{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/gm81j97v9p/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Hall, Allan (2011)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2011-07-29 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta","Legacy Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAllan J. Hall was interviewed by Ruth Einstein on July 29, 2011 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eAllan discusses his early life in Krakow, Poland. He recalls the tension in his home when the Germans invaded Poland in 1939 and his family fled to Lvov. He discusses how life resumed at a normal pace although he recalls one antisemitic incident. Allan recalls how dangerous life became when the Germans invaded eastern Poland in 1941. His parents decided to go into hiding. He recounts the various hiding places and his father’s ingenuity. Allan talks about escaping German capture twice. Allan reflects on how lucky he was to survive and how the years of hiding have impacted his life. He recalls travelling across Europe alone with his baby brother to escape Soviet persecution after the war. He describes how far he went to protect their identities and how difficult that made it for his parents to reunite with them. Allan describes his family’s acculturation after immigrating to the United States in 1947. He describes moving from Newburgh, New York to Miami, Florida as a teenager. He considers how difficult it was to reestablish a parent-child relationship and settle into appropriate and typical daily routines. Allan describes beginning his career as a lawyer and moving to Atlanta, Georgia. He recounts his perceptions of discrimination in the South. He contrasts the lack of discrimination his family has encountered in the United States with the exclusion his father experienced in Europe in the early decades of the 20th century. Allan expresses a desire to see the world learn to live in peace.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28499"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Allan J. Hall (Adam Janus Horowitz) (personal name)","Edmund Hall (Horowitz) (personal name)","Maria Heim Hall (Horowitz) (personal name)","Andrew Clifford Hall (Andre Cecil Horowitz) (personal name)","Sophia Horowitz (personal name)","Abraham Horowitz (personal name)","Cecilia Heim (personal name)","Abel Heim (personal name)","Julia Heim (personal name)","Andrew Jackson Young (personal name)","Maynard Holbrook Jackson, Jr. (personal name)","J. B. Stoner (personal name)","Lester Garfield Maddox, Sr. (personal name)","Dale Schwartz (personal name)","Miami Beach High School (corporate name)","University of Florida (corporate name)","Southern Polytechnic  State University (corporate name)","Harvard University (corporate name)","United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) (corporate name)","Troutman Sanders LLP (corporate name)","Krakow, Poland (geographic term)","Lvov, Poland (Ukraine) (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Czestochowa, Poland (geographic term)","Siberia, Russia (geographic term)","Moscow, Russia (geographic term)","Paris, France (geographic term)","London, England (geographic term)","Trieste, Italy (geographic term)","Vienna, Austria (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Newburgh, New York (geographic term)","Miami Beach, Florida (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Warsaw Ghetto (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Ghettos (topical term)","Concentration Camp (topical term)","Displaced Persons Camps (DP Camps) (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Holocaust Survivors (topical term)","Holocaust Experience (topical term)","Hiding (topical term)","Jewish Restrictions (topical term)","Actions (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)","Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","War Experiences (topical term)","German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (topical term)","Luftwaffe (topical term)","German Soldiers (topical term)","Air Raids (topical term)","V-2 Rockets (topical term)","German Defense Factory (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","Jewish Children (topical term)","Jewish Refugees (topical term)","Identification Papers (topical term)","Underground Resistance (topical term)","Quota System (topical term)","Judaism (topical term)","American Culture (topical term)","Law School (topical term)","Jim Crow Era (topical term)","Jim Crow Laws (topical term)","Integration (topical term)","Segregation (topical term)","Ku Klux Klan (KKK) (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAllan J. Hall was interviewed by Ruth Einstein on July 29, 2011 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAllan discusses his early life in Krakow, Poland. He recalls the tension in his home when the Germans invaded Poland in 1939 and his family fled to Lvov. He discusses how life resumed at a normal pace although he recalls one antisemitic incident. Allan recalls how dangerous life became when the Germans invaded eastern Poland in 1941. His parents decided to go into hiding. He recounts the various hiding places and his father’s ingenuity. Allan talks about escaping German capture twice. Allan reflects on how lucky he was to survive and how the years of hiding have impacted his life. He recalls travelling across Europe alone with his baby brother to escape Soviet persecution after the war. He describes how far he went to protect their identities and how difficult that made it for his parents to reunite with them. Allan describes his family’s acculturation after immigrating to the United States in 1947. He describes moving from Newburgh, New York to Miami, Florida as a teenager. He considers how difficult it was to reestablish a parent-child relationship and settle into appropriate and typical daily routines. Allan describes beginning his career as a lawyer and moving to Atlanta, Georgia. He recounts his perceptions of discrimination in the South. He contrasts the lack of discrimination his family has encountered in the United States with the exclusion his father experienced in Europe in the early decades of the 20th century. Allan expresses a desire to see the world learn to live in peace.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/110/736/small/Hall_Allan.mp4_1615921683.jpg?1615907284","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Hall_Allan.mp4"]},"duration":10124.849,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/110/736/small/Hall_Allan.mp4_1615921683.jpg?1615907284","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/110/736/original/Hall_Allan.mp4?1615907271","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":10124.849,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Hall, Allan [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Today is July 29, 2011. We're here in Atlanta with Allan J. Hall,\nwho has agreed to participate in the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History\nProject of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. We're so appreciative of\nyour willingness to participate. My name is Ruth Einstein. Let's just begin by\nasking you what your name was originally, where you were born, and a little bit\nabout your early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life and your parents. When you mention somebody, if you could\nsay their name and any dates that are associated with that.\n\nHALL: I'll try my best. First of all, thank you and it's good to be with you\nhere today. My original name was Adam Janus Horowitz . . . Horowitz. In Polish,\nit's pronounced 'Ho-ro-witz.' My father was Edmund Horowitz, my mother was Maria\nHorowitz . . . Marie Horowitz. Probably ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'Marie' sounds like 'Maria,' but it was\nactually the Polish version of 'Miriam.' We lived in Krakow, Poland. That's\nwhere I was born in April of 1935. If you need further details, I'd be glad to\ntell you more.\n\nEINSTEIN: Let's hear a little bit about your early life in Krakow and what your\nfamily situation was, whether you had any brothers or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sisters.\n\nHALL: Yes. My brother is nine years younger than I am. We'll get to his being a\nlittle later. My early childhood was very normal. I have just a couple memories\n. . . snippets. My father's family . . . my grandfather, after whom I was named,\nAbraham, my Hebrew name is 'Avraham ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yaakov' [Hebrew: Abraham Jacob] . . . that\nwas his name, and he died about six months before I was born. That was my\nfather's father. My father's mother was Cecilia Horowitz and she lived in Lvov .\n. . Lemberg. That is now Ukraine but, at that time, was in Poland. My mother's\nside . . . I'm sorry, my father's mother was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sophia . . . Sophie. My mother's\nname . . . my mother's mother, my maternal grandmother, was Cecilia, and Abel\nwas my grandfather, and their last name was Heim [sp]. My mother had a sister,\nJulia Heim. She was three years younger than my mother. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939 . . . 1935\nthrough 1939, when the war started, our life was very normal. My dad was a fraud\nadjuster for an Italian insurance company. He traveled all over Poland. Where\nthere was a loss and there was a suspected case of fraud, he would investigate,\nand determine whether payment would be made or whether the insurance company\nwould contest the claim. They lived a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happy, normal, ordinary life. He\nwould come home for lunch. They played tennis. We would have holidays at the sea\nin Dénia [Spain], or in Zakopane [Poland], which is the mountain resort of\nPoland. I remember nothing particular or peculiar prior to the war, except I\nremember my grandparents' foyer. I can still describe the little table at the\nfoyer and, apparently, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there must have been something special about that foyer\nbecause . . . probably it was candy, or something that was left there for me.\nBut it was a very ordinary, pleasant childhood. Then, what I remember from . . .\nstarting [in] 1939 . . . that was September, I believe . . . September first, or\nthird, fourth . . . a great deal of tension, and my parents yelling at each\nother. I don't recall this but I was told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that my father wanted to leave Krakow\nbecause he knew the Germans were coming, and did not want to stay there. [He]\nknew what a threat the Germans were to the Jewish inhabitants, and wanted to go\neast to Lvov, where his parents . . . his family was. My mother, her family\nlives . . . was in Krakow. She did not want to leave her parents and her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister.\nFinally--the part that I do remember--they were screaming at each other, and my\nfather grabbed me. He said, \"I'm going to take the boy, and we're leaving, and\nif you want to stay, you can stay.\" Then from there, literally by foot, we\nwalked the breadth of Poland, which is about 300 or 400 miles from Krakow, which\nwas in the . . . southwestern part of Poland, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the way to Lvov, which is\neffectively on the threshold of Russia. That saved our lives, in fact. We walked\non footpaths, and through woods, and through farmyards and country roads,\nwhereas the German troops were moving through the highways and so much of the\ntime we were behind the German lines. Sometimes we were ahead of the German\nlines, but we could occasionally see them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were even strafed once by an\nairplane . . . German warplane. But when the ceasefire came, we just happened to\nbe lucky enough to be past the line. Then, we walked the rest of the way to\nLvov. That bought us another two years of semi-ordinary, normal life, because,\nwhile we had to start over again, because when we left Krakow, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left only with\nthe three . . . actually, I failed to say, my mother . . . given a choice of my\nfather dragging me off . . . she joined us very reluctantly but she did join us.\nSo all we could carry was on my stroller and I took most of the space there.\nUnderneath me, and behind me was my mother's fur coat, the family's set of\nsilver, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an album. That's all I can remember that we had. When we arrived in\nLvov, we essentially had no possessions, unless you call the family silver\nanything. We started . . . my parents started all over again, but the Russians\nwere in control at that time. Somehow my father got a job being the principal\nadministrator in the construction of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"theater. For almost two years, we once\nagain lived what I would consider a normal life. We found . . . at first we\nlived with my grandmother, and then within a couple of months or three months,\nwe found an apartment . . . started getting some sparse furnishings. As I said,\nlife resumed . . . until 1941, when the war resumed. After 1941, it was sheer\nhell. It was awful.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You were how old at that time?\n\nHALL: I was born in 1935. So in 1939, I was five almost . . . four-and-a-half .\n. . five, and in 1941, I was almost seven.\n\nEINSTEIN: Your mother left her parents in Krakow?\n\nHALL: Right, yes, and her sister, yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: And a sister.\n\nHALL: They were ultimately, when . . . they went to a concentration camp. They\nwere killed in Plaszow.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was the sister's name? What was her sister's name?\n\nHALL: Julia . . . Julie . . . Julianne . . . various versions of the same name.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did your father know how to navigate from Krakow to Lvov through\nthese back ways? Did anybody help you? Did you meet anybody on your way? How did\nyou eat?\n\nHALL: No. I think much of our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"route was parallel to main highways, but never on\n. . . I shouldn't say never . . . not that I can remember ever on highways. I\nthink he realized that the highways represented danger, because either the\nGermans were there already or it was the German aircraft was strafing the\nhighways. The one time where we got strafed, we were literally walking along the\nrailroad track. The railroad . . . there weren't that many railroad tracks, so\nwe could pretty much follow the railroad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"track going east toward Lvov. So, we\nwere usually within two or three miles . . . five miles of the main roads.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you meet any other Jewish refugees from the west on your way, or\nwas your family alone?\n\nHALL: As best as I can remember, if we had any meetings, they were chance\nmeetings. They were not . . . we never traveled in a group. People ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\nscurrying in all different directions, so that was the only kind of chance\nmeetings there would be. No, we were always traveling alone. As far as help, we\ndid turn to some small Jewish communities. Sometimes we got food and shelter,\nsometimes we didn't. We were surprised because the Polish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"peasants, or serfs [an\nagricultural laborer], or farmers, were not very friendly to Jews, but under\nthose circumstances, we were surprised. We were . . . this was September so it\nwas harvest time. I remember one time my father was stealing from a field and,\njust as in the Jewish tradition, they left the gleanings in the corners of the\nfields. We saw . . . we were terrified ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we were behind the German lines .\n. . we saw that the Polish farmer saw us stealing ears of corn from his field.\nInstead of yelling and screaming, shooing us off, or calling the police, he just\nturned his back and walked away. To me, that was help . . . that was definitely help.\n\nEINSTEIN: You arrive in Lemberg . . . in Lvov . . . and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your father is able to\nget employment. Do you remember any conversations during that period of . . .\nbetween your parents, or between your parents and grandparents, about what the\nsituation was in the rest of Poland and what might happen? Do you have any recollection?\n\nHALL: I don't remember any specific recollection, but I can tell you the general\nimpression I had. There was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disbelief that the Germans could . . . there were\nreports coming in that Jews were being rounded up and sent away. I don't think\nwe knew of the concentration camps. But we knew it wasn't good for the Jews\nbecause they were getting beaten up on the streets in broad daylight. This was\nin Germany and even in occupied parts of Poland. But there was no sense of\nimmediately . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immediate danger in terms of people being murdered all the\ntime in public. Now I don't recall that, but I do remember a sense that things\nwere not good for Jews . . . that [things] are not good in general, but\nspecifically not good for Jews.\n\nEINSTEIN: At that point you were school age. Did you attend a school?\n\nHALL: That's the strange thing. My only recollection of school before and after\nWorld War ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"II . . . I will get to that story later . . . was about two or three\nmonths or four months . . . very brief and a singular event . . . and it was in\na Catholic-run school. In Poland at that time, the so-called 'public schools'\nwere not that similar to those in the United States. They were truly parochial\nschools that were open to general ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"population. I remember being taught by nuns,\nand I remember . . . the one thing I remember particularly [is] the sense of\nostracism, because during catechism, I was forced to stand outside in a hallway,\noutside a door. So apparently there was a recognition that I was Jewish, but I\ncannot tell you . . . I don't remember whether that was in the first grade . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more likely not. It was probably after the war in the fourth grade.\n\nEINSTEIN: You started in Lvov in first grade?\n\nHALL: I don't think so.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you do any schooling before 1941? Was there any schooling before\nthe war?\n\nHALL: I'm sure there was schooling, but somehow I have no recollection of it. I\ncannot tell you . . . No, I can tell you. I did not attend. I don't know . . .\nwhy I did not attend, but I did not attend.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you have any other children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to play with? Was there anybody your age?\n\nHALL: Yes, but I remember in Lvov one incident. I used to play with a little\ngirl that used to live downstairs. I subsequently have learned that that was the\nsuperintendent, or the building operator . . . manager, and in those times, that\nwas a very lowly-viewed position. It was . . . think of it as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"janitor's . . .\nas a janitor and his family lived in the building down in the basement. That's\nthe only child I can remember. I played with her. I remember being chased out of\nthat apartment and being yelled at because I was a 'dirty Jew.'\n\nEINSTEIN: By the child or by her parents?\n\nHALL: By the parents.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did the child continue to play with you after that, or that was it?\n\nHALL: No, that was it. The relationship between the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people and the\nChristian community, as best as I can recall, was not wonderful. It was\nsometimes peaceful and that was without outright hostility, but never friendly.\n\nEINSTEIN: So you did have a semblance of a normal life for those two years?\n\nHALL: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: Now we're at 1941. How did things change when the . . . at the end of\nthe Hitler-Stalin Pact, which is what I'm sure you're talking about?\n\nHALL: We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"must have known that it was very dangerous once the Germans came,\nbecause I can remember very quickly after they came, we went into hiding and\nstayed in hiding almost the entire war.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me about that period where things changed drastically. What did\nyou see or hear? What did your parents say? How did you know that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something had\nhappened that was changing your safety?\n\nHALL: When the Germans first came over, I remember seeing a woman shot on the\nstreet . . . so it was hard to miss that . . . and notice I always use the word\n'German'--not 'Nazi'--because my observation . . . from my point of view, all\nGermans and all the people that were allied with them were a threat. It wasn't\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like some Germans were 'good Germans' and some were 'bad [Germans].' I'm sure\nthere were good Germans, but we did not see a distinction. That's it.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me how your life changed then in 1941.\n\nHALL: Essentially . . . imagine this moment walking out of this room, and\nlooking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at everybody--without exception--as a potential threat to your safety\nand perhaps life. At best, you'd get beaten up. At worst, you'd get shot right\nthere on the spot. So there were no safe harbors.\n\nEINSTEIN: Were your neighbors . . . did you consider them . . . people who you\nhad lived with in relative harmony for those . . . at least a cold peace . . .\nfor those two years, did they all of a sudden become people who you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afraid of?\n\nHALL: Yes . . . potential threat. Now, any one of those people could have\nsummoned a police officer, who would have turned us in because we are Jews. Then\nfrom there on out, our likelihood of survival was not great.\n\nEINSTEIN: Then you said that your parents took you and you went into hiding. Is\nthat right?\n\nHALL: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me how that happened and where you went.\n\nHALL: We always seemed to have picked the low-hanging ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fruit. My father . . . was\nthe administrative officer in the construction of a theater and we knew . . . by\nthe way, almost every building that . . . even today, even here in the United\nStates . . . any performing theater space would generally have . . . the ceiling\nthat you look at is a suspended ceiling. Above it, there is a space, and then\nthere's a roof above ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. Within the space, that's where all the\nair-conditioning ducts, and all of the electrical wiring is, and all of the\nmechanical stuff in that building. In that particular theater, the space was\nbetween . . . it varied between five and six feet, or between four and six feet\nprobably . . . certainly ample for us to walk around in, should we do that. We\nsimply found a place where there was some boards and we could hide out there. We\nwere probably in that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"space for two to three months. The reason why we survived\nthe war . . . there were lots of reasons . . . but the first and foremost one is\nthat my father was educated in Vienna [Austria] and he spoke High German. He\ncould 'out German' most Germans. There's a lot more to be told to that story,\nbut ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his brilliant . . . his fluency in the German language saved us lots of\ntimes. While we were . . . my mother and I would stay in hiding, because while\nwe had probably . . . certainly my mother had functional German. She never spoke\nthat brilliant German that he could speak. In the German language, there's a\nHigh German and an ordinary German. He spoke High German. That is comparable to\nofficers and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well-educated people in Germany. We could never pose to be real\nGermans, whereas he did.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me some of those interactions and how he maneuvered in that.\n\nHALL: There are lots of examples of that, but I'll give you one. He posed as a\nPolish collaborator . . . a sympathizer, German-oriented, German-trained, spoke\nfluent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German, rented an office two floors below the German Luftwaffe [air\nforce] headquarters in Poland, and that was our hiding place for two-and-a-half\nyears. His rationale was: where is the least likely place they're going to look\nfor Jews? Right in their headquarters building and that's where we stayed. We\nmostly ate the garbage that the Germans threw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out.\n\nEINSTEIN: That was still in Lvov?\n\nHALL: That was in Warsaw, [Poland]. That's a little bit ahead of the story.\n\nEINSTEIN: But that's really astounding that he would . . . that's some chutzpah\n[Yiddish: audacity]. That's good! I like it!\n\nHALL: Another example of that . . . I know I'm jumping around, but . . . I'll\ngive you examples. Where's the least likely place that people would look for\nJews? Czestochowa [Polish: Częstochowa] is the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holiest city in Poland, where\nthe shrine . . . the Catholic shrine is. That's where . . . we hid in that city\nbriefly. Again with the same rationale--you get as close to the lion as you can,\nbecause that's the place the lion is not going to hunt.\n\nEINSTEIN: When you were in the theater living in this . . . the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"space . . .\n\nHALL: Above the ceiling.\n\nEINSTEIN: Above the ceiling. What were . . . tell me any memories you have about\nwhat your daily life was like.\n\nHALL: It was . . . I suppose it was ultimate boredom. There was nothing to do .\n. . nothing to read. My mother would . . . I guess the newspaper was probably my\ntextbook and she would try to teach me how to read. Actually, when the war was\nover, I could recognize the letters and put words together in four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"languages,\nbut to this day I don't read well . . . certainly not fluently. There was not\nmuch to do beyond that. Besides that, the lighting was not great. We could not\nmove around because people would hear us. We left there when the workers . . .\ncommon workers in the theater became aware of our presence.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Your father was able to find food for you somehow?\n\nHALL: Somehow. Right. We did not eat regularly and we did not eat well. Whether\nwe ate from food that he was able to buy or perhaps steal, I really don't know,\nbut whenever we could, we ate . . . whatever we could. As far as exercise and\nwhat have you, normal activities, forget it. Even bodily activities, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think\nprobably during working hours that there was no such thing. We just would have\nto hold it. There was usually . . . we would have a chamber pot. The rest of the\ntime, either hold it, or when the theater was totally dark and there was nobody\naround, we would sneak down to the bathrooms, and not only . . . not only use\nthe bathroom as a bathroom, but as well, doing wash.\n\nEINSTEIN: So did your father keep a key then to the building? Was he able to\nmove ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in freely?\n\nHALL: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: Nobody suspected that? Or do you think people knew about it and were\nnot willing to turn him in?\n\nHALL: That was his job.\n\nEINSTEIN: He retained his job?\n\nHALL: As long as he possibly could, sure.\n\nEINSTEIN: So he was basically in hiding openly.\n\nHALL: Right. Speaking of that, my father looked probably more Jewish than we\ndid, you know, with a big nose, and dark hair, and what have you. And he . . .\nvery ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early on in the war, perhaps not at that point, but within six months,\ncertainly not more than a year . . . he went to a surgeon, actually a . . .\nprobably an ear, nose, and throat surgeon. He was certainly not a cosmetic\nsurgeon. He said, \"Look, this nose is going to get me killed. Give me a nose\njob. Fix my nose.\" The man refused to do that. He said, \"I don't even have an\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anesthetic.\" This was not his skill. He didn't have the skills to do it. My\nfather said, \"If you don't do it, you're killing me right now. This is my only\nchance to survive.\" My father . . . without anesthetic . . . I think he had some\naspirin pills and that was about it . . . held a tray to catch the refuse and\nthe blood, while the man chiseled the bone inside of his nose and removed the\nbridge of his nose. With ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that having been sunken, that pulled up the bottom of\nhis nose, and till the day he died, my father had a classic boxer's nose, where\nthis part of his nose was collapsed, and this was flared out, abnormally so . .\n. but he looked much less Jewish. Then, he tried dying his hair and that made\nhis hair look . . . he was not an expert hair stylist . . . he wound up with\nyellow hair and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was too conspicuous. That brings me to another point . . .\nso he decided . . . he became a fashion trend setter . . . although the fashion\nis today not that . . . he shaved his head, and therefore he no longer had any\nblack hair. In Poland, most people are blond and so black hair sticks out and\nimmediately they suspect you're a Mediterranean, probably a Jew. So that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\nsomething to be avoided. He shaved his hair, and with the pugilist's nose . . .\nboxer's nose and no hair to show . . . when he was asked, he said \"Can't you see\nI'm going bald?\" He could pass as a non-Jew.\n\nEINSTEIN: Your father was really extremely pro-active in dealing with this\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"untenable situation.\n\nHALL: We . . . my mother and I also learned, the few times we had to come out of\nhiding, we could hide in broad daylight. I was . . . that meant we made no eye\ncontact with people, looked down, never walk at an ordinary pace, walk at an\naccelerated pace, so that we would not be noticeable. We became experts at\nhiding in broad daylight.\n\nEINSTEIN: That goes along with your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father's theory of where are they going to\nlook and who's obvious and who's not obvious.\n\nHALL: Right. If you loiter or if you run . . . either way you catch people's\nattention. If you walk by hurriedly, you're just one of the other people.\n\nEINSTEIN: Has that had any effect on you in the way that you've conducted your\nlife since then?\n\nHALL: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: How so?\n\nHALL: The residue I'll take to my grave. My wife ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is constantly amazed by my\nskills . . . skills I wish I did not have. I can tell you all the people I've\nseen on the way into this building--who they are, what they look like. I can't\nhelp myself. One of the things . . . I subconsciously look at people--who are\nfriendly, who would give me away or not--to this day and I'm 76 years old. I can\nlook at a person's face and eyes and, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost instantaneously, have a sense of\nwhether this is a trustworthy person or not.\n\nEINSTEIN: You have your antennas way out.\n\nHALL: Absolutely.\n\nEINSTEIN: Antennae.\n\nHALL: I like to call it . . . say my antennas are sticking out every place on my body.\n\nEINSTEIN: Porcupine.\n\nHALL: Yes, exactly.\n\nEINSTEIN: Let's go back then to . . . I think we were still in Lvov last. Then\nyou made several other moves? Can you tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me where your family went next?\n\nHALL: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: That was because . . .\n\nHALL: Let me tell you about a few other places. I must confess to you that I was\na child and now it's not clear whether some of these places were in Lvov or in\nWarsaw. Those are the two principal places we were at. Also, we did go to\nCzestochowa, but that was very brief. I'll tell you about that more later. When\nthe . . . when it was no longer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safe in the theater, my dad came up with the\nnotion . . . he heard that there was a manufacturing plant that was vacant, so\nthey took over . . . without any authority whatsoever, they took over this\nmanufacturing plant. There were machines there and I still remember belt-driven\nmachines . . . leather belt-driven machines.\n\nEINSTEIN: Who was the \"they\" who took over the manufacturing plant?\n\nHALL: I'm so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sorry?\n\nEINSTEIN: Your parents took over the . . . I mean, you moved into it . . . ?\n\nHALL: My father, yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: . . . or was he taking it over for a business?\n\nHALL: Physically.\n\nEINSTEIN: Moved in?\n\nHALL: Right.\n\nEINSTEIN: Squatting.\n\nHALL: Right. Apparently he knew of an engineer and the two of them brought their\nfamilies into this plant. We found that the plant had a basement and so the\nfamilies were taken down into the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cellar. They figured out . . . the engineer\nand my dad figured out how to move these machines. These were machines that\nweighed multiple tons. I have since learned the technique. You take even a very,\nvery heavy machine, put it up on pipes--on rollers--and you can roll it at will\nwherever you want and then roll the machine off the pipes. Literally, it would\ntake a crane to move it. They would move these huge machines ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the trap door\nleading to the basement and that's it. We could not get out. If something\nhappened to my father, we would have starved to death . . . if something\nhappened to this man or my father. Then they realized the Germans were using\ndogs, and their Polish policemen, as well. They figured out that they bought\nseveral bags of dried cows' ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blood and scattered it about the plant. If they\nbrought in dogs, the dogs would have gone crazy with the cows' blood because\nthat's . . . that's what immediately . . . that's all they could smell. It would\noverwhelm their sense of smell. We were safe down there. But they were human\nbeings--this engineer and my father--and as other people needed safe refuge,\nthey brought more people in. What I remember is we started . . . my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother and I\nand this engineer's family . . . there were probably four or five of us, no more\nthan six down there, and that was good for about two or three weeks. Then\nanother family came in, and another family, and by the time my parents decided\nthat it was no longer safe, it was probably close to fifty people down there in\nthe basement. With the volumes of food that had to be brought in and the\nfrequency of people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming and going, my parents decided that it was no longer\nsafe. Of course, they couldn't throw those people out, because once they were\nthere, they were there. They wouldn't leave anyway. So then we went to other places.\n\nEINSTEIN: So there must have been some kind of network--some underground network\nof information--where people were finding out about these places and all\nscurrying around to try to find a safe haven.\n\nHALL: That's absolutely correct. Of course, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even when . . . before the ghettos,\nthere was . . . as in any city, I'm sure the Jews in Atlanta . . . I'm sure . .\n. I know, because I participated . . . have a network and, if you will, communal\ncontacts. At that point, everybody was looking for a safe harbor. While some\npeople could perhaps . . . were ignored, nevertheless, other people could not\nbe. So, yes. The answer is yes, absolutely.\n\nEINSTEIN: So ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where did you go from the factory?\n\nHALL: I can no longer . . . too much time has passed . . . I can no longer tell\nyou sequentially from place to place, but there are some places that stick out\nin my mind. There were more than the ones I remember . . . because some places\nthat we went to that were not traumatic, so therefore they were less memorable\nand I have forgotten them since. Lots of times, we would go to somebody's house\nand stay for two or three days. [Then] they would politely ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say to us, \"You can't\nstay here anymore.\" Judging by the various clues--the look on their face, et\ncetera--we would know whether that's real or whether we could offer them a\nlittle money and ask to stay longer.\n\nEINSTEIN: So were these friends, or colleagues, or just . . .\n\nHALL: Polish people.\n\nEINSTEIN: Just Polish people?\n\nHALL: Christians. As I said, we stayed in places for two or three days . . . up\nto two or three weeks. I don't think we stayed in any of these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"places for more\nthan, let's say, three weeks to a month. The one place that I can recall . . . I\nthink it was in Czestochowa . . . where we thought this was a brilliant place to\ngo because they certainly would not start looking for Jews in the Vatican . . .\nthey certainly would not look for Jews in the holiest of cities in Poland. We .\n. . there was an advertisement that two sisters were looking to . . . they had a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room to rent, to let. So we came into her house . . . their house . . . and it\nwas late in the evening. There was always curfew that we had to live with. We\nwould . . . curfew generally was more or less when it got dark. The time . . .\nthe place . . . the time we would like to move about was right at curfew . . .\nthe hour . . . one hour before curfew, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for two reasons: first of all, lighting\nwasn't that good, and, as I said, when we hit the plain view . . . and secondly,\npeople were in a hurry to get home before curfew, and they weren't going to pay\nattention, looking for folks . . . are they Jewish or not . . . looking in the\nface, [at] facial features. They just were off trying to get home before curfew,\nbecause, if you were in the street after curfew that was big trouble. It could\nlead to death. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that was the time in which we moved. We arrived just ahead of\ncurfew and these two women were not terribly hospitable . . . but we rented a\nroom with them by the night. I remember, the second day we were there . . . not\nthe first day . . . I think I overheard them say something about us possibly\nbeing Jewish, or suspicious, or something. I alerted my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother and--I distinctly\nremember--we walked out of the back door of the house. I remember walking\nthrough like a back yard . . . behind there was a wooden fence. I can still tell\nyou the fence had not been painted in years, so it was like a grayish wood . . .\nand out the gate. As I looked back, I saw policemen at the front ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"door. So,\nobviously, that . . . and had they gotten us, we probably would not have . . . I\nwould not be telling you this story today. We went down. There was a street or\nan alley along the fence. Again, [we] could not run. We went down there, and\nfrom there, we found some place else, or we went to somebody . . . I don't know.\nThat was a recollection. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Constantly, we were . . . if we were with people . . .\nand we tried not to be. We tried to be in places of isolation. Wherever we were\nwith people . . . whenever we saw a person, that person . . . those people\nrepresented an immediate threat to our survival. Another place that we hid . . .\nI'm moving ahead. I mentioned this place [and] that we were there for\ntwo-and-a-half years was . . . we were in a vacant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office. In order to make that\noffice legitimate, my father created a German defense factory that never\nproduced the first product. It was a scam. As far as the employees . . . one or\ntwo employees . . . they were billing the German Defense Ministry for magazine\nboxes, for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bullets that were supposed to be produced. This was supposed to be an\noffice for a non-existent factory. They were billing for magazines, etc. All of\nthis was an invention just so that there would be a semblance of a normal office\n. . . sending out bills, what have you, that never went into the mail. But this\nwas just so that we could . . . this was just a two-room suite. The worker, or\nworkers, depending . . . sometimes it was zero workers, sometimes one, sometimes\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two . . . would work in the front room. My mother and I would be hidden in the\ncloset of the back room.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did the workers know that this was a front?\n\nHALL: No! No, no, no. That's the whole point. They also did not know that we\nwere in the next room. When we were in a closet, they would on occasion walk\ninto that room. Thank G-d, they never once looked into the closet. When we were\nin the closet, we were . . . imagine a normal closet about six, maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five foot\nin width [and] about two or three or so . . . I'm sorry, about five foot in\nwidth, two feet deep or so. My mother would sit on one end with her back propped\nup against the wall and I would sit on the other end. We would be there for\neight hours with a pillow each in our laps so in case we had to sneeze or cough,\nwe would sneeze or cough into the pillow. The only thing . . . the other thing\nwe would have was a chamber pot between ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. The only activity that we could\npossibly have there, because it was too dark to read, was a piece of string that\nwe would tie into a loop and do the string hand games with that.\n\nEINSTEIN: It's really astonishing that your father was able to kind of\nmanipulate the system in a way that would preserve ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your lives. That's really\nremarkable. What else did he tell you about that time and how he thought of that\nidea or how he could fool the Germans for so long? That's a very serious endeavor.\n\nHALL: One hand never knew what the other one was doing. In other words, the\nGermans . . . they just knew there was an office there that was semi-abandoned.\nThere was occasionally somebody working there but there was no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reason for the\nGermans to suspect anything because it looked like an ordinary office. We never\nstepped out, my mother and I. My father was the owner and manager of the factory\n. . . the \"non-factory,\" I should say . . . the non-existent factory. This was\ntheir office in the city. The factory should have been someplace out in the\nsuburbs. There was really no reason to suspect and think about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. All of the\noffice towers around here, they have various offices. You would never suspect of\nthem that the whole thing might be a sham. Yes, it was brilliant for him to\nthink of it, and again, that's why we survived. They would have never suspected\nto check the garbage cans at night because that's what we foraged out of. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do\nwhatever you have to do to survive.\n\nEINSTEIN: In the meantime, you're now seven?\n\nHALL: At this point, I'm . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Eight?\n\nHALL: I have forgotten. The Germans did catch me twice. Once before Warsaw,\nwhich had to have been in Lvov. I was probably right about seven. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was very\nclose to the beginning of the war. They were phenomenally . . . phenomenally\nsadistic. I mean . . . it's beyond my ability to think because, one time, my\nfather got the notion from a Polish police officer that there was going to be .\n. . they used to call it an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aktion . . . and they're going to round up and take\nchildren . . . just children . . . only children. So even though . . . and this\nwas before . . . I don't think that we were in the ghetto, because I remember .\n. . no, we were living in ordinary . . . under ordinary circumstances. So . . .\nbut it must have been a Jewish section . . . I'm not sure . . . I'm not clear\nabout that. Anyway, my father paid ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a conductor to get me out of town . . . a\ntrolley conductor. I can still visualize the scene. It was like you walked down\na very broad staircase and we went out of the building, and we turned right and\nI saw a panel truck . . . a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"truck with a flat bed and panel sides . . . block\noff the end of the street. I saw the German troops jumping off the truck. The\nconductor and I both stopped dead in our tracks, made believe we were looking at\na store, which was an empty shop, and without hurrying, looked for about 15 [or]\n20 seconds, which seemed like an hour, and then turned to our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left, hoping that\nthere was still a way to escape. We probably walked about a half a block, or\nhalfway there I should say . . . probably quarter of a block and the same thing\nhappened on that end of the street. A panel truck came up and by this point . .\n. I was the very first child apprehended. They left and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember being kind of\nroughly . . . by my clothing . . . taken, put into some vehicle I don't recall\nand taken to the police station. Within that police station there was a . . .\nlike a corral. It was probably just a workspace with a . . . maybe a four-foot\nhigh . . . a three to four-foot high ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plywood partition, and above that, maybe\nanother foot or two of glass. The reason I remember this is I could see over it.\nIt was maybe up to here in plywood, and above that, glass. As I said, I was the\nfirst in the first carload of children that showed up there, and then there was\nmore, and more, and more. There must have been 200 or 300 children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there when I\nsaw my father walk in. By that time, I was pretty well trained. Even though this\nis early on in the war, I didn't panic. I didn't cry. I was very, very watchful.\nI was watchful at all times. I saw my father walk in. He looked around. I made\nsure I got very close to the partition so that he would see me. He did. He\nsomehow motioned for me to be still and be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quiet, and he walked up to a German\nofficer, talked with him, walked up to a policeman, and then subsequently he\nwaited. An officer came out to talk with him. They talked maybe for a minute.\nThen my father again motioned me to be still and quiet. He left. I was\ndreadfully disappointed that he left . . . that he left me there. I did not know\nhow much danger I was in, but it was absolutely clear that I was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"danger . . .\nand I didn't want to be there. He came back about two or three hours later and\nanother conversation ensued. Then he waved me to him and I walked out. There was\nlike a gate. I walked out, joined him, and we walked out the door. I\nsubsequently heard him telling the story. What had happened ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was when he went in\nto see the officer, he said, \"I want one of those children.\" The officer said,\n\"Why don't I just kill you here and now?\" My father said, \"I'm offering you two\ncarats of diamonds and an ounce of gold. You can always . . . Why would you want\nto kill me and forego that loot?\" The German said, \"You bring the gold and\ndiamonds, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we'll see.\" Which is what . . . the two or three hours it took my\nfather to go to various family members, and friends, and accumulate . . .\nbecause we were not wealthy people . . . and accumulate what was necessary to\nget me out. He went over there and came back to the officer with the jewelry in\nhand. The officer said, \"I can kill you now again. I can kill you now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I could\nbefore.\" My father said . . . his response was, \"You can always kill us, but if\nyou let me have my son, and you catch us again, there may be more gold for you\nthen.\" The German just said, \"Ah, take him.\" That's how I got out the first time.\n\nEINSTEIN: What's remarkable is not only that your father was able to bribe, but\nthe fact ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there were people who would be willing to give him jewelry that\nmight have been . . . that they themselves might have been able to use.\n\nHALL: I think that by that time most of the people in the Jewish community\nrealized that they were in extremis [Latin: at the point of death] . . . that\nthey were . . . it was life and death. I think people were helping each other to\nthe best . . . to the extent that they could.\n\nEINSTEIN: So you really had this mixed message of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people: everyone is a threat\nand yet there are people who would give?\n\nHALL: Absolutely, and there were Christians also. Remember, if somebody helped .\n. . if a Christian helped a Jew, they did that at the immediate threat to their\nown life . . . not only their life but the life of their family. Yet, there were\npeople who did that. For example, when he [my father] rented that office suite\nof the two rooms, he actually sub-let ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it from a German, who was Christian, who I\n. . . who we suspect . . . never will know . . . but suspect that he knew. He\n[my father] gave them a bonus rent. Now if the rent was $100, he gave him $200.\nThe German had the cover that if anything came up, he could say, \"I did not\nknow.\" But nevertheless, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really did know. So there were people that were to a\nlesser and greater extent helpful.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you come away with any view of humanity that was informed by that dichotomy?\n\nHALL: Yes. We went back to Poland, and it's interesting because all my thoughts\nwere confirmed on the return trip. In any society and any group of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, there\nare some genuinely wonderful, good people that will lay down their life to help\nsomeone else. There are some genuinely bad people that, really, the Earth would\nbe better if they were not born in the first place. Then probably the greatest\npart of us as human beings lies somewhere in the continuum between really good\nand really bad. That's my observation. Not profound, but I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rediscovered it for myself.\n\nEINSTEIN: During . . . the other thing I was thinking about when you were\nspeaking about the closet is how intensely intimate your relationship with your\nmother must have been.\n\nHALL: For better or for worse. I'm sure there were times we wanted to kill each\nother, but yes. Let me tell you about the second time that the Germans got me.\nActually, this time, they didn't get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just me, they got both my mother and I. I\nthink, to the best of my recollection, we were in an apartment and somebody\nturned us in. Whether it was our landlord or not, we'll never know.\n\nEINSTEIN: Is this now in Warsaw?\n\nHALL: It was in Warsaw. Now remember . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Was the first time in Warsaw or Lvov?\n\nHALL: I'm not clear about the first time. I think it was in Lvov. But I'm not\nclear, because we never . . . and this is what I was going to say, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never\nknowingly lived in a ghetto. We always knew the ghetto was a terrible place that\nthe Germans were concentrating people in order to . . . [if] not exterminate us,\nwhich we later on knew, then certainly not to help us. It was a bad . . . it was\na place to stay away from. The second time, we were turned in. I remember the\nPolish police ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"officer took us to the police station and, from there, we went to\na place that was a railroad station. I was always very, very watchful and tried\nto memorize everything. As a matter of fact, I still have a memory that's\npictorial. It's like I take snapshots. I memorize things today . . . even today,\nas if they're a series of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"photographs. When we first went into this railroad\nstation, it was . . . for me, it was wonderful. It was marvelous! Because we\nwere probably . . . the place was almost empty. We were certainly amongst the\nfirst ten people there. There was lots of space. I didn't have to hide. I didn't\nhave to sit in the closet. It was great. It was wonderful. I mean, I was used to\nbeing confined. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could run around. I could speak. I could even yell if I wanted\nto. Then, as time progressed, other people came, and other people came, and more\npeople came, and the place got started a little bit . . . more and more loaded\nup. There was no place to lie down at night. Then more people came yet. The next\nthing I recall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was being taken with a group of children and we were taken to an\norphanage. I loved the orphanage because here I was with children. I could play.\nIt was great. I do remember it was all Jewish children. But our caretakers were\nnot necessarily Jewish . . . some maybe . . . some possibly. There was no issue\nabout the caretakers. I don't know whether they were Jewish or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not. It was\nalmost kind of mysterious, but it was a mystery I didn't want to look too deeply\ninto because I was having a good time for the first time in my life.\n\nEINSTEIN: You're saying that being caught was almost like a liberation?\n\nHALL: Yes, it was great. It was wonderful. I do remember that railroad station\nwas called Umschlagplatz. That was fixed in my mind. Then, I realized ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later on .\n. . and I'm not sure when I realized this . . . that I was in a ghetto. It\ndidn't seem all that bad to me. The fact that the sanitation wasn't so great. I\nwas used to much worse. The fact that the food wasn't so plentiful. I was used\nto much worse and much less. My father hired a conductor . . . again a trolley\ncar conductor . . . who came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and told me that he was going to try to get me out,\nthat he was hired by my parents to get me out, and to just to go along with\neverything the guy said. Do not volunteer. Do not speak. Hide in plain sight. I\nwas an expert in that. I remember walking out of the orphanage, down a street,\nwalking to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the fence, and barbed wire, and all that. [I remember] seeing a guard\ntower--it was fairly primitive--and the conductor saying to the guard up there,\n\"I just brought my son to see these dirty Jews . . . these dirty Jewish pigs.\"\nThe guard said, \"I hope your son had enough of them,\" and we walked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. Just\npast that gate was a cemetery. The conductor . . . we walked probably a couple\nof hundred yards . . . said, \"Stay in the cemetery. I'm going to look ahead and\nmake sure there are no patrols . . . German patrols.\" He did that and he\nadroitly turned a 90-degree turn, went out of sight, and I was sure that he was\ngoing to turn me in. When he came back, calling for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, I wouldn't rejoin him.\nBut as he walked, and he called, and called, and called, and finally he just\ngave up on me, and started walking away down the street. As he was walking, I\nwas walking through the cemetery. There were some freshly dug graves. These\nthings didn't bother me in those days. Then he made that left turn. The street\nbecame better lit and I could see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he was by himself. This was post-curfew,\nso we were both in a whole lot of trouble. I rejoined him. At that time the man\nwas furious, livid, because he was terrified and I had slowed him down. Anyway,\nhe brought me to my parent's house for a fee, but it essentially saved my life.\nNow, you have to fast forward probably 40 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years, because that was just a little\nsnippet of a story. I was reading Mila 18, Leon Uris's book, and I chanced upon\nthere . . . the path, the word \"Umschlagplatz\" and that really kind of caught me\n. . . only to find out that was the depot from which the Jews of Warsaw were\nbeing taken to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau. In the entire history of World War II, there\nwas only one time when the trains did not run . . . two-and-a-half days . . .\nand that was when I was there. I missed the last train by minutes because they\nsaid there was . . . the railroad station was nearly empty . . . I missed it on\nthe other end probably by a matter of minutes to hours because I'm sure . . .\nright after the group left, within ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hours, certainly no more than a day . . . the\ntrains resumed running.\n\nEINSTEIN: Please pick it up from there.\n\nHALL: I said fast forward some thirty, forty years. Yes. Picked up Mila 18, read\nit, and found out that for the first time that I was in the Warsaw ghetto. I\nnever knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. Nobody ever told me . . . because I've always been on the\nChristian side. I knew there was a ghetto, but we were never there.\nSpecifically, nobody sat down with me, and said, \"You're now going to the\nghetto. You're now in an orphanage in the ghetto.\" I never knew that. I was so\nshocked and that . . . I'm a reader and I oftentimes read in the middle of the\nnight. It was probably 3:30 in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morning. I picked up the phone and I called\nmy parents, woke them out of a dead sleep. They were at that time residing in\nNew York City. I said, \"Was I ever in Warsaw ghetto?\" Their response was, \"Yes.\"\n\"Why didn't you tell me?\" They . . . I think my mother . . . one of them said,\n\"We didn't see there was any need for you to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know.\" Again, fast-forward another\n20 or 30 years more, and in all of my time . . . and I have participated in\nHolocaust survivor groups . . . have spoken to some of these groups, I've only\nmet one child survivor of the Warsaw ghetto alive. I suspect there may be more,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there are very, very few who survived . . . children who survived the Warsaw ghetto.\n\nEINSTEIN: Yes. We have one here in Atlanta. Maybe I'll give you his number. But\nthat brings me to another question. I don't know whether there's an easy way to\nanswer this, but you were in this place with these hundreds of Jewish children.\nYou're in the ghetto and you may be one of the only ones who survived the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war.\nHow do you . . . what do you think about that?\n\nHALL: I've experienced survivor's guilt, if that's what you're speaking of, and\nit's something that . . . I was just telling somebody today that I had breakfast\nwith . . . the survivor's guilt is a very interesting psychological experience,\nbecause it verges . . . it ranges from really major depression to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mild thought\nthat fleets by . . . that comes through my mind once in a while. Why have I\nsurvived when all the others haven't? What are my obligations to those that\ndidn't, and to the world, and on and on . . . those types of questions and\nissues. The answers are imponderable. You just continue living as best as you\ncan. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do feel that I've tried hard to be as decent a human being as I can. Not\nto say I'm perfect. Not at all. But I think my children would tell you, there's\na very clear moral compass that they've received from me. For a lawyer, I'm\npretty . . . I'm unambiguous.\n\nEINSTEIN: I know we're sort of out of sequence here, but can you talk about that\nmoral compass and what you tried to teach your children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"based on or informed by\nyour experience?\n\nHALL: Much of life is gray. It's not clearly, pristinely one way or the other.\nNevertheless, when it comes to making personal decisions, we know instinctively\nas human beings that much of the time--if not most of the time--there's a\nclearly right way, or a better way, or a more ethical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way. Essentially, I've\ntried to say to my kids, \"You've got to live with yourself. Pick the right way\nand then you don't have to look back. Even if you're mistaken, then you know\nthat your motives to do the right thing were there.\" That's the moral compass.\n\nEINSTEIN: One aspect of your life that we haven't touched on yet--but maybe this\nis an opportune time--is to talk about whether Jewishness was important to your\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family . . .\n\nHALL: Just the opposite. We were an assimilated family. My father was more\nreligious than my mother. My mother, I think, her family would have been more\nlike the typical assimilated Jews of Atlanta. They admitted they were Jews. They\nwere clearly . . . they were Jewish. They had Jewish heritage but if they went\nto synagogue, it was only for High ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holidays, and even that, not for certain. My\nfather's side was, as I said, more religious. They probably certainly went to\nsynagogue on High Holidays, but more likely than that, not other times. There\nmay have been a mezuzah on their door. I think my mother's family probably would\nnot have. In my original home, even to my parents' after coming to the United\nStates, religion was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more of a personal moral thing, and the traditions of\nJudaism were really not important in terms of the Friday . . . the Shabbat\ndinner. By far, I wound up being the most religious in the family in that I\nwould attend The Temple on Peachtree almost every Friday night. That made me\nultra-religious in the family by comparison. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married . . . my second wife is\nless so than I am . . . much less so . . . so I've kind of drifted a little bit\nless . . . towards less religiosity. I think I'm one of the few people of my own\nvolition . . . I read the Bible end to end because I wanted to see what\neverybody is referring to. I think religion to me is a moral, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ethical teaching.\nIt's a culture. But after all those experiences . . . no, I do not believe in\nthe rituals. Besides, I think most . . . they're not really religious, they're\nmore custom really. Did I answer your question?\n\nEINSTEIN: Yes. Something that people wonder about--and I wonder about it--is\ntheology and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aftermath of the Holocaust, and fate, and that complex . . .\n\nHALL: For some people who survived the Holocaust, it's really important. For us,\nit was totally unimportant. It was . . . the Holocaust was . . . I think it was\nequivalent to probably what the African-Americans experienced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right about the\ntime . . . it was just before Civil War . . . in that by sight we were\nidentified and mistreated. If, for some reason, there was a Polish person who\nwas dark-complected and had black hair, he or she was in a lot of trouble. I\nsaid Polish . . . you got to understand in Poland, there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was tremendous\nanti-Semitism. It was endemic in society. When we went back and . . . by the\nway, I wrote to Poland and asked for a copy of my birth certificate. \"No, no,\nno. All those records were burned.\" That was the response over and over again.\nWe were visiting Krakow a long, long time ago. My family went back to Poland. We\nfound out from our guide that the records were intact. They were not burned at\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all. Next morning, we went to the registrar of the records . . . my mother, my\nbrother, and I, and our two wives . . . our dad by that time was deceased . . .\nand they looked for . . . and the records are chronological. The birth and death\nrecords are chronological. They looked in April 12, 1935. They couldn't find ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me.\nSo, the registrar said, \"I'm sorry but you were not born then.\" My mother was\nnot prone to be angry, but I could just see she was beginning to develop a head\nof steam, and she said, \"I was there! I know when he was born! I am not\nmistaken! And he was at such-and-such hospital.\" I could just see she was\ngetting really . . . as the kids would say, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"ripped.\" From the back of the room,\nor the side of the room, we heard in a stage whisper, the woman that we were\nusing as a guide say, \"Try the Jewish records.\" We were . . . and the woman\nsaid, \"Oh, okay!\" She walked out, turned right, turned right again, and . . . it\nwas fascinating because I . . . though I wasn't supposed to . . . I followed her\nto see where she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going. The room that we were in originally was probably . .\n. maybe thirty feet wide and fifty feet long. [It was] just covered with racks\nof these very large books of vital records. The other room was about one-quarter\nthat size or maybe even smaller . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". identical books, identical-looking room,\nbut shrunken in size. She pulled out a book, and turned to the appropriate page,\nand there was the . . . my birth certificate.\n\nEINSTEIN: Segregated.\n\nHALL: They did not consider Jews as true citizens, even though, in my case, I\nwas a citizen of Poland by maybe ten ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generations. I still did not qualify to be\nin the general population. So, when I often speak [of] Polish people, I'm only\nreferring to the Christian community, whereas the Jewish community was separate,\neven though they had a Polish passport.\n\nEINSTEIN: We were talking when we were taking a little break, about hiding in\nplain view and you said ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you had some thoughts about that.\n\nHALL: Yes, and some of that is left over. For example, you may have noticed on\nthis tape that I speak probably as good English, if not better, than native-born\nAmericans, and almost never . . . except for very few instances . . . almost\nnever, people expect for me to be foreign born. I came here when I was eleven.\nOne of the ways that I am hiding in plain view until ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today is that, when I came\nhere, there was still anti-Semitism here in the United States. This is 1947 . .\n. I came in February 7, 1947. So, one of the ways of avoiding the anti-foreigner\nfeeling and the anti-Semitism is, I learned English, but I could\nspeak--similarly to my dad--I could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speak better English than most Americans. My\nvocabulary is better than most Americans, and I think I hide in plain view, and\nnobody can know. Nobody expects from me to be a Holocaust survivor until and\nunless I choose to tell them.\n\nEINSTEIN: I wanted to clarify just for my own sake, now: this orphanage where\nyou ended up . . . why do you think you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there rather than having been\ndeported, for example? I mean, if they were rounding up Jewish children at that\ntime . . . and where was your mother at that point? You said you were separated.\n\nHALL: Remember there are two places. An orphanage . . . this is Warsaw ghetto.\n\nEINSTEIN: It was in the ghetto?\n\nHALL: Yes, in the ghetto. So they couldn't deport me because the train wasn't .\n. . it was the two-and-a-half days, according to Uris, that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the train did not\nrun. I think I confirmed it since. That is accurate. So, that's the only place\nthey could take me.\n\nEINSTEIN: Where were your . . . ?\n\nHALL: Unless they would have tossed me on the street--which I guess they could\nhave--in the ghetto . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: They picked you up separately from your mother or they took you away\nfrom . . .\n\nHALL: Separately, yes. It must have been with my mother's consent, because I\nremember her telling me just to go . . . to go. We had a very . . . my mother\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had a very subtle code. If she would look at me in a certain way and tell\nme to do something, that was not to be questioned. It was not necessarily a\ndictatorial way. It was just a nod of the head, \"Please go, go.\" Yes, I'm doing\nit right now, for you. It was that repeat, second word. \"Go, go.\" That means now\n. . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no crying, no demonstration.\n\nEINSTEIN: That must also be something that's had a ripple throughout your life.\n\nHALL: I don't know. Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: Being able to read people that well . . . that's a really . . . that\nkind of skill is . . .\n\nHALL: Absolutely. Also, if you . . . if there was an emergency, I'm a pretty\ngood person to follow in an emergency. I never panic. I just take control of\nthings and make it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happen.\n\nEINSTEIN: Where were your parents at the point where you were taken?\n\nHALL: My mother stayed at Umschlagplatz. Apparently, when we were apprehended,\nwe were not searched. We were just taken. So she had some money with her. There\nwas a street cleaning or some sort of work brigade that they were recruiting\nfrom the Umschlagplatz. So my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother volunteered . . . in those days I guess\npeople didn't volunteer . . . so she was taken on the brigade. She went to see\nthe German soldier. Of course, we spoke German and [she] said to him, \"There's\nsome money here for you. I'm going to disappear from this work brigade.\" She\ngave him the money, she disappeared, he never bothered looking for her, and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's how she got out . . . rejoined my father wherever he was, told him where\nI was--because she sent me to where I was going--and he was able to hire the\nconductor to get me out. That's how we reconnected.\n\nEINSTEIN: Let's move on from there then.\n\nHALL: By the way . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Yes?\n\nHALL: As a result of all these experiences ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one other . . . continually\ninfluence . . . not just me, but also to my family . . . there is probably an\ninordinately high value that we put on family relationships because it was the\nfamily as a unit that survived the war. It was the family . . . the\ninterconnections of the family that enabled us to survive the war. Not just I,\nbut my children put an inordinately high ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"value on the family connections. There\ncan be difficulties within the family. It's inconsequential. The family will\ncontinue to move on intact no matter what. As I love to say--and my first wife\nwill tell you it's true--you can easily join our family, but there's no way out.\nOnce you're in, there's no way out.\n\nEINSTEIN: That's funny. There's a sweetness to it, but I'm sure that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were\ntimes when you might have felt a little bit of the . . .\n\nHALL: Yes. No, we fight. We have our struggles, but we manage to work it out.\n\nEINSTEIN: From Warsaw . . . once you're in the ghetto, your parents were still\noutside the ghetto then? They were able to get you?\n\nHALL: My father was always outside and my mother rejoined him . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Got out.\n\nHALL: As soon as she got lost from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work detail.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did you continue to survive from that point?\n\nHALL: After that, we . . . that's when we got that place two floors below the\nair force headquarters. After that . . . because living amongst general\npopulation, we very quickly learned could be dangerous . . . so that was not the\nthing to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do. There were . . . we ran out of hiding places . . . so getting real\nclose to the German headquarters, that seemed like the right thing to do. Then\nwe were flushed out of there. We were flushed out by . . . of all people . . .\nthe one person that we would never have expected to cause us any problem were\nthese old people that were too sick to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work in any work details [and] too old to\nserve in the military. There was this Polish air warden, who was, as I said, too\nsick, too old to be of much use, and he . . . his job was . . . because this was\nduring the Polish uprising and the Germans were beginning to bomb the city ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of\nWarsaw. There was the ghetto uprising and then there was the Warsaw uprising.\nThat was . . . about six months or so before liberation . . . four to six\nmonths. That's when the city of Warsaw was totally devastated as a result of\nthat . . . as all part of that. This warden went literally from room to room,\nclosets included. He said, \"What are you doing here?\" when he found us in this\nsecond ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room of this two-room office. We said, \"We just happen to be here.\" He\nsaid, \"You've got to come down to the air shelter with everybody else.\"\n\"Really?\" \"Didn't you hear the sirens?\" \"Yes . . . but the sirens go off all the\ntime.\" So, very reluctantly, because again, to us this could have been death, we\nwent down there. I can still visualize this place. It was . . . imagine a tunnel\nnot much wider ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than a subway car, with benches along both sides facing the\nmiddle, and that's what these cellars looked like. They went on for . . . it\nseemed like miles . . . of course I was a kid . . . probably 200, 300 feet.\nAnyway, we sat, and of course the whole idea for my mother and I, and my dad, is\nto hide in plain view. Well, the way we hid, we kind of sit there, half asleep .\n. . seemingly half asleep . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". and we're there, and the rest of the people are\npretty tired. While we were there, all of a sudden there was a . . . we could\nhear bombs exploding all around. What I'm describing now is not a matter of a\ncouple of hours . . . this is a matter of two weeks . . . a week to two weeks.\nAll of a sudden there's this major impact, and a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rock, and a lot of dust around\nall that. We did not know until a while later . . . I don't remember when . . .\nthat the Germans were actually lobbing the V-2 rockets, not only to London, but\nthey actually sent some against Warsaw. At the other end of this . . . this\nsubterranean chamber . . . one of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these V-2 rockets landed and the only reason\nwhy I'm alive is because it didn't explode. It was a . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Dud.\n\nHALL: Dud. I have subsequently, in my reading, I have learned that most of these\nrockets were assembled by Jewish prisoners, and they purposely sabotaged them so\nthey wouldn't explode. As I said, thanks to those people, I'm alive today. I\nremember still, out of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"curiosity, going by to the other end of the underground\nchamber and seeing the nose of the rocket was embedded in soil. Certainly the\ntail was not visible, so we only saw about four feet of it, but it was probably\nfour to six feet in diameter . . . I saw, as I said, about four feet of it in\nlength, and maybe five . . . no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more than that . . . but I'm sure the rocket was\nmore like 30 to 40 feet in total.\n\nEINSTEIN: You had a lot of close misses.\n\nHALL: Yes . . . and then . . . this was 1944. We realized . . . no, subsequently\n. . . I don't know whether the Germans insisted, or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Poles . . . but we had\nto leave there. Or maybe we just thought it wasn't safe anymore. We had to leave\nthere. I don't know exactly what was the causation. I remember walking through\nthe German . . . through the streets of Warsaw . . . not walking, running . . .\nand there were a number of areas that were controlled by snipers . . . obviously\nnot friendly to us. I remember my mother was pregnant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that point with my\nbrother. She . . . some of the barricades that she had to run below the\nbarricade level . . . otherwise we would be shot by these snipers . . . were\nprobably no more than, at most three feet . . . at most . . . could have been\nmore like thirty inches to three feet. She did it. We went to another part of\nWarsaw, where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we joined other people, and that's where my brother was born. We .\n. . when we went back to Poland, we re-tracked that route. We could still see\nthe bullet holes in the walls from those times. When we saw the place where my\nbrother was born, I was amazed, because as a kid, there were . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seemed like\nfull size, but in fact those barrel vaults in the highest part of the ceiling\nwas no more than 5'0\" to 5'3\". For me, I could stand up. All the adults had to\nbend over to walk around.\n\nEINSTEIN: This is coming towards the end of the war.\n\nHALL: Not quite, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost. Then, the Germans insisted that Poland . . . that\nWarsaw be cleared of Poles. Of course, they didn't think that there were any\nJews left. For some reason, my mother and I, joined by my father, were placed in\na hospital train. I think my father arranged for us to be placed. I remember my\nmother's face was bandaged. This was so that . . . there was nothing wrong with\nher ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . . so that she appeared to be wounded, but in fact, just to disguise her\nJewishness. I was looking down most of the time and we were . . . and my father\nwould join us . . . and not . . . be away from us. We took this train, which\nultimately wound up in Krakow. So we ended up the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war in the place where we . .\n. where it started for us.\n\nEINSTEIN: There were no Jews left in Krakow by that time?\n\nHALL: No, although we wound up in the same neighborhood as we started in.\n\nEINSTEIN: That's kind of ironic.\n\nHALL: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: When you were moving from Lvov to Warsaw, this was still kind of going\noff in the woods?\n\nHALL: From Lvov to Warsaw . . . no, I think not. I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were probably . . .\nwe got to Warsaw . . . I have no idea whether we used a bus, coach or train . .\n. I don't remember that.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did your father have any identification papers?\n\nHALL: My father was an amazingly creative man. One of the various things that he\ndid during the war is that he inadvertently . . . unknowingly joined a Polish\nunderground, and his particular unit was in the business of creating false\nidentity ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"papers. They did that for other people, and whenever we needed identity\npapers . . . that was the one thing that we could get at any time. They were so\ngood that the Germans couldn't separate them from the real ones.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did he inadvertently join an underground?\n\nHALL: Easy. In those days you never asked, \"Are you part of the Resistance?\"\n\nEINSTEIN: I see.\n\nHALL: It's just, \"I need identity papers.\" \"Come over here,\" and you start\nworking together. That's how. The way ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we found out about it later is that they\nsaved my father's life under the Russians. That's the first time we found out.\n\nEINSTEIN: I'm sure we'll get to that in a minute. You're back in Krakow, how\ndoes . . .\n\nHALL: After that, things got a lot more . . . even though we were still under\nthe Germans . . . clearly they were losing the war by that time. If it would\nhave come to their attention that we were Jews, we still would have been killed.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, everybody, including the Poles, knew that the Germans were losing, so the\nPoles were not interested in searching out and turning in Jews. The Germans had\nmore important things to do than to go actively search after us. As long as we\ndidn't make ourselves obvious, we could survive.\n\nEINSTEIN: They would have thought that there were absolutely no Jews left in\nKrakow, so how could you possibly be Jewish?\n\nHALL: Exactly. So, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can't say that it was regular, ordinary . . . because\nnothing was regular and ordinary in those days . . . but it was . . . the threat\nwas less onerous than before.\n\nEINSTEIN: That bring us up to when you knew that you had been liberated and the\nwar was over for you.\n\nHALL: It was relatively placid from our point of view, there were no bands, no\nmusic, no celebration . . . just one day the Germans were there and the next day\nthey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weren't. All of a sudden, I saw a Russian soldier . . . and that's how I\nknow we were liberated. There was nothing . . . now the extraordinary . . . and\nbelieve me, you kind of very cautiously walk out of a train or walk on a street\n. . . and now you know you're liberated. Nobody's chasing . . . nobody's\nshouting at you . . . we're okay. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then immediately afterwards, my father started\nlooking for work because everybody was. Also, I'll tell you next about one\nschool experience. I'm almost sure it was then. He . . . now it all comes into\nfocus . . . he worked for, as I said, an insurance company, and so he had . . .\nwas familiar with that so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, his prior pre-war experience, plus the people he\nknew during the war, enabled him to get a position in the Polish government as\nan undersecretary of finance in charge of insurance matters and other financial\nmatters. [He] had a very good job.\n\nEINSTEIN: He was openly Jewish at that point.\n\nHALL: I think Judaism at that point, so we thought, was a non-issue.\n\nEINSTEIN: Because it was under the Russians, more or less.\n\nHALL: Yes, Russians ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were . . . they were anti-Semitic, but we were accustomed to\nthe Polish brand of anti-Semitism, which was lesser than the Russian brand . . .\nI mean, excuse me, vice-versa, greater than Russian brand. So, whatever\nanti-Semitism we may have encountered at that time was so mild compared to what\nwe experienced before, that effectively, it was not for us. So, he got the job,\nand everything, and that's when I went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. As I mentioned to you before,\nI experienced being excluded. I went to a parochial school because they were the\nonly schools that were available. During catechism . . . what made me Jewish is\nduring catechism they made me stand out in the hall. I felt ostracized and\nexcluded. My father ultimately was purged. The reason why he was purged from the\ngovernment was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because he did not know that--nobody really knew at that\ntime--the Russians wanted to prefer the Poles that were in Moscow. The Polish\ngovernment came from two branches: part of it from Moscow, part of it from\nLondon. My dad would make friends with whomever, and because some of his friends\nwere the folks ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from London, that was enough for him to get purged. So he\nwas--without a trial--sent to Siberia for an extended prison term. His life was\nsaved by his former Underground cellmates because my mother got a . . . when he\nwas apprehended, by the way, she secreted our passports . . . my mother got a\nnote that . . . at a certain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time to be there because my father was going to\nbreak out of prison. He got a note that, at a certain time, a certain guard\nwould not see him go over the wall, and this was the wall you're supposed to go\nover. To the day my father died, he never . . . he was about five-foot-four . .\n. he never could figure out how he scaled a fifteen-foot wall . . . straight\nwall . . . without any ladder or anything. He just doesn't . . . he never knew.\nHe could not figure it out. But he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did. The guard saw him scaling the wall . . .\nnever did a thing about it . . . went over the wall, dropped to the other side .\n. . didn't get hurt, which is amazing also . . . ran off to a car that was\nwaiting for him. My mother was in the car. That car took him to a railroad\nstation. My mother had the two passports in hand. The first place they stopped\nwas in Paris. Meanwhile, beforehand, when my father was incarcerated, my mother\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew . . . everybody knew that the Russians used the family as a hostage. She\nsent my brother and I walking across Europe towards Israel. We . . . he was at\nthat time two years old. I was 11 and we were part of the great migration of\nrefugees after World War II. We walked from Warsaw as far as . . . about 40\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"miles south of Vienna [Austria], and there he got sick. I waited for him in\nhospital . . . for him to recover. By that time, my father had broken out of\nprison. He went back . . . they went back looking for us. They found us. We were\nreunited, and we went back to Paris . . . stayed there for about six months, and\nthen came to the United States.\n\nEINSTEIN: So he never actually made the trip to Siberia?\n\nHALL: He was en route.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: That's an astounding story. It's also astounding that your mother must\nhave felt like you were a mature child . . . what were you? Eight years old or\nhowever old you were . . .\n\nHALL: Eleven. I was 11.\n\nEINSTEIN: You were 11.\n\nHALL: Actually, ten.\n\nEINSTEIN: Ten . . . to put you in charge of your younger brother and have you .\n. .\n\nHALL: By ten years old, I was an old ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man. I had dealt with life and death for\nfive years, so . . . I don't think I'm different than most survivors. You don't\never want to be in a contest of wills with me. I can outlast anybody. You name\nthe discomfort, and I can outlast anybody.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you have any thoughts about having survived that as a child? You\nwere just alluding to the sense that you really didn't have a childhood. How did\nyou incorporate that into your life as you got older, and after liberation, when\nyou could really be a child? Were you able to be a child? That's a lot of\ndifferent . . .\n\nHALL: No, that never comes back. Except in my adulthood, some people who know me\nwell, think that I have . . . there's a playfulness about me . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nchildishness about me, that I guess I'm recouping bits and pieces of my\nchildhood that way. But that never comes back.\n\nEINSTEIN: You just feel like that part of your life was just lost?\n\nHALL: Never was.\n\nEINSTEIN: Just never was. Did you or were you able to have any childhood by kind\nof living with your younger brother? Did you have a good relationship when you\nwere children, or did you really feel like you were an adult and couldn't relate\nat all?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HALL: We're nine years apart. I don't know whether it was that relationship or\njust the nine years, but there was a pretty common consensus in our household\nthat there were three adults and a child. I think my parents treated me that\nway. I was pretty much in charge of him when they were off to work, and I think\nthat tells you. I think there was a lot of resentment on my brother's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part\ntowards me at first. I think he's gotten over it . . . mostly.\n\nEINSTEIN: And his name?\n\nHALL: Andrew. His original name was André. André Cecil. He hates that word\n\"Cecil.\" But now it's Andrew Clifford Hall. He practiced law here in Atlanta also.\n\nEINSTEIN: Let's move forward through this period. You said that there were . . .\nwere there any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other experiences under the Russians? You were in school at that\npoint. Did you have your red kerchief? What happened?\n\nHALL: No. I remember nothing of that. No, the only thing I remember is the nuns,\nparochial school . . . the reason I say four or five months is I'm sure it took\nseveral months to just organize and get school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going, because right after the\nwar, everything was just chaos. Then, of course, my father was apprehended . . .\narrested and we had to leave the country about two months after his arrest . . .\na month or two after his arrest. Another thing about leaving the country and my\nparents finding us that gives you some sense of the human being that I was then\n. . . My mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"You're leaving because . . . \" and she told me that the\nRussians used families as hostages. \"If you leave then there are all sorts of\npossibilities, one of which is your father can escape from prison.\" As long as\nmy brother and I were there, there were no possibilities. The Russians would say\n. . . would give the prisoner 72 hours to give themselves up or the family would\nbe shot. That was it. So, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as she said, \"Be sure they don't find you.\" My mother\nnever had to describe to me who \"they\" were. My parents couldn't find us and the\nreason for that is that I did as I was told. To give you a sense of my level of\nmaturity . . . nobody had papers in those days. There were no papers. There was\nno organized government to speak of, or functioning government, so I would come\ninto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one camp and my name was . . . given name was Allan Hall and my brother was\nAndrew Hall. We would leave that camp and I would [tell] them my name was John\nAllen Smith and this was Charlie Smith. We would go to the next camp and I would\ninvent . . . in other words, every step of the way, the names were different.\n\nEINSTEIN: These are displaced persons camps you're speaking of?\n\nHALL: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. So, if you would study the records--even if you happen to chance upon\nus once--unless you were clairvoyant, you would not be able to follow us. That\nwas the design. I did this by intent because I expected people to be trying to\nfind us. The idea was that nobody should be able to find us. Well, I did such a\ngreat job that my parents couldn't find ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. My parents finally figured out what\nI was doing because they looked, and looked, and looked, and never could find\nus. They thought that they had a clear advantage because they knew . . . my\nmother said, \"Go to Trieste [Italy].\" The ships to Israel are going from Trieste\nat that time. So she knew where I was going. Well, nobody could find us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In\nParis, they chanced upon a cousin who was an Israeli, and this fellow said, \"We\ncan't find them either.\" What my parents knew is there are two things that could\nnot change: the approximate age of my brother and my approximate age. They knew\nI was quite capable of changing my gender. I could have posed as a girl,\nalthough my hair would have been a problem. So they weren't even sure they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\nlooking for two boys, but they knew that the ages . . . I couldn't change it. I\ncould change it by a year or two, but not significantly. So they started looking\nfor a pair of children . . . probably boys, but not for sure . . . traveling\ntogether along the route from Warsaw to Trieste. We were the sixth pair of\nchildren out of eleven possible pairs that they visited. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Does that tell you just\na little bit about my level of maturity? They would have never found us if not\nfor my brother being sick. Because I was . . . all of a sudden, for a period of\nabout four weeks, I couldn't move. Otherwise, it was my job to make sure nobody\ncould find us. That was interesting. As I mentioned, I was ten years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old. I\nwasn't altogether wild at the idea, because here I was on my own for months,\nwith no parental . . . no adult control. I was pretty happy with that. But of\ncourse, they were my parents, so it was great. It was fine. But of course the\nfirst thing they asked, and they were furious with me, \"What did you do with\nyour brother? What happened to your brother?\" I proceeded to tell them that he\nwas in the hospital. Then they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terrified. We found out later--later meaning\nwithin a couple of hours--that the people in the hospital kept my brother\nbecause he was so malnourished. He was really well but they were just trying to\nfatten him up a little bit. So, it was . . . they were just delighted. They had\ntheir children back, but my brother didn't recognize them, because we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away\nfrom them long enough. So he started panhandling them . . . asking for bread of\nhis own parents.\n\nEINSTEIN: I guess another thing I was kind of envisioning is that you're in\nKrakow, and then there must have been the survivors who were starting to filter\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back from the camps, and whether that . . . what you might have thought about\nseeing them or what your parents told you.\n\nHALL: The camps were hideous . . . horrible. But remember two or three things.\nFirst of all, there weren't that many of them [survivors]. Some of them were\nhostilely received by the Polish population. There were actually some that were\nkilled when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they tried to get back to their own homes and places. As far as from\nour point of view, we had seen so much . . . such hideous atrocities, that\nseeing them was no different than the rest of what we experienced. I mean, it\nwas a tragedy, but we've had five years of tragedies . . . people getting killed\nright in front of us . . . so it was just one more of a series of things . . .\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horrible occurrences.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you have any memories of specific instances when you knew that you\nwere just a kind of a regular kid again, or did you ever feel that way?\n\nHALL: No, never did. No. I think life became . . . I feel like, if this is an\nordinary life, and this is my life, somewhere in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my forties, fifties, sixties,\nthe two started merging, but prior to that, no. No, I was always very different.\nThat's why I always say I feel like I always hide in plain view.\n\nEINSTEIN: Is that an emotional thing or façade of some kind?\n\nHALL: Yes. Sure. On the outside, I make sure that I look fine. I look well. I\nlook ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ordinary. Inside, I'm not.\n\nEINSTEIN: So you're . . . from there you're reunited with your parents. You're a\nfamily again. How do you proceed to the next destination?\n\nHALL: We came to New York [City, New York].\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you have to go through a quota system, or were you in a DP\n[displaced persons] camp together?\n\nHALL: No, we came here illegally.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You wouldn't want to do that now in Georgia [United States].\n\nHALL: No, and it was . . . but it was . . . I can certainly empathize with the\nillegal immigrants, because it took people months to convince us to come out of\nhiding in the United States. What had happened was we came here on diplomatic\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"passports. My father's and my mother's passports were diplomatic. The passports\nwere no good because, obviously . . . because of my father's incarceration. He\nwas no longer a diplomat. So the passports were automatically revoked, but once\nwe were here . . . we came on Sunday night and that's the reason they couldn't\ncheck with the Polish Embassy . . . another happenstance . . . and that's why we\nsurvived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that set of events. Otherwise, we would have been sent back to Poland\nand probably been liquidated instantly. We joined our two uncles in New York,\nwho immigrated in 1932 and 1933. One of the uncles had a summer cottage in\nNewburgh, New York, which is sixty miles up the Hudson River. He said, \"Well,\nit's got heat in it. Why don't you stay there for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while and see what happens?\"\nMy parents ultimately got menial jobs . . . my father as a laborer and my mother\nas a seamstress . . . and from there, they worked their way up the scale until\nthey owned several businesses and some real estate when they died.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did they stay in that area, around Newburgh?\n\nHALL: No, I skipped a step. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In about two years afterwards, one of my uncles used\nto vacation in Miami [Florida] . . . Miami Beach to be specific. \"Well,\" my\nuncle said, \"Why don't you come down for a week, spend a week with us, and have\na vacation?\" Well, when my parents went to Miami Beach, they thought they found\nheaven. This had to be nirvana because it doesn't get any better. They were\nabsolutely determined to move to Miami ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beach and a year later, my father . . .\nsix months later, my father and I drove down there. We rented an apartment,\nwhich, interestingly, last . . . about two weeks ago, I visited a friend of mine\nwho lives there now, same apartment. We rented an apartment and we rented a\nstore, too, and this was probably year-end vacation. Then, the following summer\nwe were supposed to move down ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there permanently. The business in New York was\ndoing well enough to where they had to finish the orders that they were working on.\n\nEINSTEIN: What kind of business was it?\n\nHALL: This was a drapery and slipcover store . . . drapes and slipcovers . . .\nwhen those . . . when slipcovers were popular. They couldn't make it down. So,\nat the age of 15, they sent me down to Miami Beach to set up the store by myself\n. . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". which I did. [It] never crossed my mind that that was inappropriate. Once\nagain, I lived very comfortably by myself as an adult, without adult\nsupervision. They would call me periodically--perhaps once a week--and say,\n\"Another week . . . another week . . . another week . . .\" because business was\ngoing so well and money was important. We didn't have that much of it. Then they\nasked me, second ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half of August or latter part of August, \"How's school?\" I\nsaid, \"School is fine. School is wonderful.\" Of course, I didn't tell them I\ndidn't bother going to school. I'm sure school was perfect without me. When they\ncame down in December finally . . . I'm sorry, it was probably October . . .\nmaybe October or November . . . that's when I had to tell them the truth that I\nhad not gone to school. In fact, I had opened the store. I was doing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business. I\nwas making money, and, it seemed to me, I could always catch up in school. My\nfather was furious, and my mother was not much better, but he was more overt\nwith his anger. He said, \"You got yourself into this mess, you get yourself\nout.\" But that was no problem to me. I have seen him be part of a forgery ring .\n. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". making up false papers. As far as I was concerned, all of my knowledge was\nlife . . . so this was just a mere detail. So, a demit is a transfer from one\nschool to another. So I looked at the demit papers . . . one sheet of paper,\neight-and-a-half by eleven . . . I saw the date. I just changed the two to an\neight . . . or the five to an eight, or whatever it was . . . or nine or ten . .\n. whatever the appropriate dates were . . . forged ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the document . . . went to\nschool. Of course, I was not quite as good a forger as he was. So, the\nsecretary--who was a lovely woman--said to me, \"Was this altered in any way?\" I\nsaid, \"Not that I know of, no. Is there something wrong with it?\" She looked at\nme and said, \"Ah, go to class.\" That was it. I went to school in Miami Beach and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finished. I tried very hard to be American and so did my parents. I finished\nhigh school in Miami Beach [and] went to university.\n\nEINSTEIN: Wait. How did you try very hard to be American? What did that mean to you?\n\nHALL: Let me give you an example. There are lots of examples, but one. For a kid\nwho was confined from age five to age nine and a half [or] ten in the closets\nand basements, never any physical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exercise . . . my legs were pretty much\natrophied. I decided that how do I become . . . to be an American, you have to\nparticipate in sports. What's the most rigorous sport there is in high school?\nFootball. So, that's what I went out for . . . football. What's the roughest\nposition? In the line, so that . . . you don't do things half way . . . so I\nbecame a guard on the Miami Beach football ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"team. What saved me was we had a\nterrible football team, and I was probably the worst guard on the team, but\nnevertheless, I played an American sport . . . like an American. I was lousy at\nit . . . but I played. Now, it's . . . whatever was an American way of doing\nthings--whether it was dating or driving cars--I did it. I wanted to become an\nAmerican. We wanted . . . my parents were the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way. We decided that . . .\nhow does one learn how to speak English well? You speak English at home. Prior\nto that decision, we came here with four languages: Polish, of course, was our\nprimary language, French, German, and Russian. In Poland, those were the common\nlanguages. To a lesser or greater degree, whether it be a smattering of words or\nfull ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"capacity in language, those were the four languages. If you came to our\nhome of origin before the decision to use English was made, we would use words\nindiscriminately from the four languages. In any given sentence, there could\nhave been three languages used, and everybody understood, and it was like a\ncommon language, and people who did not know all four languages would have no\nidea what we're talking about. We had total comfort. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All of a sudden, we shifted\nto English. It was much easier for my brother and I because we were immersed in\nEnglish all day long. My parents were also in business, but it was a little more\ndifficult for them. At home, we spoke English and my parents very quickly became\nfluent in English. They perhaps spoke with an accent, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they had a full\nvocabulary and their grammar was excellent. Whereas my brother and I . . . if\nwe're not linguists, we certainly are . . . have a full capacity in the English language.\n\nEINSTEIN: In what other way did your parents, I mean, they were of course fully\nEuropean in their manners, and their dress, and their attitudes. How did they\nstart to make ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that acculturation? How did they start to make the transition into\nbeing Americans?\n\nHALL: It wasn't 100 . . . it wasn't easy, but it was very rapid . . . even in\ncooking. Until the time my parents died, my mother could make gefilte fish from\nscratch. How many women can do that nowadays? But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was a conscious effort on\neverybody's part to become \"American\" and in all ways. I would say, when my\nparents died, they were thought . . . I mean, if there was a scale from a\nhundred percent Polish or European to a hundred percent American, they were\nprobably ninety-five to nine-eight percent American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along that continuum. It was\njust as if all you had to do is tell us, \"This is the American way of doing it.\"\nBy the way, why do you think I have the name Allan and last name Hall? Very\nsimple. When we came here, my uncle said, \"Adam is not an American name.\" It\nwas, at the time, not a popular name. So, the obvious question is: what is?\n\"Well, how about Allan?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Great.\" I can show you papers when I was a kid . . .\n12 or 13, where I spelled Allan each of the four different ways because I had no\nidea how to spell my name, so I spelled it any way I could. I used . . . I\nfinally became Allan . . . A-L-L-A-N . . . because it sounded the most\nsophisticated of the four different ways. There was no better justification. As\nfar as last name, when we became citizens ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . . I forget, must have been just\nbefore we became citizens . . . in anticipation of becoming citizens, we were .\n. . we came to hear that the papers that my father had . . . the diplomatic\npapers . . . and my mother . . . were in the name of Horski. During the war, we\nwould constantly change our names. So just like I when I was trying to elude\nanybody who might be looking for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me . . . we would never create new papers in\nthe same name . . . so if they were looking for Wyronski, we became Petoski. If\nthey were looking for Petoski, we became Horski. The \"ski's\" is like \"son\" in\nEnglish. It's the common suffix in Polish names. At any rate, that was the name\nthat we had . . . was Horski. When we became United States citizens, we had\nthree choices: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stay with Horski, which was a foreign name to us, and meant\nnothing to us; go back to Horowitz, which means overtly present yourselves as\nbeing Jewish . . . that we were still too scared to do that, even in 1954; or\npick an American name. Well, that was the choice we liked. Why Hall rather than\nany other? It was me. When I went to the phone book . . . living in Miami Beach\n. . . to the Miami Beach phone ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"book and I looked down there under H's. I wanted\nto keep the same initial, for reasons I don't understand. At any rate, I looked\nunder . . . \"Hall\" was the most common name . . . the largest number of entries.\nThat's how I became Hall.\n\nEINSTEIN: Let's pick up with what you were just saying.\n\nHALL: What I started saying when we were not taping . . . the big difference\nbetween us and other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivors that I've noticed, is that many of the other\nsurvivors tend to look back, and tend to focus on the time before the war, and\nduring the war experiences. For reasons which I cannot tell you, because I don't\nunderstand myself, we were determined to close the door on all those\nexperiences. They were horrible . . . there's no sense ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dwelling on them, and to\nmove forward, and to perhaps start our lives, not resume our lives. Let's start\nour lives now. Even now . . . I'm seventy-six, as I mentioned before . . . I\ntend to look forward. I tend to look towards the future. I choose not to focus\non the past and I think that's the principal difference between other survivors\nthat I have met and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself.\n\nEINSTEIN: Yet you have, as you've said, had the opportunity to meet with other\nsurvivors, to be part of that community in a certain way, and to speak about\nyour experiences?\n\nHALL: Yes. I don't deny my past, but I don't dwell on it. I visit it only as\nnecessary, as I'm doing with you right now . . . but it's not something . . .\nfor example, I've been asked to write my memoires, and I've ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tried. I can do\nsnippets here and there, but in terms of sitting and forcing myself to do a book\n. . . and notice the word I use, \"forcing myself.\" Those are bad times. Why\nwould I want to dwell upon that time? No. I'll just . . . I told my children. I\ntold whoever wants to hear. I'm telling you. There's a record left here, also\nwith the . . . the project . . . the . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Shoah Foundation? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Spielberg.\n\nHALL: Spielberg. I did a tape with the Spielbergs.\n\nEINSTEIN: Yes.\n\nHALL: I think there's a tape of mine at Emory [University in Atlanta]. That's enough.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you go to high school then ever in Miami Beach?\n\nHALL: Yes. No, no, no, I finished high school.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did you feel being who you were at that point with all those kids?\n\nHALL: That's a wonderful question. Let me respond in a roundabout ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way. I told\nyou, I tried to be very American, tried to be very ordinary . . . if you were\nhiding in plain view. Within the last five or six years . . . maybe seven years\nago, we had a fiftieth class reunion, which I attended. Everybody had a chance\nto stand up and say something, and I thanked my classmates ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because, for the\nfirst time, I had some normalcy in my life at [Miami] Beach High. As I tell you\nthis, tears come to my eyes. Bear with me. Because they did not know that I was\na Holocaust survivor. A few of my close friends ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did. I lived like normal people.\nThey were shocked to hear . . . some fifty years later. So, yes, and I would\nsay, I told you about the two paths converging. They started to converge in high\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. When I proposed to my first wife, it was a very odd proposal, and I\nthink she was insane to have accepted because I said to her, \"If you say, 'Yes,'\nyou've got to understand the person that I am. If something happens to my\nparents, we have to take care of them. Even if something doesn't happen to my\nparents, more likely than not, we will have to take care of my brother, put him\nthrough college. If you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decide to join me in life and be married to me, you're\nnot married just to me. You're married to my brother. You're married to my\nparents. We all come as a package.\" Insanely, she said, \"Yes.\" Interestingly,\nwhen my mother was in her dying bed, my former wife was there, my current wife\nwas there, my brother's former wife was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, and he wasn't married a second\ntime at that point . . . so these relationships, they're real. I'm not sure I\nanswered your question.\n\nEINSTEIN: Of course, you did. I guess I was also wondering about, from the point\nof view of . . . sort of the frivolousness of high school and what the kids . . .\n\nHALL: No.\n\nEINSTEIN: None of that?\n\nHALL: No, no. It's . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". no. Even today . . . Even today, if I'm going to be\nfrivolous . . . and I can be more playful today than most people my age . . . it\nlasts for 30 seconds and it's done. It just doesn't happen.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any . . .\n\nHALL: I can't tell you who the current movie stars are. I can't tell you about\nthe pop figures. I just don't live that life.\n\nEINSTEIN: I mean, that's sort of what I'm getting at. Maybe I didn't put it in a\nway that was easy to understand. High school is a time when most people are so\ncarefree and they're not thinking about anything too seriously. They're living a\nlife that's very cushy. I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wondering whether you had any sense of whether you\ncould be any part of that or whether you wanted to be.\n\nHALL: I didn't know how. That's part of it. I really wasn't interested. I think\nI was . . . always thought it was trite. To give you a sense, I told you that at\nthe age of 15, I was . . . started my parent's business . . . wait, it gets even\nmore interesting. Then, shortly thereafter, I walked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by a place . . . the valets\n. . . I walked by a valet booth in front of a restaurant. The valet said to me,\n\"Well, do you know how to drive a car?\" I said, \"Yes, I do. I have a learner's\npermit.\" He says, \"Well, when you get your driver's license, come see me. I'll\ngive you a job.\" In retrospect, I think he was insane . . . but when I got my\ndriver's license, I went to see him, and that was obviously my junior ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year in\nhigh school . . . the latter part of my junior year in high school. Anyway, a\nyear later, he graduated from law school. He sold me the business. At the age of\n17, I own a door concession in front of a restaurant. I was making as much money\nas most people who were supporting a family of four. Let me tell you my\nschedule: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would go to school like most kids, then I would go to football\npractice. Then, after football practice, I would go to my business. I would run\nmy business until about eleven . . . eleven-thirty at night, then I would either\nsocialize for a little bit--with adults, not children, because it was\neleven-thirty at night. By one o'clock, I would go to sleep and, by six-thirty\nor seven, I'd be up and ready to go to school again. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Never had time for homework\nor anything of that sort. My grades, of course, went from an \"A\" average to\nabout a \"C\" average, but it really made no difference to me, because a \"C\"\naverage was passing, and I was doing everything I wanted to do. So, that gives\nyou a sense of . . . I wanted to be an American, so I was going to play\nfootball. But I realized money and the value of money . . . Money was always\ntight in my house, so I owned my own ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business and I was making good money.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you feel like your parents really parented you after the point\nwhere you were kind of in hiding, and underneath there, like that intimacy that\nwe were talking about, or were you more of an equal in some kind of way?\n\nHALL: I think . . . based upon all of our experiences, they . . . and remember,\nthey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lost all of their peers and they lost all of their mentors . . . so we were\nall floating out in the sea by ourselves. We were in a shipwreck and we were the\nonly survivors. They had nobody to pattern their behavior by, or from, and I had\neven less. So, to respond to you . . . they did not know really how to be\nparents. They were doing the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"best they could. I didn't know how to be a child. I\nthink . . . it wasn't an equal relationship, because they really made sure there\nwas a recognition of their parenting roles versus my child roles. But it was not\n[like] any relationship that I saw in any of my peers' homes. I think I was\ndifferent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than most kids. I may have not been easy for a parent. Think about if\nyou had a kid who was 16 [or] 17 years old, who was making the equivalent today\nof $30,000 a year. I mean, not a big wage, but it's a decent living wage. When I\nwent to college, it was not an easy choice, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I could have gone to\nUniversity of Florida--as I did--and given up my business. Or I could have tried\nto go to University of Miami and my parents said to me that they would pay the\ntuition. By the way, [the University of] Florida had no tuition at that time.\n[If I had] given up [my business] . . .[my parents said] they would have paid\nthe tuition. But if I would have stayed in Miami, I probably would have kept the\nbusiness, and probably my grades would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been dismal. As it turned out, in\nFlorida, my grades were initially wonderful, and then they turned out to be\ndismal when I found out . . . and this is part of my recouping a childhood . . .\nat first I went to school, to university, and I was scared, so I studied, and my\ngrades were great. Then I thought, \"Oh, I can do this. Look at these good grades\nI got.\" Then, \"I don't really need to study because I'm smart enough to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to\ncollege.\" So then, I decided to hang out in the student union, and be literally\na full-time resident of the student union, four or five hours a day. Then other\nsocial engagements kept me too busy and so my grades were . . . became poor . .\n. not horrible, but poor. Next semester, I decided I didn't need to buy books or\ngo to class. Then, for the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, I was treated appropriately by a stranger\n. . . as a child should be. I still remember this silver-haired man, Dean\nArnett. I got a note from him. Please come visit me at this and that time. When\na dean asks an undergraduate to visit him, that's never good news. So I went to\nsee him, knees knocking, and he said, \"You know, Mr. Hall, it was really nice\nhaving ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you with us.\" I heard the past tense. Now, I'm good at English, and I\nknew exactly what it meant. I took a deep breath, and I said, \"Sir.\" I started\nto beg and plead. He said, \"No, no, no, you've got till the end of the semester.\nEither you get your grades up, or you're out of here.\" I hit the books. My\ngrades were wonderful again. After that they were great throughout. So, you\nknow, I can be a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child, but it doesn't happen that often, and the consequences\nof being a child are not good.\n\nEINSTEIN: Not in that case, certainly not. How did you . . . academically, after\nhaving totally missed all of elementary school, all of junior high school, and\nmost of high school, how did you recoup your academic standing, or ability, or\nall that knowledge that you didn't get?\n\nHALL: I am blessed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a certain mind. I'm not a neurologist, nor am I a\npsychiatrist, nor am I a psychologist, so I can't . . . I don't . . . I can't\ndefine these faculties or my abilities. I have a great . . . a wonderful ability\nin mathematics and sciences. It just . . . it's easy for me. So those courses .\n. . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I was tested, I was tested at between 90 . . . what came to mind is\nwhat I say, between 97 and 99 percentile, but no less than 95 percentile in any\nof those areas. I think history was probably 95 percentile. When it came to\nEnglish, 57 percentile. The point is, when I read, I read painfully ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slowly even\nuntil this day. For a practicing lawyer, this is a handicap, but that's the way\nit is. I read at 250 words a minute. Out loud . . . you really don't want to\nhear me read out loud because it's painful. What it means is, when I went\nthrough law school, if it took most of my classmates two hours to study, it took\nme seven, or eight. So what? I can do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. The difference was, when I read\nsomething once, I have something close to . . . in the high nineties . . .\nretention rate . . . comprehension and retention. So I could read something\nvery, very slowly, but once through it, I don't need to go back again. That's\nthe way I've led my way through it. I still read extremely poorly. My\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"handwriting reflects the fact that I've never had any training in the first five\nyears. It's legible, but it's extraordinary. Now for example, the way I form my\nletters . . . given the choice I will print rather than write . . . and that's\nall part of the same.\n\nEINSTEIN: So did you . . . I'm going to run out of time. I want to make sure we\nat least ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get out of your twenties. Did you . . . So you went to Florida, and\nthen you went to law school here in Atlanta? Is that how you got here?\n\nHALL: No, I went to Florida, got an engineering . . . effectively it was called\ndifferently but it was a structural engineering course. [I] got out and . . .\nstructural engineering usually deals with buildings, so one of my classmates\nactually went to design airplanes and that was his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"career. I happened to like\nbuilding buildings, so that was my beginning, first couple of years. Then, I\nwent into the office, and subsequently I set up my own construction company. In\nFlorida, I had four of them. I had a partner and we decided to separate. I wound\nup selling my interest out. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somewhere along the way, I decided that I wasn't\ndoing that for which I was trained. In fact, I designed very few structural\nmembers. So what was I doing? I was doing administrative work in a set of\nconstruction companies. Now . . . I actually counted my hours of my day and I\nspent about thirty percent of my time with lawyers--putting deals together,\nbuying, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"selling. Of all of the things, I could . . . because of my math, I could\nvery quickly learn, and understand what the accountants were trying to tell me.\nIt was more difficult with lawyers, so therefore, like becoming an American, I'm\ngoing to go after the most difficult thing first! I decided I was going to take\nthe LSAT [Law School Admission Test]. Much to my surprise . . . because I\nfigured with my inability to read that I was going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"score very poorly. Well, I\nscored well. So, that's . . . so then I applied to one law school . . . of\ncourse, looking at it in retrospect, the whole thing seems rather insane . . .\nand that law school accepted me, which was University of Florida. That was again\nzero tuition. So married with two children, I became a freshman law student. [I]\nwent through that no problem at all. Actually, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody . . . my wife is a\nlawyer also. She hated law school. I enjoyed law school. When the professors\nwere ugly, and mean, and nasty as they often are in law schools, I said, \"Oh,\nthat's less than what I experienced every day in the law . . . in the\nconstruction office.\" People are yelling at each other and people are nasty all\nthe time. This was nothing. This was not . . . I mean, these people can't even\nhurt me! To make a long story short, when I graduated from law ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school, I\nreceived several law offers. The one that really interested me most of all, was\nthe one . . . was the HUD office in Atlanta. That's how I came to Atlanta.\nExcept the last minute, after I accepted the job, there was a law firm that was\nworking with HUD . . . same transactions but on the other side of the desk.\nTheir offer seemed to be more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting and their job seemed to be more\ninteresting. It was a much broader scope to the job. So I went to work with\nthem. It was McCready Johnston. I joined them. It took me two months to graduate\nand to move to Atlanta. In those two months, that law firm disappeared. But one\nof the partners in the law firm invited me to join, which I did. I stayed with\nthem for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two years and then Troutman Sanders invited me to join, which is one of\nthe big law firms . . . national law firms. I was with them for a couple of\nyears, and then subsequently opened my own law firm, which I had in various\niterations until 19 . . . somewhere in the Nineties, when I finally said to my\nclients, \"No more. I'm done.\" Meantime, at the same time, I always enjoyed\nteaching, and so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I started teaching at Southern Polytechnic State University in\nMarietta [Georgia], and I taught there. While in law school, I also taught at\nUniversity of Florida, so I taught at University of Florida for two years\npart-time, and then a year part time here, and then full time at Southern Tech,\nso I'm a professor emeritus teaching.\n\nEINSTEIN: Wonderful. Well, we missed those kids of yours that you had along the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way. Tell me about what it was like for you to become a father and how that felt\nafter your own odd childhood?\n\nHALL: I think really scary. I mean, I was used to being scared, but this was a\ndifferent type of scary. That here I was responsible, and don't misunderstand, I\nknow I had a wife, but always, I felt that I was responsible. And yes, she was a\nvery good mother . . . she is . . . continues to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be a good mother. But I was . .\n. it was always my responsibility, my obligation, et cetera. When I took these .\n. . especially my older daughter because, by the time my younger one was born, I\nhad already been experienced, but [the older] one . . . and I felt the soft top\nof her head and I realized how vulnerable she is . . . I was really scared. That\nfeeling of discomfort . . . of being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apprehensive for somebody else's wellbeing\nto a much lesser degree continues. My older daughter is 51 years old, so . . .\nbut they've finally convinced me--both of my two daughters--that they can well\ntake care of themselves. But every once in a while I have my moments where I\nworry about them.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you look at your father as a kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a hero in a certain way? How\ndo you look at him and what he did for you? Did that give you a feeling of\nempowerment when you [consider] yourself in your own life?\n\nHALL: I think he was an example . . . larger than life . . . an example that's\noftentimes resented. You can't compete with a man like that. I mean, how do you\ncompete with a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high-rise building? That's how big he was . . . like you're\nstanding next to a high-rise building. You going to compete with that? He was\nincredibly inventive, courageous, and at the same time flawed in many ways. I .\n. . the way you compete with somebody like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is you don't. For example, the\nmost prolific storyteller I've ever met is my father. If he was in the room, it\ndidn't take a moment until everybody's standing around him listening to him. If\nI ever tried to tell a joke or story in his presence, it was a dud. There was no\nway of competing with him. So you don't compete with somebody like that. My\nbrother tries ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to emulate him.\n\nEINSTEIN: How does that go?\n\nHALL: Yes. I decided a long time ago that if I can't win, I'm not going to play\nthat game. So I've always gone a different . . . my own way.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you try to teach, I mean, what was the . . . I want to use the\nword \"fallout\" but that's not really the right word . . . with your children,\nyou had such a . . . as we were talking about . . . this mixed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"message of what\nhumanity is. How did you teach them to be in the world or what did you try to\nrelay to them?\n\nHALL: I think a great deal of credit has to be given to their mother because I\nthink their mother gave them much more normalcy, which I was not able to give\nthem. I think on the other hand, I gave them a lot of depth. For example, my\ndaughter at the age of 40, I think, was a president of her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregation. I think\nmy other daughter, for example, at the age of 28 was the CEO [Chief Executive\nOfficer] of a corporation with four living facilities and a corporation . . . a\nmulti-million dollar corporation that she was running at 28. So, I think from me\nthey got depth, they got insight, they got perhaps breadth, but not normalcy.\n\nEINSTEIN: Let me switch just a little bit. You came to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta. What did you\nthink about Atlanta when you got here?\n\nHALL: Why did I . . . I was offered other jobs. Why did I come to Atlanta? I\nthink at that . . . this was 1968. Atlanta, comparing to places that I looked\nat--Pittsburgh, Orlando, Miami--was by far the most exciting place with more\nthings, more cultural opportunities than any of the other cities. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember\ncoming back from Pittsburgh from an interview and my wife said, \"How was it?\" I\nsaid, \"Pittsburgh is great. We're moving to Atlanta.\" The way I saw the city was\n. . . I had a four-hour layover from the airport and I took . . . there was no\nMARTA. I took a cab from there to downtown, somewhere around 7th and Peachtree.\nOh, I know exactly the building . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". went into the HUD offices, interviewed,\nthey told me they wanted me to join them . . . just a matter of when. It was\njust . . . it was that quick. I said, \"I need to speak to my wife.\" On the way\nback from Atlanta to . . . Gainesville, I made up my mind. It's not the job I\nwanted. It's the city I wanted. If I had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a mistress, she would be\nAtlanta. Even though I live in Miami Beach, this city is seductive for me. I\nlove the people here. I love the environment . . . the greening of the city. I\nremember my office used to be in the Equitable Building downtown, and I could\nstand on my 19th floor office and I had a full wall of windows facing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"east\nlooking over half of the city. It was green with an occasional building popping\nout through the canopy. I cannot think of another city--with the possible\nexception of Seattle [Washington]--that has that vista, from Five Points, which\nI consider the center of town. There's very little about the city I don't love.\nI don't love the pollen in the spring. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But given . . . accepting that, this is\nstill . . . you might say, \"Well, why did you move [away from] Atlanta?\" Well,\nmy parents left me an apartment in Miami Beach and my wife--my second wife--had\nnever been to Florida. She went down to look at the apartment, and she fell in\nlove with Miami Beach in the way that I fell in love with Atlanta. My father . .\n. the day before he died said, \"You know, there are a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jobs. There are a\nlot of places you can live, but there's only one wife that you've got.\" I live\nby that motto. The next day he died.\n\nEINSTEIN: I can't even imagine what that must have been like, after having . . .\nchildren and parents always have an intimacy, and strong relationships built\nover whatever number of years, I mean, we hope so, but your relationship with\nyour parents and the fact that you got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to keep them after so many . . . for so\nmany years after the war, that must have been so difficult.\n\nHALL: To lose them? When I lost my father . . . and that's easy to talk about .\n. . and I saw him failing. He had a heart condition, and he had this, and he had\nall kinds of maladies, and I knew it was coming. But honestly, it was like\nhaving hit a wall . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"running at full speed and you hit a wall. I didn't know\nwhat happened to me. It was . . . I remember I was in Sandy Springs going south\non Roswell Road, turned left onto 285 heading eastward, and I purposefully ran\noff the road, and onto that grassy strip along the entrance to 285. I thought,\n\"I don't know where I have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been. I don't know where I'm going. I don't remember\ndriving there.\" I was so upset. What I'm describing was just an example of the\nway I felt for months, if not years. Losing my father was just awful. Losing my\nmother was very different, because my father died of a heart attack at a family\nreunion and it was like this grand man ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of a sudden disappeared. My mother,\non the other hand, her health was failing. Instead of having her in a nursing\nhome, we had help in the house. I saw her almost every day . . . probably pretty\nclose to every day. I saw her suffering for the last three or four months. That\nwas again a unique experience, because when she finally died, there was a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relief. It was . . . finally she was out of her misery. By the way, she would\nnot die. She refused to die. The person who was taking care of her knew about\nHolocaust experiences. By that time, she was a member of the family. She was\nwith us for months. She said . . . she pulled me aside and she said, \"You've got\nto tell her she can die because she's not going to die, and she's in terrible\nshape.\" I'd never heard of that . . . telling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody that they can die. It\ntook me several days to think it over and finally I told my mother how well my\nbrother and I are doing, how well our families are doing, how she and dad did a\ngreat job, and we thanked her, and we'd love to have her, but if she wanted to\ndie, it was okay. We can do without her. She was dead within 48 hours. She was\nactually dead within a little more than 24 hours after that. So, this woman was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right. Losing my mother was not so terrible. Actually, having her the last three\nmonths was pretty rough. My brother and I . . . interestingly, because we're\nstill trying to find . . . we are close. I can't say . . . we have a good\nrelationship. We're still trying to find our appropriate relationship because\nthere was this parent . . . quasi-parent, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quasi-child relationship. I'm sure\nthere was a lot of bad feelings that particularly he had towards me and some\ndisappointments that I had towards him. We're still stumbling our way [through].\nHopefully, another twenty [or] thirty years we'll get it.\n\nEINSTEIN: Are we missing any part of your story? Is there anything that we\ndidn't talk about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you think is important to put down on tape?\n\nHALL: Yes. There are lots of things. I mean . . . but I won't bore you.\n\nEINSTEIN: I'm so not bored.\n\nHALL: For example, how did I learn English? We came to Newburgh, New York, and\nthere was a . . . my parents decided that this time we're going to become really\nJewish. So we joined a synagogue. I'm sure we didn't have enough money but I'm\nsure that this rabbi, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knowing that we're Holocaust survivors . . . pay what you\ncan, whatever you can. It was Rabbi Blum, and his wife . . . I'll come up with\nher name shortly. Mrs. Blum took pity upon me and decided she was going to teach\nme English. So, initially, I think it was once a week--may have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been a couple of\ndays a week at first and then subsequently once a week--I would go to her house\nand spend an hour speaking English with her. My mother, by the way . . . my\nmother was a professional musician teaching music before World War II, so she\nhad an outstanding ear. I got a good ear, although I can't play any instrument,\nincluding singing . . . but I can hear . . . could . . . as I get older, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's\nbeginning to leave me a little also. At any rate, [Mrs. Blum] would . . . the\nway that was most effective for me was not the vocabulary, but the sound of the\nlanguage. So, she would speak. She would . . . whether we were talking about\nkitchen stuff or everyday activities, I would try to pick out a number of words\nand memorize them. I would go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home, and in front of a mirror, would try to\nreproduce the sounds that she was making for me. The following week, I would go\nback, and try to induce her to say that word again. Well, sometimes it wasn't so\neasy, because she didn't know what I was doing. So, I might finally give it up,\nand say, \"Would you mind saying the word 'automobile'?\" But that rarely . . . I\nwould just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try to start talking about cars and hopefully she would use the word\n\"automobile\", and [I would] try to reproduce the sound exactly as she had it.\nThere was a small problem with that technique . . . seemed brilliant to me,\nseemed flawless. This woman was from Charleston, South Carolina and she had an\naccent--this was in Newburgh, New York--that could out-southern any Southerner\nthat you know. So even until this day, if you listen to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, you hear a little\nNew York, you hear a little Charleston . . . I mean, my language sounds like a\nhodgepodge of accents.\n\nEINSTEIN: That's hysterical, because I did hear this little bit of southern\naccent in you. So now I know where it came from. That's really funny.\n\nHALL: I could give you little anecdotes like that all along. But I . . . there\nwas one thing . . . and I wore this shirt on purpose because I want people to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. As I feel about Atlanta, I feel the same way about the United States.\nExcuse me, I choke up at this. It's an extraordinary country. Even though the\npeople are not hundred percent and our leaders are not a hundred percent, but\ncompared to any place else that I have observed or experienced, there is no\ncomparison. I came to this country, my parents had $42. My father had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\ndiplomatic attaché case and in order to fill it out, we put a chamber pot in\nthere . . . a hospital chamber pot which is this deep . . . and that filled out\nthe attaché case. So we only had . . . we had no more clothing than the\nclothing on our backs, and $42, and a chamber pot. That was the size of our\nestate. We have done . . . we're not millionaires or . . . but we've done well.\nWe live very comfortably. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll say, by most people's standards, we've done very,\nvery well. I graduated from university. My brother graduated from university. We\nboth graduated from law school. This is from University of Florida. My children\nboth graduated from private schools. My daughter's a lawyer. She's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married to a\nlawyer. About half of us in the family are lawyers. But that's not the point.\nThere were no barriers to us because of our Jewishness. My grandchildren--and\nthis is why I have this shirt--they're both at Harvard, which I consider, if not\nthe premier university in the United States, it's one of the two or three. They\nwere admitted to Harvard and their religion was a non-issue. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contrast, the\nreason why my father spoke brilliant German . . . there was no university in\nPoland that he could go to, so he had to go to Vienna [Austria] to get a\nuniversity education. That's the difference. Granted, it's not that bad in\nEurope today, but it's not wonderful. Now, your religion is still an issue in\nalmost every country in the world but the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States. That's why I feel as I\ndo about this country.\n\nEINSTEIN: You've had a lot of opportunity and you've made good use of it.\n\nHALL: There were no doors slammed in my face. Speaking of Atlanta, when I came\nhere, there were just a few integrated law firms . . . because law firms were\neither Jewish law firms or non-Jewish law firms. Troutman Sanders had Jewish\npartners--two of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them--and eleven Christian partners. Seemed to me like a better\nplace to be.\n\nEINSTEIN: Speaking of integration, did you have any thoughts when you came to\nthe South? You came during Jim Crow era.\n\nHALL: I was scared half to death that those guys in white sheets are going to\nget me. I say it in a joking way, but even in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sixties, I remember . . .\ngosh, the head guy in KKK [Ku Klux Klan]. He used to live in Marietta. When I\ndrove home a couple of times I saw him in front of his house . . . Stoner, that\nwas his name. I saw Maddox, the former governor, who really was a very\ninteresting and much more complex person than most people realize because while\nMaddox was the guy with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the axe and all that, at the same time in his\nadministration, more African Americans served than any other administration\nbefore and few administrations since. So, it's hard to say. These are . . .\neverything's manageable here and as far as the . . . by the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way, I was wrong.\nThe guys in white sheets, they were a bunch of . . . they were a few fools\nrunning around. I'm talking about . . . we came to the South in approximately\n1950, 1951, in that era. Yes, there were probably a hundred of them in Miami,\nthere were probably a couple of hundred in Atlanta, but they were not a factor.\nThey were not the Leo Frank kind of folks. Even Leo Frank kind of folks . . .\none of my former . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dale Schwartz and I were in the same law firm together at\nthe same time. Even back then, in the 1920s and 1930s, Jews were part of the\nmost \"in\" group in Atlanta. There were . . . so it was different. We were not\nexcluded because we were Jews. I was not afraid. Once I got the lay of the land,\nit was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not a problem. I mean, there was a time when I was active in this town,\nwhere I could pick up the phone, and go see Andy Young or Maynard Jackson, or\nany of them, and I didn't always get what I wanted, but at least I was able to\nspeak. I was never asking anything for myself, but when a client had a need, I\ncould present my case. This is an open society . . . always was, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Jim\nCrows . . . at least from . . . I can only speak from 1950 on . . . they were\nnever really a major factor. They were a factor, but not major . . . not on the\nlevel, not with the kind of issues I was dealing with. I tell you what I did\nfind . . . when I was in the construction business. I graduated Florida in 1958.\nI started my own businesses in 1961, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1962. I had . . . one of my companies was .\n. . we were building in the black . . . African American communities. I thought\nit was inappropriate not to have an African American in charge of that company.\nSo, I found an engineer and he was a full 50 percent partner in a company that\nwe were building homes for black Americans. The biggest problem that we had was\n. . . this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9870.0,9900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is before . . . this was in the late 1950s . . . if we wanted to go\nout for a meal together or wanted to travel and we had to have a motel room . .\n. like right now, I can go in tonight, and probably find dozens, if not hundreds\nof motels along the way wherever I'm going . . . well, we had to plan because\nspending the night was not so simple. Most of the time we wound up in some\nresidence of somebody he knew in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9900.0,9930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the African American community, and that's\nwhere we spent our nights. As far as food, we could not sit down at a\nrestaurant. We, frankly, we didn't even think of . . . it's interesting. We had\na fully integrated corporation, but we never thought about sitting and trying to\nmake an issue of integrating a lunch counter or a restaurant . . . just didn't\ncross our minds. I guess we were too busy for that. We were making money.\n\nEINSTEIN: This is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta.\n\nHALL: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: That's what we do here.\n\nHALL: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you have any other memories or any other comments?\n\nHALL: Yes. There is one more thing I would like to say for whoever might choose\nto view this tape. I was hoping that, after World War II, human beings would\nlearn and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there would be no more of this. Frankly, I am disappointed and\nnot terribly optimistic. It seems that we don't seem to know how to be in peace\nwith each other. What I would hope is that people would learn how to live\ntogether in mutual peace and respect. Right now, I'm not optimistic because I\njust see no evidence of that. I just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9990.0,10020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see different places, different scope . . .\nbut I see genocide all around the world. That's a terrible place to end, but I\nhope that somebody else can pick up and make it better.\n\nEINSTEIN: Maybe you have some words of advice. You've had a life filled with\nwonderful things and horrible things, and you seem like you're in a very good\nplace now. Is there something that you've learned that you could pass on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=10020.0,10050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to your\ngrandchildren about how to make a good life, even coming out of the soil of injustice?\n\nHALL: When you said that, only one thing came to mind, or one thing came to mind\nfirst, and that is . . . I'm trying to think who the philosopher was . . . one\nof the sages in our history said . . . while you stand on one foot, remember\nwhat . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hillel?\n\nHALL: Hillel. What . . . how would you treat the other person? Only as well as\nyou wanted to be treated yourself. At this stage of my life, that's what I want\nto pass on. That is, treat everybody you come in contact with as you would want\nto be treated yourself . . . and make peace.\n\nEINSTEIN: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=10080.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/transcript/24333/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appreciate it so much. It's been a privilege being able to speak\nwith you about your experiences and your thoughts about them. Thank you so much\nfor spending time with me today.\n\nHALL: Thank you for the opportunity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=10110.0,10140.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe city of Krakow (also Cracow or Kraków) is located today in southern Poland. It is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. In 1939, some 56,000 Jews (almost one-quarter of the total population) resided in Krakow. Following the German invasion of Poland in 1939, the city became the center of the General Government, a separate administrative region of the Third Reich. Soviet forces entered the city in January 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso spelled ‘Lwów’, Lvov was once a Polish town in the southeast of Poland. It is approximately 350 kilometers (220 miles) east of Krakow, Poland. The city of Lvov was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1939, under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact. There were over 200,000 Jews in Lvov in September 1939; nearly 100,000 were refugees from German-occupied Poland. The Germans subsequently occupied Lvov after the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. The Germans renamed the town ‘Lemberg’ and established a ghetto there in 1941. By August 1942, more than 65,000 Jews had been deported from the Lwow ghetto and murdered. In 1943, the ghetto was destroyed. Since World War II, it is known as ‘Lviv’ and is a city in western Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans occupied Krakow in September 1939, many Jews fled east to Russia ahead of the Germans, while other Jewish refugees arrived from other towns in Poland. The 70,000 Jews in Krakow at the beginning of the war were not put into a ghetto at first but their lives were highly restricted, and they were put to work for the Germans. More than 55,000 were expelled from Krakow to the neighboring countryside. In March 1941, a ghetto was formally established to house over 18,000 Jews from Krakow and the surrounding area. By March of 1943, the ghetto had been liquidated, its inhabitants killed or deported to other camps, including Plaszow, Belzec, and Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso, known as the ‘Krakau-Plaszow’ camp, Plaszow was in a suburb of Krakow, Poland. It was established in October 1942 as a detention place for Jewish forced laborers in the district. The Plaszow railway station had already served as a transit point for deportations to Belzec, and there was a small camp there for Jewish railway workers. The new camp was situated nearby on the site of two Jewish cemeteries. Plaszow was expanded in 1943 with the arrival of Jews from Krakow, and held 10,000 prisoners. Jews from the district, and Hungary were also sent there. Up until the summer of 1943, almost all the prisoners were Jewish. In comparison to other camps, Plaszow’s inmate population included a comparatively high proportion of Jewish women, and children. Plaszow was the site of mass executions and individual random violence. In 1944, it was transformed into a full-fledged concentration camp. The camp was evacuated in August 1944 with 8,000 inmates sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Mauthausen, and Stutthof concentration camps. Only about 700 inmates remained when Plaszow was liberated on January 17, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGleaning is a tradition where the remains of a harvested crop are intentionally left for the poor to collect. In the Jewish tradition, farmers set aside parts of a field to plant but not harvest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA catechism is a collection of questions and memorized answers that are used to teach people, especially children, about the Christian religion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, also known as the Hitler-Stalin Pact, was signed on August 23, 1939, and provided that the two countries would not attack each other, independently or in conjunction with other powers; would not support any third power that might attack the other party to the pact; would remain in consultation with each other with regard to their common interests; would not join any power or group of powers that threatened the other; and would solve all differences between them through negotiation or arbitration. The public pact was accompanied by a secret protocol, reached on the same day, which divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. The Pact ended on June 22, 1941, when Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union without warning in Operation Barbarossa.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLuftwaffe\u003c/em\u003e literally translates to “air force” and is the generically used German term for any air force. From 1935- 1945, it was also the official name of the Nazi air force led by Hermann Göring. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWarsaw is the capital and largest city in Poland, located on the Vistula River in east-central Poland. After the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, Warsaw came under the rule of the General Government, a Nazi administration. Following an uprising in the ghetto in April 1943 and an uprising by the Polish Home Army (the anti-Communist underground resistance) in July 1944, the Germans razed Warsaw, leaving the majority of the city in ruins. In January of 1945, the Soviets finally liberated the city and a Communist regime was established.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzestochowa is a city in southern Poland that has been the center of Polish Catholicism and a site of pilgrimage since the 14th century. The city is known for the famous Pauline monastery of Jasna Gora, which is the home of the Black Madonna painting, a shrine to the Virgin Mary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAktion\u003c/em\u003e is the German word for “campaign” and was the term used for any non-military campaign to further Nazi ideals of race, which most often referred to the assembly and deportation of Jews to concentration or extermination camps. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eUmschlagplatz\u003c/em\u003e [German: collection or transfer point] was the square in Warsaw under German occupation, where Jews were gathered for deportation from the Warsaw Ghetto to the Treblinka extermination camp. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn October 1940, the Germans established the Warsaw ghetto. It was the largest ghetto in Poland, with more than 400,000 Jews crowded into an area of 1.3 square miles. Between 1940 and mid-1942, 83,000 Jews died of starvation and disease. In the summer and fall of 1942, nearly 300,000 Jews were either killed in the ghetto or transported to Treblinka and murdered. The remaining 70,000-80,000 Jews were to be sent to forced labor camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMila 18\u003c/em\u003e is a fictional novel by Leon Uris that is set in Warsaw, Poland during the German occupation. The main character of the novel witnesses life inside the ghetto, the deportations of Jews from the ghetto, the uprising in 1943, and the final liquidation of the ghetto. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a complex of camps located in southern Poland that played a central role in the German plan to kill the Jews of Europe. Between 1942 and 1944, more than 1,100,000 Jews were murdered in the gas chambers there. The majority of Jews deported during the Warsaw ghetto’s liquidation were sent to Treblinka, an extermination camp approximately 50 miles northeast of Warsaw. During a 2-month wave of deportations from the ghetto in 1942, approximately 300,000 Jews from the Warsaw ghetto passed through the \u003cem\u003eUmschlagplatz\u003c/em\u003e on their way to Treblinka. Another 6,500 Jews were deported to Treblinka in January of 1943. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Grossaktion (large-scale operation) to liquidate the Warsaw ghetto took place between July 22 and September 21, 1942. 300,000 people were swept up in daily round-ups and herded into the Umschlagplatz for “resettlement.”  In reality, they were deported to the extermination camp of Treblinka.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture with a Jewish population of more than 350,000, which constituted 30 percent of the city’s population and made it the largest Jewish community in Europe. After the Germans occupied Warsaw in September 1939, anti-Jewish decrees soon appeared, including the order that all Jews had to wear a blue Star of David on their person. More persecutions rained down that impoverished and separated the Jews of Warsaw from their neighbors and pogroms broke out. The Germans ordered the establishment of the ghetto in October 1940. An estimated 400,000 Jews from Warsaw and the surrounding communities were shoved into a small, walled off area in a poorer part of the city. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. Between 1940 and mid-1942, nearly 100,000 Jews died of starvation and disease. Widespread smuggling of food and medicines into the ghetto supplemented the miserable official allotments and kept the death rate from increasing still further. Jews who worked for the Germans in the hundreds of workshops set up in the ghetto falsely believed that they would be exempt from deportation. The first mass deportation began in July 1942 and lasted until August. Approximately 35,000 Jews were killed in the ghetto and another 265,000 were deported to Treblinka. In January 1943, a second wave of deportation began. By this time, most of the Jews knew what had happened to those deported before them and the Warsaw ghetto uprising began. Resistance held out until April of 1943, when the final liquidation of the ghetto began. By May, the ghetto was in ruins. Approximately 42,000 Warsaw ghetto survivors captured during the uprising were sent to the forced-labor camps at Poniatowa and Trawniki and Lublin/Majdanek concentration camp. At least 7,000 Jews died fighting or in hiding in the ghetto, while another 7,000 were sent to the Treblinka killing center. Perhaps as many as 20,000 Jews escaped to live in hiding on the so-called Aryan side of Warsaw or made their way to the woods where they fought as partisans. Miraculously, a handful of Jews survived in the rubble of the destroyed ghetto until the end of the war. About 2,000 Jews of Warsaw survived in the camps, and about another 10,000 in the Aryan part of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStarvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the ghetto killed many children. Others were killed during the liquidation of the ghetto. During a 2-month wave of deportations from the Warsaw ghetto in 1942, the Nazis rounded up 200 children from the orphanage inside the ghetto. The children were sent to Treblinka where they were all murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMezuzah\u003c/em\u003e is Hebrew for ‘doorpost.’ A parchment scroll made by a scribe containing the handwritten text of the first two paragraphs of the \u003cem\u003eShema\u003c/em\u003e, which is fixed in a case to the right side of doorposts in the home.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew] or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest, and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night, and is ushered in by lighting candles, and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple on Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta is the city’s oldest synagogue, dedicated in 1877. The main sanctuary, constructed in 1931, is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals 1500 families (2014). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a reference to the American Civil War, a bloody four-year war (1861–1865) that was fought over economic and political disputes between the northern and southern states. One result of the war was the abolition of slavery, but prior to the war, racism and prejudice circumscribed the lives of even free African-Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnti-Semitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to massive deportations and killings, Jewish fighters launched the Warsaw Ghetto uprising in April of 1943. By May, German forces had regained control of the ghetto, which was completely liquidated and left in ruins. In July of 1944, the Polish Home Army (the anti-Communist underground resistance) tried to seize control of the city from the Germans in advance of the Red Army. The Germans used heavy artillery and tactical bombers and life behind the lines in Warsaw became increasingly difficult. When the Soviets did not advance into Warsaw and the Allies failed to offer support, the resistance ultimately capitulated in October. The civilian population was expelled from the city and the Germans systematically razed much of the remaining buildings. Together, the two uprisings left the majority of Warsaw in ruins.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe V-2 was the world’s first long-range ballistic missile. It was developed during the Second World War in Germany as a “vengeance weapon,” designed to attack Allied cities in retaliation for Allied bombing of German cities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Polish Home Army capitulated to German forces, a provision of the agreement that ended the Warsaw Uprising was that the civilian population had three days to evacuate the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the invasion of Poland in 1939, the Polish government moved to France. When France fell in 1940, the government-in-exile moved to London, where it stayed for the duration of World War II. While in exile, the government continued to exert influence in Poland through the Polish Underground and the Home Army. After the war, when Poland was liberated and subsequently occupied by the Soviets, a new communist government took power and Poland became a Soviet satellite state while the government-in-exile remained in London.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a reference to the red scarf or neckerchief worn by children who belonged to the Young Pioneers, a communist youth organization.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the seven million uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP Camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Often, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. These facilities were administered by Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTrieste is a city and seaport situated in the thin, northeastern strip of Italy between the Adriatic Sea and present-day Slovenia. In 1938, Trieste was home to the third largest Jewish community in Italy. By the end of the Holocaust, only around 1,500 Jews remained. In the years leading up to the Second World War, Trieste was one of the major ports of embarkation for Jews leaving Europe for Palestine. The number of Jewish refugees seeking to enter Palestine increased dramatically after World War II. Although the British had established a strict quota that virtually eliminated the possibility to legally immigrate to Palestine, underground networks worked to transport as many displaced persons as possible into Palestine. Holocaust survivors from all over Europe moved from displaced persons camps in Allied zones of occupation to gathering points in cities like Trieste.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, many Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of anti-Semitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In postwar Poland, there were a number of pogroms (violent anti-Jewish riots). One of the most well-known examples occurred in the southeastern Polish town of Kielce on July 4, 1946. Polish civilians, soldiers and police killed 42 Jews and injured 40 others. While not an isolated instance, the massacre symbolized the precarious state of Jewish life in the Holocaust’s aftermath and prompted many survivors to leave Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to an air passenger manifest, the family arrived in New York City, New York on January 12, 1947 aboard a plane operated by American Overseas Airline.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn December 1945, President Truman issued an executive order, the \"Truman Directive,\" which loosened restrictions on persons displaced by the Nazi regime (DPs) and required that existing immigration quotas be designated for DPs. Under this directive, more than 41,000 displaced persons immigrated to the United States from Europe; approximately 28,000 of these were Jews. Still, opportunities for legal immigration to the United States remained extremely limited. About 22,950 DPs, of whom two-thirds were Jewish, entered the United States between December 1945 and 1947 under provisions of the Truman Directive. Congressional action was needed before existing immigration quotas could be increased. Congress passed the Displaced Persons Act in 1948, authorizing 200,000 DPs to enter the United States. Someone in the US prior to 1948 could apply to become a permanent resident and have his or her previous status overlooked. The law's stipulations made it unfavorable at first to the Jewish DPs, but Congress amended the bill with the DP Act of 1950. By 1952, close to 100,000 Jewish DPs had immigrated to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Hall family arrived in the United States in January of 1947, immigration and naturalization information sheets originally give their purpose for visiting the United States as a “family visit” and their expected stay was to last 2 months. Their information sheets were amended to say “Lawful entry for permanent residence created at Miami, Florida under Section 4 of the Displaced Persons Act of 1948.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdmund and Maria Horowitz-Horski are listed as the owners of Parisienne Decorateurs in the Newburgh, New York city directory for 1951.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDirector Steven Spielberg (of \u003cem\u003eSchindler’s List\u003c/em\u003e fame) established the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation in 1994 to gather video testimonies from survivors and other witnesses of the Holocaust. In addition to interviewing primarily Jewish survivors, homosexual survivors, Jehovah’s Witness survivors, liberators and liberation witnesses, political prisoners, rescuers and aid providers, Roma and Sinti (Gypsy) survivors, survivors of Eugenics policies, and war crimes trials participants were also interviewed. Today the foundation is known as the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education and the collection includes nearly 52,000 video testimonies of Holocaust survivors. The archive has also been expanded to include another 10,000 testimonies of witnesses from other genocides, including Rwanda. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University in Atlanta, Georgia houses The Fred Roberts Crawford Witness to the Holocaust Project Files, a collection of transcripts, documentation, photographs, audiotapes, films, and videotapes collected between 1978 and 1983. The project's aim was to collect eyewitness accounts from the soldiers who liberated the German concentration camps during World War II, from Holocaust survivors, and from other witnesses. Allan, Edmund, and Maria all were interviewed on video for the project.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Florida is an American public university that was founded in 1853 and is located in north central Florida.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Miami is a private, non-sectarian university that was founded in 1925 and is located near downtown Miami, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) administers programs that provide housing and community development assistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eToday, Troutman Sanders LLP is an international law firm with offices located throughout the United States and Asia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSouthern Polytechnic State University is located in Marietta, a northwest suburb of Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1948, the university offers degrees in the areas of technology, science, engineering and related fields. As of 2015, the university will be completely merged into nearby Kennesaw State University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMARTA is the common term for the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, which was created in 1965. During the 1970s, MARTA began acquiring land in and around the city of Atlanta, Georgia for construction of a rapid rail system. Today, MARTA operates a rail system with feeder bus operation and park-and-ride facilities throughout the metropolitan Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Equitable Building is a 35-story office building in downtown Atlanta. The International-style skyscraper was constructed in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFive Points is a district in downtown Atlanta, named after an intersection where five streets converge.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInterstate 285 (I-285) is an interstate highway loop encircling the city of Atlanta, Georgia. Sandy Springs is a suburb of Atlanta, located just north of the city at the northern arc of I-285. Roswell Road is the main thoroughfare through Sandy Springs. It runs north to south, perpendicular to I-285, connecting the city of Atlanta to its northern suburbs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636. Its history, influence and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jim Crow era is the period between 1876 and 1965, when segregation laws were state and local laws in the United States. The name seems to have originated in the song “Jump Jim Crow,” a song-and-dance caricature of blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface in 1832. As a result of Rice’s fame, “Jim Crow” became a pejorative expression meaning “Negro” by 1838 and the later segregation laws became known as “Jim Crow” laws.  Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the southern state of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly “separate but equal” status for black Americans, although in reality this was not so. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks.  Private businesses, political parties and unions created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring blacks from buying home in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc. In the twentieth century, the Supreme Court began to overturn Jim Crow laws on constitutional grounds. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended Jim Crow laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-black secret society, whose methods included terrorism, and murder.  It was founded in the South in the 1860’s, and then died out, and came back several times, most notably in the 1920’s when membership soared again, and then again, in the 1960’s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain.  It is still in existence.  In the past, it members dressed up in white robes, and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity, and to terrify.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJ.B. Stoner was an American segregationist convicted in 1980 of the 1958 bombing of the Bethel Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. He was the founder, and long-time chairman of the National States’ Rights Party, and the publisher of its newsletter, \u003cem\u003eThe Thunderbolt\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLester Garfield Maddox, Sr. was the controversial 75th Governor of Georgia from 1967 to 1971. Originally, a restaurateur he came to political prominence as a staunch segregationist, although his record as governor often aided African-Americans. When Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated he denied the slain civil rights leader the honor of lying in state in the Georgia state capitol. When Maddox’s bid for the presidency failed in 1976, he turned to stand-up comedy with an African-American named Bobby Lee Sears, who had worked as a busboy in his restaurant. He died in 2003 of cancer and pneumonia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Frank was a Jewish pencil factory superintendent who, in 1913, was falsely convicted of the rape and murder of Mary Phagan, a 13-year-old employee of the factory. After his death sentence was commuted by Frank Slaton, the governor of Georgia, a mob stormed the prison where he was being held, and lynched him. The lynching took place in Marietta, Georgia. A posthumous pardon was granted to Leo Frank by the Georgia Board of Pardons in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDale Schwartz (born 1942) is an immigration attorney and an Adjunct Professor at Emory University School of Law in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAndrew Jackson Young (born March 12, 1932) is an American politician, diplomat, activist, and pastor from Georgia. He has served as a Congressman from Georgia's 5th congressional district, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, and Mayor of Atlanta. He served as President of the National Council of Churches USA, was a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) during the 1960s Civil Rights Movement, and was a supporter, and friend of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaynard Holbrook Jackson, Jr. was an American politician, a member of the Democratic Party, and the first African-American mayor of Atlanta, Georgia, serving three terms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/annotation_set/426/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHillel\u003c/em\u003e (also known as Rabbi Hillel or Hillel the Elder) was a famous Jewish religious leader who lived in Jerusalem around the beginning of the Common Era. Renowned within Judaism as a sage and scholar, he became one of the most important figures in Jewish history. He is the founder of the House of Hillel school and associated with the development of the \u003cem\u003eMishnah\u003c/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=10080.0,10110.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Hall, Allan [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early Life and the Horowitz Family in Krakow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=22.0,251.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's just begin by asking you what your name was originally, where you were born, and a little bit about your early life and your parents. When you mention somebody, if you could say their name and any dates that are associated with that.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=22.0,251.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abel Heim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allan Hall (Adam Janus Horowitz)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cecilia Heim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Denia, Spain","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edmund Horowitz Hall","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Insurance Company","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julia Heim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lvov, Poland (Ukraine)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maria Heim Horowitz Hall","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sophia Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zakopane, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=22.0,251.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II Begins and the Family Moves to Lvov, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=251.0,426.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, what I remember from . . . starting [in] 1939 . . . that was September, I believe . . . September first, or third, fourth . . . a great deal of tension, and my parents yelling at each other. I don't recall this but I was told that my father wanted to leave Krakow because he knew the Germans were coming, and did not want to stay there. [He] knew what a threat the Germans were to the Jewish inhabitants, and wanted to go east to Lvov, where his parents . . . his family was. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=251.0,426.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Lines","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Heim Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Horowitz Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lvov, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=251.0,426.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Resuming Normal Life in Lvov","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=426.0,522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we arrived in Lvov, we essentially had no possessions, unless you call the family silver anything. We started . . . my parents started all over again, but the Russians were in control at that time. Somehow my father got a job being the principal\nadministrator in the construction of a theater. For almost two years, we once again lived what I would consider a normal life. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=426.0,522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edmund Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lvov, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Theater Construction","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=426.0,522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Navigating Their Way from Krakow to Lvov and Getting Help Along the Way","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=522.0,684.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did your father know how to navigate from Krakow to Lvov through these back ways? Did anybody help you? Did you meet anybody on your way? How did you eat?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=522.0,684.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edmund Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Highways","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Communities","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Refugees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lvov, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Peasants","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Railroad Tracks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=522.0,684.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allan's Sense of What Was Happening in Poland and His Recollections of School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=684.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You arrive in Lemberg . . . in Lvov . . . and your father is able to get employment. Do you remember any conversations during that period of . . . between your parents, or between your parents and grandparents, about what the situation was in the rest of Poland and what might happen? 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","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3297.0,3536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cemetery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Curfew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edmund Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Guards","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Patrols","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orphanage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trolley Car Conductor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Umschlagplatz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3297.0,3536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Realizing He Was In the Warsaw Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=3536.0,3730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, you have to fast forward probably 40 years, because that was just a little snippet of a story. I was reading Mila 18, Leon Uris's book, and I chanced upon there . . . the path, the word \"Umschlagplatz\" and that really kind of caught me . . . only to find out that was the depot from which the Jews of Warsaw were being taken to Auschwitz-Birkenau. 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We realized . . . no, subsequently . . . I don't know whether the Germans insisted, or the Poles . . . but we had to leave there. Or maybe we just thought it wasn't safe anymore. We had to leave there. I don't know exactly what was the causation. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5021.0,5161.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Andrew Clifford Hall (Andre Cecil Horowitz)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maria Heim Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Snipers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5021.0,5161.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaving Warsaw and Returning to Krakow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5161.0,5259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, the Germans insisted that Poland . . . that Warsaw be cleared of Poles. Of course, they didn't think that there were any\nJews left. For some reason, my mother and I, joined by my father, were placed in a hospital train. I think my father arranged for us to be placed. I remember my mother's face was bandaged.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5161.0,5259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edmund Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital Train","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maria Heim Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5161.0,5259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allan's Father Creating False Identification Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5259.0,5325.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did your father have any identification papers?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5259.0,5325.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edmund Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"False Identification Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Identification Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Underground Resistance","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5259.0,5325.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Germans Were Losing the War and ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5325.0,5383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After that, things got a lot more . . . even though we were still under the Germans . . . clearly they were losing the war by that time. If it would have come to their attention that we were Jews, we still would have been killed. But, everybody, including the Poles, knew that the Germans were losing, so the Poles were not interested in searching out and turning in Jews.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5325.0,5383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5325.0,5383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation and the End of World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5383.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That bring us up to when you knew that you had been liberated and the war was over for you.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5383.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5383.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His Father Getting a Government Job, Being Sent to Siberia, and Escaping the Prison","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5430.0,5668.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then immediately afterwards, my father started looking for work because everybody was. Also, I'll tell you next about one\nschool experience. I'm almost sure it was then. He . . . now it all comes into focus . . . he worked for, as I said, an insurance company, and so he had . . . was familiar with that so that, his prior pre-war experience, plus the people he knew during the war, enabled him to get a position in the Polish government as an undersecretary of finance in charge of insurance matters and other financial matters.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5430.0,5668.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catechism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edmund Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Insurance Company","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jobs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"London, England","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maria Heim Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parochial School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passports","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Government","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prison Break","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Occupation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siberia, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Underground Resistance","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Undersecretary of Finance","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5430.0,5668.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allan and His Brother Walking Across Europe Alone and Reuniting With Their Parents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5668.0,5733.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meanwhile, beforehand, when my father was incarcerated, my mother knew . . . everybody knew that the Russians used the family as a hostage. She sent my brother and I walking across Europe towards Israel. We . . . he was at that time two years old. I was 11 and we were part of the great migration of refugees after World War II.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5668.0,5733.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Andrew Clifford Hall (Andre Cecil Horowitz)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edmund Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Migration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siberia, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States of America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vienna, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"War Refugees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5668.0,5733.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Having to Grow Up Fast and Not Having a Childhood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5733.0,5906.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's an astounding story. It's also astounding that your mother must have felt like you were a mature child . . . what were you? Eight years old or however old you were . . .","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5733.0,5906.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Andrew Clifford Hall (Andre Cecil Horowitz)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Childhood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edmund Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust Survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maria Heim Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5733.0,5906.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaving Poland, Hiding in Displaced Persons Camps with His Brother, and Eventually Reuniting with Their Parents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5906.0,6428.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's move forward through this period. You said that there were . . . were there any other experiences under the Russians? You were in school at that point. Did you have your red kerchief? What happened?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5906.0,6428.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced Persons Camps (DP Camps)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edmund Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maria Heim Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Red Kerchief","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Occupation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trieste, Italy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=5906.0,6428.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coming to the United States and Working in New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6428.0,6569.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you're . . . from there you're reunited with your parents. You're a family again. How do you proceed to the next destination?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6428.0,6569.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Diplomatic Passports","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edmund Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hudson River","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Illegal Immigrants","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jobs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maria Heim Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York City, New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Newburgh, New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Embassy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Quota System","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States of America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6428.0,6569.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moving to Miami Beach and Opening a Store By Himself","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=6569.0,6687.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In about two years afterwards, one of my uncles used to vacation in Miami [Florida] . . . Miami Beach to be specific. \"Well,\" my\nuncle said, \"Why don't you come down for a week, spend a week with us, and have a vacation?\" Well, when my parents went to Miami Beach, they thought they found heaven. This had to be nirvana because it doesn't get any better. 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Tell me about what it was like for you to become a father and how that felt after your own odd childhood?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8546.0,8637.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fatherhood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hall Children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8546.0,8637.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Looking Up to His Father and Edmund's Example","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8637.0,8747.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you look at your father as a kind of a hero in a certain way? How do you look at him and what he did for you? Did that give you a feeling of empowerment when you [consider] yourself in your own life?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8637.0,8747.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Andrew Clifford Hall","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edmund Horowitz Hall","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Example","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8637.0,8747.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Teaching His Children and Giving Them Insight","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8747.0,8818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you try to teach, I mean, what was the . . . I want to use the word \"fallout\" but that's not really the right word . . . with your children, you had such a . . . as we were talking about . . . this mixed message of what humanity is. How did you teach them to be in the world or what did you try to relay to them?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8747.0,8818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CEO","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Congregation President","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hall Children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Humanity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Insight","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8747.0,8818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thoughts and Feelings About Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8818.0,9013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me switch just a little bit. You came to Atlanta. What did you think about Atlanta when you got here?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8818.0,9013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cultural Opportunities","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HUD Office","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miami, Florida","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orlando, Florida","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=8818.0,9013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Losing His Parents, Dealing With Their Deaths, and His Relationship With His Brother","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9013.0,9281.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can't even imagine what that must have been like, after having . . . children and parents always have an intimacy, and strong relationships built over whatever number of years, I mean, we hope so, but your relationship with your parents and the fact that you got to keep them after so many . . . for so many years after the war, that must have been so difficult.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9013.0,9281.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Andrew Clifford Hall","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Child-Parent Relationships","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edmund Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family Passing Away","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Heart Attack","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Heart Condition","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust Experiences","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maria Heim Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sandy Springs, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9013.0,9281.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Learning English in America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9281.0,9476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, how did I learn English? We came to Newburgh, New York, and there was a . . . my parents decided that this time we're going to become really Jewish. So we joined a synagogue. I'm sure we didn't have enough money but I'm sure that this rabbi, knowing that we're Holocaust survivors . . . pay what you can, whatever you can. It was Rabbi Blum, and his wife . . . I'll come up with her name shortly.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9281.0,9476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charleston, South Carolina","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust Survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Learning English","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maria Heim Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Newburgh, New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Blum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9281.0,9476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feelings About the United States and Doing Well For Themselves in America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9476.0,9669.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wore this shirt on purpose because I want people to know. As I feel about Atlanta, I feel the same way about the United States. Excuse me, I choke up at this. It's an extraordinary country. Even though the people are not hundred percent and our leaders are not a hundred percent, but compared to any place else that I have observed or experienced, there is no comparison. I came to this country, my parents had $42.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9476.0,9669.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Andrew Clifford Hall","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edmund Horowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hall Children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hall Grandchildren","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harvard University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewishness","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lawyer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States of America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Florida","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vienna, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9476.0,9669.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coming to the South During the Jim Crow Era and Allan's Community Involvement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9669.0,9856.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Speaking of integration, did you have any thoughts when you came to the South? You came during Jim Crow era.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9669.0,9856.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Andrew Jackson Young","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dale Schwartz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Integration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"J. B. Stoner","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jim Crow Era","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jim Crow Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ku Klux Klan (KKK)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leo Frank","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lester Garfield Maddox, Sr.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marietta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maynard Holbrook Jackson, Jr.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The South","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9669.0,9856.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Building in African-American Communities and Experiencing Segregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9856.0,9966.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I tell you what I did find . . . when I was in the construction business. I graduated Florida in 1958. I started my own businesses in 1961,1962. I had . . . one of my companies was . . . we were building in the black . . . African American communities. I thought it was inappropriate not to have an African American in charge of that company. So, I found an engineer and he was a full 50 percent partner in a company that we were building homes for black Americans.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9856.0,9966.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"African-American Communities","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Construction Business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Integration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Segregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sit-Ins","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Florida","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9856.0,9966.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hopes for the Future and Advice for His Grandchildren","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9966.0,10124.849"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you have any other memories or any other comments?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9966.0,10124.849"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736/index/47773/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Advice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Genocide","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hall Grandchildren","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Peace","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39359/file/110736#t=9966.0,10124.849"}]}]}]}