{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/g15t72821s/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Silbiger, Sam (2011)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2011-02-04 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSamuel Silbiger interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on February 4, 2011 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eSam (Shmilek) Silbiger was born on October 27, 1923, in Oswiecem, Poland, which would later be renamed Auschwitz and host the infamous death camp. Sam lived with his parents, two sisters, brother and a cousin, who was raised as a sister. The family owned a brick factory and farm that operated as a bed and breakfast. Sam’s extended family also lived on the farm. Sam attended the public school and learned Hebrew at cheder after school.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e            When the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939, life began to change for Sam. He was no longer allowed to attend school and in 1940, his father and older cousins were sent to labor camps. In March 1941, Sam was sent to a nearby work camp. He was put to work demolishing older buildings and constructing farmhouses for the Germans who had taken over the farms of displaced Poles. A month later, his family and all of the remaining Jews in Oswiecim were sent to the Sosnowiec and Bedzin ghettos. Sam was later sent to Annaberg, a string of labor camps that were placed along the length of the proposed German autobahn (highway) into Poland. Sam took down and rebuilt the barracks when the camps moved. By August 1943, the ghetto in Sosnoweic had been liquidated. Sam’s mother and brother were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and murdered along with other family members.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e            In 1943 or 1944, Sam and his father were transferred to Blechhammer, a forced labor camp that became a sub-camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau in April 1944. At that point, Sam was given a prison uniform with an identification number and patch and his identification number was tattooed onto his forearm. After American bombing raids in late 1944 and Russian advances, the Germans evacuated the camp on January 21, 1945. The Jewish prisoners were forced to march for ten days during the coldest part of the Polish winter until they reached the concentration camp of Gross-Rosen nearly 600 kilometers (373 miles) away. After arriving at Gross-Rosen, Sam and his fellow survivors were crammed onto railroad cars and shipped to Buchenwald. On the way, the sight of American bombers overhead overjoyed Sam. However, his liberation would have to wait. Sam was in Buchenwald only briefly before he was sent to Berga am Elster, the site of a strategically important fuel factory. Sam was forced to dig holes and tunnels to remove debris from bombing raids.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e            As the Allies advanced again, Berga am Elster was marched along with 1,500 prisoners to the Dachau concentration camp in Germany. In Dachau, Sam and his father were crammed into train cars with 7,000 other prisoners. The trains made their way south towards Austria trying to avoid the rapidly advancing Allies. Near the Austrian border, orders for the prisoners’ execution had been given, however, the commandant defied the orders at the last minute. The SS soon abandoned the prisoners, who camped near Mittenwald, Austria. Local brought the prisoners food; however, their bodies were unable to digest such rich food, and many died from resulting diarrhea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e            American soldiers soon liberated the area. Sam and his father were sent to recover at a former SS hospital in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Later, Sam learned that he had surviving cousins in a displaced person camp established near the former Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. He and his father went to stay with them. His father was nursed back to health and lived in Germany until his death at the age of 71. Both of Sam’s sisters also survived the war. They both married and later lived in America and Israel. Sam lived in the Landsberg am Lech DP camp until 1948.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e            While in the Landsberg am Lech DP camp, Sam joined the Irgun, a Jewish underground organization. In June 1948, Sam traveled to Marseille, France and boarded a ship carrying weapons and fighters for the young Israeli state. After his ship, the Altalena, arrived in Tel Aviv, he and his fellow freedom fighters were greeted by future Prime Minister Menachem Begin and were arrested by suspicious Israeli forces. They were later allowed to join the newly formed Israeli Defense Forces. Sam and his platoon trekked over the mountains to Jerusalem, avoiding the Arab-occupied roads. He was wounded in battle outside Bethlehem.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e            In 1950, Sam returned to Germany, where he worked in construction. Sam married his wife Margot in 1955 and immigrated to the United States in 1956. His only daughter was born five years later. Sam lived in Kansas City until 1961, when he moved to Atlanta and opened a grocery store.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eSam introduces his family, describing his childhood and home. He describes the Oswiecim Jewish community’s organizations, celebrations and relationships with Poles prior to the war. Sam reflects on his parent’s high expectations for behavior, the life they enjoyed and his family’s experiences with antisemitism. He recounts how life changed when the Germans invaded Poland and his family was eventually sent to ghettos and forced labor camps. Sam details his experiences in the Bautrupp-Saybusch labor camp and then moving from camp to camp along the route of the autobahn (highway) being built in Poland. He shares his sister and father’s experiences in the labor camp. Sam remembers the brutality he endured in the Bergen-Elster labor camp. He explains how he was transferred into the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp system. Sam details his evacuation ahead of the advancing Allies through Dachau, Gross-Rosen, Buchenwald and into southern Germany. He describes liberation near Mittenwald, Austria and beginning the road to recovery. Sam explains how he already knew that some of his family had not survived. He talks about living in the Landsberg displaced persons camp and joining the police force and an underground Jewish organization. Sam describes training with the Irgun and the risks encountered on his journey to Israel in 1948. He details his experiences fighting with the army in Israel. Sam discusses the tensions between Jewish, British and Arabs in Palestine. He shares why he chose to return to Germany after being wounded. He tells about his father’s recovery and the antisemitism he encountered living in Germany. Sam recalls marrying, moving to the United States and having a daughter. He talks about the challenges he and his wife faced in finding good wages and how hard they worked to save. He reviews the success of his sister, brother-in-law and nephew. He recalls his daughter’s birth and the decision to move to Atlanta. He details his experiences opening a grocery store. Sam talks about his daughter’s marriage and keeping kosher. He explains why he does not complain and the pressure he feels to be exemplary in his lifestyle. Sam mentions his interactions with other survivors and his thoughts about Israel today. He reminisces about a trip to Poland with his wife, daughter and son-in-law. The interview closes with Sam reflecting on details of his daily life.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28511"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["The Holocaust (named event)","World War II (named event)","Auschwitz, Poland (geographic term)","Work Camps (topical term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (geographic term)","Concentrations Camps (topical term)","Blechhammer (corporate name)","Betar Movement (topical term)","Israel (geographic term)","Irgun (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSamuel Silbiger interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on February 4, 2011 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSam (Shmilek) Silbiger was born on October 27, 1923, in Oswiecem, Poland, which would later be renamed Auschwitz and host the infamous death camp. Sam lived with his parents, two sisters, brother and a cousin, who was raised as a sister. The family owned a brick factory and farm that operated as a bed and breakfast. Sam’s extended family also lived on the farm. Sam attended the public school and learned Hebrew at cheder after school.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e            When the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939, life began to change for Sam. He was no longer allowed to attend school and in 1940, his father and older cousins were sent to labor camps. In March 1941, Sam was sent to a nearby work camp. He was put to work demolishing older buildings and constructing farmhouses for the Germans who had taken over the farms of displaced Poles. A month later, his family and all of the remaining Jews in Oswiecim were sent to the Sosnowiec and Bedzin ghettos. Sam was later sent to Annaberg, a string of labor camps that were placed along the length of the proposed German autobahn (highway) into Poland. Sam took down and rebuilt the barracks when the camps moved. By August 1943, the ghetto in Sosnoweic had been liquidated. Sam’s mother and brother were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and murdered along with other family members.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e            In 1943 or 1944, Sam and his father were transferred to Blechhammer, a forced labor camp that became a sub-camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau in April 1944. At that point, Sam was given a prison uniform with an identification number and patch and his identification number was tattooed onto his forearm. After American bombing raids in late 1944 and Russian advances, the Germans evacuated the camp on January 21, 1945. The Jewish prisoners were forced to march for ten days during the coldest part of the Polish winter until they reached the concentration camp of Gross-Rosen nearly 600 kilometers (373 miles) away. After arriving at Gross-Rosen, Sam and his fellow survivors were crammed onto railroad cars and shipped to Buchenwald. On the way, the sight of American bombers overhead overjoyed Sam. However, his liberation would have to wait. Sam was in Buchenwald only briefly before he was sent to Berga am Elster, the site of a strategically important fuel factory. Sam was forced to dig holes and tunnels to remove debris from bombing raids.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e            As the Allies advanced again, Berga am Elster was marched along with 1,500 prisoners to the Dachau concentration camp in Germany. In Dachau, Sam and his father were crammed into train cars with 7,000 other prisoners. The trains made their way south towards Austria trying to avoid the rapidly advancing Allies. Near the Austrian border, orders for the prisoners’ execution had been given, however, the commandant defied the orders at the last minute. The SS soon abandoned the prisoners, who camped near Mittenwald, Austria. Local brought the prisoners food; however, their bodies were unable to digest such rich food, and many died from resulting diarrhea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e            American soldiers soon liberated the area. Sam and his father were sent to recover at a former SS hospital in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Later, Sam learned that he had surviving cousins in a displaced person camp established near the former Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. He and his father went to stay with them. His father was nursed back to health and lived in Germany until his death at the age of 71. Both of Sam’s sisters also survived the war. They both married and later lived in America and Israel. Sam lived in the Landsberg am Lech DP camp until 1948.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e            While in the Landsberg am Lech DP camp, Sam joined the Irgun, a Jewish underground organization. In June 1948, Sam traveled to Marseille, France and boarded a ship carrying weapons and fighters for the young Israeli state. After his ship, the Altalena, arrived in Tel Aviv, he and his fellow freedom fighters were greeted by future Prime Minister Menachem Begin and were arrested by suspicious Israeli forces. They were later allowed to join the newly formed Israeli Defense Forces. Sam and his platoon trekked over the mountains to Jerusalem, avoiding the Arab-occupied roads. He was wounded in battle outside Bethlehem.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e            In 1950, Sam returned to Germany, where he worked in construction. Sam married his wife Margot in 1955 and immigrated to the United States in 1956. His only daughter was born five years later. Sam lived in Kansas City until 1961, when he moved to Atlanta and opened a grocery store.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSam introduces his family, describing his childhood and home. He describes the Oswiecim Jewish community’s organizations, celebrations and relationships with Poles prior to the war. Sam reflects on his parent’s high expectations for behavior, the life they enjoyed and his family’s experiences with antisemitism. He recounts how life changed when the Germans invaded Poland and his family was eventually sent to ghettos and forced labor camps. Sam details his experiences in the Bautrupp-Saybusch labor camp and then moving from camp to camp along the route of the autobahn (highway) being built in Poland. He shares his sister and father’s experiences in the labor camp. Sam remembers the brutality he endured in the Bergen-Elster labor camp. He explains how he was transferred into the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp system. Sam details his evacuation ahead of the advancing Allies through Dachau, Gross-Rosen, Buchenwald and into southern Germany. He describes liberation near Mittenwald, Austria and beginning the road to recovery. Sam explains how he already knew that some of his family had not survived. He talks about living in the Landsberg displaced persons camp and joining the police force and an underground Jewish organization. Sam describes training with the Irgun and the risks encountered on his journey to Israel in 1948. He details his experiences fighting with the army in Israel. Sam discusses the tensions between Jewish, British and Arabs in Palestine. He shares why he chose to return to Germany after being wounded. He tells about his father’s recovery and the antisemitism he encountered living in Germany. Sam recalls marrying, moving to the United States and having a daughter. He talks about the challenges he and his wife faced in finding good wages and how hard they worked to save. He reviews the success of his sister, brother-in-law and nephew. He recalls his daughter’s birth and the decision to move to Atlanta. He details his experiences opening a grocery store. Sam talks about his daughter’s marriage and keeping kosher. He explains why he does not complain and the pressure he feels to be exemplary in his lifestyle. Sam mentions his interactions with other survivors and his thoughts about Israel today. He reminisces about a trip to Poland with his wife, daughter and son-in-law. The interview closes with Sam reflecting on details of his daily life.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/120/324/small/Silbiger_Samuel.mp4_1627417811.jpg?1627403412","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Silbiger_Samuel.mp4"]},"duration":15899.95,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/120/324/small/Silbiger_Samuel.mp4_1627417811.jpg?1627403412","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/120/324/original/Silbiger_Samuel.mp4?1627403405","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":15899.95,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Silbiger, Sam [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Today is February 4, 2011. We are very pleased to be in the home of\nSam Silbiger, who has agreed to be interviewed for the Esther and Herbert Taylor\noral history project of the William Breman Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum.\nDoing the interview is John Kent. Thank you both very much. Let us start.\n\nKENT: Let us start at the beginning with your name, your original name, and\nwhere and when you were born.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SILBIGER: I was born October 27, 1923 in Oswiecim [Poland]. My\ngreat-grandparents lived over there before my birth for over 400, almost 500\nyears. I find this out just from the cemetery.\n\nWhen I was over there [about] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"15 and a half years ago in Poland, I went to the\nRegistrar's office to ask for my birth certificate. She took out a book and she\nlooked over it. I said, \"My name is Silbiger, Haber.\" She looked [and said],\n\"There's no such a thing. Nobody was living back there.\" We looked over that. My\ndaughter was with me. She had a camera. She was looking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and nothing [was] there.\nLater I said, \"How about look for my father? Natan Haber Silbiger.\" No such\nthing. Later, she said, how about [we] look for my mother, Eva Holzer. She\nlooked over the [book for] Eva Holzer. She found Eva Holzer. Her birthday was...\nI have the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"birth certificate. She made [a copy of] the birth certificate. This\nis the only one that I have. [There was] no one [else's] birth certificate I\ncould get.\n\n[The Polish archivist] said the Germans throw out all the Jewish names and throw\naway [the records]. It is not true because my brother-in-law [Maurycy Bodner],\nwho died maybe twenty years ago -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tomorrow will be when my sister died. They\nwere in Israel -- was the first guy after the war in Oswiecim. He was the [head\nof the Oswiecim Jewish community after the war] over there and he knew lots of\npeople. He was going through the city [records] and took out my sister's birth\ncertificate. The birth certificates [at that] time were still there. Nobody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took\nout all the Jewish papers of who was living over there [during the war]. The\nPolish government did [later].\n\nBoth of my grandparents lived in Oswiecim, not even 500 yards away one from the\nother. They both had farms. They both had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drive-ins. The drive-in was not like\ntoday. Drive-ins were... You have a big place, where you can put people to sleep\n[and] you can feed them. You have a big [unintelligible; 3:46]. You have a\nstable, where you could put horses. This was the drive-in. [It was] not like\ntoday. Today, you come with a car. They was coming from the mountains with the\nhorses. They could [only] go as fast as like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"8 or 10 kilometers [5 or 6 miles],\nbecause you get tired and horses get tired, too. They [would] come on Wednesday.\nThey slept overnight and Thursday morning they were going to the market...\n\nBoth [set of grandparents] also had brick factories. I do not remember\nexactly... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1850 or 1860, they built in Oswiecim an army camp. Until this\ntime, there was no army camp. The army camp was light artillery and with horses\n[cavalry]. Everything was with horses and also foot soldiers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was the\n[Oswiecim army camp]. I still remember when people were coming to us -- officers\nwho were living over there next to the army camp -- to buy bricks from us,\n[which we would] deliver with horses to them. [The bricks were used to] build\nfor them houses. Maybe even German [houses] were living in the houses. They had\nvillas. I do not know. I was a little boy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was going to seventh grade school and also to cheder after the school. This\nwas a Jewish school, [where you would] learn a little Hebrew. I had three\nsiblings: a sister, Mirka, was born in 1925; Lorka was born in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1927; and Tshime\nwas born on April 18, 1929. Also we had a cousin. Her mother died by Caesarean\nand no nanny could keep her because she was crying all the time. My mother took\nher in and was feeding her with her breast. This child was always with us, so we\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five kids.\n\nWe had also a maid. I have a picture somewhere from the maid. We had a fellow\n[who was] taking care of the horse. In the wintertime, [there] was snow. We had\nnice snow. We had special sleds [that was pulled by] the horse. On the top [were\nbells]. It was a pleasure to be living over there.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Things got... I was born in Oswiecim. I can show you...\n\nEINSTEIN: Will you show the picture?\n\n[Camera shifts to show image of a house that Sam is holding]\n\nSILBIGER: This is the house where my grand-grand-grandparents lived. [Points to\nvarious points in the image] This was the drive-in. Here was the big room where\nthey had tables with benches and some chairs. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[The room] was a wide one. On this\nside was living my oldest uncle. His name was Rolf Silbiger. The second brother,\nmy Uncle Mendel, was living first downtown. When his wife died, he moved in with\n[my] Grandmother and was living on the bottom [floor]. On this side, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were\nliving on the top [floor]. My grandmother had all three sons with her. The girls\n[her daughters] went out of the house.\n\nOn March 5, 1941, I went to a work camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On April 1, [Oswiecim] was Judenrein.\nEveryone who was Jewish had to take a suitcase and they put them on the\nrailroad. They took them to Sosnowiec and Bedzin.\n\nOswiecim was probably maybe 8,000 people or something. I cannot tell you exactly\nbecause I was too young. I was not interested. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had to go to school. First I\nlearned Polish, history, geography and everything else. In the afternoon, I had\nto [learn] Hebrew [at cheder].\n\nWe had the brick factory and we had the farm. In Oswiecim, also there was a\nkibbutzim, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where Jews that wanted to go to Israel [learned] how to work. Lots of\nthem was working...\n\nEINSTEIN: Which organization was in charge of the kibbutzim? Was it Betar?\n\nSILBIGER: Lots of them. Most of them was Betar. My father was the President from\nBrit Al'Hiar. There was Betar, Betar Sohar, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Betar Hiar. I was in Betar. My\ntwo sisters, Mirka and Lorka, belonged to Betar also. We had a uniform.\n\nWhen it was holidays and we [went] to schul [Yiddish: synagogue], everyone had\nnew shoes and nice new suits, like navy [sailor suits]. Both sisters had long\nhair [that was so long] you could sit on it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was every year for springtime,\nfor Passover, and also for Shavuot -- the same thing.\n\nKENT: What was life like before Hitler came into power, when you were a child?\n\nSILBIGER: Before, I was going to school.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How much did the Jewish and the Polish people interact? What was the\nattitude before the German influence came in?\n\nSILBIGER: We were living not in town. [We lived just outside of town], two\nkilometers (1.2 miles) before town. At that time, there were 8,000 Jews and\n9,000 Poles. Together, it was something like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"17,000. It was not large. Over\nthere [where my grandparents house was], around us was not one Jew. [Town and\nother Jews were] two kilometers away. We were living just between Polack.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everyone was our friend. Not everyone, because [there] was also antisemitism.\nThey always was talking before Passover. They said, \"Do not let the children out\nbecause the Jews taking blood from the children.\" All kinds of social things. We\ndid not...\n\nWe knew people was stealing. Everywhere was stealing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father knew who was\nstealing. He said, \"Please watch over my stuff,\" so they would not steal. He did\nnot told them, \"I know you are a thief,\" because a thief watched over you. That\nis what they do. He told me this. I did not have to deal with such things.\n\nAcross from us was a family. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Their daughter knew how to sew. My mother had a\nsewing machine. She was also sewing dresses for my sisters, for my cousin. We\nwas all together. Everyone was friends. We played together. We played soccer\ntogether. Other sports we did not play, but they played in the school -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boys\nwith the ball against the other ones with the basket or girls with the\nbasketball. It was not like here with the football too much. Soccer was the most\n[popular] thing.\n\nIn the wintertime when it snowed, we had long [underwear] on. You could just see\nthe nose [because we were so fully covered] -- nothing else. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The street was a\ntwo-way with the horse wagons to go. From the other side was probably five feet\ndeep where the water was going down. When the snow come down, sometimes you\nmissed it and you dropped in. You had a hard time to go out. I noticed everything.\n\nIn the school sometimes, we fight the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boys against the girls. Sometimes the\nPolack said against the Jews, \"Parszywi Zydzi\" [Polish: scabby Jews], like you\ngot all kinds of [scabs or sores] not healing... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what they said. I cannot\ntell you in English. I do not have a Polish [dictionary]. That's what it was.\nSometimes they tried to... In town [there] was a promenade. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By the promenade was\na Catholic gymnasium [high school]. The Jews was walking like in Jerusalem with\nthe [beards], with the long hair... I [had] short hair. My father was shaved. My\nold uncles from the aunts ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[and] brothers... they had long beards. All of them did.\n\nKENT: What was your understanding of what the difference was between Jews and\nChristians or Catholics? What was the difference?\n\nSILBIGER: They had two churches they were going to. They would listen to what\nthe preacher said. [It is like] the same thing today what you have got with\nMuslims... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The preacher knows everything. Nobody [else] knows anything. Those\ndumb people... They do everything [the preacher said]. Most of [the Poles in our\ntown were] not educated. Later they started to educate the people. We had a\nJewish school, [but the public school was] for Polack and Jews together. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was\ngoing to cheder, a Hebrew school.\n\nThe Polack did not have... We did not have electricity where we lived. In\ndowntown Oswiecim, they start to have electricity. There were no cars. We had a\nlittle radio [with a head set]. My father liked to know the news. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We [the kids]\ndid not use it because maybe you could break it and get a whipping. Everyone was\nafraid. It was not like it is here [where] you cannot touch a child. Over there,\n[if you misbehaved] you got a whipping.\n\nOne time, we went in the wintertime for a walk with our maid. We were together\nwith Mirka and the maid. One time, we saw on the [frozen] water ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people\nice-skating. By them, by the lake, people had holes [where] they were taking out\nwater. The boys [would] go running fast and [slide on the ice]. I did something\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like this and I went to far. [I] hit the ice and the ice started to break. They\ngot me out. The maid said, \"Okay, we have to go home.\"\n\nMy grandmother had over there where the people... eating or something, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like a\nrestaurant. They had a big iron oven in the corner. It was almost red it was so\nhot. We came over there. The maid took clothes from me and they dry over there.\nOne time, my sister said she's hungry. She slipped out and went up stairs. We\nlived upstairs. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother said, \"Where's Shmilek? What are you doing over\nthere?\" [My sister said] \"He's to dry his clothes.\" My mother got wild. She went\ndown over there. First, the maid came. She did not do nothing, just slapped [her\nacross the face]. [Her face] was full of blood. [My mother] was strong. She took\nme upstairs. She took [off] all the clothes I still had on me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had a table\nwhere we ate in the kitchen. We had [a whip] for the horses. The end was harder\nand broken up. She was whipping me with it and I was dancing Cossacks on the\ntable. I did not say a word. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did not go anymore [on the ice]. This was to\nteach me, \"You do not do it next time.\"\n\nI was going to school. I had some friends over there. They said, \"Okay, come on.\nWe'll go look around. We'll have a good time.\" They was showing this, looking at\n[unintelligible; video 1, clip 2, 2:01]. One fellow who was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"driving with the\nhorses the bricks to deliver saw me walking around.\n\nMy mother went also to [a conference at the school one evening]. The teacher\nsaid, \"Yeah, he is very good, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just he doesn't do [his work]. He should do\nbetter.\" My mother came home and she [told my] father the same thing. My father\nwas in the Austrian Army. His belt was so big, so wide -- probably two inches\nwide. We did not have electricity; just kerosene lamps. He went over to the bed.\nI did not know he got the belt or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something with him. He said, \"Shmilek.\" He\ncalled me Shmilek. He said, \"Come here. Bring your rucksack.\" I bring\neverything. He said, \"Okay, give me first...\" what you wrote letters on. [The\nnotebook] had bent up corners. [I had bent up the corners until it looked like\nan animal's ears.] He said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Why you have such [bent up corners] in the book?\"\nLater, he told me to take the book and start to write. I write... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He took the\nbelt. He was whipping me like hell. I never had such a whipping. The next\nmorning, I went [to school] with my ass beaten up. I could not sit on it. I went\nto school. I did not say another word. From this time, I was the best student. I\ndo not like to show off, [but] I was the best mathematics [student] in the\nschool. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we went to school, we had a plate. It [had] ten different lines. It\n[had beads] on it [an abacus]. You could move them... I do not know what you\ncall it... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father said to me, \"If you do not know when I wake you up at night\nhow much is seven times seven or eight times five, you get a whipping.\" I knew\nit from this time.\n\nKENT: Was that the usual way in Jewish families that children were disciplined\nor motivated?\n\nSILBIGER: If your father looked at you, you would make in your pants! ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will\ntell you something else. After the war, first I was in Irgun. I went to Israel.\nI was fighting over there. I was wounded [and] was discharged. I was still a\nyear in Israel working and [then] came back to Germany, back to my father. I was\nwith my father one time. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sunday lunchtime. We ate dinner. We do not eat\nlunch in Germany. Here too, we eat dinner [a big meal] at lunchtime. After the\ndinner, I make with the hand... my father gave me a slap [on the back of the\nhead]. I was twenty-nine years [old]. I did not say not a word. He said,\n\"Listen. If I talk to you, you listen. I am still your father.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was\ntwenty-nine years [old]. After the war, after concentration camps... I still\nsaid not a word. He was my father. The people was different. [It was] not like\nhere [with] the children talking back to their parents. If my father looked at\nme, it was enough. You should know what is going on. [It was] the same way with\nmy mother. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They knew.\n\nI remember one time, it was before the holidays. My mother was baking a cake. It\nwas not like [now where kitchen appliances are] electric. Everything was made by\nhand. Coffee we ground by hand. We bought pepper. You had to smash it. It was\ndifferent. She was making a cake. She put in one container ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just the egg yolks.\nIn the other, she put just the [egg whites]. In the white yolks, she was making\nsnow. In the egg yolk, she put some sugar and some other things. She was\nworking. My older sister, Mirka, said, \"Momma, let me do it.\" Everyone was\nlooking around in the evening. There was no [television] and nothing to read\n[because] it was a little dark. [Mirka] was [stirring and stirring]. She bumped\nit one time and everything fell on the floor. [My mother] gave her a slap. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My\ngosh, blood [flowed] right away. Later my mother was... I seen everything. Right\naway [Mirka] left everything. She was looking for her tooth.\n\nWe had a break... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had land. I had one aunt. She was living in Krakow\n[Poland]. This was already a big town. Oswiecim was a tiny one. [In Krakow,] you\nhad streetcars, you had autos, everything. They had two boys. One time, they\nsent one boy -- the older one -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[to visit the farm]. Later, when they were\nsupposed to come pick him up... we were sitting over there. We were playing\noutside. We were running around. We made our own pickles [from] cucumbers that\nyou did not want. We baked our own bread. The bread was so big it was like a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wheel from a car. [My cousin] said, \"Shmilek, bring me a slice of bread.\" A\nslice of bread was probably a pound. [He said,] \"Put some butter on it.\" Butter\nwas not like you buy here. It was straight from the cow, from the cream. You\n[would churn it]. We made [butter] too. [My aunt] looked at him and said, \"Those\nare not my children.\"\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I was [visiting them] in Krakow, she made coffee... with a little bit...\nwhite. I would not drink it. She said, \"Please drink. We will go over there and\nbuy you a watermelon.\" At this time, a watermelon in Poland was something\n[special]. Oranges was something [special]. You could have apples, pears,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plums... [But watermelon or oranges] was not [something common].\n\nKENT: How much knowledge did you have about life in the rest of Europe? How much\nnews was coming in?\n\nSILBIGER: I was studying. We had Polish history in school also. In Polish\nhistory, [the borders] were changing from time to time, different... In 1791 or\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1792 or 1793, they took Poland apart. I knew this. There was a part to Austria,\na part to Russia, a part to Germany. In 1793, [the country of Poland] was over.\n[The area we were in was] Galicia. Galicia went to Austria. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe 12 or 13\nkilometers (seven or eight miles) from us was triangle. All three countries'\n[borders came] together. It was like this. [draws on floor with finger] This is\nPoland. Here was Russia. Here was Germany. Here was Austria. There was no\nPoland. They spoke Polish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at home. Probably when they were in the army, was also\nPolish... or Austrian.\n\nKENT: Did you feel your identity was more Polish or Jewish, or half and half?\n\nSILBIGER: We was living over there not in town, before the town. I was just with\nthe Polacks all the time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We spoke in school Polish. I heard my father [speak]\nto my mother in German. My father's [side of the family] came sometime in the\n1800's from Berlin [Germany]. [It was] like today with Jews moving from Israel,\nmoving everywhere [around the world]. They were everywhere after the war. They\nwere not staying in one place. Jews go where they can make a better living ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nbetter education for their children. It was the same thing for them.\n\nAlso the Holzers... My grandparents on my mother's side were the Holzers. I was\nhere maybe about ten years ago at a bar mitzvah. One fellow [I played cards\nwith] and they had together a bar mitzvah. The other fellow [had the name]\nHolzer. I said, \"Holzer?\" he said, \"Yeah, my grandparents came from Berlin\n[Germany].\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Probably I have... I know the children. I know the one son. I know\nthe wife. The wife is now older. She came [to the United States] with the\nHolocaust survivors. I said, \"Hello.\" She does not know anything. She is from\nPoland. She was not [a] Silbiger.\n\nKENT: When did you learn about Hitler and the changes in Germany ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1933? When\ndid the news get to your area?\n\nSILBIGER: We knew... I can tell you another thing. Poland was also [divided].\nThis was a part from Poland next to Germany. You had a river. It's like in\nAtlanta. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You go across Johnson Ferry Road [over the Chattahoochee River]. One\nside is Fulton County [and] from the other side, it is Cobb County. Over there\nwere two towns. One side was Biala [Poland]. It was [unintelligible; video 1,\nclip 2; 14:56]. Like we have Georgia... This side was Bielsko [Poland]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\nspoke mostly German. They spoke Polish and German.\n\nI had over there an uncle. He had a restaurant. One time came a fellow. He was\neating. He ordered this, ordered this, ordered some drinks... He was sitting by\nthe door. When somebody came in, it was not like here, where they give you a\nticket ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a bill to pay. He was sitting by the door. The fellow wanted to go\noutside. He said, \"How about to pay this bill?\" He said, \"I will not pay.\" He\nsaid, \"If you will not pay, you will not go outside.\" He said, \"I will not pay\nyou.\" He said, \"If you go out, I will kill you.\" He killed him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At this time it\nwas maybe 1936 or 1937. There was a pogrom in Bielsko. What happened to my uncle\nand to my aunt, I do not know. That's what I knew. I knew Germany...\n\nEINSTEIN: Sam, this man did not want to pay your uncle because they were Jews?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SILBIGER: Yes, because they were Jews. His name was Norman. I forgot what was\nher name.\n\nKENT: How much of that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of hostility towards Jews was there in your area?\nDid the kids at school beat you up or anything like that?\n\nSILBIGER: In the school, you had... Most of them were very religious. On\nSaturday, you did not see one Jew smoke a cigarette, or not one Jew riding a\nwagon with the horses, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or do some other things. No one was cooking. They had\n[all the meals for Saturday] on Friday cooked up. They had special containers or\nplates to put the food.\n\nYou had probably 20 different [Jewish] organizations [in Oswiecim]. In the\norganizations, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my father was a representative. The other was Communist. The\nother one was religious... [There were] 20 different [Jewish] groups. Some\nfamilies, when they came [together] in the evening and started talking politics,\nthey would fight each other. This was by the [assimilated Jewish] people who\nshaved themselves. My father was in the Army. He shaved himself.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They did not have time to look for... These people were very poor. You did not\nhave very rich people. They were looking how to make a living, how to put the\nkids to school. Later, when they got [to be] 14 or 15, they had to work. It was\nnot like here, [where kids are in school until they are] 18 or 21.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was there a difference in the standard of living between Jews and non-Jews?\n\nSILBIGER: [The standard of living was] better by Jews, always better.\n\nKENT: Was there any attitude about that?\n\nSILBIGER: We had kosher meat. The kosher meat you had to pay probably two zlotys\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Polish dollars] for a pound or kilo. [The meat] was not kosher [that came] from\nthe back. It was treif [Yiddish: non-kosher]. Something was wrong with the cow.\nThey would sell it for cheap. It was like 50 [cents per pound]. It was probably\nfour times lower. They said always a Jew was supposed to have a chicken or a\ngoose for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Saturday. The Polacks [a derogatory term for Polish people]... Like\nyou see sometimes, they go to McDonald's and pick up a sandwich. On Friday\nevening, every Jew was sitting at the table. Everyone had nicely done food. On\nSaturday, they had schul most of the time. They would put Friday['s prepared\nmeal] in the oven ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and take it out Saturday.\n\nWe also had a farm. In springtime, we also had lima beans. Later, when [the\nplant] would come up, they would go up. We had [crops of lima beans] already\nfrom year to year. They'd get broken, so we'd throw it away and [plant] a new\none. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'd put it maybe one and a half feet in the ground so it could hold. It\nwas growing sometimes nine or ten feet tall. Later, you was [picking] fresh ones\n-- not dried ones. When there was fresh ones, we brought them to the stores.\nThey was selling. On Friday, we took out from the bushes and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the evening\ncleaned it up and brought them to the stores, how many they wanted. People with\nmoney would buy. This was the best thing you could do.\n\nKENT: When did you notice that things were starting to change in the 1930s?\n\nSILBIGER: The children [were] not... The parents... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the war broke out, I\nwas not even 16. I was the oldest one. I had to listen to what my parents said.\nI did not know nothing by the newspaper. I did not see a newspaper. We did not\nhave newspapers. They had some downtown. I remember people were looking over\nthere... We just...\n\nKENT: Were people aware of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was changing in Germany?\n\nSILBIGER: I do not think [so]. Maybe around 1937, lots of people who were\nbefore... My ex-brother-in-law was... I do not know if he was born in Germany or\nhis parents went to Germany [after he was born]. Later, they when Hitler came to\npower, they said, \"All Polacks...\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They did not have... In Germany, you had to\nhave... You could not get citizenship. Those [people of Polish descent or\nnationality were told,] \"Goodbye.\" They were coming to Poland. Later, they took\nhim to the army. Later, after the war, I knew. Before, I was in a small town. We\ndid not know. Maybe in the big towns [they knew]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We belonged to organizations,\nbut in the organizations we were just [talking about and interested in going to]\nIsrael, what to do, how to work, how to go over there, how to fight.\n\nKENT: Was there no warning that a war was about to start?\n\nSILBIGER: Maybe my father knew something. I think children were... I was not\neven 16. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"War broke out September 1, 1939. [My sixteenth birthday] was almost two\nmonths later. October 27 was 57 days later.\n\nKENT: What do you remember when the war actually started? Where were you? What\ndid you know?\n\nSILBIGER: This was Friday morning. We got up. We wanted to go to school. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nlived maybe between three and four hundred yards away from [the army camp].\n[Holds picture of his grandparent's home up off camera] This was the building.\nBehind the building was a place where the soldiers were coming over a bridge.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First, was an army camp. Behind the army camp was a street where two trucks\ncould go by [at the same time]. Later was the Sola River. This [side] was just\nbig and smaller rocks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the side where we lived were bushes and a [pasture]\nwhere they had cows. Everyone would bring them over there. They had to pay... I\ndo not know what they had to pay for them to eat grass.\n\nThey were also bringing over there sometimes the soldiers [to do] exercises.\nThey were making ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exercises by our house, in the street, and everywhere else. The\nofficers were very rough, I can tell you. I saw everyone... They gave them just\nsoup, plain bread, no salami, no butter. Maybe sometimes they gave them a little\nbit of marmalade. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[The soldiers] were strong.\n\nKENT: When did the war actually come to your area?\n\nSILBIGER: Friday morning they started. My father was in the army. He figured out\nwhere they were coming from. He figured out from Germany, they'd have to come\nover Sola -- first to the army camp and later over the Sola. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"If this\nwill be, the Polish army will stop the Germans by the Sola.\" They did not do it.\nWe saw Saturday afternoon how the officers were going in uniform with [their\nhats] in [their hands] running. This was not officers and no army was there.\nElsewhere, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they fooled around with girls and whatever they could get away\nwith... This was Friday afternoon.\n\nOn Saturday, my father said, \"Listen. Okay. We take now our horse with the wagon\nand put mostly what we have...\" It was summertime. September first is\nsummertime. You do not need to have lots of clothes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just the most important\nthings. He got lots of friends that was buying from him the bricks. [When you\nhave] lived over there 400 years, you've got all kinds of friends. He said,\n\"Okay. We go to Polanka [Poland].\" [My father] was looking just through the air\n[and] how far away the cannons [could hit]. We went to Polanka. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went over to\nsome guy. He said, \"Okay you stay here. You put over there in the stable. We'll\nput... You stay over there. We have hay and everything.\" We had something to eat.\n\nWe were over there Sunday morning. Everything was quiet. My mother said to my\nfather, \"Listen, I'll take the maid and we'll go over there. We are women.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My\nmother was very [tough] like me. She was not afraid.\n\nI'll tell you something else [about my mother]. In 1920, [my mother's family]\nhad a drive-in. People was coming and eating over there. There were lots of\npogroms. She had guns. My mother did. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was together with her mother and\nfather. They were old people. They could not do nothing. They came over there to\nthe building... They tried to break in. She shot a few times -- one in the\nwindow. Later, they went to the other window and she shoot. They went round and\nround [the building trying to come in the windows]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She shot the different\nwindows. Nobody came in.\n\nI'll tell you something else [about my mother]. In the summertime, they had\ndances over there. They came -- boys and girls -- and they were dancing. You\nknow boys will [become possessive and say,] \"This is my girl.\" They start to\nfighting. She did not do too much. She picked up one by one head and the other\nby his head and [knocked them together]. She'd pick up a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"100 kilogram (220\npound) bag of flour like it was nothing... At this time, people had to be\nstrong. If not, they could not live. She had to be strong. I have cousins over\nthere on my mother's side. The youngest boys went to the Sola. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were picking\nup rocks [to see] who picked up the heaviest one.\n\nWhen I was still in camp... First, I was in a work camp, not concentration camp.\nI was probably three years just in a work camp. The concentration camp came to\nus. They came from Auschwitz-Birkenau to us in two buses. This was on Sunday.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One was taking my name and one was tick-tick-tick [tattooing my arm]. After\nthis, we received a number. We received a uniform. This time on was a\nconcentration camp. Until this time, we were working.\n\nI was from a farm. I knew how to take a shovel in the hand and how to take a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spade in the hand. In the springtime, we trimmed the trees. In Poland, they did\nnot burn it up. You would [cut and stack] it by the fence so in the wintertime\n[you had wood] to make warm in the house. I knew how to take an ax. That's the\nreason I was strong. I was skinny, [but] strong.\n\nKENT: Go back to when your family went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that stable in the neighboring town.\nHow long did you all stay in that stable?\n\nSILBIGER: No, we came... The stable was on September 1 [1939]. This was on\nSeptember 3. [We stayed] September the first, second and third. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On Sunday, my\nmother and the maid went to our house to take a look. We had a cow there and we\nhad chickens. [We wondered] what was going on. She was not afraid. She was a\nwoman. She was not afraid. She [saw] everything was quiet, so they came back to\nus and we [went] back home. We went over there.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One or a few days later, they called up to take all the guns. Who[ever] had guns\n[had] to bring [their guns to surrender them] in the city. My father had a big\none from the army. He [had] ammunition. They had over there an outside toilet\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for three people to sit down and over there was a place for the men to\n[urinate]. In the wintertime, they were taking the [waste] to put on the yard\n[as fertilizer]. Everything was growing. I picked it up, wrapped it up nicely,\nand dumped it in the toilet. I was [in Poland] fifteen years ago. I did not look.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We built the house in 1934. There were maybe 12 steps in the house going [to the\nlanding before turning and going] onto the roof. Over there was a fence ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in back.\nTo go outside, was down maybe three yards. We made like a shack. It was close\nup. This was the Sukkot. The roof we put on hinges. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With our chains, we pulled\nit up -- the whole roof -- and put a top on it.\n\nKENT: After your family went back home again, what happened next?\n\nSILBIGER: After a few days, they called us first to bring the guns. They started\ntaking people. They said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Come into town by the main office where the rabbi was\nin the center of the city's Jewish community. The chairman came. They picked him\nup to clean up the street. For what[ever] they needed, they was taking Jews. I\nwas still [not yet] 16 years [old]. I was not there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everyone was doing,\ncleaning up because it was shortly before winter. You had to pick up the\npotatoes from the fields and everything. There was no school, nothing. Children\nwere sitting at home. Maybe a year later... in 1940, they called up people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nthe camp to build the autobahn.\n\nKENT: For a year life was fairly normal?\n\nSILBIGER: We were children. I did not know nothing. Children do not have nothing\nto do. I was just 16 years old. I did not know nothing.\n\nKENT: Were there any actual signs of war, like combat or bombing, in your area?\n\nSILBIGER: No, no combat. They took over right away. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was all. The people had\nto do what they said. There were lots of Polish people that went over there.\nThey said, \"You know, I know something,\" to the police. [They would say,] \"He's\ngot this and this. They were probably hiding some suit or some material or\nsomething.\" All the richest ones had everything ironed at that time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All the\nrich ones were over there.\n\nKENT: Were there any restrictions yet on Jewish people and what you could do, or curfews?\n\nSILBIGER: Yes. Nobody could go outside. When it started to get dark, nobody\noutside. Later they put for Jews to put [on] an armband ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a blue star. First\nthey said not to walk on the sidewalk, just in the middle of the street. Later\nthey put also... They had yellow...\n\n[interview is interrupted then resumes]\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You still went to school and your parents still worked?\n\nSILBIGER: No more school. We were around the parents, all of them just sitting\nand talking. Old people was probably talking politics. [For] the children, they\nwould give you something to read. Everyone tried to [stay] occupied. In the\nsummertime, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we went outside to the yard. Before, we were taking people to work.\nWe were working, helping. What the Germans did... They had the army camp first.\nLater you had to bring over food or something. They came not with trucks. [The\nGermans] came with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wagons and horses. In the springtime, the Germans said\nwho[ever has] got land to put some seed in the land for potatoes or something.\nBefore the war, Germans were very slim. They did not have enough to eat. I was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going out in the morning. I brought to the guy [who] came with the wagon with\nhorses. Later he was going around with horses and he was doing it.\n\nKENT: Do you remember what your expectations were at that time? Was there fear?\nWas there optimism?\n\nSILBIGER: We were children. [We] did not know nothing. My father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told us, \"Just\nlisten to what they are telling you.\" That is all they were telling us. [They\nsaid,] \"Always be polite. Never talk back.\" I never talked back to my father. I\nnever talked back to anyone who was talking to me. He knew better than me\nbecause I was too young. You wore a smirk... Some children in the wintertime,\n[would get a runny nose]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You did not have tissues. You would [wipe your nose on\nyour sleeve]. I'm telling you what I did.\n\nKENT: What started to change after a year?\n\nSILBIGER: In 1940, they were taking people to build the autobahn. They took lots\nof young people. All my cousins who were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"older than me. I and my cousin, who is\nnow in Florida, were the youngest boys. Everyone who was already over 18 was\ngoing to work. They were taking [people over 18]. They took my father also.\n\nWhen my father was over there, we put stuff in the ground. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Polack went to\nthe German Commandant. They said, \"Over there is a Jew and I know he is no\ngood,\" and these kind of things, \"and we would like to take the land from him\nand put them together with the Jews.\" My mother received a paper. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somebody came\nwith a paper. It was not the post office. I do not remember a post office. We\nnever got letters. There were no letters.\n\nMy mother still had the papers where my father was in the Austrian Army. [She]\nwent with my uncle's second wife to the police station. They showed them to the\nofficer. My mother spoke ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perfect German. [She] said, \"Listen, my husband has\nfive children. It's just dumb Polacks trying to do like this, to throw us off.\nHe was with the German Army on the French front. He was also on the Alpine\nfront.\" All the papers were there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They said a polite, \"Go. Don't talk nothing.\"\n\nWe was still making beans to have to eat. We had clothes and all kinds of things\nwe exchanged for a chicken or something like this. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She cooked the chicken for a\nwhole week for the whole people. They took the skin from the neck. They took\npotatoes with a little meat mixed together to make like salami. They cooked this\nand made a soup. The soup was really tasteful from the chicken. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They put some\nbeans, some carrots, and everything. It's how we lived. They made one from this,\none from this... They knew how to do it... It was not like we got a chicken and\nwe would eat the chicken then have nothing tomorrow. I do the same thing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If it\nwill be a month with bad weather, I am thank G-d already. That's what I learned\nfrom my parents.\n\nKENT: Your mother was able to keep your land from being taken away?\n\nSILBIGER: No. They brought my father back in 1941, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably in January or\nFebruary. My father sent me to some people far away that he'd known for a long\ntime. They were making business. He knew the lady when they were young and going\nto school. I do not know if they were going to school. The Polacks was not\neducated. They did not know nothing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not all of them was going to school. They\nput me over there, not in a stable, just where they had straw [stored]. It was\ncold like hell. They brought me something to eat over there. I was over there\ntwo days. I said, \"No. I'm going home.\" I went. There was German [occupied\nareas] I went through.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later they said everyone who was 17... I was almost 17 and a half. I was 17 in\n1940. On March 5, I came with a little luggage, with one pair [of shoes] on my\nfeet and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one in my luggage, and some socks, and some long johns. They took us\nall to the station. From the station, we were going to the mountains, to\nSaybusch. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name of the company [labor brigade] was Bautrupp-Saybusch. This\nmeans a company that was building everything. Bauen means 'building' [in German].\n\nWe had over there SS, the ones that had black uniforms, and one that looked like\nhe had [a cape], not a uniform. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We called him a guar. In Hebrew, it means\n'preacher.' We gave everyone a different name. When we were working and he had a\ngood day, he was good. When there was something wrong on the front or he did not\nhave a good day, he was beating us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For those who did not know how to work, they\ncame right away with them.\n\nThe Germans brought people from Hungary and Romania and taught them how to be\nfarmers. They annexed a piece from Poland [that included] Oswiecim. They changed\nOswiecim ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1940. They came in two buses from Germany. [Their prisoner uniforms\nhad] black and green triangles. They were murderers or homosexuals or something\nlike this. From this time, it was [called] 'Auschwitz.' What they were doing\nover there, nobody knew.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When they annexed the piece of Poland to Germany, 100 Polish families... They\ncame with a truck. They put 90 Polish families on the truck and they took them\nto the Russian occupied [part of Poland]. I do not know what they did. Maybe\nthey killed them. I cannot tell you. I do not know. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They [gave the land to] one\nGerman [what had once belonged to] ten Polish families and all the old ones can\nwork on it.\n\nIt was not all good houses. People had lived there a long time and they did not\nhave an oven inside. They had a fire or something. Those houses were knocked\ndown with a good house [built] for the German. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was living over there. If not,\nwe made the foundation. They gave us plans [to build] the foundation. They\nbrought from Sweden ready-made, prefabricated houses. We had two Germans from\nRomania carpenters. They did not know to read. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were carpenters, but\nprobably helpers.\n\nI was at this time 18 years old. In the springtime by the brick factory, you had\nto fix it. You always had something to do. My father took the people before they\nstarted making bricks to fix it. After school, I was happy sometimes [not to\nhave to] go to Hebrew school. I would just come over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there to see how to do it.\nThis was helpful for me. I knew how to do it. You kept [the information] in your\nhead, if those go this way or this way. We were building the houses.\n\nOne time before Christmas, we built those houses. Those two Germans got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vacation\nto go to their families for Christmas. The SS man came to us and said, \"Boys,\nwould you like to go to work cleaning streets or would you like to go build\ntheir houses?\" We said, \"We'll go better to build the houses.\" We did not tell\nthem [that it was] because when you worked on the street and passed the SS to\nclean up their cars, they would whip you. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the Wehrmacht came by, it was not\nso bad. Some of them were bad apples so the other one had to be a bad apple too.\nI was working with them. Some of them were young boys [and] they were sweet.\nThey did not say nothing. They were good boys too.\n\nKENT: What kind of living ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"situation was it? Were you living in barracks or a\nhouse in the labor camp?\n\nSILBIGER: We lived in a house. My brother-in-law was over us. We received food\nfrom the SS. They gave us food. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got clothing. I do not know where the\nclothing [came from]. It was old clothing. Maybe even from the concentration\ncamp or other places. They got a cart for buying bread. My brother-in-law went\nto a bakery that was a Polack's. He gave him [a loaf to put] under his\nundershirt. Under your shirt, you could get out a loaf extra. You can do... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You\nhave to know how to talk to people. That's what it is. We were in camp. We still\nhad from home some money. We bought... One was collecting pennies... They bought\neggs. We cooked eggs. They brought boiled eggs. This happened also. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You tried to\nhelp yourself however you can.\n\nKENT: Which of your family members were with you at that time or were you alone?\n\nSILBIGER: I was alone at this time.\n\nKENT: The rest of your family was still back home?\n\nSILBIGER: No. My father was not home. My sisters were home. My cousin was at a\ndifferent camp. My cousin was in Germany on the autobahn. This was occupied\nPoland, annexed to Germany. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the war broke out against Russia [in 1941],\nthose farmers... We were on the border of Czechoslovakia and Poland. It was\n[unintelligible town name sounds like \"Swaldin\"], in the mountains. Over there\nwere German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"border police. They all were from Hungary, from Romania, from\neverywhere. The war [between Germany and the Soviet Union] broke out on\nSaturday, June 22, [1941]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We finished our job, put everything nicely. We came\nback to our camp. We had a cook from the Polish Army with an oven making food\nfor all of us. With this, we warmed up water, washed clothes, and cleaned up\nwith hot water.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One time over where we were working we saw a fire far away. We did not have no\nfire. Those son-of-a-bitches made a fire. I am always the first one. I ran. We\nhad hills. I was the first one to the top. I was going to get warmer. I was\nrunning fast and they came over there. I was the first one there. I still do not\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe [today] I had so much power. The wood we were taking two people had a\nhard time to carry up... a tree. They were building from one side [of the hill]\nto the end to end. I was pulling such a tree. I do not know from where I got\nsuch power.\n\nEINSTEIN: Your mother.\n\nSILBIGER: I still... In this house, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no one cuts the grass, no one cuts the\nbushes... I was doing the work. We had a swimming pool. The last five years we\ndo not use because we do not swim, so I do not care.\n\nKENT: What was the fire?\n\nSILBIGER: The fire... When we pulled everything apart so the wood should get\nmuch harder because... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put one line between others so you go around... When we\ntook everything apart, our SS man came. He said, \"Es ist verfluchte hunde. Es\nist meine Juden. Du berührst keinen anderen. Das sind meine Juden.\" [German:\nThese cursed dogs are my Jews. You do not touch another one. These are my Jews.]\n[He said,] \"Those are my Jews... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Du hund! [German: You dog!]... Don't touch my\ndog. I should kill you, du Zigeuner [German]... you gypsy.\" The gypsies were\nfrom Hungary and Romania. They knew what they were.\n\nKENT: You were valuable to them.\n\nSILBIGER: Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was valuable because I was working. All of [us were] working,\nso they were happy with us.\n\nKENT: Was this around summer of 1943?\n\nSILBIGER: I think this could be 1942... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We [were going] from village to village.\n\nKENT: Was there any Russian presence in that area or was it strictly German?\n\nSILBIGER: No. This was [after the] war [between the Russians and Germans] had\nstarted. Later, we heard how the Germans were going to advance. Not far away, we\nwent over [to] the railroad to pick up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[lumber or supplies] from the railcar and\nput on the trucks to bring to the place where we were building those walls. We\n[saw] army transports passing by. We also saw transports going back... knocked\ndown... all kinds...\n\nKENT: Did you consider the Russians ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be the enemy or friends? What was the\nattitude towards Russians?\n\nSILBIGER: We did not have nothing to do [with the Russians]. This was far away,\nmaybe 500 miles or more from [the front]. We were almost by Germany in Galicia.\nGalicia is long. [At one end is] Oswiecim [and] Krakow and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[at the other end is]\nLvov, Lemberg... Galicia [is all the way] over to Lemberg. This was once [part\nof] Austria.\n\nKENT: When you heard that Germany was attacking and advancing towards Russia,\nwhat did you think about that?\n\nSILBIGER: We did not have radios. We did not have newspapers. We were just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in\nthe morning waking up, washing up... I did not shave myself at this time because\nI was 17 years old. I do not remember when I started to shave myself. We ate and\nwent to work. We were sometimes in the morning walking six or seven kilometers\nto work because the camp was [over] here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the place [where we were building]\nwas far away. We had to walk. In the evening when we came home, there was [no]\nelectricity, no radio [and] no papers. When we ate, we went to bed. We made\nourselves beds. We put beds [together that had] one row, two row, three row\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[stacked above each other].\n\nIn the evening, they were singing Jewish songs. When I came to camp, I did not\nknow almost [any] Yiddish. I just heard sometimes what the parents... I talk to\nmy wife in German. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My daughter said, \"I know what you're talking about!\"\n[Actually] she knows just a few words and does not know what's going on. That's\nwhat it is. I did not know it. Later, I knew it. I was singing Jewish songs [in\nYiddish]. When I was in Betar, we were singing Hebrew songs, not [Yiddish]. Here\nwe were singing [in Yiddish] because there were people from all kinds ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of places.\n\nKENT: Did you have any close friends during that period?\n\nSILBIGER: The first time, I had my sister. Mirka came to camp. We had from my\nmother's family a second or third ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cousin from Germany. He was a wrestler. [His\nname was] Taube. I do not know how Mirka came to camp. Later, Lorka came to\ncamp. They were in the kitchen, so I was not worrying about [getting enough]\nfood. When you've got somebody in the kitchen, they can always give you\nsomething. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later on, we got... Before we were in Bedzin -- in our town, people\nwere sent to Bedzin and Sosnoweic... When this was [made] Judenrein, we got my\nfather also in the camp.\n\nMy father spoke ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perfect German and was the Commandant. They had [a storage space\nfilled with] glass for the windows, locks for the doors, for everything,\ncement... The SS man gave my father the keys over this. One time came a big\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inspector. He came with an older guy. He was in the SR. The SR had brown\nuniforms with the [armbands]. He also spoke Polish. He came to my father with a\nbottle, a liter of gasoline. He spoke to my father in Polish because he knew he\nwas Polish. He said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Herr Silbiger, I have here a bottle, a liter of Benzin\n[German: gasoline]. If I bring over, you can bring me a loaf of bread?\" My\nfather said, \"Okay, I will try.\" He got it. He gave it to him right away. We got\nit because we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to help each other. You work [and] live with people...\nThey knew him.\n\nNext to it was a church. The girl that was working [for] the SS cooking was\ngoing to church. She told my sister, Mirka, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how to play cards. [Mirka] said,\n\"You tell all kinds of jokes over there. You can just play cards.\" She was\nsmart. She was talking to the girl, always making good... [She] never said\nbad... Use your [head or brains].\n\nKENT: What did he do with the gasoline?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SILBIGER: I do not know what my father... Just I know that's what my father was\nselling. When we were in a different camp, we could not do such things. We could\nnot get nothing. We were in the camp. On the block were six rooms. There was a\nLageraltester [German: camp elder or leader], Stubenaltester [German: room elder\nor leader], Baracke Altester [German: barrack elder or leader], and Room\nAltester [German: room elder or leader]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everyone got [food] when you came in\nfrom work. You got a portion of bread with marmalade or something like this and\nthey gave you soup. That's all. That was our food for all day. [If] you eat\neverything today, tomorrow you will not have [any]thing.\n\nIn the back was a big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place, probably larger than Cumberland Mall. [There were]\n55,000 people working over there. There were offices. There were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place where\nthey were making from coal, clothing in Bedzin... all kinds [of things]. I was\nin the group [doing] construction, making bunkers. First, we were making small\nbunkers. When the Americans came [and bombed the area], they [were flattened]\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the carpet. You did not see nothing [except] a hole. Later, we were making\nthem [with walls that were] three meters [ten feet] thick. I was working\nchecking the cement was strong enough that they gave me. It was not like today.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[We had] larger stones, [then] smaller, smaller... mixed together. You put [your\nstones in]. It was going [down the line with] one from [each person added in].\nEveryone had to put his [stones in the mix]. You'd put it over there in the\nmachine. The machine mixed it and made the cement. I was taking two... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When it\ncame to us, [we would] put the cement in railroad cars. It was closed so [the\ncement] would not get wet. I picketed up one [bucket of] cement [in one hand]\nand [another bucket in] the other. The other ones [could only] take one bucket.\nThe SS men saw that. By working, I did not get beaten. One time I got beaten.\nThis was [at] the [camp] before the last camp.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What happened?\n\nSILBIGER: This was in Bergen-Elster. This was already in 1945. I cannot tell you\nif [the guard] was Russian or Hungarian. We were making the mountain room where\nthey were building [V-1 and V-2 rockets]. In the mountain, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they put fabric...\n\nKENT: A tunnel?\n\nSILBIGER: No, in the mountain, they took out the rock, they made a hole and blew\nit up. We took away the rocks when they pulled it up. They built [V-1 and V-2\nrockets]. That was the rockets going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against England.\n\nThis was the worst camp. [There were] big louse. Next to us was an army\n[prisoner of war] camp. We saw American soldiers go to work. In the morning,\nthey were okay. In the evening, they did not have a stretcher. They took two\npieces of wood and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tied it with rope on both sides. They put [the soldier] on\nit. This was a dead Jewish prisoner.\n\nKENT: You said you were beaten that one time?\n\nSILBIGER: Yes, I was beaten. My father... When I was in Annaberg, they were\nbuilding ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still a [foundation] for one barrack. My father was laying the bricks.\nAt one point came a SS inspection. Himmler was also there. He was passing by\nover there and he saw an older fellow. Maybe he was looking at him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He came to\nhim and was beating me like hell. I did not know about it because I was working\nin another place. In the evening, they told me he was in the jail. He said, \"I\nwill not shoot him. Send him to Auschwitz,\" to the Lageraltester, a German\nJewish [man]. They sent him not to Auschwitz-Birkenau. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They sent him to\nBlechhammer. This was the last camp... with the big...\n\nI was working with Geise building barracks. We put the walls [up and then] the\nceiling was piece-by-piece boards. This is very hard to nail. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was nailing it.\nHe could not do it. Twice he gave me a sandwich -- a Polack. He was a\nVolksdeutsche -- because I was doing, I was working.\n\nKENT: How did you get in trouble the one time? You said you got beat up or punished?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SILBIGER: Sometimes, on Sunday, we did not work. If the German officers or\nguards had a good day -- if it was quiet on the Russian border or everything was\nokay -- it was all right. But if something was going bad for the Germans, they\ntook us to the big yard in camp, where in the morning, we was standing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in groups\n-- 30, 40, or 60 groups. He sent all of [the prisoners] into the big yard on all\nfours and [made us] walk around. They were taking the Peitschen [German: whip]\nand knocking down. My father said, \"Just go in the middle.\" I learned from my\nfather because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he went through plenty. He was... maybe 45. He said, \"When you\nare next on the run, you'll get morning beatings. If you are far away...\" I got\nsome beatings. That's all. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was when [events] on the front things were very\nbad. They went crazy. They did not know what to do. They were taking it out on somebody.\n\nOn the job, one time the SS saw something or he was just a bad soldier. The\nforeman would hit me. He'd say, \"Okay. I think I've beaten [you enough] for\nthem.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catching the brunt of it.\n\nKapos were no good. I did not have to deal with [kapos] because I was with my\nfather. My father had lots of friends over there [from] before the war. Some of\nthem were butchers. They were working. We would buy kosher food [from them].\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People remembered you how you were. It's good to have friends everywhere. In the\narmy, or in jail, everywhere if you have friends, it's okay. [Then there is] one\nhelping the other.\n\nI was in the army. I can tell you this was the best [time] in my whole life\nbecause we was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one for each other. In Israel, everyone must go into the army. I\nwas over there last year with a fellow who was [in the army with me] 40 years\nago. His granddaughter was 17 when I was over there. [She] said, \"I am now 17.\nNext year, I will go to the army.\" [She was] happy.\n\nKENT: Going back to 1943, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what did you know about the camps and the actual\nHolocaust at that point?\n\nSILBIGER: The concentration camps? I knew already. My mother went in 1943 when\n[the Jews from] Oswiecim [that had been sent to Sosnoweic and Bedzin]... When\nSosnoweic and Bedzin were [made] Judenrein, they were taken to concentration\ncamps. I knew this already.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SILBIGER: Before it was Judenrein, we had an SS man. His [Adam's apple] was a\nbig one. We did not call them by their names. We called them \"Herr\" or\n\"Officer.\" We did not say nothing [to them]. They talked to us. We called him\n\"Gurgle.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A chicken has also a gurgle. For 100 grams of coffee, you could go on\nvacation. You know what was a vacation? On Friday evening, he would make you a\npiece of paper [a pass]. You would go into Sosonowiec and on Sunday you came\nback. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was going. I was sitting by myself and everyone... I did not talk to\nnobody. Nobody knew I am a... They was doing anything. Even the SS did not know.\n\nOne [man] who was with me was from Holland. He was from a very rich [family] in\nHolland. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One was a wrestler -- very well known in Holland. From the start, I saw\nthem always tear up everything. One morning, he came every morning to work with\nus. The SS did not touch him because they told him... You have to know...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: He could bribe them? He had money?\n\nSILBIGER: I do not know. Probably someone told him... could be the SS man who\nwas taking care of my group. Probably he was paid. This was almost at the end,\nnot at the start. The Holland Jews were in very bad shape -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the workers.\n\nKENT: How long did the period in the labor camp last for you? When did you get\nsent away from there?\n\nSILBIGER: How long from start until the end?\n\nKENT: You said you were in a labor camp for about three years altogether?\n\nSILBIGER: No. First, from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"March 1, 1941 until probably 1943, until we came on\nthe German [territory], not what was occupied or annexed. Probably about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a year\nlater came the SS on the two buses from Auschwitz-Birkenau. They put up two\ntables and one was taking my name and the other was punching [tattooing] the\nnumbers [on my arm]. This was the concentration camp. This was when we got the\nnumbers and the uniform.\n\nKENT: What season was it? Winter? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Summer?\n\nSILBIGER: Not winter. I think this was probably 1943. This was probably\nSeptember or August.\n\nKENT: What number were you given?\n\nSILBIGER: 1-7-8-5-5-0 [shows tattoo on left forearm to camera]\n\nKENT: I can look it up. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have a book that lists when everybody came there.\n\nSILBIGER: Yes, please tell me. I cannot remember [when it was], just I know how\nit was. From this point, [we had] no more civilian clothing. Everything was just...\n\nKENT: Did you know at the time why there were two separate tables and two\nseparate lines? Was that a selection?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SILBIGER: No, not a selection. We were all in a work camp [already]. It was not\na selection like in Auschwitz-Birkenau. I did not know this. I did not go\nthrough something like that. We were all workers. We were all productive.\n\nKENT: Where were you sent after you got the numbers?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SILBIGER: Blechhammer. First we came to Annaberg. This was the first camp, where\nmy father was beaten so. After this, they sent us to Blechhammer. My group was\ntaking apart the barracks where the people were working on the autobahn. We took\napart ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the barracks so nothing got broken so they could use it again. We took it\napart perfectly, put it on the railroad car, and went further. When we were\nfurther, we still clean it up, make it look nice so [we all] looked like human\nbeings, so nobody recognized [a camp with slave laborers] was over there. We\nwere doing more places. We were not just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing one. They were taking [us] to\nwork. When we cannot walk [there], they took us in the morning in a truck and\ntook us to work.\n\nKENT: Can you describe what that camp looked like and how it was constructed?\n\nSILBIGER: My camp?\n\nKENT: Yes. What did it look like? How big was it?\n\nSILBIGER: Probably there were 5,000 people or more.\n\nIn 1945, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[just before] Oswiecim was liberated -- they said on the 27th -- they\ntook those prisoners on a [death march] to us. They came to Blechhammer. They\ncame all this [way] frozen. I do not know what happened on the way because I did\nnot get to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[interact with] them. They put them in the old place. They were\nbuilding a larger camp.\n\nLater, we left on January 27 or February 1 or somewhere [around then]. We went\ntoo. They went together with us. The [prisoners took up the] whole street. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On\nboth sides were the SS. They did not have enough men so they were [guarding us\nwith the help of the prisoners who had] the green numbers. The green numbers\nwere the kapos or they were working in the camp because they do not let them\noutside. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also they gave them the guns. When someone was walking and could not\nwalk, go on the side, and sat down or something, [they killed them]. They had\none or two horse and wagons. If someone was [dead on the road side], they [threw\nthem in the wagon]. I do not know what they did with them.\n\nFour or five years ago, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lady called me [and asked if] I remembered or knew\nsuch and such name. She said, \"He is from Beldzin.\" I said, \"Yes, I knew lots of\nBeldzins. I had lots of friends. We were working together.\" I asked her how old\nhe was. [She said], \"When he was over there, he was probably 50 or 57.\" [I\nsaid,] \"I don't think so. He wouldn't have made it.\" She asked if I was on the\ndeath march. I said, \"Yes.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were walking. I was with my father on the death\nmarch. I was in the middle [of the column] because when they started to hit you,\nthey hit you on the side. Everything you have to learn.\n\nKENT: What condition were you in?\n\nSILBIGER: I was working.\n\nKENT: How healthy were you? Were you skinny? Were you sick? Were you hurt?\n\nSILBIGER: When I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated, you could count all my bones from the top to the\nbottom. I was liberated. I did not know I was liberated. I was in a place where\nthe German officers were going shooting. We came over there. There was a bed so\nwe were sleeping over there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On May 5...\n\nThe last camp was Dachau. On April 27 or 28, in Dachau, they came with a train\nwith wagons -- not the boxcars; wagons for people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They put us on this, and\nclosed the doors, and we were off. One time, the Americans came and [bombed] the\nrailroad. We could not go farther. We had to wait until they fixed the railroad.\nThey fixed it and we [went] farther. It broke down [again].\n\nWe had to stay in [unintelligible, sounds like \"hook,\" 11:38:33] homes with the\nRed Cross. They started to give them food. We were over there. We did not eat\nnothing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was already in 1945. One time, they seen a red triangle. They\nsaid, \"What you are? Polish or you are Jewish?\" [We told them,] \"We are Polish\n[and] Jewish.\" [They said,] \"You don't get nothing.\" Everyone who was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not Polish\nor Jewish received [food]. When I came here to America and they came to me to\n[donate] to the Red Cross, I said, \"Listen. I shouldn't give you another thing.\"\n[They said,] \"It's not the [International] Red Cross. This is the American Red\nCross.\" I give them plenty.\n\nKENT: The Red Cross would not give food to the Jewish prisoners?\n\nSILBIGER: Yes. They would not give nothing to us. They was giving to... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because\nwe were together... kapos, preachers, homosexuals, everything was over there. I\ndid not see no Germans.\n\nKENT: Was that the German Red Cross?\n\nSILBIGER: European. You can believe me like I sit here.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Going back to the end of January 1945 when you were all marched away,\nwhere did you first go?\n\nSILBIGER: We went walking. We came to Gross-Rosen. It was also a camp. I did not\nknow I had four or five cousins over there. They were over there in camp with\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those people who were building the autobahn. They [sent] them to Gross-Rosen.\nThey were working there and they put them over there. They were working probably\nsome other places. Not one of them are alive. I did not have a chance to talk to\nthem. No on could talk when I was in camp. We did not want to talk because we\nwanted to forget we were there. Now with time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have remembered everything.\n\nKENT: What did Gross-Rosen look like?\n\nSILBIGER: Gross-Rosen was the old camp. They [were] building a new camp. When\nthe Germans started moving back from Russia -- the Russians were behind them --\nthey started building camps in [Germany]. They thought maybe they could stop\nthem [from crossing] the water or a river [into Germany]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just the Russians\n[kept coming]. They could not do it. First, they broke into our camp [so the\nGermans] started building a new camp by us. They were over there two nights. We\nhad to go farther.\n\nThis probably was January 1 or 2 when we moved from Blechhammer. There was a big\nbuilding. Wood was over there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was already in February. It was raining.\nThere was snow and water. The old camp was on the hill. This one was down [the\nhill] and the crematorium was down somewhere. In the morning, you'd see how they\n[took] the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dead prisoners on the stretchers by the feet and [were] pulling\n[them]. They had to go next to the fence. I saw one time it was slippery. The\nprisoner who was holding the dead body, stepped out and tried to catch him. He\ncaught the [electric] wire and [died] too.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Over there we got just one time eat. We were there three days with nothing to\neat. They came with the open [railcar] wagons. They put us [in crammed\ntogether]. On the end [railcar] was sitting the SS men. We were sitting in [the\nother cars]. They were taking us to Buchenwald.\n\n[On the way] to Buchenwald ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was Weimer. When we were in Weimar, we saw a thousand\nAmerican planes flying one by one [in a formation] like you see the birds flying\nsouth in the fall. Not one was dropping [bombs]. [They were] just [flying]. Then\nat one time, they started dropping. The SS men jumped up from their truck but\nthey left us in the truck. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They went to the station and [were] hiding. They did\nnot drop [bombs] on us. Maybe they [saw we were prisoners]. The whole of Weimar\nyou saw later [the ruins of buildings] hanging... The houses got busted down.\nJust all of them were hanging... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a bathtub or something. We had to wait over\nthere two days until they fixed the railroad. The railroad was again busted.\n[The Allies were] doing a good job.\n\nI remember when I was in Blechhammer, the first time, they dropped [bombs]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When\nthey came the second time, was exactly in the same holes, one by one. It was a\nsmall bunker and the Germans did not want to let in... not just Jews, the\nPolacks what was working, or Czechs -- just Germans.\n\nKENT: What were you feeling during that phase?\n\nSILBIGER: Nothing. You cannot [feel or think] nothing because you do not know\nnothing. You have to do what they tell you. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[It is like when] you are in the\narmy. You cannot do nothing. You have to listen.\n\nWhen we [were] on the train -- this was already in April -- going down to the\nAustrian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"border... over there is Mittenwald and a river named Isar. This was in\nthe mountains. You have just rocks, nothing else. On the train was the\nCommandant over the SS and over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. With him was his wife. He had a Kalfaktor. A\nKalfaktor is someone the SS men had to [shine their shoes and] make everything\nready for them. He overheard how [the Commandant's] wife said to her husband,\n\"You see what's going on? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How about you do like you didn't receive the order?\nYou see, tomorrow it's probably over. Maybe this will be good for you by the\nAmericans.\" That's what he heard. They brought us over there to the Isar in\nMittenwald by the water. Around every few yards was a machine gun. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Dachau,\nthey did not have already a crematorium. They could not use it. They did not\nhave [electric fences]. They wanted to bring us all over and shoot [us] over there.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I still remember the SS man -- I [could still] recognize him -- was standing\nwith a rifle, had on a backpack and went over there where we laid down. We laid\ndown on the stones by the water. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was in the evening. We [did not get\nanything] to eat. Everyone laid down to sleep. I was with my father. [We were]\nhuddled together. In the morning, we woke up and saw all the people walking. We\nwere walking. One time, I saw the rifle [on the ground], and uniform laying [on\nthe ground]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They took and threw away the guns and threw away the uniforms, even\ntheir backpacks. They had with them civilian clothing. They threw down their\nuniforms and they would break away. We started walking. We saw all these\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prisoners walking one way and another way. They do not know why nobody touched\nthem. We passed a little bridge by the street they had tried to blow up. My\nfather said, \"Where to? We're going back and forth.\"\n\nThe Germans tried to make good. They cooked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some soup with bacon and [it] was\nvery [fatty]. On the train, we had no food, nothing. Everyone was hungry. What\nyou are given, you just eat. You took the soup. We got diarrhea. What they gave\nyou [went right through you].\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do not know how come, [but] we [saw] a place to go up. We went up. This was a\nplace where the Germans [had been] shooting. We lay down. We looked over. We did\nnot find nothing. One time, came an American over there. They had food. They had\nlots of food always with them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They [also gave us fatty] food, like Spam with\ncheeses and everything. I remember it like that with cheese. We ate it. Later,\nthis was still worse. We got sick.\n\nMaybe two days later again someone came up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and said, \"Go over there.\" [He] spoke\na little English [mixed with] a little German. The American said, \"Over there is\nthe army camp. Over there are doctors and lots of...\" We went down. We threw\naway our uniforms and stuff. They gave us a SS shirt -- a brown one -- and some\npants that fell down. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We looked funny. You could see... just like a skeleton\nwalking in something, everything hanging off... They cooked over there. My\nfather said, \"I am so sick. I cannot go nothing.\" They gave us charcoal. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We ate\nthe charcoal. I got better right away but my father was still not [better].\n\nWe were over there a week or two. People got the food and they went up and threw\nthe plate down. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was crazy. The stench... They took us from over there to\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen. Garmish [had been] an SS camp. There was all the people\nhealthy, playing... Lots of Hungarians... [Sandor] Nemes from Hungary. . . was a\nplayer... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[for the] Maccabi [sports club in] Budapest [Hungary]. They were\nplaying. We could hardly walk. They took my father right away to a sanatorium\nbecause he was very sick. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was in Garmish for a few weeks. They said they were\ngoing to make a camp for SS prisoners and they took us to Landsberg. I was in Landsberg.\n\nKENT: When did you first realize the war was over?\n\nSILBIGER: We knew right away ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the Americans came.\n\nKENT: After five or six years of war, what was it like for you to realize it had ended?\n\nSILBIGER: We were happy that we were free. We were looking for food. I was not\nand my father was not... such people to go to the German [homes] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and threw\nout... We did not do this. We were looking. We looked outside. We saw where the\nAmerican soldiers were stationed. We went over there where they were throwing\neverything out. I went over there and picked up bread and a piece of salami.\nThat's what we ate right after liberation until we came to the camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was in Mittenwald.\n\nKENT: Did you know anything about your mother at that point?\n\nSILBIGER: I knew my mother and my uncles, all of them... were dead already\nbecause later we talked about it in camp. We could not do nothing.\n\nKENT: What did happen to your mother?\n\nSILBIGER: In Auschwitz-Birkenau, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some people said they saw her working over\nthere because she was from a farm and they could see if somebody's hand were\ndelicate or not. She was a strong woman. She was probably not as [tall] as me,\n[but] she was very strong. Maybe they had some... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I cannot imagine. I do not\nknow what... People said they saw her working with a shovel or [other tools].\n\nKENT: How did someone know that she did not survive?\n\nSILBIGER: No. Also I know my cousin's father, his older sister ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and two more\nsisters... he got a new wife and got also a boy. They went all together. My\nbrother did not... My mother tried to say to... My mother told my brother -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He\nwas not very sharp -- \"Go.\" He said, \"I don't want... I'll go with you.\" He [had\nhad] enough. In 1943, he was maybe thirteen or fourteen years old. He was always\nhungry with nothing to eat and getting beaten... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I cannot tell you what happened\nto him.\n\nKENT: You were in a [displaced persons] camp in May or June?\n\nSILBIGER: I was in a DP camp. First... there was not a DP camp in Mittlewald or\nGarmish. The DP camp ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in Landsberg. I was over there all the time in\nLandsberg in the DP camp. Maybe a half year later, I joined the police. Until\n1948, I was in the police. I was [in a sleeper cell].\n\nKENT: Explain.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SILBIGER: We were in 21 different countries. Nobody knew me. I did not know who\nwas my boss. Terrorists... Underground... My father did not know. My sister did\nnot know. I went to Israel. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They did not know. When I was in Israel when was\nwounded, I did not write letters. It was busy.\n\nKENT: Why did you decide to become a police officer and join them?\n\nSILBIGER: I was [in] the police and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were watching the entrance. This was a\n[former] army camp. We also had a kitchen [we] were watching [when] they cleaned\nand inside where the people working. [We also had] warehouses and a hospital. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nwas standing [guard] by the gate, the hospital or warehouse. We were always two\nmen. [We were] standing three hours, [taking] three hours off, [then standing\nguard] again three hours [for a total of] six hours. When you have got two guys,\nyou talk [about] all kinds of things. One said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"From which town you are,\" or\n\"How many brothers did you have?\" One asked me, \"What kind of party did you\nbelong to before the war?\" I said, \"I belonged to Betar.\" He said, \"I belonged\nto Betar, too.\"\n\nIn camp, we also had a megaphone on the top of the electric ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"power pole. Every\nnoontime at one o'clock, you heard the news from Israel, what was going on. They\nsaid eight-year [old] Jewish children [were] going against the English with\nMolotov [cocktails]. They [were] fighting them. I was thinking, \"I'm sitting\nhere. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was in Betar before the war. We were just taught how to fight against\nthe English and the Arabs. Over there are eight-year-old children. I am here, 25\nor 26 years old and I'm supposed to sit here?\" The other [policeman] said,\n\"Listen, here we have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish underground. Its name is Irgun. It is from\nBetar.\" I said, \"Okay.\" I joined.\n\nIn 1948, they called us. First, they brought us to a [former] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp\nnot far away from the Czech border in Germany. They gave us two barracks. They\ncalled this a convalescent home. Because we [had been] in concentration camps,\nwe had to [get our strength back]. We ate over there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had an instructor from\nIsrael. He knew English, he knew German, he knew all kinds of [languages]. He\ntalked to us just in Hebrew. We had machine guns, we had guns, we had pistols.\nThey taught us everything. They taught us how to work ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and fight. They gave us a\n[crutch] because if something happened, [we needed to look like] we were convalescents.\n\nKENT: This was in 1948?\n\nSILBIGER: This was in 1948 before the war [for Israeli Independence].\n\nKENT: You were in the DP camp for six months?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SILBIGER: No. I was there from 1945 until 1948.\n\nKENT: You were there three years?\n\nSILBIGER: Yes... almost three years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Over there, they taught us how to behave in\nthe army. We learned everything. We learned Hebrew. We learned singing a little\nbit and made exercises. [We were] walking in the mountains like you walk and\nfight every few yards another person.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It started... in April. In May, they called us. Not far away from Feldafing, was\na kibbutz from Elhorn, from Betar. They [took] us over there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do not remember\nhow [long]... a few days. They took us to the railroad. When [we got] to the\nrailroad, they took away my passport, my ID. They brought people from\neverywhere. [They were] coming from Czechoslovakia, from Italy, from everywhere.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They took us on a boat. We went through the border to Marseille [France]. When\nwe were in Marseille, they put us somewhere to sleep. I do not know where. I do\nnot know the street. Was everything... what they were [directing,] we were doing...\n\nOne time in the evening, they said, \"We need two guys.\" They took me and another\nguy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They brought me to the port. They gave me a gun and they gave a gun to the\nother one. In the port where they were loading the ship... You got the ships,\nyou got the place where you can come with trucks and you have your railroad...\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They told us, \"Don't let nobody come from this side.\" The other... They were\nafraid. The Arabs were loading the ship. Somewhere they got the news it was\ngoing to Israel. They said, \"Okay.\" They were not taking anymore to work because\nthey could bring a bomb on and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"explode everything. They told us not to speak\nYiddish -- just English. We didn't know [much] English.\n\nThe next morning, somebody brought over some food for me and for the other guy.\nAt one point, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a French convoy came with a big officer, with some trucks, with\nwar materials in boxes. We started to unload it. We unloaded and they drove\naway. We loaded it on the ship. They told us still not to speak Yiddish because\nmaybe some Arabs [would overhear us].\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then people started to come over. We went over on the ship too. The next day --\nI do not remember if it was Tuesday or Wednesday because all the time we were\ngoing here or there -- around four or five o'clock, the ship started moving. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All\nof us started singing \"Hatikvah\" and Betar songs. When we came out on the sea,\nthey started building artillery... every three yards putting a stand on the ship\nfor a machine gun. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were making ready.\n\nI had four cousins on the Exodus. I did not know it [at the time]. They came to\nHaifa [Israel]. In Haifa, the English army came and started fighting. One cousin\nwas wounded. They took the whole ship back to Bergen-Belsen. My cousin died. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nwas shown the picture where he was buried. Maybe more died. I do not know. I\njust know [about the one] cousin. It was two sisters with a brother [and\nanother] cousin. They told me this. They still had one brother in Germany. He\ndied also. They all were older than me.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later, in the daytime they did not let no men on the [deck of] the ship. [It was\nhard to get] fresh air [below deck]. They let the women [go on deck] because\nsome of the young women were already pregnant. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the top, it looked like a\nfreight ship.\n\nOn May 18, [1948] the ship was already by Tel Aviv. [We] went through the\nblockade. Ben-Gurion [found] out from somewhere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the ship was there. [He]\ncalled up the captain, [Monroe Fein] -- this was an American [young man] -- and\ntold him to go back on the sea because the English were coming in this\ndirection. How fast... They went back and two days later, they called us around\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seven o'clock in the evening. We were not far away from Israel. Any ship could\nstay over there and nobody would tell you nothing. It was the Altalena...\n\nThey called our ship [and said], \"You can come here; just not to Tel Aviv\n[Israel]. [Go to] Kfar Vitkin.\" Kfar Vitkin is a village not far away from\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Netanya. Over there were the first Russian people who came in 1860 to Israel.\nThey were all Communists. Those are Ben-Gurion's people. We did not know. We\n[just knew we had] come to Israel. Israel [was] made up [of] all kinds of\n[political] parties. When a ship came to Israel, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all would be there. [They took]\nthe people first and dispersed them. [They did not] look for the merchandise or\nguns that was on the ship; just the people. People [were] most important. When\nwe came to Kfar Vitkin, they called up all the groups. They came over there from\nfar away. Not all of them were staying [in that area]. They were staying farther apart.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was again with a group that had to go out... the ship. The ship had an\nopening. [It] could open on the bottom in back. They could not run out with...\nWe had five little tanks. They opened up. From Kfar Vitkin... people who lived\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over there with small boats... They took us with the boat and took us where we\ncan walk up. We walked up. When we came on the ground, we kissed the ground.\nThis was the first thing.\n\nA little farther away was a truck. We went on the truck from over there to Biet\nOlim. Bet is [Hebrew for] the house and Olim [Hebrew for] is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newcomers [or\nimmigrants]. They brought us over there. They said, \"Go take a shower.\" We took\na shower. They gave us food. We ate and we went to sleep. [I thought,] \"Okay.\nThank G-d I am in Israel.\"\n\nThe next morning when we woke up, instead of going to the kitchen... everyone\nwas just standing with the newspaper looking. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did not know -- not everyone\nknew Hebrew -- what's going on. They said at night when they took off all the\npeople [from the ship], just 100 people were left to carry the machine guns.\nThey started fighting. Palmach said, \"Ben-Gurion, we won't let you have those\nguns ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because when you have those guns you will overthrow the government. We take\nthe guns.\" They started fighting.\n\n[Menachem] Begin -- I saw him on the ship. He was the first one who came on the\nship -- said, \"Okay. I've got the neshak [Hebrew]. You do not make me... I'll\ntake all the neshak, the war material back. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can talk about it.\" He said, \"No,\nit's already here. We want it. I will go out.\" He said, \"No, you will not go\nout.\" There were three [guards] standing right behind him with machine guns. He\nsaid, \"Let's go to Tel Aviv.\" They were going on the way to Tel Aviv.\n\nIn Tel Aviv, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had a welcome -- this time it was Yitzhak Rabin... At this\ntime, he was just a Lieutenant of a battalion. Ben-Gurion still said, \"Give up.\"\nThey said, \"No, we have our own people.\" They started shooting with artillery.\nThey said 27 people got killed over there. Some [British] people told me just\n20. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do not know who to believe. In a war, if people got 100, they say '76.'\nThey never tell you... I cannot tell you who is right.\n\nI was still in Biet Olim. They came again to Biet Olim. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Biet Olim was just a\nplace where newcomers went and later go away. A truck came. We were 65 people in\nBiet Olim. We went on the truck. We were going to Tel Aviv. We came to Ramat Gan\n[Israel]. In Ramat Gan, there was a [roadblock]... army. They [would not] let us\nthrough. They [let] all kinds, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"civilians [through, but did not] let us through.\nWe were standing over there almost two hours. Our officers said, \"Listen, come\non the truck. We do not have no one with a gun. We're not going to fight. I have\nthe people who are supposed to go somewhere to sleep tonight. I take them to Tel\nAviv to a row building... not finished.\" We asked them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already for a pass over\nthere. The officer that was over the group called up to Ben-Gurion and they\nsaid, \"Okay.\" They let us go. When we came over there, we saw Tel Aviv. People\ncame in short pants, short sleeves, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"black berets. I had just my watch from\nGermany -- nothing else on me. Everything [else] I had, I left on the ship. I\nhave the watch [still today]...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My sister-in-law had been in Israel since 1939, before the war. She was in\nHadassah. She was nurse in Hadassah. Her husband was from another place. He was\na pharmacist. He was also in Hadassah. They got married [in Israel]. They\nalready had one boy -- I think a six or seven year old boy -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Juron. Today he's\na doctor in Germany. I sent a message. At that time, Tel Aviv was not like\ntoday. In 1948, it was maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"40,000 people. It was small.\n\n[My sister-in-law's husband] came to me. He went and bought apples. He brought\nme apples. I said, \"Why are you bringing me apples? I want oranges.\" He said,\n\"Listen, what's wrong with you? You can see everywhere lying on the floor pretty\noranges. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Apples are something we bring from Europe.\" I was surprised. When you\ndo not know, you do not know. I talked a little bit with him. I told him hello\nfrom his brother-in-law.\n\nIn the evening, it started to get dark and we went to bed. We had to get\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together beds. It was army beds in a basement. We went to sleep. The next\nmorning -- this was June 22, 1948 -- [we heard the sound of guns shooting] over\nour heads. [They were] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"automatic machine guns. When it got quiet, [we heard,]\n\"El ala malilih! [Arabic] Hands up!\" They said one by one to come out and they\nwill search us. It was not much to search because [we were in] short pants and\nshoes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They searched us one by one and put us in one line.\n\nKENT: Who was doing this to you?\n\nSILBIGER: The Palmach. This was the Israeli Army. [It] was Ben-Gurion's people.\nNext to me was the brother of our officer. He said, \"Shmilek, I've still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got my\ngun.\" I said, \"Keep [quiet], you mushugga [Yiddish].\" Mushugga's are crazy\n[people]. We was there and they were running back and forth like crazy. They did\nnot know what to do. They had a small pickup truck. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They put us on that truck.\nWe were driving to town. [It was] probably 100 miles. [Going] around the\ncorners, I thought I'd get killed. I never was so afraid driving in a car in the open.\n\nThey brought us to Mahainune. Mahainune was an English army camp on the\noutskirts of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sea. They put us in one barrack and they put a machine gun\nevery three yards. In the front, the door was open. In the front, were three\nmachine guns. If somebody... We were over there four days. They brought us the\nbest food. We did not want to eat. We were on strike. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If somebody wanted to\ngo... We ate already. They said, \"Okay. What do you want to eat?\" If somebody\nwanted to go to the toilet -- the toilets were separate; not with the barracks\n-- three men with automatic weapons went with one man to the toilet and back.\n\nAfter four days, they called us before a judge and a clerk. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The clerk spoke to\nme in Yiddish. If I hear Hebrew, I did not understand it. He said, \"You are\nJewish?\" I said, \"Yes, I am.\" [He asked,] \"You can fight the Arabs?\" [I said,]\n\"Yes.\" [He said,] \"Join the army.\" [I said,] \"Okay. What do I have to do?\" From\nthere I could not run away. From the army, maybe I could run away. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought, \"Okay.\"\n\nThey took all 65 of us to Habima [Square]. We were in Habima. One time they came\nwith a bus and [told us] we have to go to Sarona [Israel]. Sarona is by Tel\nAviv. Sarona is a village just for Germans, where [Adolf] Eichmann was living\nover there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There, they were having the initiation, taking the names of all the\npeople going to the army.\n\nSILBIGER: [We went from Habima on] the bus to Sarona. They were singing\n\"Hatikvah.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not stay still. We were just running around, laughing,\nplaying around. We did not have shoes. I could not stand on my feet because the\nsand was so hot, you could bake your feet. Two days later, they called me over\nthere. My number was 9-1-4-3-0...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SILBIGER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Holding a document] My army number was 91,430. The number from... 1-9-9-1-2-2  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\nEINSTEIN: What are you holding?\n\nSILBIGER: Right on the bottom... 1-1-1-2-8-2. This is the identification from\nthe Army Reserve. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[John holds the document up to camera]\n\nKENT: What is that?\n\nSILBIGER: This is my first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"identification. Silbiger, Shmilek. The ship\nAltalena... June, 20, 1948. This is probably when I received a passport back to Europe.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you want to show it? [John holds the document up to the camera]\n\nSILBIGER: Do you want something like this? [Holds another document up to the\ncamera] This is the Altalena.\n\nKENT: Let us continue with your story. We will show all the pictures later.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: It is hard to do both the pictures and the story.\n\nKENT: This was towards the end of 1948?\n\nSILBIGER: This was June 1948. From over there, they took us with a truck to Tel\nLadinsky. This is probably seven miles or kilometers from Tel Aviv. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was\nbefore the English army came. We had exercises. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Instead of a real rifle, they\ngave us wooden pieces like a rifle... There was the first Israeli Army parade. I\ndo not [have a] picture. They brought all kinds of big shots. They were working.\nThis was the first brigade.\n\nOne time, I remember we were in the camp, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Egyptian [planes] flew over. We did\nnot have nowhere to hide. The camp was not a camp. I do not know how they could\nlive in the wintertime because it was open. One time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they dropped bombs on Tel\nAviv. This was 1948. Israel just had Premises. Premise was the same thing like\nyou cooked on... \"Premise\" was what they called [it]. The plane [had] one motor\nand nothing else. Slowly, Jewish American pilots came and maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9870.0,9900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"French... They\nmade the Israeli Air Force. You did not see the planes anymore.\n\nShortly after this -- I was not over there too long in Tel Ladinsky -- in the\nevening I was going to Tel Aviv. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9900.0,9930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later, they took us. I did not have nothing to\ncarry because my old clothing was all gone. I had just what they gave me --\noveralls, and a uniform, one pair of shoes, and one cup. I did not have a rifle\nyet because we had wooden [practice] rifles. They took us on a truck ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and was\ngoing to [unintelligible; Tape 3, clip 1, 6:42; sounds like \"Derek Durma\"]. This\nwas the way... Durma is east...\n\nKENT: Another country?\n\nSILBIGER: No, this was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the street to [unintelligible; Tape 3, clip 1, 7:15;\nsounds like \"Yer Azalam\"] was occupied through [unintelligible; Tape 3, clip 1,\n7:19; sounds like \"Lathrum\"]. We could not go to Jerusalem. They climbed around\nthe hills. When you're going on the hills, you go zigzag and the same thing from\nthe other side. They brought us to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9990.0,10020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[unintelligible; Tape 3, clip 1, 7:49; sounds\nlike \"Nebrach\"] near [unintelligible; Tape 3, clip 1, 7:50; sounds like \"bre\nSheim\"]. There for the first time I saw an Israeli canon. The canon was by my house.\n\nThe next day, they needed some people. They took us to where the English\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10020.0,10050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"governor was living in a foxhole. There was very old man. He had a rifle. He\nspoke Hebrew and I spoke a few [Hebrew] words he understood. He said, \"This is\nmy wife. You're supposed to keep the rifle [close] like your wife. You're\nsupposed to wash her, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clean her. If you clean her, she will be good to you. You\n[will not] kill yourself.\" He was kissing her. I had to kiss [my rifle, too]. We\nwere over there several days.\n\nOne day, we received from Czechoslovakia a heavy machine gun. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10080.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did not receive\nit. I was just a dummy over there because I did not know Hebrew. My company was\n145 people -- 150 with the Captain [and other officers]. They made three groups\n-- machlacha [Hebrew: group]. Every machlacha ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was 45 [people] and every\nmachlacha had three kehtas... There was three people. The Corporal was\nIsraeli-born. They spoke Hebrew and they spoke French. The other group was\nIsraeli-born and spoke German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10140.0,10170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Hebrew. The other one was speaking Bulgarian\nor something. They got together people for him so they understood him and he\nunderstood them. That was the Israeli Army and how they gave the orders. The\ncaptain would give the order in Hebrew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10170.0,10200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the lieutenant. The lieutenant gave\norders to the corporal.\n\nRight away, the first day they brought us... It was written down that I\nunderstood Yiddish and German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10200.0,10230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Hebrew. It was written down what [the word is\nfor] bread, milk, water, gun... There were 20 words. That's all. That's what you\nneed. The next day, they give you a little more. Slowly, they [taught us Hebrew]\nlike this. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10230.0,10260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was [during] the Israeli war. I will not tell how they won the\nwar. No. I will tell you. This [is] our secret.\n\nKENT: Tell what you can tell.\n\nSILBIGER: One day there came a United Nations officer... I think he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10260.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"French.\nHe saw the heavy machine guns. He knew something was up. When he went away,\nmaybe fifteen minutes later they were shooting at us [from] probably ten yards\naway... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10290.0,10320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"explosions. They made a camp for us in Cataman. The rich Arabs [lived]\nthere. They took a bunch of houses. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10320.0,10350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had... everything over there. Watching\nfor a few days to come back... something else.\n\nI do not know it was, [but] one time our Corporal was wounded in the hand. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10350.0,10380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He\nwent to the hospital. We received... The boy was born in Germany. He knew... I\ndo not know if he knew French. He'd just come from Corsica. He was a Corporal.\nHe tried to show off. You know how you can try to show off with people in\nconcentration camp was one way or in Russia with the Partisans. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10380.0,10410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We tried to give\nhim a cot... you put over the bed when you sleep... and whip him. We said, \"No,\"\nbecause we give everyone gymnastics outside when you woke up. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10410.0,10440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He took us\noutside. First day was okay.\n\nNext day, he took us out, pulling \"Techum,\" [which meant] \"get off, get down.\"\nHe took us out. One time he said, \"Naroos.\" The camp was [too] small to run\naround so he took us outside from our camp. The camp not far from us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10440.0,10470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in an\nItalian village [with an] Italian Consulate, a whole street. We ran. When we\ncame over there, he started yelling, \"Laroo,\" to come back. We told him, \"No,\nwe're making something good.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody came uphill in the morning where we had to\nbe around. The Captain told him, \"You better watch yourself. No fooling around\nbecause those guys were in a concentration camp. They're not afraid of you.\"\nLater, the captain was laughing. [He was] not with him.\n\nEINSTEIN: He was trying to make your life miserable but...\n\nSILBIGER: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10500.0,10530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later, they took us again... one time here, one time there... In\nSeptember we were over there in the village, Rocha. Today, it is Yogashlyim.\nBetween Malha ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10530.0,10560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Bethlehem... Bethlehem is on one hill and Malha is on the\nother hill. In between them is a railroad. I was on October 1, with two more\ngarrisons in a foxhole. The foxhole was looking towards Bethlehem. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10560.0,10590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the\nafternoon of October 1, they called us from... In the back, maybe 500 feet was a\nhouse. We had a telephone form the house with a wire. They called us [to ask],\n\"What's going on? We heard shooting.\" I was sitting on a lookout. I said, \"Okay,\nthey're shooting.\" I caught ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10590.0,10620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the grenade and I threw it down the hill. I caught\nit one time and [it exploded]. That's when I got wounded. From here [indicates\nhis left side] and back [indicates his lower back] I got [hit by shrapnel] and I\nstill have a tiny splinter here inside [points to the area between his left eye\nand nose]. They will not take it out because they said of they took it out, it\nwould make a scar or something. You can feel it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10620.0,10650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you put your finger [there].\nOn my back, they took it out. They took me to the hospital.\n\nWhen they brought me to the hospital, there was not [just me]. There were some\nmore. All my stuff I had on me. They found right away the booklet so they knew I\nwas from Irgun. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10650.0,10680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a big shot wounded from Palmach. They were looking\nwhat was going on. He saw me. I can speak no Hebrew. I knew...\n\nEINSTEIN: To clarify, the Irgun-Palmach conflict lasted way past the...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10680.0,10710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SILBIGER: The first kibbutzim came to Israel in 1861. The first kibbutzim were\nfrom Russia because in Russia were lots of pogroms. They did not want the\npogroms. They had been going to Turkey, to Greece, to everywhere... just by\nland, not by ship. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10710.0,10740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was always young people that went there. Ben-Gurion also\ncame from such a group. Ben-Gurion came from Russia. They were Communists. In\nAmerica, you speak more like business people. Over there, they are working\npeople. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10740.0,10770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were not looking... All kibbutzim work together. What is mine is [yours].\n\nWhen the English came to occupy Palestine in 1913 or something like that,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10770.0,10800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Weizmann and Ben-Gurion were working with the English. They thought they could\nwin just to bring in the court. [Ze'ev] Jabotinsky said they will buy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10800.0,10830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"land and\nbring a few people to Israel. With this, we can have Israel. Jabotinsky said,\n\"No, you have to fight with guns.\" Lots of times, Ben-Gurion's people said, \"I\nknow something. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10830.0,10860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You got this because... someone. You cannot fight them.\" They\nalways was against... Like in Poland or in Germany, everyone that worked\nwanted... unions... Ben-Gurion was with unions. His [unintelligible; sounds like\n\"garoot\"] was the union. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10860.0,10890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jabotinsky was not. That is why they called us before\nthe war. They called us the Fascist. We had brown shirts with a blue\n[neckerchief] like a Boy Scout has.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10890.0,10920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Were the members of the Irgun or Betar taken into or accepted by the\nPalmach into the defense forces, the Haganah?\n\nSILBIGER: Like in 1936, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"England had two people in Betavicktie. Betar went to\nEnglish surgeons and they were hanging out. They said, \"We will not send any\nmore prisoners to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10950.0,10980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Acre.\" Over there was a big [prison]. [They said,] \"We will\nhang them.\" England said, \"If you hang one, we will hang ten of yours.\" They did\nnot touch one. No one could get in Acre. Irgun went in Acre and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated lots\nof Jewish prisoners from Palmach... They knew... I've got the book... Nobody\nwill tell you everything. They will tell you most of it.\n\nEINSTEIN: I have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thousand questions about this. How did you feel about being\npart of the Israeli Defense Force -- or what was to become the Israeli Defense\nForce -- and fighting with Jews in a Jewish Army?\n\nSILBIGER: I was just fighting for liberation of Israel. I do not know if I\nkilled somebody. I was shooting. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11040.0,11070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I was in Underground, I would not tell [any]one.\n\nKENT: I'm curious. How did the native Israelis feel about the European survivors\ncoming over there? Was there any difference between the two groups or did you\nblend easily?\n\nSILBIGER: When I came... my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11070.0,11100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister's sister-in-law [whose husband] brought the\napples... they were living over there for long years, two families in the same\napartment. Maybe one or two years before -- I do not know -- they took for\nthemselves because they could not afford it. They had a child. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11100.0,11130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He saw from about\na hundred yards away there was a house, a big apartment building. He said,\n\"Yeah, they have all new... They came with dishwashers. They came with\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11130.0,11160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[refrigerators and freezers]...\" They were jealous. When the Jews came from\nEurope, they started making business -- buying from here, selling from there...\nSome of them went into business. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11160.0,11190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When my ex-brother-in-law -- who died already\n-- came to Israel, he brought with him a BMW motorcycle. He was not driving\n[it]. He was selling [it]. Someone who was on the border police -- a big shot --\nbought it. I had a cousin who was a butcher ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11190.0,11220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Poland. He was making the best\nsalami, veal, all kinds of things. He was in the Polish Army. When he was in\nGermany, he went into business -- I do not know how come -- with porcelain. He\nwas selling it. He got money, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11220.0,11250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he sent to Israel. He bought land. He took what he\nneeded for himself just for the land. He bought all kind of machines that make\nsalami and all kinds of things for a butcher shop. He came to Israel. He could\nnot get a butcher shop. First thing, he did not know English and... he did not\nknow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11250.0,11280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew. Second, he did not have cows. The cows they were bringing [came\nfrom] overseas. He was staying over there in the Arabic homes. Then he sold it\nand he was going and working in Negev. He was working ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11280.0,11310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from night to night in\n112, 120, 130 degrees [Fahrenheit temperatures].\n\nEINSTEIN: I think what John might have been asking and what I am curious about\nalso is that I've heard many stories from survivors who went to Palestine or\nIsrael after the war and felt that the Sabras looked down on them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11310.0,11340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of them\nhad the experience of the Sabras saying, \"The European Jews went like sheep to\nthe slaughter and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11340.0,11370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not do this or do that... \" Did you ever experience\nanything like that?\n\nSILBIGER: No, I never head that. The Jewish people when they came to Israel they\nsent them right away to the front. They did not know how to use a rifle. They\ngot killed right away. That's what happened in 1948. Probably they sent them\nthrough... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11370.0,11400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Within a month... No.\n\nKENT: How long were you in Israel?\n\nSILBIGER: I was in Israel 28 months and ten days.\n\nKENT: Until 1951?\n\nSILBIGER: No, I left November 1, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11400.0,11430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1950.\n\nKENT: How did you make the decision to not live there?\n\nSILBIGER: I had two sisters [that survived]. One came to Israel with her\ndaughter and with [a boy from the concentration camp]. One went to the United\nStates with a husband and with a boy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11430.0,11460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father was by himself in Germany. He\nwas in care [under] six doctors [for] his back and his leg -- in the First World\nWar he was wounded a few times. He was now in Germany... He was beaten so\nmuch... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11460.0,11490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was not all the time with him. That's just what I know. He was one\ntime in court in Germany to get some money for our land or something like this.\nI do not know if he got something. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11490.0,11520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He got 100 percent pension. He was one time\nin court. He [had] his lawyer and [there was] a lawyer from the government. The\nlawyer from the government said to my father, \"Mr. Silbiger, I would appreciate\nif you can tell me or show me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11520.0,11550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how they beat you.\" [My father] said, \"Listen, lay\ndown here. I'll show you how they were doing it.\" He said [that] in court. The\njudge said, \"No, you keep your mouth shut. Not a word.\" My father understood\nwhat he said. He said not a word.\n\nKENT: They did not believe him? They though he was making it up?\n\nSILBIGER: No, my father said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11550.0,11580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Lay down here. I'll show you everything like they\ndid with me.\" This was in Hannover. I have papers here. On the couch are papers\nfrom Poland and Hannover from my father sent for my land, for everything.\n\nKENT: Did you decide to move to America ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11580.0,11610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where your sister was?\n\nSILBIGER: Later... in the meantime, my father met a widow [living] on the same\nfloor. Her husband was in the SS [as] a border police. He was in France. When\nthe Americans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11610.0,11640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came over there and he heard the war was over, he was afraid. He\nwent to a cemetery there in France and killed himself [to avoid] being a\nprisoner. She had three boys and one girl. They were living on the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11640.0,11670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"floor as\nmy father and cousin -- the girl. They were living over there. She wanted\nsomebody... They were living over there -- not got married, just living over\nthere. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11670.0,11700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was getting a nice pension because he was in the border police. My\nfather was getting a pension. They had a TV and good food. [He just] had\ndoctors. He said, \"Okay, you can go.\" I met a girl and came to the United States.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11700.0,11730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: When you say you met a \"girl,\" do you mean your wife? Tell a little how\nyou met your wife.\n\nSILBIGER: By dancing. I was a pretty good dancer and she was too. I had one\ndaughter and four granddaughters.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11730.0,11760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How long were you two together before you decided to move to America?\n\nSILBIGER: We [have been] married fifty-five years. On May 16, it will be\nfifty-five years in the United States. I met her maybe two years before.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11760.0,11790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did not tell you [about how] after the [Israeli] war when I came back to\nGermany. I could not sit and do nothing. I did not want to go into business in\nGermany. When I was in concentration camps working, [it was] in carpentry. I\nwent to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11790.0,11820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German [department] where they give you [jobs]. I said, \"I'm a\ncarpenter and I would like to have a job.\" They gave me a job. The first thing I\nwas working for Volkswagen. They were building a new [factory], making a big\none. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11820.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was working maybe two or three weeks.\n\nLater, I was working not far away from Celle. I was working for the winter in\nCelle. It gets cold working as a carpenter outside, so I was working in a window\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11850.0,11880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and door company, [building] just rough stuff. We were making everything ready\nand they were finishing. Also by Celle, there was an English airport. There were\nlots of officers. We were building houses for them. We were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11880.0,11910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two people working\ntogether. I got another guy. He was not a dummy. All houses were alike. We were\nmaking closets, doors and windows with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11910.0,11940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concrete. [There] always was concrete\nover the closet, over the doors, over the window. We put the boards together how\nthick they were supposed to be and on every corner, I put a 1, 2, 3, or 4. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11940.0,11970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You\nhave to hold this together with wire so the whole thing does not go apart. [Then\nI also made the same parts again.] The other guys were working also.\n\nKENT: ... about your father?\n\nSILBIGER: They were making [for my] father lots of trouble.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11970.0,12000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Who was it making trouble?\n\nSILBIGER: Competition... making bricks. You make them on the floor. First, you\nput them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12000.0,12030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the side. When they were stronger, you put them in the shake so wind\ncome through so they will dry. The competition was making trouble. He had to go\nto court. One time, won from them. His people hit my father in the face. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12030.0,12060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's\nwhat I know form one thing.\n\nKENT: Could you talk a little about what it was like to be in Germany in those\nfirst two or three years right after the war? How much interaction did you have\nwith Germans?\n\nSILBIGER: Just with... I'd like to tell you something. When I was over there, we\nwere working [to build] a bridge ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12060.0,12090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the railroad. In Germany, you have\ncarpenters and brick layers [who do] not stay in one place. [They are] not\ngetting married. [They] move from town to town. They have uniforms. When they'd\ncome in a butcher shop, [the butcher] had some end pieces they give them for\nfree. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12090.0,12120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A bricklayer, they would give them free. I was working on the bridge. One\ntime, it was breakfast. They put the [other] carpenter against me. He said,\n\"Let's see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12120.0,12150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how strong is the Jew.\" I showed him how strong.\n\nKENT: You fought him?\n\nSILBIGER: All of them was standing by. I did not hit him or nothing. Just when\nhe fell down, I put him in my arm like this. [indicates he held onto the man in\na headlock, chocking him] The tongue came out. No one said a word to me anymore.\nHe had a long tongue. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12150.0,12180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Should I be happy? I swear that story is true.\n\nKENT: Did you have any desire for revenge?\n\nSILBIGER: No. No one said a bad word to me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12180.0,12210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were there by the bridge. Later\nit was a very strong winter. They'd been working by a building -- a school -- in\nHannover. He laid up 90 percent. I got the job. The boss -- the foreman -- saw I\nwas working... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12210.0,12240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am a person [who believes if] something be done, let it be done\nperfect [or] do not do nothing.\n\nKENT: Did you have any desire to take your anger out on Germans after the war?\n\nSILBIGER: My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12240.0,12270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother-in-law was living not far -- maybe 35 kilometers (22 miles)\n-- from Landsberg. I was going over there for my sister. This was a town, an\nairport for American soldiers. They were making business over there with the\nAmerican soldiers. They warned me about some guy over there. [He] wanted\nsomebody to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12270.0,12300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go with him to fight. I did not have a chance really.\n\nKENT: How did you decide finally where to come in America?\n\nSILBIGER: I had a sister.\n\nKENT: Where?\n\nSILBIGER: She was in Kansas City [Missouri].\n\nEINSTEIN: This was Mirka?\n\nSILBIGER: Mirka, yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12300.0,12330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They'd both been working. They sent me papers. I paid my\nown fare to the United States. On the way, I met a friend who'd been with my\nbrother-in-law in camp. They was always keeping two or three together. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12330.0,12360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mirka was\nalready in the camp. Two guys...\n\nKENT: You moved to Kansas City first?\n\nSILBIGER: Yes. I came to Kansas City on Saturday... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12360.0,12390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know I came in 1952 to New\nYork... I came on Wednesday to Kansas City with the sister of the woman my\nfather ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12390.0,12420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was living with. I came to [Kansas City]. I wanted to work in carpentry,\nbut at this time they were building the highway in Kansas City. They went on\nstrike. The building where we were living was just newcomers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12420.0,12450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My\nbrother[-in-law] was working for the government. Some people were working in a\nluggage factory. In the luggage factory, they needed someone cutting silk,\ncutting paper, cutting metal, and all kinds of things.\n\nMy wife... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12450.0,12480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The next day, they called right away they needed a seamstress. They\nput her over there. They told her what to do and she was doing it without\n[knowing] English or nothing. At home, her mother had had a sewing machine, so\nshe knew how to do it. The first few days, they gave her to do work like\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12480.0,12510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everyone else. They saw she was doing good work and fast. They gave her\npiecework. Sometimes she was working just three or four hours. She came home.\nFor sleeves, collars... everything was a different price. She brought me the\ntickets. I was a good mathematician. I figured this up. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12510.0,12540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She came with a check.\nLike the check office over there. I wrote down on a piece of paper, \"This is so\nmuch and this is so much... And it comes to so much. And this is your taxes.\nThis is how much you [should be] paid.\" They saw they [were not dealing] with a\ndummy. They paid her right every time, every week. This was my wife.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12540.0,12570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One fellow that was working in the luggage factory said, \"We need someone over\nthere in the cutting department.\" No one stayed longer than one or two days\nbecause there were three bosses and our foreman... everyone want something else.\nYou cannot satisfy [everyone] all together. I said, \"Alright, I will start over\nthere.\" In the meantime, I wrote a letter to my father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12570.0,12600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe I can get a letter\n[from the] union to get... They did not. They were striking the whole summer. I\nwas over there. They started to pay me... $1.06 [an hour]. After ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12600.0,12630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six weeks, the\nboss gave me $1.15 already because they [had] seen I was doing a good job. It\nwas Jewish boys. I said, \"Listen, when I was working in Germany in the\nconcentration camp, everything was in centimeters.\" Here, it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12630.0,12660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inches. I said,\n\"Give me just one like this and I'll make everything perfect.\" I was working\nover there. After six weeks, I said, \"Listen, give me some more.\" He said, \"I\ncannot do anymore. This is a union.\" Later, after twelve weeks, I got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12660.0,12690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$1.29.\nThen it was $1.29 [an hour] and that's all. They told me, \"You're worth $5.00 an\nhour to me, just I cannot give you [that].\" They were standing by a machine\n[that would slam down]. I had to count everything and make everything perfect. A\nline was fifty or sixty people. When one stopped a minute, it was already an\nhour. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12690.0,12720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what he told me.\n\nKENT: What are some of the major differences you found between America and\nEurope with the people, culture...\n\nSILBIGER: [When] I was working in Germany, I got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12720.0,12750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two marks... an hour. When I\ncame to the United States... I made $1.29 [an hour] for the first six weeks. For\nthis, you could buy seven pounds of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12750.0,12780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hamburger. You could buy five pounds of\nchicken for a dollar. Tomatoes were just pennies. When it came to Christmas...\nmy wife was working as a seamstress. I did not know it. We went shopping. We\nwere always on Saturday night shopping. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12780.0,12810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I saw a goose. I said, \"Okay, now it's\nChristmas.\" I did not eat goose in a long time. I [ate it when I lived in]\nPoland. In Germany, I did not see any. I said, \"Okay.\" I bought a goose. Friday\ncame... put in the freezer. To fill it up, I also bought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12810.0,12840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five pounds of\nhamburger. It was a dollar. My wife comes with a turkey. It's Christmas.\n\nI was living by an Italian. Her son was Al Capone people. [The people] next\ndoor... backyard. [They were] Al Capone people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12840.0,12870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her son may still be in jail. He\nwas at this time in jail. One had a new, beautiful Ford [automobile] and her son\nwas... She brought pizza to us. I looked at my wife [and shrugged]. We never ate\npizza [in Germany or Poland]. I took the pizza with me on the job to throw away.\nShe was looking in the garbage [and would have seen] if somebody threw it away.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12870.0,12900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I ate just meat morning, noon and evening -- turkey, hamburger and goose.\n\nHow I was with people? I did not have nothing to with on the job because I was\ncutting department. I was doing just with the bosses. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12900.0,12930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was one foreman --\nhe was from Atlanta and died maybe ten or twenty years ago -- who said to me,\n\"Shmilek, be happy.\" I did for him. He was a friend to me. He tried to show the\nbosses he was doing a good job. If I made a mistake, they did not know it. I did\nnot make mistakes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12930.0,12960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I made just one time a mistake, [I'd be out of a job].\n\nKENT: What brought you to Atlanta?\n\nSILBIGER: My brother-in-law was here maybe five years. They came to Atlanta with\na tiny little boy. He was three or four years [old]. They put him in\nkindergarten and they both were working. When they came from work, my sister\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12960.0,12990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"picked up the boy. It was wintertime. He did not know English. He [went to the\nbathroom] in his pants. It was a hard life. They were working hard. They would\nlike to go for something. My brother-in-law was working in a factory for the\ngovernment. He said, \"On Friday, I know already what will be my check next\nweek.\" My sister knew already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=12990.0,13020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what would be next week. They were saving money.\nThey brought from Germany some and they were saving money. They wanted to go\ninto business.\n\nOne time when I was already here, he went on a look out. He went to New Jersey\n[where] he had a friend. They friend had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13020.0,13050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chicken farm. He went over there. He\nsaid, \"No, no, I did not come to America to... I cannot live like this.\" Later\nhe got another guy who was a salesman. He went out on Monday and was back on\nFriday. He was going around selling merchandise. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13050.0,13080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He spoke already good English\nat this time because he was already [here for] five years.\n\nEINSTEIN: What was his name?\n\nSILBIGER: Roman Blatt. I have here my nephew. He is loaded. He got a son and he\ngot three grandchildren... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13080.0,13110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"I will not do like this. I do not like to\nsee every week thinking what will already be next week.\"\n\nOne time, he opened a used clothing store when the war was [going on] in\nVietnam. When Vietnam War was going on, people bought older stuff. Later when\nthey got money, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13110.0,13140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nobody wanted to buy older stuff. He had to go to work. First\nthing with the chicken farm [and] later, the other thing. He said, \"No, I got\nmarried. I have a son. I'd like to have my wife, not to sit everyday in a\ndifferent bed. I have my son. I'd like to enjoy my son. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13140.0,13170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have to look for a\nbetter [job].\" He had already an apartment building. He bought a six-unit\napartment building.\n\nI was in Kansas City at the factory. In one and a half year, I bought me also an\napartment building -- also a six-unit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13170.0,13200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My wife was working while I was saving. I\nhad $10,000. I bought an apartment building for $35,000. It was a little bit up.\nLater, I fixed the roof and some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13200.0,13230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other things. I was the roofer. I was the\nmanager. I was the carpenter. I was the janitor. [I was] everything. After\neighteen months, when I said to my landlady, \"I am moving out,\" [she asked,] \"It\nwas no good for you?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13230.0,13260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"I bought me an apartment building.\" [She said,]\n\"You're not even a year and a half in Kansas City and you bought an apartment!\"\nI said, \"Yes, I was saving money.\" You know why I was saving money? I was going\n[into work early] in the morning. From six to seven [A.M.], I was working\novertime. From seven [A.M.] till four [P.M.], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13260.0,13290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"regular [pay]. From four-thirty to\neight-thirty [P.M.] was overtime. I was working thirteen hours a day. Saturdays,\n[I worked] half a day.\n\nWhen I was in Kansas City, [we did not go to] the cinema more than three times.\n[We bought] just food. [I would] just eat. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13290.0,13320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could not drink no whiskey or\nnothing because I had to be okay on the job. I bought a box of beer. There were\n24 bottles in a box. It cost $2.68 for 24 at that time. Next to [our] apartment\nwas an American. He was in the Vietnam War and he was getting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13320.0,13350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a check from the\ngovernment. He was getting probably some money from the side also. When we was\ngoing to receive the check on Friday, he went first to the beer joint. I did not\ngo to the beer joint. A glass cost 45 cents. He liked to drink. I do not know\nhow much it costs today. You could kill me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13350.0,13380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I will not know how much it\ncosts. I do not drink beer. That's the reason I was saving. I was doing\neverything. And I did not have a car. One fellow who was working early with me\ncame to pick me up from the home and brought me back in the evening because he\nwas working overtime too. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13380.0,13410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It cost me $2 a week [for] transportation.\n\nKENT: What was it like for you to become a father for the first time?\n\nSILBIGER: The last time, he was 75 years old.\n\nKENT: No, when you became a father.\n\nSILBIGER: My father... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13410.0,13440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today is Friday... Five days ago was [50] years. January\n30, 19[61]... Fifty years ago! My daughter was born in Kansas City. It was so\ncold [with] ice... Kansas City was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13440.0,13470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not like here. You had to put [snow] chains\non the tires. When you'd go on a hill, you had to push. One was pushing the\nother one.\n\nKENT: How did you like becoming a father for the first time?\n\nSILBIGER: I brought [my wife] on Sunday evening and later ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13470.0,13500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was there at the\nhospital until probably nine or nine-thirty [P.M.]. They said, \"Go home. She\njust got the water... We'll call you probably sometime in the morning.\" I went\nhome and slept. Later in the morning, the telephone rings around six o'clock. I\ngot myself up and it was ice. I had to drive slowly. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13500.0,13530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably maybe six\nor seven miles [around ten kilometers] away. When you drive on ice, you have to\nwatch yourself. I seen the little baby over there and my wife... she was somehow\nbrown. Some children get darker. She did not want to see... She said she looked\nlike an [African American]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13530.0,13560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[We had] no family, just friends. One brought\nsomething for her. I went on Friday to the synagogue and they gave me\n[unintelligible; tape 3, clip 3; sounds like \"a lire\"] and they called her name.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13560.0,13590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I told them to write down the name after my mother and my cousin. She was my\nage. We were playing all the time. I gave [her the name] Eva Helen. They wrote\ndown Eva with an E-V. In Europe, it's E-W. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13590.0,13620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My daughter got... I wanted to fight\nbut when you are in America, you have to ...\n\nEINSTEIN: We have not talked about some of the bigger kinds of questions. What\ndo you think about being here, making a life here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13620.0,13650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in America and not being in\nEurope anymore? Do you have any thoughts about America?\n\nSILBIGER: America is a golden life. You can make gold. If you like to do\nsomething, you can do it. You have a chance. No other place [do] you have a\nchance. They put you to something, you're given to this, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13650.0,13680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you die by this. In\nAmerica, you're the boss. In other countries, they put you... I told you [the\nother workers in the factory were just] standing by the machine. They did not\nwant nothing. They do not care. You've got lots of people in America that say,\n\"I do not care.\" When I came here, when I had a daughter, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13680.0,13710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the first thing I told\nmy wife, \"Listen, let's make money. When we will be good off, we'll go make good time.\"\n\nOne time, we came to visit Atlanta and my sister was telling me, \"Sam, you'll be\na father.\" My wife did not tell me. My wife told me she found out in Atlanta\nwhen we came to vacation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13710.0,13740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said, \"I will be a mother,\" later. My sister told\nme. I opened my eyes...\n\nI liked my nephew. When I was in Kansas City ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13740.0,13770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[and] the head of the six-unit\napartment, I bought him a bicycle. That's what he wanted. [I bought him] which\none he wanted. I did not say \"[You must get] this one [or] this. Pick you out\nwhat you want.\" He is today a millionaire. He was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13770.0,13800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grocery. He was in stocks.\nLater, he bought some land and the land made him very rich. Thank G-d he is okay.\n\nEINSTEIN: You've talked a little bit about surviving in such difficult\ncircumstances. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13800.0,13830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What about you -- your personality and character -- helped you to\nsurvive and then to be successful here in America?\n\nSILBIGER: I was almost not... I left March 22 [1956]... My daughter was born on\nJanuary 30 [1956]. On March 22, I sold the apartment [building] and, on March\n22, I came to Atlanta. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13830.0,13860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Atlanta, my wife was with the baby. I was looking for\na grocery store. I bought a small grocery store... He was an old guy with his\nwife and the colored people were stealing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13860.0,13890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had all the candy and chocolate\n[out of view]. He was standing [on one side of a shelf] and all the candy and\nchocolate was [on the other side]. They were stealing everything [including]\ntoothpaste and such things. When I took it over, the first thing [I did was]\nturn [the shelf] around and put the candy and the medicine, toothpaste, the\nlittle things, everything [where I could see it] and the food over [on the other\nside]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13890.0,13920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were stealing [from me too]. I caught [them] stealing too. I caught\nstealing butcher string. I threw them out.\n\nWhen I had the grocery, I had five hold ups. One time, because I went out, they\nput the gun in my back. One time, they hit me on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13920.0,13950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back of the head and made a\nhole. I had to go to the hospital to [get] stiches. One time, my wife was with\nme in the store. When I had five hold ups, I said, \"This is enough. I do not\nwant nothing.\"\n\nLater, I was working in... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13950.0,13980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father died. I was going every day in the morning\nand evening to say kaddish. After the praying in the evening, I was leaving...\nMy daughter was going with a friend to school. My daughter was over there and I\nhad to go pick up. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=13980.0,14010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I came to pick her up, [there] was a guy from Egypt --\nalso a Jew. He saw me. He said, \"What are you doing?\" I do not remember what I\nsaid. At this time, I [was not] doing nothing. I said, \"I am without work.\" He\nsaid, \"I have a store with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14010.0,14040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fine jewelry and good gowns and all kinds of things.\"\nFirst, he'd known my daughter for a long time. The girls were best friends. He\nsaid, \"How about you work with me?\" I worked with him. Later they started making\nMARTA ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14040.0,14070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Whitehall Street. I started to make operation on my hand. Everything\nwas... I was helping my brother-in-law and so on. Also, we bought from... Things got...\n\nWhen my daughter got married... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14070.0,14100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was working in the grocery and was going to\n[unintelligible; tape 3, clip 4, 0:10]. When my daughter was ready for school,\nshe wanted a car. I said, \"Listen...\" She wanted to go to [unintelligible; tape\n3, clip 4, 0:30]. She wanted a car. The car was something from Chevrolet. [It\ncost] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14100.0,14130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$520. Later, she said she wanted something like this... It was over\n$6,000. Later, she had a boyfriend. She said, \"He's got a Trans Am.\" It was\nalmost $8,500 or $9,000. I have just one daughter. What should I do? I bought\nit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14130.0,14160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was going with her boyfriend. I told her, \"I sent you to college.\" I was\nsitting in the schul, in the synagogue with a fellow who was a big shot at Emory\n[University]. I said, \"I want you to be a doctor.\" She said, \"Okay, but first\nI'd like to go to [unintelligible; tape 3, clip 4, 1:38]. [I said,] \"Okay.\"\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14160.0,14190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First, I was in ...\n\nOne time, I head from her, \"Listen, my boyfriend... We'd like to get married.\"\nThey did not want... She did not tell me they did not want to have a doctor.\nThey have three generations of doctors [in his family]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14190.0,14220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His sister is a dentist\nin Philadelphia. They'd like to have a nurse and children. They'd like to have\nlots of children -- six children. My daughter did not listen to me. Later, when\nshe'd had four children, they came to this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14220.0,14250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"divorce because they caught him\nfooling around with the best [friend].\n\nEINSTEIN: Sam, you are a member of Beth Jacob?\n\nSILBIGER: I was a member until ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14250.0,14280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ten or eleven years ago. When I moved here [to a\nnew home], my daughter was [a member of] Etz Chaim. I [now belong] to Etz Chaim.\nI quit [attending Beth Jacob] because...\n\nEINSTEIN: It was too far?\n\nSILBIGER: Yes. Over there it was Orthodox. I am really not Orthodox.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14280.0,14310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Going through your experiences during the war, did that change your\nattitude about being Jewish? How did being a survivor affect...\n\nSILBIGER: The first time the Germans occupied [our area], they came by our house\nbecause ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14310.0,14340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was a drive-in. There was plenty of place. They put a kitchen and\nthey still had food. They called the people to come. This was the first time I\nate treif -- non-kosher -- [foods]. Later... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14340.0,14370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we were still in Oswiecim,\nwe'd still go with our chickens downtown to our shochet. He'd make kosher. When\nI [was in the work] camp, I wrote a letter and said, \"Please send me some\nunderwear and send me something from Shokliski.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14370.0,14400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They knew who it was because he\nwas our neighbor. He was a butcher. He did not have... for himself [but] he was\ncutting pigs or cows for Polacks. They were making it ready, making salami. They\nput some in the chimney. They never got spoiled. My father was... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14400.0,14430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also my\ncousin... He was eating fat because the doctor told him at the brick factory was\nlots of dust so to eat it. Maybe that's the reason he died at 75 or 76 years\n[old]. I told them, \"Please send me [meat] from Shokliski.\" I was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14430.0,14460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp\nalready [and] had to eat not kosher. There was nothing kosher.\n\nI came to the United States [and] I was doing the same thing all the time. My\ndaughter [eats] kosher at home. When she goes to a restaurant, she will eat fish\nor... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14460.0,14490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she probably eats something not kosher too. She is 50 years old. [Kids] do\nnot listen to you anyway. She just comes if she needs something... Thank G-d.\n\nEINSTEIN: Parents and children have different relationships now than what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14490.0,14520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you\nhad with your father -- with a lot of discipline and what not. I do not think\nthat exists much anymore.\n\nSILBIGER: She moved out from her house to an apartment. Everything else -- all\nher stuff -- came here to the basement. I have everything. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14520.0,14550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One time... now it's\nsupposed to be Purim. She invited all the kids [and] my wife... I never was over\nthere in that apartment. She invited me also. I came over there. I took a look\nover and said, \"This is not [good enough] for my daughter. My daughter should\nnot live like this.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14550.0,14580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was looking what is going on. Purim should be now. In\nMay, it will be...\n\nEINSTEIN: I am sorry [to interrupt]. How did you end up making a living here in\nAtlanta after you sold the grocery store? You had the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14580.0,14610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jewelry store? Then what happened?\n\nSILBIGER: I was helping out [in] my brother's store. I was doing all kinds of\njobs. Later, I was working in the jewelry store. I was occupied and made money.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14610.0,14640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: What did you think about moving to the South?\n\nSILBIGER: Very nice. Here the neighbors all like me. I had one neighbor [whose]\nhusband was a Jew too. He died a few years ago. She called me for [my] birthday.\nShe brought this for my wife's birthday. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14640.0,14670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do not remember what she brought for\nme... It was just four or five months [ago]. I think [it was] also some candy. I\ndo not give candy. I give a bottle of wine.\n\n[Nearby is another] neighbor -- an older couple. They were good in court ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14670.0,14700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against\nmy son-in-law because my son-in-law... Someone was trying to break in on the\ncorner and across from me. They -- that neighbor -- called the police. We were\nsitting all together. Everyone was good with me. My yard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14700.0,14730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"must be nicer than the\nothers because I am a Jew.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me what you mean by that.\n\nSILBIGER: I do not want somebody to say, \"Because a Jew lives here it's dirty,\"\nor something like that. I was in a concentration camp. I was in Israel in the\nArmy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14730.0,14760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and over there you have to be clean. If not, you'll get sick. I learned\nfrom my mother and my father [to] be straight, be clean and keep clean. When you\ndo something, do it perfect. Do not tell lies because every lie comes out -- if\nnot today [then] tomorrow.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14760.0,14790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Those are very important lessons that you learned.\n\nSILBIGER: Yes. I had a grandmother who said, \"If somebody asks you how you are\ndoing, you always say, 'Good.' If he is your friend, he is happy. If he is your\nenemy, he is cranky.\" That's what I do. I am now 87 years old. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14790.0,14820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My legs, they do\nnot want to do it, or it hurts me here, or it hurts me there... I do not say\nnothing. How long I can do it, I do it. I go to the doctor twice a year. I [had\ndental] implants. He said he found something else. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14820.0,14850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When it hurts me, I will go.\nI have TMJ. It hurts me. I hold it out. I am strong.\n\nEINSTEIN: You are a tough guy.\n\nSILBIGER: I have pain. I do not take no painkillers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14850.0,14880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was in hospital. I had an\noperation. After the operation, they came to me with a pain pill. I said, \"For\nwhat?\" [They said,] \"For pain.\" I said, \"Keep it for yourself.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: You are tough. You are strong, built to last.\n\nSILBIGER: I have plenty of pain. My wife has a whole medicine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14880.0,14910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bag.\n\nEINSTEIN: You go to the Café Europa meetings, right? Do you enjoy being with\nother survivors?\n\nSILBIGER: Yes. This week we had the Israeli Consulate there.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me about that.\n\nSILBIGER: He was telling everything. At the end -- I tell it like it is -- he\nsaid, \"We have to do something.\" I said, \"You know, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14910.0,14940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if something get bad, Israel\ndoesn't owe nobody else. Just take the bomb first on Iran and later on somebody\nlike Egypt. Kill them! Don't give up. Don't let you be a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14940.0,14970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prisoner by them\nbecause that should kill. Kill them!\"\n\nEINSTEIN: You are still a Betarnik [Yiddish: someone who belongs to the Betar Movement].\n\nSILBIGER: Yes. That is what I told him.\n\nEINSTEIN: What are your feelings about Israel? What does Israel mean to you?\n\nSILBIGER: I cry for Israel now. I cry for the kids. You should see how nice, how\nbeautiful the kids... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14970.0,15000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The boy [my sister adopted after the war] went with my\nsister to Israel. They were to him like a mother and father. They raised him up.\nI do not know if he got a college degree.\n\nMy sister had just a [biological] daughter. She got a college degree, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15000.0,15030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a\nprofessor, and later was studying to be an ambassador. Her husband is a\n[unintelligible; tape 3, clip 4, 15:50]. He came to Israel to study in Israel.\nHe [became] a professor and was working in [unintelligible; tape 3, clip 4,\n16:00; sounds like \"Yom hamelei'ah\"]. He's still a professor. They have one son\nand one daughter.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15030.0,15060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The son finished Haifa Polytechnion and later was in the Army. He was working,\nselling all kind of things. They were sending him to Houston [Texas] and other\nplaces in Texas. They sent him also to Japan.\n\nI was over [in Israel]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15060.0,15090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[They] will not tell you what they are doing. Nobody\nwill tell you. They have a daughter. One time, I called my sister. [My\ngrand-niece] picked up the phone. [She said,] \"Hello?\" They speak English. They\nhave double... Canadian and Israeli [citizenship]... I said, \"Who is this?\" She\nsaid, \"Rachel.\" I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15090.0,15120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"How are you doing?\" She said, \"Okay.\" [I asked,] \"What\nare you doing?\" [She said,] \"Oh, I am in the Army.\" I knew she was in the Army.\nShe told me she was over there in [unintelligible; tape 3, clip 4, 17:23]. I\nsaid, \"What are you doing?\" She said, \"Oh, [it is] very interesting.\" [I asked,]\n\"What is interesting?\" [She said,] \"Oh, we're very good.\" No one tells you\nanother word.\n\nWhen I was in Israel almost 30 years ago, we were 38 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15120.0,15150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people from Atlanta. We ate\nsupper and one time he took a suitcase and [was] going away. I said, \"What's\ngoing on?\" He said he [was going] to work, he [had] to check up. What he was\ndoing, nobody told me.\n\nEINSTEIN: Have you been to Israel lately?\n\nSILBIGER: I was there from May 5 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15150.0,15180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to May 15 -- ten days. I did not see too much.\nI was with the family.\n\nEINSTEIN: It has changed a little bit since when you were...\n\nSILBIGER: Change... When I was there in the Army and I came 30 years ago, it\nchanged a lot. It has changed [another] ten times [since then]. I do not\nrecognize anything.\n\nEINSTEIN: You cannot recognize it.\n\nSILBIGER: I just recognized ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15180.0,15210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I came in my sister's apartment. I did not\nrecognize any[thing]. I was over 30 years ago and Yad Vashem was a different\none. This one -- Yad Vashem -- when you are coming out, there is a big picture\nfrom my sister, my brother-in-law and the boy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15210.0,15240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was with my wife, my daughter,\nand my ex-son-in-law fifteen years ago in Poland... She got [many] pictures from\ninside over there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15240.0,15270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She picked a flower for me. I [have] a flower from over there.\n\nWhen we came back from Poland, I had the grocery. After the grocery, I was going\nevery Saturday to synagogue. One time at the synagogue, came a Jewish\njournalist. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15270.0,15300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was talking to the rabbi and the shamos and [asked if anybody]\nwas in a concentration camp or in Auschwitz-Birkenau. They said, \"Better. Here\nis someone who was born in [Oswiecim] and was in concentration camps.\" He came\nto me. I was telling him. He was over there twice already [visiting]\nconcentration camps. I said, \"I am from Oscwiesm and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15300.0,15330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over there is a house...\"\nrom a neighbor... When I was over there, I was standing there and here came a\nlady. I did not recognize [her] because it was over 60 years ago. She said to\nme, 'Shmilek?' I said, 'It's not Schimig; it's Shmilek.' She said, 'Oh, yes.'\"\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15330.0,15360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She told me she was going to school with my brother. She told me her name. She\ntold me she got married to this one. I said, \"That one?\" She said, \"Yes, that\none.\" I said, \"That one with the capalisch?\" He had such a funny... like you see\nin America a schmatta [Yiddish: rag], different dress, like you this one, you\nshow... This one was the same.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15360.0,15390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: How was it for you to be back in Poland?\n\nSILBIGER: Nothing. My daughter and my son-in-law... They [saw] something new.\nThey [saw] the concentration camp. In the concentration camp, I said Kaddish\nover ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15390.0,15420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the... small crematorium. There was a fellow talking to the people. I\nsaid, \"They are not telling the truth. They're telling what... \" I showed them\nmy [tattoo]. They all believed me. They looked at him as a...\n\nI took a cab driver and every day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15420.0,15450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he wanted $100. We went to Zakopane [Poland]\nalso. This is where Jews were going on vacation in the summertime. In the\nwintertime they were going skiing. It is not far from the border. We were in\nKrakow. They have a carriage with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15450.0,15480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horses. My daughter and son-in-law [took a\nromantic ride]. Also in Zakopane, we saw people.\n\nIn Oswiecim, I did not go to a lawyer; just in Krakow. He said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15480.0,15510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"What is the\nname?\" I said, \"This is my name.\" He said, \"How can I trust this is the name?\"\nHe said, \"Where is your mother?\" I said, \"My mother is in the concentration\ncamp.\" He said, \"Where is your father?\" I showed him the certificate from when\nhe died. Later, he said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15510.0,15540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Maybe you're telling me some stories.\" I said, \"I can\nbring you some people that know me from when I was living [there] and [who] went\nwith me to school.\"\n\nOver there, we have a house. This one they knocked down in 1875. The people\nmoved in and they did not do nothing. This house probably was a few hundred\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15540.0,15570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years old... how they built it. I remember from before my grandmother had in the\ncorner, they had been sleeping on. Was an oven and [near] the oven, they'd been\nsleeping in the kitchen. I still remember in this house.\n\nEINSTEIN: You have a lot of good memories and bad memories from Poland. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15570.0,15600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is\ncomplicated. Is there anything we have missed that you would like to talk about?\n\nSILBIGER: One thing I can say is I am very happy with America -- just not with\nthe [politicians] now. The politics is no good. [President Barack Obama] said,\n\"The people think I am ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15600.0,15630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Muslim.\" They showed what part he's Muslim. He's ninety\npercent Muslim -- [President Barack] Obama... what he said to... You're taking this?\n\nEINSTEIN: I can turn it off if you want.\n\nSILBIGER: No.\n\nEINSTEIN: We can talk about that when we finish [the interview]. Since this tape\nwill be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15630.0,15660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"viewed by your grandchildren, is there anything about your life, what\nyou've learned, or what you'd like them to learn that you want to tell them?\n\nSILBIGER: The grandchildren... [in] the divorce, he took away three\ngrandchildren from her. We were in court. It cost me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15660.0,15690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lots of money. I've got\nboxes here and she's got [some] at home. One daughter was still with her. After\nThanksgiving, she -- the last one -- went to my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15690.0,15720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"son-in-law. Are you putting this\non there?\n\nEINSTEIN: I still have it on. I am sorry. I know that is personal.\n\nSILBIGER: Yes. Now my daughter is without kids. Last week on Sunday was my\ndaughter's birthday. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15720.0,15750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took me to the Cheesecake Factory at Perimeter Mall.\nIt was my wife, my daughter, and her four children. They gave her something. I\ngave them... We bought [it] for two girls. The oldest one is no good. One is\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15750.0,15780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supposed to have a birthday on Sunday. I do not know what it will be. They\nsay... Over there they have the music play. I was taking them to lunch every\nSunday when they were here. You said 'lunch,' I said 'to dinner.'\n\nEINSTEIN: You have already become an American.\n\nSILBIGER: We eat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15780.0,15810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"breakfast in the morning. My wife eats a banana about ten\no'clock. Later, at twelve o'clock is dinner. Around three o'clock or 3:30,\ncoffee with a cake. [My wife's] birthday was two weeks ago -- January 19. On\nWednesday it was two weeks ago. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15810.0,15840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At six o'clock, I make the salad and make\neverything ready. Around eight o'clock, [we have] some orange, or apple, or ice\ncream, or something like this.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15840.0,15870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/transcript/31543/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Speaking of dinner, I am sure I have kept you from having your supper.\n\nSILBIGER: It is six o'clock.\n\nEINSTEIN: Sam, thank you so much for sharing your story with us. It is very important.\n\nSILBIGER: You are finished with me?\n\nEINSTEIN: I am finished with you. We just want to thank you again.\n\n 4","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15870.0,15900.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Silbiger, Sam [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOswiecim [German: Auschwitz; Yiddish: Oshptzin] is a town in southern Poland located 31 miles (50 kilometers) west of Krakow and 178 miles (286 kilometers) from Warsaw. Located at the confluence of Poland’s main river Vistula and its tributary Sola, Oswiecim had been a market town since the 1200s, known for its arable land and a medieval castle that still stands today. Before WWI, it was part of the Austrian Empire in an area known as Galicia. The city had been home to a thriving Jewish community since the mid-sixteenth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans later used the former military barracks on the eastern outskirts of town as the site for the concentration and death camp that became known as Auschwitz-Birkenau. In 1940, forced labor was used to build a new subdivision to house Auschwitz guards and staff. Polish residents of several districts were forced to abandon their houses, as the Germans wanted to keep the area around the camp empty. Expulsions of local Polish residents took place in two stages, in 1940 and 1941. Most of the Polish population was forcibly moved to displaced person camps and the area inhabited by ethnic Germans, many of who worked in the concentration camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cheder [Hebrew: room] was a Jewish religious elementary school for boys. Religious classes were usually held in a room attached to a synagogue or in the private home of a teacher called a ‘melamed.’ It was traditional for boys to start cheder at three or five years old, learning to read Hebrew from a primer and studying the Book of Leviticus.  Girls did not attend cheder.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans conquered Oswiecim on September 3, 1939. The town was renamed Auschwitz and incorporated into Germany. German soldiers, accompanied by ethnic Germans [German: Volksdeutsche], began attacking the Jews and plundering their property. In the first days of the German occupation, one of the synagogues was burned down. The great synagogue was destroyed on November 29, 1939. Decrees against the Jews restricted their mobility and confiscated their property, and throughout 1940 they were concentrated in an open quarter of the city. Jews were required to wear armbands, surrender their businesses, and work in forced labor units. Hundreds were deported to forced labor camps. The Germans created a 34 member Judenrat [German: Jewish Council] headed by Josef Gross to enforce their discriminatory decrees. Deportations to forced labor camps began in 1940 and conditions in the town continued to deteriorate as Jews from neighboring areas were concentrated in Oswiecim.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn March and April 1941, all the remaining Jews in Oswiecim were expelled to ghettos in other cities. In just seven days, around 5,000 Oswiecim Jews were sent to Bedzin, Chrzanow, and Sosnoweic. During the deportation, the Jews were allowed to bring some of their belongings. Some rented wagons upon which they loaded their possessions. After the deportations, the Jewish community of Oswiecim ceased to exist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the war, about 31,000 Jews lived in the southern Polish city of Sosnowiec. After occupying Sosnowiec on September 4, 1939, the Germans began persecuting the Jewish population. The process of isolating Sosnowiec’s Jews began in 1939 with resettling Jews and Poles so that a ghetto was created. In late October 1939, forced labor was introduced for all Jews under the age of 55 and Sosnowiec became a slave labor pool for the Germans. The first Sosnowiec Jews were sent to the labor camps in October 1940 and until August 1942 there were periodic transports from Sosnowiec to various labor camps. The first series of deportation of Jews from Sosnowiec to Auschwitz-Birkenau was between May and August 1942. Most of the first deportees were “useless eaters” (children, the elderly, the sick, the unemployed) who were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau starting on May 10, 1942. Even as the Germans shipped some Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau, they brought in others to be new workers. Between August 1942 and March 1943, there were three major roundups and another wave of around 2,000 Sosnowiec Jews were transported to labor camps. The resettlement of Sosnowiec’s Jews was completed by March 1943. Deportations resumed in May and June of 1943 and the final liquidation of the ghetto began on August 1, 1943. The total number of Jews sent from Sosnowiec (and its neighboring ghetto in Bedzin) to Auschwitz-Birkenau was close to 30,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBedzin [Polish: Będzin] is a city in southern Poland. Until World War II, Bedzin had a vibrant Jewish community. According to the 1921 census, the town had a Jewish community consisting of 17,298 people, or 62.1 percent of the total population. In September 1939, the German Army overran the area, followed by SS death squads, who burned the synagogue and murdered 200 Jewish inhabitants. A ghetto was created in Bedzin in 1942. In the summer of 1943, most of the Jews of Bedzin were deported to Auschwitz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Kibbutz’ means ‘gathering’ or ‘clustering’ in Hebrew. It is a collective community in Israel traditionally based on agriculture. They began as utopian communities that combined socialism and Zionism. Across Europe during the interwar years, kibbutzim trained Zionists skills that would be useful for immigrating to Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn the eve of World War II, there were between 20 and 30 synagogues and a wide variety of Jewish organizations. In the Jewish community itself, various religious and political groups continued to vie for control, with traditional Jews playing the most prominent role in Oswiecim, followed by the Zionists. Zionism came to Oswiecim in 1898 and had a significant influence on Jewish social life in the town.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Betar Movement is a revisionist Zionist youth movement founded in 1923 in Riga, Latvia by Vladimir Jabotinsky. It was one of the most militant and nationalistic of the Jewish youth movements in Europe. Chapters sprung up across Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] celebrates the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShavuot is the Hebrew word for “weeks” and refers to the Jewish festival marking the giving of the Torah by G-d at Mount Sinai.  It occurs at the completion of the seven-week counting period between Passover and Shavuot. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn the eve of World War II there were about 8,000 Jews in Oswiecim—over half of the population of approximately 12,000. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the interwar period, Jewish citizens of Oswiecim were involved in almost all areas of political, social, and cultural life. The Town Council had strong Jewish representation, including the deputy mayor, and Jews and Christians worked together in numerous charitable and patriotic organizations. In the years between the World Wars, Jews and non-Jews knew one another as neighbors, business associates, and friends. While these years were largely peaceful, Jews were the victims of quotas that limited their participation in educational and professional life, and antisemitism intensified during times of economic strain and political tumult.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout history, bizarre blood libel accusations have been leveled against Jews—often around the time of Easter and Passover. The accusations typically accused Jews of kidnapping a Christian child who was then murdered and his or her blood used for ritual purposes. The accusations often led to violent attacks against Jewish communities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCossacks were a group of predominantly East Slavic-speaking people who became known as members of democratic, self-governing, semi-military communities, predominantly located in Eastern and Southern Ukraine and in Southern Russia. Here, Sam is referring to the Hopak, a Ukrainian folk dance originating as a male dance among the Zaporozhian Cossacks. The Hopak is an energetic choreographed dance that include jumps, spins, and squatting sequences.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe area Sam grew up in had once been part of Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was a constitutional union of the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrgun was a Zionist paramilitary group that operated in Mandated Palestine between 1931 and 1948. It was an offshoot of an earlier and larger paramilitary organization called Haganah. Both organizations were founded on Revisionist Zionism, founded by Ze’ev Jabotinsky, and believed that every Jew had the right to enter Palestine, only active retaliation would deter the Arabs, and only Jewish armed forces would ensure the Jewish state. Most of the Irgun members were absorbed into the Israel Defense Forces upon the establishment of the State of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish: Kraków, sometimes also Cracow] is the second largest city in Poland, situated on the Vistula River. The city is one of the oldest in Poland and dates back to the seventh century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1793 Partition of Poland was the second of three territorial divisions of Poland, perpetrated by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, by which Poland's size was progressively reduced until, after the final partition in 1795, the state of Poland ceased to exist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGalicia was a political and geographical region between present-day Poland and Ukraine. Once a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the historical region disappeared from the European map after World War I. By the start of World War II in 1939, western Galicia was occupied by the Germans and eastern Galicia was occupied by the Soviet Union, Today, the east part of former Galicia is part of the Ukraine, while the western part belongs to Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandment] is rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohnson Ferry Road is a major thoroughfare running north from Atlanta, Georgia over the Chattahoochee River and into Marietta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Chattahoochee River is about 430 miles (690 km) long. The river originates in the Blue Ridge Mountains in northeastern Georgia and winds down through the state to form the southern half of the Georgia-Alabama border, as well as a portion of the Florida border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Fulton County and Cobb County are in the north-central portion of the state of Georgia. Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County; while Cobb County is home to a large portion of the suburban metropolitan area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn increase in antisemitic propaganda and sentiments in the 1930s led to anti-Jewish riots in Biala in 1937. By September 1939, Germany had occupied the entire area and both towns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam is referring to Bielsko-Biala [Polish: Bielsko-Biała], a city in southern Poland. Historically, the city is situated on the border of Upper Silesia and Lesser Poland. Bielsko and Biala were two separate municipalities until 1951. Bielsko, the older and richer settlement, was founded as early as the 11th century. It was a part of Austrian Silesia and developed under the strong influence of Austrian and German culture. Biala developed as a village on the right bank of the Biala River, a tributary of the Vistula River, which runs through the center of the unified city today. Biala was located in Galicia, where Poles enjoyed a great deal of cultural autonomy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays.  Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMcDonald's is an American fast food company, founded in 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn October 27, 1938 the Germans began arresting 17,000 Jews with Polish citizenship who had been living in Germany and began deporting them to Poland. The Polish authorities placed the majority of the Jews in the border town of Zbaszyn and forbade them from leaving in the hope that the large number of Jews near the border would pressure the Germans into beginning negotiations to allow them back into Germany. The negotiations ended in January 1939. Friends and family in Poland had already taken in some Jews, while other deportees were permitted to return to Germany to wind up their affairs, and then return to Poland. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sola [Polish: Soła] is a river in southern Poland, a right tributary of the Vistula River. The Sola originates in the Western Beskids mountain range near the border with Slovakia. The river passes to the east of the town of Osweicism and the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePolanka is a village in southern Poland. It is 65 kilometers (40 miles) east of Oswiecim and 22 kilometers (14 miles) south of Krakow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location: the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941 for Soviet prisoners of war. In March 1942, tattoos were used to identify prisoners at Auschwitz II (Birkenau). By the spring of 1943, the SS authorities throughout the entire Auschwitz complex adopted the practice of tattooing almost all previously registered and newly arrived prisoners, including female prisoners. Prisoners were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSukkot is one of the Harvest Festivals. It is seven days long and comes after the ingathering of the yearly harvest. It celebrates G-d’s bounty in nature and G-d’s protection, symbolized by the fragile booths in which the Israelites dwelt in the wilderness. During Sukkot Jews eat and live in such booths, which gives the festival its name and character.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Italian Front or Alpine Front was a series of battles at the border between Austria-Hungary and Italy, fought between 1915 and 1918 in World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBautrupp is German for “construction crew.” It is not clear where the work camp Sam was sent to was, but other survivors mention being part of labor brigades sent there as well. It was likely part of a German ethnic cleansing operation called Aktion Saybusch or Operation Saybusch. This was the mass expulsion of 18,000 to 20,000 ethnic Poles from the territory of Zywiec County in Polish Silesia, which was conducted by the Wehrmacht and German police during the German occupation of Poland. The purpose was to create space for German colonists from across Eastern Europe. Aktion Saybusch lasted from September to December 1940. Some 3,200 ethnic Germans were brought in to replace the forcibly expelled Poles. The German police surrounded Polish towns and individual farms and ordered the Poles out. They had 20 minutes to collect their things and could only take clothing and food. They had to leave anything of value behind. They were marched or trucked to distribution centers to be resettled. The abandoned houses were cleaned and washed by forced laborers, mostly Jews, and some remaining Poles, who had been deemed racially acceptable. Then new Germans farms used slave labor, most of them Jews. Many of the German settlers were unhappy with their new humble housing so it seems reasonable that new homes would need to be built to accommodate them. This type of resettlement continued throughout the war and some 50,000 Poles were driven from their homes and land so that ethnic Germans could take their place.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans conquered Oswiecim on September 3, 1939. The town was renamed Auschwitz and incorporated into Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter 1939 and with some variation from camp to camp, the categories of prisoners were easily identified by a marking system combining a colored inverted triangle with lettering. The badges sewn onto prisoner uniforms enabled SS guards to identify the alleged grounds for incarceration. Criminals were marked with green inverted triangles; political prisoners with red; \"asocials\" (including Roma, nonconformists, vagrants, and other groups) with black or—in the case of Roma in some camps—brown triangles. Homosexuals were identified with pink triangles and Jehovah's Witnesses with purple ones. Non-German prisoners were identified by the first letter of the German name for their home country, which was sewn onto their badge. The two triangles forming the Jewish star badge would both be yellow unless the Jewish prisoner was included in one of the other prisoner categories. A Jewish political prisoner, for example, would be identified with a yellow triangle beneath a red triangle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam is referring here to Poles that were expelled from occupied territories during Aktion Saybusch or Operation Saybusch. Polish residents of Oswiecim were also expelled, however, when the Germans decided to use former military barracks on the eastern outskirts of town as the site for the concentration and death camp that became known as Auschwitz. In 1940, forced labor was used to build a new subdivision to house Auschwitz guards and staff. Polish residents of several districts were forced to abandon their houses, as the Germans wanted to keep the area around the camp empty. Expulsions of local Polish residents took place in two stages, in 1940 and 1941. Most of the Polish population was forcibly moved to displaced person camps and the area inhabited by ethnic Germans, many of who worked in the concentration camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrganisation Todt was a civil and military engineering group named after its founder, Fritz Todt, an engineer and senior Nazi figure. The organization was responsible for a huge range of large-scale construction projects including military factories and fortifications both in pre-World War II Germany and in Nazi Germany and its occupied territories from France to the Soviet Union during the war. One of its primary responsibilities was building the Autobahn (highway) network in Germany. It became notorious for using forced labor. About 1.4 million laborers worked for Todt, among them concentration camp prisoners, prisoners-of-war and compulsory laborers from occupied countries. Many did not survive.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the codename Operation “Barbarossa,” Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in the largest German military operation of World War II. Although the Soviet Union had been Germany’s ally in the war against Poland, the destruction of the Soviet Union and conquest of territory in the East had long been one of Hitler’s proclaimed goals. The attack on the Soviet Union marked a turning point in both the history of World War II and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLvov [Polish: Lwów; German: Lemberg; Ukrainian: Lviv] was once a Polish town in the southeastern Poland. It is approximately 350 kilometers (220 miles) east of Krakow, Poland. Since World War II, it has been known as ‘Lviv’ and is a city in western Ukraine. Formerly the capital of the historic region of Galicia, Lvov has switched between many countries as a result of war and occupation. In 1772, Galicia became part of the Hapsburg Austro-Hungarian Empire and Lvov was known as Lemberg. The city remained under Austrian control until World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam is referring to the Sturmabteilung, also known as the “Storm Troopers,” “Brown Shirts,” or “SA,” which was the paramilitary of the Nazi Party commanded by Ernst Rohm [German: Röhm] and responsible for helping Adolf Hitler rise to power in Germany in the 1920’s and early 1930’s. By 1934, tensions within the party saw Heinrich Himmler and the SS (Schutzstaffel) replace Rohm and the Sturmabteilung’s position as the dominant organization within the Nazi Party.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCumberland Mall is a large shopping center that features a wide variety of stores and restaurants. It is located in Atlanta, Georgia near the suburbs of Smyrna and Vinings.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBerga-Elster, also known by the code name “Schwalbe V” (Swallow V), was a sub-camp of Buchenwald. It was the site of a synthetic fuel factory, which grew in importance as Germany’s fuel reserves sank as a result of Allied air attacks. The largest group of prisoners there were Jews from all over Europe, although some were American POWs. Most of them worked in the tunnels where they cleared and removed the debris from air raids. The work was very hard and dangerous. The prisoners preferred being sent to work in the quarry or laying rails over the tunnel work. Death resulted from shootings, disease, starvation, physical abuse and work accidents. The camp was liquidated on April 11, 1945 when the remaining prisoners were marched toward Theresienstadt. Over 1,000 prisoners died during the 160-mile kilometer march through snowstorms and over high mountain passes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘V weapons’ were the V1 and V2 rockets that were used by Germany at the end of World War II. They were the world’s first cruise missiles. They were first developed and built at Peenemunde, a remote island in the Baltic Sea, but when the Allies bombed that site the production was moved underground inside Germany out of reach of Allied bombers. Although Nazi scientists did the research and development, the actual work assembling the rockets was done by slave labor under murderous conditions at the Dora-Mittelbau-Nordhausen complex, where tunnels had been drilled into the mountains. Although tunnels had also been drilled into the mountains at Berga-Elster, no V rockets were built there. London and southern England was the premier target of the V-1, with nearly 8,000 falling there from June to October 1944. The Germans launched 9,521 V-1s in total at England killing nearly 23,000 people. The first V-2 attacks were launched against Paris and London on September 8, 1944. Nearly 1,000 V-2s fell on London and the surrounding area (as well as in Belgium) after September 1944.  In total the rocket weapon killed or wounded over 6,000 people and seriously injured and maimed another 18,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the German invasion of Poland, the Annaberg area was annexed to Germany and the town was given the German name ‘Annaberg’ (‘St. Anne’s Mountain.’) Today it is back in Poland again and is called ‘Gora Swietej Anny.’ Annaberg was part of a string of camps in Upper Silesia built after 1940 that were placed along the length of the proposed German autobahn (highway) into Poland. The Jews sent to Annaberg and the other camps in the system originally helped to build the new highway. The SS Organisation Schmelt ran the camps. Later the camps used slave labor to in armament production. They manufactured barracks, clothing, and other war material. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlechhammer was a sub-camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau. It was the second largest sub-camp after Monowitz and was established in April 1, 1944. Initially there were about 3,000 men and 200 women in the camp. The prisoners were put to work constructing chemical factories. In the following months, over 1,000 Jewish prisoners were also sent there to work. The barracks were severely overcrowded and the prisoners were treated brutally. Clothing and food was inadequate. Selections for the weakened and sick were conducted and they were sent back to Auschwitz-Birkenau to be murdered. Some of the prisoners were put to work building a synthetic gasoline factory while others in units of 100 to 200 did heavy construction work: excavating foundations, building roads and structures and transporting building materials. The prisoners worked from dawn to dusk. After the factory was bombed they were put to work hauling out the dud bombs, during which many were killed. On January 21, 1945 the prisoners were marched out of the camp as the Russians drew near and were driven on foot to Gross-Rosen concentration camp.  The journey took ten days. Those who could not keep up were shot. An estimated 800 prisoners were executed in this way on the march. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVolksdeutsche is a term the German government used beginning in the twentieth century to describe Germans living or born outside of Germany, regardless of citizenship. The term was also applied to Poles with German ancestry or relatives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within concentration or labor camps, German authorities installed a hierarchy of administrative units under their control. A kapo was a prisoner in a concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp.  Kapos were generally criminals. The kapo system minimized costs by allowing the camps to function with fewer SS personnel. It was designed to turn victim against victim, as the kapos were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the favor of their SS guards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. Kosher refers to Jewish laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. In a kosher kitchen and home, meat and dairy are kept separate, so a separate sets of dishes, cookware, and serving ware are needed. Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law is called ‘treif.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans invaded the Netherlands in May 1940. In January 1941, all Jews in the Netherlands were required to register themselves as Jews. A total of 159,806 persons registered, including 19,561 persons born of mixed marriages. The total included some 25,000 Jewish refugees from the German Reich. Between 1942 and 1944, the Germans and their Dutch collaborators deported 107,000 Jews. Only 5,200 survived. Most were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau or Sobibor, where they were murdered. Two-thirds of the 25,000-30,000 Dutch Jews who went into hiding managed to survive. In all, less than 25 percent of Dutch Jewry survived the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSelection (German: Selektion) is the term the Nazi regime used to describe the process of choosing victims for the gas chambers in the extermination camps by separating them from those considered fit to work.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnnaberg was part of a string of camps in Upper Silesia built after 1940 that were placed along the length of the proposed German autobahn (highway) into Poland. The Jews sent to Annaberg and the other camps in the system originally helped to build the new highway. The SS Organisation Schmelt ran the camps. Later the camps used slave labor to in armament production. They manufactured barracks, clothing, and other war material. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS began evacuating Auschwitz and its satellite camps in mid-January 1945 as Soviet forces approached the Auschwitz camp complex. Nearly 60,000 prisoners were forced to march west from the Auschwitz camp system. Thousands had been killed in the camps in the days before these death marches began. Tens of thousands of prisoners, mostly Jews, were forced to march to the city of Wodzislaw in the western part of Upper Silesia. SS guards shot anyone who fell behind or could not continue. Prisoners also suffered from the cold weather, starvation, and exposure on these marches. More than 15,000 died during the death marches from Auschwitz. On January 27, 1945, the Soviet army entered Auschwitz and liberated more than 7,000 remaining prisoners, who were mostly ill and dying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Dachau became a model for other concentration camps and was used as a training center for SS guards. Originally, it was a camp for criminals, political prisoners, and other opponents of the Nazi regime. In 1938, in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, the Jewish population rose to 10,000, although most were eventually released after agreeing to emigrate from Germany. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and thousands were literally worked to death. Between 1940 and 1945, at least 28,000 died there as a result of the harsh, overcrowded conditions, medical experiments, and executions. There was a crematorium at Dachau, but the sick or weakened prisoners who were murdered were sent to the Hartheim “euthanasia” killing center near Linz, Austria. Toward the end of the war, around 7,000 mostly Jewish prisoners were sent on a death march from Dachau to Tegernsee far to the south. When American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945, they found thousands of dead and dying prisoners as well as more than 30 railroad cars filled with decomposing bodies that had been brought to Dachau and abandoned.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the war, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was not allowed into concentration camps like Dachau. However, the German Red Cross was. While the ICRC tried to work with the German Red Cross to help camp prisoners, the German Red Cross itself was under Nazi control and obstructed many attempts of the ICRC to help concentration camp inmates. In the last days of the war, ICRC delegates were able to take advantage of the chaos within the Nazi regime and were able to go inside the camps at Turckheim, Dachau and Mauthausen for the first time, but by then could only offer limited help to the survivors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGross-Rosen was opened in May 1940 in a quarry near the village of Gross-Rosen. It eventually grew to control a whole network of sub-camps, which included Markstadt and Funfteichen. By 1944 there were about 110,000 prisoners in the system. About half the prisoners were political prisoners but there were also Polish and Russian prisoners-of-war. The living and working conditions were brutal. The rations were a slice of bread and watery soup each day. The prisoners slept on straw sacks that teemed with lice. It was classified as a Category III camp, or the most severe treatment classification. As the war neared its end, conditions grew even worse as evacuation transports arrived from the east swelling the camp to near bursting. The death rate skyrocketed and bodies were piled up outside the barracks. In January 1945 the camp population was evacuated ahead of the Russians. Some of the prisoners were packed tightly into open freight cars. Others were marched out on foot. Over half of the prisoners died on the death marches in the final days of the war. The Russians liberated gross-Rosen on February 13, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMittenwald was a labor camp near the town of Mittenwald, Germany. It seems to have been part of the Dachau concentration camps system. It became a Displaced Persons (DP) camp after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Isar is a river in Tyrol, Austria and Bavaria, Germany. Its source is in the Karwendel range of the Alps in Tyrol; it enters Germany near Mittenwald, and flows through Bad Tölz, Munich, and Landshut before reaching the Danube near Deggendorf.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKalfaktoren [German: orderlies] were prisoners who acted as domestic or medical assistants. They typically were responsible for stoking ovens and fireplaces and other household or building maintenance duties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere was a crematorium at Dachau that served to dispose of corpses from the concentration camp, but by the end of 1944, their capacity was no longer enough to cremate the scores of dead from the camp. Upon liberating the camp at the end of April 1945, American soldiers came across countless corpses piled up in the crematorium. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Well-meaning soldiers, volunteers or locals without proper medical training often gave survivors foods that made their conditions worse. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSpam is a brand of canned precooked meat products introduced by Hormel Foods Corporation in 1937. Spam gained international popularity after it was used by the United States military during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe camp at Garmisch-Partenkirchen is southwest of Munich and was part of the Dachau concentration camp. It was established on December 9, 1944 in the former Sonnenbichel hotel, which had been evacuated for the SS and was used as a hospital for SS members. Prisoners sent to Garmisch-Partenkirchen looked after the SS men. After liberation it was used to nurse ex-prisoners back to life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSandor Nemes (1899-1977), also known as Alexander Neufeld, was a Hungarian football player and manager. He had a playing career in Hungary, Austria, Switzerland, United States and Yugoslavia, and he represented the national teams of Hungary and Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLandsberg is a town in southwest Bavaria, Germany, about 65 kilometers west of Munich. It housed the second largest displaced persons camp in the American Zone. It was founded in April 1945 in former military barracks. From October 1945 Landsberg functioned as an exclusively Jewish Camp. The population of 5,000 Jewish DPs was chiefly comprised of Russian, Latvian, and Lithuanian survivors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1942 and 1943, the ghetto inhabitants of Bedzin, Chrzanow, and Sosnoweic—including the Jews from Oswiecim—were deported to concentration camps. The majority was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where most were murdered—90 percent of Oswiecim’s Jews perished during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP Camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Molotov cocktail, also known as ‘petrol bomb,’ or ‘poor man’s grenade,’ is a generic name for a variety of bottle-based improvised incendiary weapons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years preceding Israel’s statehood—particularly from 1944 onward—a series of violent clashes occurred between the different Jewish underground groups and the British. The clashes—known as the Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine—involved paramilitary actions carried out by Jewish underground groups against the British forces and officials in Mandatory Palestine. Tensions between Jewish militant underground organizations and the British mandatory authorities had intensified when the British government published its White Paper of 1939, which outlined new government policies to place further restrictions on Jewish immigration and land purchases and declared the intention of giving independence to Palestine, with an Arab majority, within ten years. World War II brought relative calm as Jewish groups focused on immigration and rescue efforts and supported the British in their efforts to defeat Germany. Yet the tensions again escalated into an armed struggle towards the end of the war, when it became clear that the Axis Powers were close to defeat. The armed conflict escalated during the final phase of the World War II, when the Irgun declared a revolt in February 1944. Although the Haganah opposed the Irgun and Lehi’s methods and actions, a period of cooperation between the three underground organizations began in the autumn of 1945. The Haganah concentrated its efforts on attacking British immigration control and carried out anti-British operations in Palestine such as the liberation of interned immigrants from the Atlit detainee camp but refrained from direct confrontation with British forces. Meanwhile, the Irgun and Lehi attacked military and police targets. The conflict with the British lasted until the eruption of the civil war, the termination of the British Mandate for Palestine and the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the formation of the State of Israel in 1948, war broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of independence. Fighting continued until February 1949, when Israel and its neighboring states of Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria agreed to formal armistice lines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFeldafing was the first all-Jewish displaced persons camp, and hosted a large and important community of survivors. It was originally a summer camp for Hitler Youth, and was located 20 miles southwest of Munich, Germany in the American zone of occupation. The camp was originally opened on May 1, 1945 to house 3,000 Hungarian Jews, and it housed many non-Jewish concentration camp survivors until July 1945. At that time, the United States Army moved the remaining Jewish survivors of Dachau into the camp. In autumn 1945, the first all-Jewish hospital in the German DP camps was founded at Feldafing. Educational and religious life flourished there. In addition to secular elementary and high schools, the camp’s religious community founded several schools. It also had a rabbinical council that supported its religious office, and an extensive library. Children and adolescents in the camp organized Kibbutzim (Zionist communes). Newspapers were published. Theater groups and orchestras entertained camp residents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNo information could be found about this kibbutz; however, some 35 training farms were established in post-war Germany. The kibbutzim/kibbutzes were agricultural training communities meant to prepare them for eventual immigration. A large majority of the survivors in Germany and Austria were under the age of 25 and, in many cases, had been active in Zionist movements before the war. For others, immigrating to Palestine was simply the most attractive option available to them. As Britain's stance of restricting Jewish immigration to Palestine under the British Mandate was a contentious issue for the DPs, some of the kibbutz began training for conflict as well.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarseille is a port city in southern France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1946, Britain’s Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, also known as MI6) engaged in covert attempts to slow the surge of Holocaust survivors illegally immigrating to Palestine. In an effort to deter ships from heading to Palestine, SIS began “Operation Embarrass,” a plan to try to prevent Jews getting into Palestine in 1946-1948 using disinformation and propaganda as well as explosive devices placed on ships. In the summer of 1947 and early 1948, the plot led to attacks on five ships in Italian ports. Two were damaged and one was rendered a total loss. Two other explosive devices were found. Although the devices were British, it was assumed Arab groups had used British explosives for the campaign.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHatikvah [Hebrew: hope] is the national anthem of Israel. It was the unofficial national anthem of Israel from its founding in 1948, and was adopted officially in 2004.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 17, 1948, the United Nations Security Council issued Resolution 46, which put the responsibility for maintaining “peace and order” on the United Kingdom. It also called upon all persons and organizations in Palestine” to stop the entry “of armed bands and fighting personnel, groups and individuals, and weapons and war materials” into Palestine. As a result, British ships attempted to blockade any ships carrying Jews trying to illegally immigrate into Palestine or suspected of carrying weapons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Exodus 1947 was a ship that carried Jews intent on entering Palestine illegally. At the time the British, who had restricted entry, controlled Palestine. Most of the passengers were Holocaust survivors who had no legal immigration certificates to Palestine. The ship left France on July 11, 1947. Following wide media coverage, the British Royal Navy seized the ship and escorted it to the port of Haifa. The passengers were put on three different ships and returned to France. When they got there they refused to get off and went on a hunger strike. The British government refused to back down. Further negotiations resulted in them being sent them to DP camps in Germany. The women and children got off voluntarily but the men had to be removed forcibly. Eventually most of the refugees made it to Palestine via Cyprus, illegal smuggling, or legal immigration after Israel became a nation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHaifa is the largest city in northern Israel, and the third largest city in the country. It is located on the Mediterranean Sea and is a major seaport.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a concentration camp near Hanover in northwest Germany, located between the villages of Bergen and Belsen, that was established in 1935. After liberation, the British burned the barracks of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as a health precaution. A former German army camp southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle, Germany became a displaced persons (DP) camp for refugees. While the British tried to name it ‘Hohne,’ survivors insisted on referring to it as ‘Bergen-Belsen.’ It was in operation from the summer of 1945 until September 1950. For a time, Bergen-Belsen was the largest Jewish DP camp in Germany, and the only one in the British occupation zone with an exclusively Jewish population. It was the center of Jewish DP political and social activity in the British zone of occupation. The majority of DPs from Bergen-Belsen immigrated to Israel, while many others went to the United States and Canada.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) was one of the primary founders and the first Prime Minister of Israel. Two weeks after Israel became a state, the Israel Defense Forces were created to succeed Haganah and all other paramilitary organizations were outlawed. This led to conflicts between Ben­Gurion and the Haganah leadership.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe “Altalena Affair” was a violent confrontation that took place in June 1948 between the newly formed Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and the Irgun, a Jewish paramilitary group. Israel was established on May 14, 1948 and on June 1, 1948 an agreement was negotiated between the new government and the Irgun to fold the Irgun into the IDF. Part of the deal was that the Irgun was to cease acquiring arms. The first truce in the 1948 Arab-Israeli war began on June 1, 1948. The Altalena was a cargo ship captained by Monroe Fein, a Jewish American, and was carrying weapons and 940 Irgun fighters. The Israeli government feared that the arrival of a ship full of weapons and fighters would constitute a treaty violation. The sailing was called off by cable but the ship had already left France the day before. The Altalena arrived at Kfar Vitkin on June 20 and waited offshore. Menachem Begin, the head of the Irgun, met the ship and boarded it to greet them. Some of the weapons were offloaded and Begin and the Altalena slipped away to Tel Aviv. Israel wanted the arms turned over to the government and gave Begin a 10-minute ultimatum to do so. Begin failed to respond and a clash ensued. The IDF tried to take the ship by force and the Altalena was shelled. The ship started to burn just off the beach. There were still explosives still aboard, Captain Fein surrendered and told everyone to abandon ship. Some of the men in the water were shot at and killed. Sixteen Irgun fighters and three IDF soldiers were killed. More than 200 Irgun fighters were arrested although they were released a few weeks later. Thereafter, Begin relented and told his men not to escalate the crisis for the good of the new state. The Altalena affair was a turning point in Israeli history although many felt that the government’s actions against the ship were a great injustice. A picture of the burning Altalena may be seen at http://en.wikipedia.org/\u003cbr\u003ewiki/File:Altalena_off_Tel-Aviv_beach.jpg. A year later, the Altalena was refloated, towed out to sea and sunk.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTel Aviv is Israel’s largest metropolitan area and second most populous city, after Jerusalem. Founded by a Jewish community in 1909 on the outskirts of Jaffa, it is located on the Mediterranean coast in central-west Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKfar Vitkin is a settlement established in in central Israel in 1930. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNetanya is a coastal city in northern Israel that was founded in 1929. It is 30 kilometers (19 miles) north of Tel Aviv and 56 kilometers (35 miles) south of Haifa. During the Jewish insurgency in Palestine, the Jewish underground group Irgun launched a number of attacks against British military and police forces in the Netanya area. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first major wave of Jewish immigration to Palestine is known as the First Aliyah and took place between 1882 and 1903. Following a rash of pogroms in Russia, large groups of Eastern European Jewish immigrants came to Palestine in 1881-1882 and founded agricultural settlements called moshavot [Hebrew]—villages based on the principle of private property rather than the communal kibbutz. Most of the first settlers were Zionists with little agricultural experience. They encountered many difficulties, including an inclement climate, disease, crippling Turkish taxation, and Arab opposition. In all, nearly 35,000 Jews came to Palestine during the First Aliyah. Almost half left the country within several years of their arrival, some 15,000 established new rural settlements and the rest moved to towns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Palmach [Hebrew: Strike Force] was the elite fighting force of the Haganah, the underground army of the Yishuv (Jewish community) during the period of the British Mandate of Palestine. It was established in 1941 and by the time it was forcibly disbanded it consisted of over 2,000 men and women. Its members went on to form the backbone of the Israel Defense Forces and were prominent in Israeli politics, literature and culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMenachem Begin was an Israeli politician, founder of Likud [the Labor party] and the sixth Prime Minister of the State of Israel. Before independence, Begin was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun, the Revisionist breakaway from the larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah. Begin criticized the Zionist leadership of the Yishuv for being too cooperative with the British and under his leadership the Irgun turned to trying to force the British government to remove their troops from Palestine by armed resistance. David Ben-Gurion openly opposed the Irgun’s independence agenda, which it saw as a challenge to its authority as the representative body of the Jewish community in Palestine. When the 1948 Arab-Israeli war broke out, Irgun fighters joined with Haganah and Lehi to fight the Arab forces. After Israeli independence, Irgun was absorbed into the newly formed Israel Defense Forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYitzhak Rabin (1922-1995) was an Israeli politician, statesman and general. He served two terms as Prime Minister. In 1995 he was assassinated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRamat Gan is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel.  It is the home to one of the world’s major diamond exchanges, many high-tech industries and Israel’s tallest building, the Moshe Aviv Tower.  It was founded in 1921 as a communal farming settlement (kibbutz) and today has a population of about 150,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam is referring to the Hadassah Medical Organization (HMO), a medical and research organization founded by Hadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America. Hadassah was founded in 1912 and supports health care and medical research, education and youth programs in Israel. In 1913, Hadassah sent two nurses to Palestine to provide pasteurized milk to infants and new mothers, and to eradicate trachoma, an easily cured eye disease, that was robbing thousands of sight. By 1918, Hadassah had sent an entire medical unit, comprised of 45 doctors, nurses, dentists and sanitary workers, to bring American-style medical care to the Middle East. In 1939, Hadassah opened a hospital in Jerusalem, but it was closed in 1948 after Arab attack on a convoy of medical personnel making its way to the hospital and di not reopen until in another location until 1967. Today, HMO is headquartered in Jerusalem, Israel, where it operates two world-class medical and research centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHabima Square is a major public space that is home to a number of cultural institutions in the center of Tel Aviv, Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSarona was a German Templar colony established in Ottoman Palestine in 1871. Sarona is now a neighborhood of Tel Aviv, Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEichmann was born in 1907 in the German Templar colony of Sarona, in then Turkish-held Palestine, and learned to speak Hebrew, Yidish and Arabic fluently. His family moved to Austria when he was a young man, and he became active in the Nazi movement there. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international cooperation. It replaced the ineffective League of Nations. It was established in October 1945 with the intention of preventing another such world war. After World War II ended, tensions in Palestine escalated between the Jewish and Arab communities and the British and Jewish resistance groups. In September 1946, the British called a conference of Jewish and Arab leaders in London. When this ended in deadlock in February 1947, the Government announced it had decided to refer the problem to the United Nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10260.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMalha is a neighborhood in southwest Jerusalem spread across a hillside in the Valley of Rephaim. Before 1948, Malha was a Palestinian Arab village known as al-Maliha. It is 3 miles (5 kilometers) northwest of Bethlehem, a Palestinian town south of Jerusalem in the West Bank. The biblical birthplace of Jesus, it’s a major Christian pilgrimage destination. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10530.0,10560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam is referring to a period known as the Second Aliyah. In the wake of pogroms in Czarist Russia and an eruption of antisemitism, a wave of 40,000 Jews immigrated to Palestine between 1904 and 1914. Most of the immigrants were young people inspired by Socialist ideas. The first communal rural settlements were founded at this time, with Dagania being the first kibbutz in 1909.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10710.0,10740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe British rule over Palestine lasted roughly thirty years, from 1917 until 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10770.0,10800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChaim Weizmann (1874-1952) was a Zionist leader, President of the Zionist Organization, and the first President of the State of Israel.  He was elected on February 1, 1949, and served until his death in 1952.  He was born near Pinsk in today’s BelarusThe British rule over Palestine lasted roughly thirty years, from 1917 until 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10800.0,10830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVladimir (Ze’ev) Jabotinsky (1880-1940) was born in Russia. He was a Revisionist Zionist leader, author, soldier and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa (Ukraine). He split from the mainstream Zionist movement in 1923 to form his own Zionist movement, which was militant in nature, openly training Jews in warfare and the use of arms. The Revisionist youth group was called Betar. In the 1930’s Jabotinsky became deeply concerned about the situation of the Jewish community in Eastern Europe, particularly Poland. He warned the Jews that there “were living on the edge of the volcano” and warned them to leave for Palestine as soon as possible. Jabotinsky died of a heart attack in New York City on August 4, 1940, during a visit to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10800.0,10830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Boy Scouts of America are a youth organization founded in the United States in 1910 to train youth in responsible citizenship, character development, and self-reliance through participation in a wide range of outdoor activities, educational programs and at older age levels, career-oriented programs in partnership with community organizations. They wear a uniform and earn merit badges for achievements in sports, crafts, science, etc. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10890.0,10920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Haganah [Hebrew: Defense] was a Jewish paramilitary organization that operated in the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948. Later, most of its members became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). After the 1920 and 1921 Arab riots, the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British had no desire to confront the Arabs who were attacking Jews. Haganah was originally created to protect Jewish farms and kibbutzim and to actively confront the Arabs.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAcre [Hebrew: Akko; Arabic: Akka] is a port city in northwest Israel, on the Mediterranean coast. A citadel was built in Acre during the Ottoman Period over the ruins of a 12th century Crusader fortress. During the Ottoman Period, the citadel first served as a government building for Acre's rulers and then as a prison, army barracks and weapons warehouse. During the British Mandate of Palestine, the citadel served as a jail, where Jewish underground fighters were imprisoned. The Acre prison was the most highly guarded fortress in Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn May 4, 1947, Irgun fighters blew a hole in the wall of the Acre prison and 27 prisoners escaped. At the time, 163 Jews were being held in the prions (60 Irgun members, 22 Lehi, 5 Haganah and the remainder felons) and 400 Arabs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Lorka (Lola) returned to Osweicim. In 1945, she married Maurycy Bodner, a survivor of the Gross-Rosen camp. They adopted a five-year-old boy named Mieczyslaw (Menachem) who had been a victim of Doctor Josef Mengele’s twin experiments at Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=11430.0,11460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Deutschmark was the standard of money in West Germany from 1948 until 1990 and the unified Germany until it was replaced by the Euro in 2002. It was first introduced under Allied Occupation in 1948 to replace the Reichsmark. Like the American dollar, it was subdivided into pfennigs (pennies) so that 100 pfennigs equaled 1 Deutsche Mark. 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Specifically, a shochet slaughters animals in a way prescribed by Jewish dietary laws to avoid pain to the animal as much as possible, and to safeguard the health of the consumer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14370.0,14400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePurim is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people in the ancient Persian Empire from destruction in the wake of a plot by Haman, a story recorded in the Biblical book of Esther.  According to the Book of Esther, Haman planned to kill all the Jews, but Mordecai and his adopted daughter Queen Esther foiled his plans.  The day of deliverance became a day of feasting and rejoicing.  Some of the customs of Purim include drinking wine, wearing masks and costumes, and public celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=14550.0,14580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) acts like a sliding hinge, connecting your jawbone to your skull. 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Whether the rumors were an effort to discredit him or to equate him with a faith some Americans perceive as negative, the rumors persisted throughout his presidency.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324#t=15600.0,15630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46929/file/120324/annotation_set/551/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cheesecake Factory is an American restaurant chain that boasts more than 250 menu items and more than 50 signature cheesecakes and desserts. 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