930's with a series of “Jewish Laws” that restricted the number of Jews in universities, liberal professions, administration, and commerce. Hungarian racial laws passed between 1938 and 1941 were modeled on Germany’s Nuremberg Laws. Among other provisions, the laws defined “Jews” in so-called racial terms, forbade intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews, and excluded Jews from full participation in various professions. The laws also barred employment of Jews in the civil service and restricted their opportunities in economic life. Although the Hungarian Jews were subjected to wide-ranging discrimination and persecution and tens of thousands were killed, the majority lived in relative safety for much of the war. Despite its alliance with Nazi Germany, initially the Hungarian government refused to deport the Jews of Hungary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to Alex’s memoir, this incident provided only a brief reprieve. Alex recalls their father was later taken to a forced labor camp on the Russian front, but was sent home after six months because of his failing health and because his three oldest sons—Filip, Ben, and Bernie—had been sent to the camps by then.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hungarian government began to build an alliance with Nazi Germany soon after Hitler came to power in 1933. In October 1940, Hungary had officially aligned itself with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. After Germany’s defeat at Stalingrad and other battles in which Hungary lost tens of thousands of its soldiers, the alliance with Germany began to weaken. In March 1944, Germany occupied Hungary. Jewish businesses and property were immediately seized and Jews were forced to wear the Jewish badge. During April, the Jewish communities of Hungary were isolated in ghettos and, in May, deportations began. In just eight weeks, more than 420,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Most were murdered on arrival. By the time the Soviet army liberated Hungary in April 1945, up to 568,000 Hungarian Jews had perished.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosalyn is likely referring to the Hebrew Gymnasium, or high school, which was founded in Munkacs in 1925 and soon became one of the most prestigious high schools east of Warsaw.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunkatabor [munkatábor, Hungarian: work or concentration camp] were camps for the Hungarian forced labor battalions. In 1939, Hungary created a new type of labor service draft. In May 1940, an order was given to mobilize all able-bodied Jewish men ages 18-50 in forced labor battalions. These units at first performed manual labor duties in Hungary and later, after the German invasion into Russia, they were transported into Poland, the Ukraine, and Russia to help the German war effort. They built railroads, made tunnels, built airfields, trenches, and performed other hard labor. Most died from starvation or illness. Under the Hungarian labor service system, tens of thousands of Jewish men were also conscripted for the army and forced to perform unarmed service. Before Germany’s occupation of Hungary in March 1944, at least 25,000 Jewish labor servicemen had been killed on the Eastern Front, many by the Hungarian military. At the end of 1944 and early 1945, thousands of surviving Jewish labor servicemen were deported to Germany, where many met their deaths.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is an eight-day holiday that celebrates Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. Jews traditionally have separate dishes for Passover. In 1944, Passover began on Saturday, April 8th.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the Germans took over Hungary in March 1944, Jews were concentrated in short-lived ghettos. Immediately following Passover in April 1944, flyers announced that the Jews of Munkacs and the surrounding villages must move into an improvised ghetto. They were allowed to take only a few items into the ghetto. Over the course of two days, over 11,000 Jews were concentrated into a section of the city centered on an old brick-making factory and its yard, where they stayed for a few weeks. Railroad tracks passed close by it so it was a useful and easy place to guard. In the ghetto, Jews lived in terrible conditions of poverty, and suffered from cruelty, daily abuse and forced labor in the town. They were interned in the ghetto about a month until mid-May 1944, when they were forced into cattle cars and transported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp. By the end of May 1944, Munkacs was declared Judenrein [German: free of Jews].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported a minimum of 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn his memoir, Alex recalls that his mother called out to him, \"How are you, my Yankele? Go in good health.\" When he tried to talk to her, he was beaten. He does not recall throwing her a scrap of cloth.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Mengele was a doctor who joined the SS. He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins—thus earning him the nickname the ‘Angel of Death.’ He fled the camp before the Russians arrived.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnterluss [German: Unterlüß] is a village in northern central Germany, located approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) northeast of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. From August 1944 to April 1945, it housed a satellite camp of Bergen-Belsen. Around 600 female prisoners were forced to clear the forest, do construction work, or work at the Rheinmetall-Borsig AG munitions works. Rheinmetall-Borsig AG was a munitions company founded in 1889. In 1935, the state-owned industrial conglomerate Reichswerke AG Hermann Göring absorbed Rheinmetall-Borsig AG. As a result, it became Germany’s second biggest arms supplier during World War II, with multiple plants in Germany that utilized slave labor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a concentration camp in Germany.  It was established in 1935 as a prison camp for political prisoners, criminals, Communists, “asocials,” etc.  In 1943, it began to serve as a transit camp for Jewish prisoners. Toward the end of the war, Bergen-Belsen became a dumping place for Jews marched out of camps in the east.  There was no housing for them, no medical care, no food, and no water. Ultimately, there were about 41,000 prisoners in the camps and the mortality rate was extreme. The British liberated Bergen-Belsen on April 15, 1945 and confronted unspeakable conditions. It took weeks to deal with the horrifying situation. Piles of corpses lay unburied and survivors were so weak, emaciated, or sick that thousands died in the days and weeks after liberation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Well-meaning soldiers without proper medical training often gave survivors foods that made their conditions worse. Eating foods, like chocolate or tuna fish, that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Kramer was the Commandant of Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1940 until 1944, when he was transferred to Bergen-Belsen. Kramer was so cruel that he was known as the “Beast of Belsen.” When the British liberated Bergen-Belsen, Kramer and the remaining SS men were rounded up (most had already fled). Kramer took the British on a tour of the camp and the SS men were put to work moving the bodies to the mass graves. Kramer was not immediately hung, however. Kramer and 47 others were incarcerated and indicted. The Bergen-Belsen trial by a British military court began on September 17, I 945 in Luneberg, Germany. Josef Kramer was sentenced to death on November 17, 1945 and was hanged in the Hameln prison on December 13, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphus is contracted from the bite of a louse, and results in chills, delirium, high fever, headaches and muscle pain and, if untreated, often results in death. It was common in the camps due to hygienic conditions and the constant infestation by lice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe “headquarters” Rosalyn refers to is probably the ex-Panzer Training School where survivors were evacuated to, which was about one kilometer (just over half a mile) from the camp, near the town of Bergen, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphoid fever and typhus are different diseases that are caused by different bacteria, although the symptoms are similar and both were common in the camps. Typhoid fever is a common bacterial disease caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected person or from lice that fed on the feces. It results in a high temperature, delirium, and intestinal hemorrhage and, if untreated, is often fatal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. It is also the historical capital of Bohemia. It is situated in the northwest of the country on the Vlatava River, approximately 740 kilometers (460 miles) west of Palanok. The Soviet Army entered Prague on May 9, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBudapest is the capital and the largest city of Hungary. It is situated in central Hungary and is bisected by the River Danube. The city was liberated by the Soviet Army on February 13, 1945 and remained under Soviet control until 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the conclusion of World War II, Czechoslovakia—like most of eastern and central Europe—was occupied by the Soviets. As relations between the Soviets and the US-led Western allies became increasingly polarized and tense, crossing the borders between occupation zones became increasingly difficult. The Communist Party emerged as the largest party in Czechoslovakia’s Parliamentary elections in May 1946. Following the elections, the Communist Party formed a coalition government and gradually took control of the entire government. Most non-Communist members resigned and, in February 1948, the Communist Party seized full power in a coup d’état.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, located on the North Sea. A kibbutz [Hebrew: gathering, clustering] is a collective community in Israel traditionally based on agriculture, which combined socialism and Zionism. It is unclear where Rosalyn and Alex stayed, but Alex describes it in his memoir as a farm-like hostel on a hilltop overlooking the ocean, in a place called “Lasvaile,” in the outskirts of Edinburgh.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLancashire is a county in northwest England. According to Alex’s memoir, Rosalyn and Alex stayed in a farmhouse on the outskirts of a town called Nelson, which is approximately 330 kilometers (205 miles) north of London.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLondon is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom capital. It is located on the River Thames in the southeast of Great Britain\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Palestine Correspondence (Palcor) was the Zionist news agency of the Jewish Agency. Palcor was established in 1935 by Henry Montor to bring news from the Jewish community in Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ralph family refers to a family the siblings met while living in London. Mr. and Mrs. Ralph were among other Jewish Londoners who visited with members of the Primrose Club (a club for child and teen survivors established by the British Jewish welfare agency). They had three children of similar ages—Gerald, Derek, and Maureen—and lived in a town called Croydon, just outside of London.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943 to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/annotation_set/486/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosalyn is referring to Israel’s War of Independence, which broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the formation of the State of Israel in 1948 and continued until February 1949.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=2940.0,2970.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/index/47831","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Rosalyn Haber [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/index/47831/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early Life in Palanok, Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=16.0,290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/index/47831/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My name is Rosalyn Gross Haber. I was born in Palanok  near Munkacs, Czechoslovakia ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=16.0,290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/index/47831/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew Gymnasium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"munkatabor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sabbath","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shul","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tailor shop","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yellow stars","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=16.0,290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/index/47831/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moving to the Munkacs Ghetto after Passover","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=290.0,452.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/index/47831/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then in April 1944, the day after Passover, my mother in her normal [routine did] what she always did.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=290.0,452.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/index/47831/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1944","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"April 1944","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brick ovens","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munkacs ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train station","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=290.0,452.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/index/47831/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Transferring to Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544#t=452.0,939.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39920/file/111544/index/47831/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It took us approximately six days to get to Auschwitz-Birkenau. How does one describe hell? It's impossible to describe it. 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