{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/fx73t9dw24/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Kraut, Joseph"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2008-12-01 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJoseph Kraut interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 1, 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eJoseph W. Kraut was born on May 9, 1925 in New York to Morris and Matilda Kraut. After finishing high school, Joseph briefly attended college. He soon left college, however, to help his father run his business as a wholesale jewelry salesman.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJoseph was drafted into the Army in 1943. He arrived in Europe in the fall of 1944, where he fought in the Battle of the Bulge with the 1st Infantry Division. Joseph was a Purple Heart recipient. At the end of the war, he was stationed in Nuremberg, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen Joseph returned home in 1946, he rejoined his father in business. After marrying his first wife in 1949, he moved to Atlanta, Georgia. He continued to be self-employed as a jewelry salesman for the rest of his career. He was a member of Ahavath Achim Synagogue. In 1981, Joseph bought a farm in Fairmount, Georgia, where he would later retire. For nearly thirty years, Mr. Kraut worked with charitable disabled veterans’ groups and served as the Commander for the Jewish War Veterans Association.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJoseph had four daughters and eight grandchildren. Joseph passed away on January 2, 2016.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eJoseph talks about his parents and where he grew up. He explains how he joined the Infantry through the Army Specialized Training Program. Joseph remembers traveling to Atlanta with his father and visiting the Progressive Club. He explains why he left college to help his father, a wholesale jewelry salesman. Joseph recalls basic training at Fort Benning. He traces his journey to Europe in 1944 aboard the Queen Elizabeth. Joseph recalls joining the 1st Infantry in Aachen, Germany and participating in the Battle of the Bulge. He remembers friends and fellow soldiers lost in the war. Joseph discusses the end of the war and guarding former SS members in Nuremberg. He shares what he wrote about the war to his family back home. Joseph details the injuries that led to his award of a Purple Heart. He talks about daily life in the military and his feelings about having to kill enemy soldiers. Joseph considers the role of prayer and religion while overseas. He discusses arresting former Nazis after the war. Joseph details the process of being sent home. He offers his thoughts on the atomic bombs that were dropped on Japan. Joseph considers the patriotism of younger generations. He shares his frustration at the lack of awareness of how many Jewish veterans served in the war. Joseph talks about his family and moving to a farm. He recalls his journey home at the end of the war.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28406"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may bereproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic ormechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system,without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJoseph Kraut interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 1, 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJoseph W. Kraut was born on May 9, 1925 in New York to Morris and Matilda Kraut. After finishing high school, Joseph briefly attended college. He soon left college, however, to help his father run his business as a wholesale jewelry salesman.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJoseph was drafted into the Army in 1943. He arrived in Europe in the fall of 1944, where he fought in the Battle of the Bulge with the 1st Infantry Division. Joseph was a Purple Heart recipient. At the end of the war, he was stationed in Nuremberg, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen Joseph returned home in 1946, he rejoined his father in business. After marrying his first wife in 1949, he moved to Atlanta, Georgia. He continued to be self-employed as a jewelry salesman for the rest of his career. He was a member of Ahavath Achim Synagogue. In 1981, Joseph bought a farm in Fairmount, Georgia, where he would later retire. For nearly thirty years, Mr. Kraut worked with charitable disabled veterans’ groups and served as the Commander for the Jewish War Veterans Association.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJoseph had four daughters and eight grandchildren. Joseph passed away on January 2, 2016.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJoseph talks about his parents and where he grew up. He explains how he joined the Infantry through the Army Specialized Training Program. Joseph remembers traveling to Atlanta with his father and visiting the Progressive Club. He explains why he left college to help his father, a wholesale jewelry salesman. Joseph recalls basic training at Fort Benning. He traces his journey to Europe in 1944 aboard the Queen Elizabeth. Joseph recalls joining the 1st Infantry in Aachen, Germany and participating in the Battle of the Bulge. He remembers friends and fellow soldiers lost in the war. Joseph discusses the end of the war and guarding former SS members in Nuremberg. He shares what he wrote about the war to his family back home. Joseph details the injuries that led to his award of a Purple Heart. He talks about daily life in the military and his feelings about having to kill enemy soldiers. Joseph considers the role of prayer and religion while overseas. He discusses arresting former Nazis after the war. Joseph details the process of being sent home. He offers his thoughts on the atomic bombs that were dropped on Japan. Joseph considers the patriotism of younger generations. He shares his frustration at the lack of awareness of how many Jewish veterans served in the war. Joseph talks about his family and moving to a farm. He recalls his journey home at the end of the war.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may bereproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic ormechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system,without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/110/479/small/Kraut_Joseph.mp4_1614898581.jpg?1614880582","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Kraut_Joseph.mp4"]},"duration":3264.261,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/110/479/small/Kraut_Joseph.mp4_1614898581.jpg?1614880582","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/110/479/original/Kraut_Joseph.mp4?1614880580","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3264.261,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Joseph Kraut [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is December 1, 2008. I am here with Joseph Kraut, who has agreed\nto be interviewed for the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project of The\nWilliam Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. Thank you so much for agreeing to be here\non this day. My name is Sandy Berman and I am the archivist at The Breman\nMuseum. I would like to begin by asking you about your background. If you could\njust tell me where you were born and who your parents were.\n\nKRAUT: Okay. I was born in New York ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"City. My father was Morris I. Kraut. My\nmother was Matilda Kraut. My background was I grew up in New York. My father\ntraveled on the road and he didn't feel well. When I had been in college for six\nmonths, he wasn't feeling well. I had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"driver's license by then. I decided to\nleave college, and stay with him, and drive him on the road in the wholesale\njewelry business. I traveled with him for a year and a half. In that time, in\nGreenville, South Carolina, they advertised that they were giving a test for the\nArmy Specialized Training Program. I took the test and was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"successful in passing\nit. I was inducted into the Army in September of 1943 with the plans that I was\nto take an abbreviated basic training of fourteen weeks at Fort Benning,\nGeorgia. Then I was to go to college for two years to study Engineering. My\norders were cut for Cornell [University]. When I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finished the basic training,\nthe war was not going well. The program was closed and we were all shipped into\nthe Infantry.\n\nBERMAN: What year was that?\n\nKRAUT: That was in the beginning of [1944].\n\nBERMAN: I want to backtrack just a little bit. First of all, you told me an\ninteresting story before we got started. Your father sometimes came down to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta on business and he liked a particular club. Could you go over that again?\n\nKRAUT: My father traveled on the road in the wholesale jewelry business. We\ncalled on jewelers and sold them diamonds. He particularly liked Atlanta because\nof the Progressive Club. He was a great card player. Today, I meet people and\nthe name rings a bell. Of course, his contemporizes are all gone by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now. But he\nloved to get to Atlanta. The first thing was, we checked into a hotel, and\nimmediately headed for dinner at the Progressive Club. Then he went upstairs and\nLeo would get him a game. This was a great thing to him. It was important later,\nwhen I was traveling out of New York after the war. I traveled for four weeks\nand stayed on for two. He said to me, \"If you lived in Atlanta, you could be\nhome every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weekend,\" so I moved to Atlanta in 1951.\n\nBERMAN: That is wonderful. How old were you when you first started traveling on\nthe road with your father?\n\nKRAUT: I was fifteen and a half.\n\nBERMAN: What year was that?\n\nKRAUT: That was when I was fifteen and a half. Wait a minute, I was sixteen and\na ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half. That was in 1941.\n\nBERMAN: Can you recall where you were when you heard that Pearl Harbor had been bombed?\n\nKRAUT: Yes, I was at home. I was not traveling with my father at that time. I\nwas at home and he and my mother were on the road. I was living in New York and\nI was living in their apartment. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My sister and her husband were living close by.\nThey kept an eye on me, but I lived in the apartment by myself, went to high\nschool. I went to a high school, where I graduated when I was sixteen and a half\nyears old. I went into college. This was a preparatory school for City College.\nI moved immediately into City College and stayed six months. He was not doing\nwell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"physically and I decided, since I had a driver's license, I would stay with\nhim. I stayed with him for a year and a half and got drafted in September of 1943.\n\nBERMAN: Is that when you entered the specialized program?\n\nKRAUT: Then I had already passed the specialized program and supposedly I was in\nit. We shipped to Fort Benning, stayed there for fourteen weeks. Then the\nprogram ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was closed down and we went to the infantry. I went to the 86th Division\nin Livingston, Louisiana.\n\nBERMAN: Can you describe your basic training at Fort Benning? What was it like?\n\nKRAUT: Fort Benning was very nice. We were a group of men who had passed this\nArmy specialized training program. We were a little higher ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"academically and it\nwas an abbreviated basic [training]. [It was] very nice, very peaceful. I knew\npeople in Columbus, Georgia, where Fort Benning was established and I knew\npeople in Atlanta. If I ever got a pass, I knew where to go. I went to places\nthat I knew and to restaurants that I knew. Basic training was very nice. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then\nwhen they closed it down, we became infantrymen at the 86th Division in\nLouisiana. After that, we were all shipped overseas as infantry replacements.\n\nBERMAN: What rank were you?\n\nKRAUT: I was a Private and I eventually was a Private First Class. There was an\ninteresting story about America. I recently shared a room in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham, Alabama\nwith another man. I was telling him about how I had been in the Army for three\nyears in combat and come out as a Private First Class. I said, \"You had some\nrank, didn't you?\" We were sharing a room. He said, \"Yes, I did.\" I said, \"What\nwere you?\" He said, \"I was a chicken colonel.\" He was a full fledge colonel, but\nthis is the democracy of America.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you shipped out to in Europe. Where was your first stop?\n\nKRAUT: My first stop, we went across the water on the Queen Elizabeth. We slept\nin shifts. There were 21,000 troops on the ship. We slept in shifts. We ate in\nshifts. We slept four in berth, four high in the cabins. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made it to Europe\nwithout a convoy in three and a half days and stopped in the Firth of Forth in\nScotland and disembarked there. It was a beautiful thing. The Queen Mary was in\nthe port. This was like a tremendous lake. Everybody, the other ships were in\nthere. We unloaded and I got on the land. I remember Nottingham, England, coming\ndown through England, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we went into what we called replacement depots. Then\nwhen the time came, we were shipped across the [English] Channel. D-Day had\nalready passed. When I got across, we had already taken France, and I traveled\nuntil I got to Aachen, Germany, A-A-C-H-E-N. There, I joined the 1st Infantry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Division.\n\nBERMAN: How old were you at this point?\n\nKRAUT: At that point, I was nineteen.\n\nBERMAN: What were you feeling about joining the infantry and being in the\nEuropean theatre? How did you feel?\n\nKRAUT: We had a terrible feeling. We felt we were invested in this terrible\nordeal, that a lot of us weren't going to get back, and this was our American\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"investment. When we finally got into action, the turnover was tremendous. We got\nto Aachen and then in a few days we moved out. I was very fortunate in the fact\nthat the officers came around the day before we moved out. I mentioned to the\ncommanding officer, that I had been trained in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mortars for high trajectory. You\nfire over . . . I had two platoons of riflemen ahead of me. It was determined\nthat I would be the second scout when the front moved. I mentioned to the\ncaptain when he came around and he had his lieutenant with him. There was a\nLieutenant Jacobs. I don't know what that had to do with it, but that night, I\nwas transferred to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mortar section. I was no longer the second scout, who was\nkilled almost immediately when they started off the next day. I was in the\nmortars and we always had two platoons of riflemen ahead of us. The turnover was\ntremendous. During the breakthrough, we were cut down to thirty-seven men. This\nwas a terrible thing. It was different than it is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today. You didn't have the\naccuracy you have today. Today, you can fire a round and you can put a second\nround right behind it. You couldn't do it in those days. We were in the woods.\nWe had shrapnel all over. We had tree burst. I left Aachen. We went through the\nHarz Mountains. We went through the Breakthrough. We were pulled off knowing the\nBreakthrough was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming. When they broke through, we were pulled off and sent\nback to Belgium. When the Breakthrough hit and they knew where it was, they had\nus in a mobile situation. They immediately put us on the opening of,\npicturatively, a milk bottle. We took one side of the opening and the 9th\nDivision on the other to try to hold them from spreading out. It was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bad.\nWe finally turned it, made the turn, and got the better of it. They came through\nwith our uniforms on and everything else. It was a terrible ordeal, but that was\nthe last big effort that [the Germans] made.\n\nBERMAN: Where exactly was this?\n\nKRAUT: This was in the Breakthrough, when they came through December ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"16th, 1944.\nThey came through with the last big push, trying to break it up. We took\nterrible losses and finally we got the upper hand and we saw it slack. They\nformed like a milk bottle, then our opening, and then the bottle below it. We\nfinally held the opening and started running tanks in through the middle of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\nWe broke it up and we got the better of it. That was in December of 1944 and the\nwar ended in May of 1945. Terrible.\n\nBERMAN: I am assuming you lost some good friends during that time?\n\nKRAUT: Lost some good friends. I was friendly with this boy Gilbert Winslow. I\ndid not know he had been killed till the war ended. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I stopped by the Company\noffice in Atlanta and asked to see him. The receptionist said, \"I am sorry. He\ndid not come back.\" Gilbert would be my age. We were pretty good friends. We got\nseparated when we got overseas. We were together through basic training. Then\nwhen we got overseas, I went to one company and he went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another.\n\nBERMAN: How did it feel to be Jewish and to be in Europe, discovering what was\ngoing on with the Jews of Europe?\n\nKRAUT: I had no problem with antisemitism until the war was over. Then, one day\nI was in our barracks. There was an old, fulltime ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Army man because there was no\nother place for him. He said, \"Well, they killed all the Jews. They should have\nkilled the rest of them.\" I learned to keep my mouth shut. There was nothing you\ncould say about it. I was not a liberator. My company did not liberate any of\nthe camps. My part of the Division ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't. Of course, I was terrified that I was\nthere. I was sorry that I was there. But now I am very happy that I was there\nbecause we live through the through the myth that the Jews did not serve. I've\nbeen active with Jewish war veterans and we have a museum in Washington [D.C.]\nthat proves that two and a half percent of the population was Jewish. Three and\na half percent of the Armed Forces were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish. We want the world to remember it.\n\nBERMAN: I think that it has gotten to be more of a well know fact about how many\nJews served.\n\nKRAUT: The Jews have served in rightly numbers.\n\nBERMAN: Were you glad to be going to the European theater? Would you have rather\ngone to the Pacific theater of operation? Did you have you any kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"choice?\n\nKRAUT: I had no thought about that. I would have rather have stayed home, but\neverything came along. You were told what you were going to do or you were told\nwhat was coming next. It just progressed slightly, gradually. There was no\nchoice in anything.\n\nBERMAN: Being Jewish, did you have a fear of being captured? Did you thing about\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that much?\n\nKRAUT: Not because I was Jewish. I have some interesting things as I think about\nit now. We had a Catholic man in the company. When we would get off line for a\nfew minutes, for a little while, they would immediately have Catholic services.\nHe would say, \"You want me to pray for you?\" You would say 'yes,' and he would\npray for everybody who asked him. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very interesting thing. I don't know\nwhat ever happened to him. But if you said, \"Yes, pray for me,\" he would pray\nfor you. There was a tremendous association we had. But as to the choices to\nwhere you went, there was no choice. It was all laid out and that's the way it\nwas. I was just fortunate that I came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through. I am very thankful for it. I am\nproud of the fact that I was there now.\n\nBERMAN: After the Breakthrough, where did you go?\n\nKRAUT: [After] the Breakthrough, we ended up . . . I was the one who carried the\nword from the Battalion Headquarters to the Company Headquarters, \"Cease all\noffensive action, prepare for the defense on the 7th of May,\" when [the Germans]\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had agreed to give up. Then they started coming through our lines to give up,\nrather than go through the Russian lines. We found out we had women in uniform,\nwe had children in uniform. They were scrapping the bottom. They came through\nour lines. We were there and then the war ended. The war was over and I was sent\nto Nuremberg--not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to guard the war trials, but to guard the SS prisoners out in\nthe country. My group had SS prisoners and we took them to town everyday to\nclean up the city. We would load up fifty prisoners on a big truck, and take two\nAmerican soldiers, and a driver, and take them into town to clean up the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rubble.\nDuring the day, you could count. Instead of having fifty, you might have 45, you\nmight have 44. At the end of the day, you would have 50. They would mingle in\nwith the civilians. You had no way of getting them back. But they were better\noff as our prisoners than they were to be out in the population. They would come\nback at night.\n\nBERMAN: That is amazing. Did you have any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interaction with the SS?\n\nKRAUT: Not . . . We has SS troops that we were guarding. The cute story was we\nhad a big enclosure. We found out that there was a supply dump across the road.\nThere were sewers that went from the enclosure under the road and came up in the\nsupply dump. They would go over there and steal supplies, steal food, and bring\nit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back. Then they would come back and stay. They were better off as our\nprisoners than to be back in the German population.\n\nBERMAN: When did you find out, as a soldier, about the concentration camps?\n\nKRAUT: We got word through our Stars and Stripes newspaper that there were. I\nhad heard before I ever went in service that there were concentration ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps. I\nhad some kind of relative who got out before [Adolf] Hitler, before it all\nstarted, who told us about concentration camps. But then we started hearing\nabout it in the Stars and Stripes. I was never a liberator. I never had that . .\n. To me, it would be a privilege to have liberated someone.\n\nBERMAN: Was there an anger that you felt, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps more than your fellow\nsoldiers, toward the German population and the SS, because you knew what they\nhad done to the Jews? How did you feel?\n\nKRAUT: Peculiarly, you get to feeling that the man that shooting at you would\njust as well be at home with his family. He did not want to be doing what he was\ndoing. You really don't have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personal feeling about it. You figure they are\nhuman beings like you are. Now, I do know of an occasion when we had a prisoner\nat the end of the line. We were moving and we had a man at the end of the line\nwho kept yelling. We didn't know what he was yelling. When they finally turned\naround, somebody had killed him because he was endangering the troops. But as\nfar as the man shooting at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you, war is not fought by people who hate one\nanother. War is fought by people who are following orders. It's a terrible\nthing. I did have another thing, I went on duty, one night on guard duty and my\nname is Kraut, K-R-A-U-T, which in German means cabbage. I came back and we were\nin the basement of the sandstone ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house. There was a guard at the bottom of the\nstairs and he said, \"Halt! Who's there?\" I said, \"Kraut. I said I am a new man\nin the company and you don't know me.\" He told me later he had taken the safety\noff his M-1 rifle and let me come down the stairs. He was tempted to fire and\nshoot me when I said my name was Kraut. That became one of the jokes of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"company.\n\nBERMAN: I was going to ask you about that, with the name of Kraut, because I\nknow that it was what the American soldiers called the Germans. How was that for you?\n\nKRAUT: My father came from Austria in 1903, which is an adjacent culture. He was\nthirteen years old. He proceeded to bring a mother and seven siblings over. They\ndon't make them like that anymore. But his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name was Kraut. We've always been\nvery definite that we were not German. We were Austrian. I am American born and\nso is the rest of my family.\n\nBERMAN: Besides that one incident, was it difficult having that name?\n\nKRAUT: No.\n\nBERMAN: Did you speak German?\n\nKRAUT: No. I understood a little bit of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German through my Yiddish. I didn't\nspeak Yiddish well, but I could get along through my understanding of Yiddish.\n\nBERMAN: Besides Gilbert Winslow, were there other Jewish service men in your unit?\n\nKRAUT: Not that I remember.\n\nBERMAN: Your Jewishness was never an issue with your fellow soldiers?\n\nKRAUT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.\n\nBERMAN: Did you write a lot of letter home?\n\nKRAUT: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Did your family keep those letters?\n\nKRAUT: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Did you describe to them the reality of the war or did you sugar coat it?\n\nKRAUT: I sugar coated it. I did not see any point in upsetting them. We had a\ndifferent feeling in those days. You didn't talk about everything like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they do\ntoday. You learned to keep your mouth shut. You didn't divulge what was going\non. You weren't allowed to. I sugar coated it. My mother and father were older.\nI was the youngest of three children. I just kept telling them everything was\ngoing to be alright; everything was going to be just fine. Fortunately, it was.\n\nBERMAN: You had mentioned in your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little brief questionnaire that you were\nwounded. How did that happen?\n\nKRAUT: I had a very slight wound. I was in a sandstone building that had been\nbombed. Then, all of a sudden, the floor above me . . . There was a wisp of dust\nand the floor collapsed. I wrenched my neck and my ear. I went back to the\nmedics. They examined me, and told me I would be alright, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they sent me back\nto the company. When the war was over and the Purple Heart became\nimportant--they would give you points to get home--my Lieutenant says, \"You got\nhurt one day, didn't you?\" I said, \"Yes.\" He wrote me up for a Purple Heart. It\nwas not a terrible injury like some of the people I know. I apologized to my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friend. I am trying to think of his name. He's a triple amputee.\n\nBERMAN: Max Cleland?\n\nKRAUT: Not Max Cleland, but the other one, the young one. [I apologized] that\nmine was not a real Purple Heart. But I got it, and it is mine, and I am proud\nof it. I have an injury to the drum of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ear. I have a letter from this man. He\nis the one that's worked for POWs [prisoners of war] and MIAs [missing in\naction]. He's got no legs, one arm, and he starts off his speech by saying,\n\"Look at how much money I saved not having to buy shoes all those years!\" He's a\nvery interesting speaker. He works for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"VA.\n\nBERMAN: Describe a typical day in your unit. What was that like?\n\nKRAUT: During the war?\n\nBERMAN: When you were in action.\n\nKRAUT: You slept when you could sleep. There was a job to be done. They moved,\nyou set up your mortars, then you fired. If there was something there, you fired\nyou mortars. We were very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lucky one day. A tank came through with its turret\nopen. We were lucky. We dropped one in the tank. We had knocked out a tank. It's\na high trajectory weapon that you fired. You dropped the thing into a tube, it\nhas a charge on it, throws it up, and when it hits the ground, it goes off, puts\nshrapnel all over. You moved and got into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"position when something held them down\nand called for mortar section, called for air force support. We got air force\nsupport and sometimes they would hit our own lines. Terrible things went on.\n\nBERMAN: This is probably a hard question--If you don't want to answer it I\nunderstand--but, when you realized that you had killed another human being, how\ndid you fell about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\n\nKRAUT: I never knew whether I had killed anybody or not. I never fired my\npersonal weapon. I was always firing over something. I don't know. I'm sure we\nkilled somebody. It's something you had to do. But I never knew of a case.\n\nBERMAN: Did any of your friends or fellow soldiers ever talk about that?\n\nKRAUT: No, nobody talked about who they killed or what they killed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there\nwere lots of cases of men getting killed. As I say, the strength of a rifle\ncompany is 276 men and they cut us down to 37 men one day during the\nBreakthrough. Terrible.\n\nBERMAN: Was that in the winter also?\n\nKRAUT: That was in the winter, yes. We had snow on the ground from October until ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"March.\n\nBERMAN: Did you have the right equipment at that point? Were you prepared?\n\nKRAUT: Yes, we had . . . Of course, we didn't take your shoes off for days at a\ntime or our socks. A lot of us had frostbite. I didn't have any.\n\nBERMAN: I've heard that trench foot was a horrible . . .\n\nKRAUT: Trench foot was very wide spread.\n\nBERMAN: What is that exactly?\n\nKRAUT: I would say it's a rotting of the skin because you get yourself ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wet, and\ncold, and you can't get dried off. It goes into dead skin. I don't know what\nyou'd called it, but you'd get frozen. People lost legs and everything else. But\nI did not have that. I know there were days you never got undressed. Then every\nonce in a while, we'd get off. We'd go back and they would hand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you clean\nclothes--they weren't new clothes--and you'd get a shower and you'd put on\nsomebody's . . . some other clothes.\n\nBERMAN: When you went off line, where did you go? Back to a camp?\n\nKRAUT: They would set up . . . When they went off line, they weren't moving.\nThey would dig in and stay where they were usually, and bring up cook ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stoves,\nand they had mobile stoves, and cook some food, and then tell you that, for the\nwhole group, that they were having church services whoever wanted to go. There\nwere Jewish services, and Catholic services, and everything. There were\nnon-Jewish chaplains who delivered services in Hebrew.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were services important to you? Did you find that you were perhaps\npraying more than you normally did?\n\nKRAUT: Yes, I think you did. You prayed constantly. You prayed all the time.\n\nBERMAN: Did you any kind of good luck charm?\n\nKRAUT: No, but I remembered a piece of shrapnel hitting my helmet one day when\nwe were down flat on the ground. You could hear the shrapnel coming. One of them\nhit my helmet. I never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forgot that.\n\nBERMAN: That must have been quite a noise. Once the war was over and you went to\nNuremburg, how did you view the German population?\n\nKRAUT: Let me tell you a cute story. When the war was over and we were trying to\nround up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"individuals, we went out one morning at three o'clock in the morning.\nIt was six-six trucks. We would knock on the door where Hans lived. Chances are,\nHans would answer the door, half asleep. You told him what you were there for,\nand you took them, and put them on the truck. By daybreak, we had all the people\nwe went out for and we were back in our camp asleep. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was very interesting.\nThis was the very beginning of things like that. You could knock on the door in\nthe middle of the night and the man you wanted answered the door. It was real\neasy. I never forgot that. There were a lot of things that happened. I was\nthere. I am sorry. I was happy I was there. I was terrified while it was going\non. I hope it'll never happen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again.\n\nBERMAN: Explain to me the point system for going home. How did that work?\n\nKRAUT: The reason I explained to you the Purple Heart, was a man got so many\npoints for every month he was in the service. He got the same number of points\nif he was in England or if he was in Germany under fire. He got the same number\nof points. Those with a higher point went home first. We got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"upset about it and\nthey started writing up whatever they could. There was no reason for the man\nsitting behind the desk in England to get the same five points a month that the\nman in the combat got in Germany. But you got an extra five points for a Purple Heart.\n\nBERMAN: How many points did it take to go home?\n\nKRAUT: I came home with fifty-five points. I remember that. I came home. I went\noverseas in three and a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half days. I came back on a Victory ship that took\ntwelve days to come home. I got home in February of 1946. The war ended in May\nof 1945. Then there was another interesting thing. We were transferred to\ndifferent groups, in a way to get you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. One of the groups that we went to\nwas a graves registration outfit where they went out, and found bodies, and they\nwould try to identify the person from the body. I was told by a Lieutenant that\nwe would have to take our shoulder patch off, that we were no longer in the 1st\nInfantry Division, and we were now in the Graves Registration outfit. That did\nnot go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over very well. We absolutely refused to take the patches off. We were\nvery proud, and still are, of the 1st Infantry Division. I'm a life time member\nof the 1st Infantry at this point. They have made me a life member now. I am\nvery proud of that patch. We weren't going to take it off. They finally quit.\nThey decided we didn't have to do that. But you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transferred to different\noutfits in a way to be deployed and brought home.\n\nBERMAN: When the war in Europe ended, did you have any kind of fear that you\nmight be sent to the Pacific?\n\nKRAUT: Yes, we did. Yet the war in the Pacific ended shortly afterward. It ended\nin August. We were glad to see the atomic bomb fall. A lot of us still feel\nthat's the answer to the world ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me about that, because that was one of my next questions. You were\nhappy that they used the atomic bomb?\n\nKRAUT: We were happy to the fact that we showed them that we meant business--we\ntook a drastic way, but it worked--and that we have the capabilities to do it.\n\nBERMAN: Do you feel that the war could have been won without using it?\n\nKRAUT: No, it could not have been won that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quickly. Now, there are people today\nwho say, \"Let's use it again and let's straighten out the rest.\" People who say,\n\"We are going to fight.\" We look for things by different countries to bring this\nthing to an end, to bring the world back to where it should be.\n\nBERMAN: How do you feel about it?\n\nKRAUT: I feel that if they need to drop a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nuclear bomb on Iran, let's do it. I\nfeel that way. I'd rather do it, and be through with it, and show them that this\nis still the United States of America. We are the most powerful nation in the\nworld and we need to show it to them that we are.\n\nBERMAN: Tom Brokaw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrote a book a number of years ago and he said that your\ngeneration was the greatest generation ever. Do you agree with that assessment?\n\nKRAUT: I didn't read the book, but I believe . . . I agree with Tom Brokaw and\nI'll tell you this. We had to fight them on two fronts. We had to fight Germany\nand Japan at the same time. We were badly hit and we were badly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hurt. We got\nourselves together and made a constant effort and we did it. We whipped them\nboth at the same time in two different fronts. We did it and it took the\nAmerican spirit to do it. It was different in those days.\n\nBERMAN: How different?\n\nKRAUT: We didn't telegraph our punches. We didn't sit in Washington and say,\n\"We're going to do this,\" and, \"We're going to do that,\" and, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"We're going to do\nthe other thing.\" We did it. We didn't have to go to Congress. We had sensible\npeople and it was done. You had no idea that they were going to drop the atomic\nbomb, but it was done, and they accomplished its purpose.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think the generation today is a lot different than your\ngeneration of young men and women?\n\nKRAUT: I don't think that you can depend on the young generation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today like you\ndid years ago. Although the volunteers today are very impressive, but the kid on\nthe street is not serious. It is our own fault because we didn't want them to\nsuffer. We didn't want them to go through what we went through. Therefore, they\ndon't join anything. They don't know what a friend means. They don't know what a\nfellow man means. They don't know what it means to depend on a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friend. If we had\n. . . Things would change if we were hurt, but at this point, they need to be\nshocked into reality.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think that this generation is less patriotic than your generation?\n\nKRAUT: They are not patriotic at all.\n\nBERMAN: Really?\n\nKRAUT: I don't think they are. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember . . . I went to a meeting of FBI\n[Federal Bureau of Investigations] men one day and they paraded the flag in and\nnobody stood up. This was ridiculous. This is your flag. Now, I am different. I\nam going to Milledgeville to where they have veterans who are in the mental\nhospital. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before I start the program, I will give each one of them a flag. This\nbrings tears to their eyes and mine. I tell them, \"If you can possibly stand up,\nlet's stand up and say 'The Pledge of Allegiance.'\" They will start to cheer,\nand will actually stand up, and some of them will cry, and will pledge\nallegiance to the flag. I give them the flag. You can . . . I don't think that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"normally this generation is as patriotic as they were, but if they were hurt,\nthey would wake up.\n\nBERMAN: I want to backtrack just a little bit to before the war and when you\nwere traveling around with your dad as a salesman. How would you describe the\nmood of the country? Did you think the mood [was] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we were wanting to go to\nwar before Pearl Harbor was bombed?\n\nKRAUT: No, I don't think anybody wanted to go to war. I think we were completely\nshocked when the war came along. We needed something to shock us into reality.\nWe came alive. That's all. Nobody thought about it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were well respected. We\nhad no antisemitism as we traveled around. My father was well known. He was\ndefinitely Jewish, spoke with a foreign accent. His customers knew him and\nrespected him. We came into not antisemitism there. Now, when the war was over,\nI ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started traveling with him for the beginning. I met a man, a customer. He\nsaid, \"Where you been?\" I said, \"I been in the Army.\" He said, \"You were in the\nArmy? You were a Jew and you were in the Army?\" I said, \"Yeah, I was in the\nArmy.\" He said, \"Well, you weren't at home in the black market?\" I said, No I\nwas in the Army. I was in the Infantry.\" \"No,\" he said, \"You must have been in\nthe Quartermaster Corp.\" I said, \"No, I was in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Infantry.\" He said, \"You\nweren't in the Quartermaster Corp?\" I said, \"No I was in the 1st Infantry\nDivision.\" Ten years ago, I went to Chattanooga [Tennessee]. I saw a very\nsuccessful business man who is Catholic, very well respected, very successful,\nvery wealthy. He said to me, \"Where you been?\" I said, \"I been to Las Vegas\n[Nevada].\" [He asked,] \"What were you doing in Las Vegas?\" I said, \"We had a\nnational ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"convention of Jewish war veterans in Las Vegas. He said, \"Joe, there\nwere no Jews in the war.\" This was ten years ago. [He said,] \"There were no Jews\nin the war.\" I said, \"Yes, there were Jews in the war.\" I told him about how we\nhave a museum that shows that three and a half percent of the [military]\npopulation was Jewish. Only two and a half percent of the national population\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish. He said to me one day, \"Oh, you were at the convention of the people\nwho weren't there.\" One day, I said to him, \"Frank are you serious or are you\njoking?\" I never got an answer. But he said to me, \"There were no Jews in the war.\"\n\nBERMAN: That is really amazing.\n\nKRAUT: That was ten years ago.\n\nBERMAN: How easy or difficult was it easy for you to readjust to civilian life?\n\nKRAUT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It wasn't hard for me at all. I was delighted to be home. I immediately\nwent to work. I worked with my father. He retired and I worked for all these\nyears. Now, supposedly I am retired. I get calls from people and I take care of\nthem. I bought this farm. I live on a farm. I think I'm the only Jew. I know I'm\nthe only Jew in my little town of eight hundred ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. There may be a few in\nthe county, but I'm . . . They say hello to me now. I'm an outsider. They now\nsay . . . I've been there twenty-five years and they say hello to me now. I am a\ngood friend and I'm a good Jew, so everything is fine.\n\nBERMAN: Where do you live now?\n\nKRAUT: I live in a little town called Fairmont. I'm north of Cartersville and\neast of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Calhoun. There are eight hundred people in the town in Gordon County.\n\nBERMAN: What drew you to buy a farm?\n\nKRAUT: I had a friend years ago who had a farm and I enjoyed it. I made up my\nmind--I was traveling on the road--that how nice it would be to have a farm;\ninstead of living in Sandy Springs, to live on the farm. In 1981, I bought a\nfarm. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1983, I bought my second farm [and] sold the first one. The second one\ncame from people living in the Dominican Republic, incorporating Curacao. The\nmoney went to Panama and they all had Italian names. I am very happy on a\nbeautiful piece of property. I raise beef cattle and everything is fine. I get\nalong with everybody.\n\nBERMAN: You came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down to Atlanta in 1951?\n\nKRAUT: In 1951, I moved to Atlanta.\n\nBERMAN: Did you marry?\n\nKRAUT: I was married when I came down. I was later divorce from my wife that I\ncame down with. I got married again. My wife died in 2003.\n\nBERMAN: I am sorry.\n\nKRAUT: One of those things. Now, I'm alone. I have a man on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"farm and he\ncomes in. He lives on the farm. He doesn't live with me. I have this gorgeous\nhome. I'm not content. I'm gonna find somebody else, but I'm at this point\ngetting along. That's all.\n\nBERMAN: Do you have children?\n\nKRAUT: I have children. I had four daughters, the oldest of which was a down\nsyndrome child. I kept her alive until she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fifty-four, which was a long\ntime. I have three other children who are married and one is not married. I saw\none of them for Thanksgiving and saw one the Sunday before Thanksgiving for an\nearly Thanksgiving dinner. They keep in touch with me and they are all doing\nvery nicely. That's the way it is.\n\nBERMAN: I know you had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daughters, but if you had a son, would you have\nencouraged him to serve in the military?\n\nKRAUT: No. I believe in . . . No, I am not one of these ones who says, \"Go out\nand join the military.\" I think that it has its ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place. I have a grandson right\nnow who started out in Iraq, and ended up in Germany, and now he's at the Walter\nReed Hospital in Washington, training to be an X-Ray technician, very nice. He's\nstill in the 1st Infantry Division.\n\nBERMAN: He is in your same division?\n\nKRAUT: The same Division. Of course, the Division is different than it used to\nbe. The formation of the Division is different. But he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is in the 1st Infantry.\nHow he managed this, I don't know. But he's gonna come out with a full fledge\nX-ray technician.\n\nBERMAN: That is wonderful.\n\nKRAUT: Wonderful. It has worked out very well for him. I don't know how it\nhappened. But I'm not a military man. In necessity, yes, but I'd rather see a\nman make it on his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own.\n\nBERMAN: Would you like to say . . . Did we touch on everything? Is there\nanything we have not touched on that you would like to address?\n\nKRAUT: I think you got it all.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you very much.\n\nKRAUT: I think you got more than I expected to have.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you very much. I really appreciate . . . I do have one last\nquestion. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Crossing the ocean, going on ship, you described what it was like on\nthe ship. Can you give us a little more detail about what the ship was like and\ngoing overseas for the first time? How was that? How did you feel?\n\nKRAUT: It was a feeling of uncertainty. People stayed up on deck both ways. I\nguess because it was better breathing conditions. You were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congested. The Queen\nElizabeth was a tremendous ship and yet you slept four high. As I say, you slept\nin shifts. They did the best they could. They weaved constantly. They did not\nhave a convoy. They left the United States with a convoy for a few hours and\nthen they were met off of Scotland by some destroyers. They constantly turned.\nPeople were on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deck, huddled together, and just passing the time of day.\nI've been on ships since then and coming back, we were on a little tiny ship.\nOne of the greatest things I can ever remember is passing that sign in New York\nharbor of the letters up on poles that say, \"Welcome home. Well done.\" It's a\nvery tremendous feeling. Welcome home. Well ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done. They had a tug boat running\naround, and they had a girl on the top of the tug boat with a fur coat on, and\nthe legs showing. But, welcome home. Well done.\n\nBERMAN: Were your parents there to meet you?\n\nKRAUT: My parents could not be there. We didn't know . . . You didn't notify\npeople when you were coming home. You got off the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ship, and you went immediately\nto Fort Dix, New Jersey, and then had to be processed. My parents were not\nthere. My parents were out of town and couldn't be there. They called me and\ncalled me. It was decided that they would stay away until they were through with\nwhat they were doing. They were on a business trip and then they would come\nhome. In those days, it was not like it is now. You didn't . . . It was in the\n1940s. They got home, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my father kept saying to me, \"I know. I see a picture\nand you have a shadow on your check, but that's alright.\" He thought I had a\ndeep wound on my cheek. It was the way the light hit the camera. He thought I\nhad a deep gash in my check. He said, \"Don't worry. It's alright.\" I said, \"No,\nthere is nothing there.\" They came home and it was all home times ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/transcript/23993/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again. I was a\nvery devoted child, but they couldn't be there. We just decided [that they\nshould] stay out and come back as soon as you can. Arrangements were made. I\nwent to my sister's house or something and then they came home in a few days. Okay?\n\nBERMAN: Okay, thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=3240.0,3270.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Army Specialized Training Program (“ASTP”) was established by the United States Army in December 1942 to identify, train and educate academically-talented enlisted men as a specialized corps of Army officers during World War II. Utilizing major colleges and universities across the country, the Army provided a four-year college education combined with specialized Army technical training over a period of one and one-half years to those enlisted men who were accepted into the program. ASTP soldiers were to serve as Army officers in both the successful prosecution of the war and the restoration of civilian governments in Nazi-occupied Europe after the war’s end. But due to the impending invasion of Normandy and the need for additional manpower in its ground forces in Europe, the Army disbanded the program in early 1944. Most of the ASTP soldiers were then assigned to the infantry, where they fought in the European and Pacific Theaters of Operation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Benning is a United States Army post established in 1918 outside Columbus, Georgia with the capability to deploy combat-ready forces by air, rail, and highway. Much of the growth of Columbus can be attributed to the development of Fort Benning.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCornell University is a private Ivy League university in Ithaca, New York. It was founded in 1865, and intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge, from the classics to the sciences\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization that was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first the club was located in a rented house until a new club was built on Pryor Street including a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940 the club opened a larger facility at 1050 Techwood Drive in Midtown with three swimming pools, tennis and softball. In 1976 the club moved north to 1160 Moore’s Mill Road near Interstate 75. The property was eventually sold as the club faced financial challenges and the Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 7, 1941 the Japanese surprised the United States by attacking the United States’ fleet, which was docked in Pearl Harbor, a United States Navy deep-water naval base on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was the beginning of World War II for the United States, which until that time had remained neutral. A few days later, Germany declared war on the United States as well and we began fighting in the Pacific and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 86th Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War I and World War II. It is known as the “Blackhawk” division because of its insignia. First activated in 1917, the division served in France during World War I. Activated again in World War II, the division was based at Camp Livingston in Louisiana from November 1943 until September 1944. In March 1945, the division arrived in France and proceeded quickly into Germany, where it took part in fierce fighting in the Ruhr area. As the 86th advanced, they liberated up to 1,000 conscripted Polish, Soviet, and Czech laborers in the Attendorn forced labor camp. The division then moved southward and crossed the Danube River on April 27, 1945. After a brief return to the US in June 1945, the division was sent to the Philippines, in the Pacific Theater, in August 1945. They remained until being deactivated in December 1946. Today, the division is currently called the 86th Training Division, based at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Livingston was a military installation situated about 12 miles north of Alexandria, Louisiana, on the edge of the Kisatchie National Forest, near the Texas border. During World War II, Camp Livingston served as an infantry replacement training center, as well as a garrison for infantry divisions. It first opened in 1940 and was active until 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChicken colonel (also sometimes ‘bird colonel’) is a World War II era military slang term that refers to the rank of a full colonel, as distinguished from a lieutenant colonel. It comes from the rank’s insignia, which bears a depiction of an eagle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRMS Queen Elizabeth was a luxury ocean liner operated by the Cunard Line between 1938 and 1968. She provided service between Southampton, the United Kingdom, and New York City, New York via Cherbourg, France. During World War II, the liner was converted to carry Allied troops. She was retired in 1968 and sold for conversion to a seagoing university, but burned and sank in 1972 during refitting.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Firth of Forth is the estuary of several Scottish rivers including the River Forth. It meets the North Sea with Fife on the north coast and Lothian on the south. Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland, is located on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRMS Queen Mary is an ocean liner operated from 1936 to 1967 by the Cunard Line. The Queen Mary primarily sailed in the North Atlantic Ocean between Southampton (England), Cherbourg (France) and New York City (United States). During World War II, the liner was converted to carry Allied troops. After the war, the liner was returned to passenger service, continuing transatlantic service. The ship was retired from service in 1967 and is now permanently moored in Long Beach, California. It is open to the public for tours and as a luxury hotel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNottingham is a city in central England’s Midlands region, which lies along the River Trent. During World War II, it was a temporary base for American soldiers from the 508th Infantry Regiment and 82nd Airborne Division as they prepared for the invasion of France (D-Day) in 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Normandy landings (codenamed ‘Operation Neptune’) were the landing operations on June 6, 1944 (termed ‘D-Day’) of the Allied invasion of Normandy (known in its entirely as ‘Operation Overlord’) during World War II. The landings began on June 6, 1944. It was the largest amphibious landing to that time in history combining land, sea and air elements. Nearly 160,000 troops landed the first day.  Over 5,000 ships were involved and thousands of airplanes. The landings took place along a 50-mile stretch of Normandy coast divided into five sectors: Utah, Omaha, Gold, June and Sword.  The United States Army landed on Omaha and Utah Beaches and the British on Sword, Juno and Gold. The Normandy landings have been called the beginning of the end of war in Europe. By late August 1944, all of northern France had been liberated, and by the following spring the Allies had defeated the Germans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAachen is a city in western Germany, whose municipal boundaries coincide on the west with the frontiers of Belgium and the Netherlands. The Battle of Aachen was a major combat action of World War II, fought by American and German forces in and around Aachen, Germany, between October 2 and 22, 1944. Although most of Aachen's civilian population was evacuated before the battle began, much of the city was destroyed and both sides suffered heavy losses. It was one of the largest urban battles fought by U.S. forces in World War II, and the first city on German soil to be captured by the Allies as they advanced into Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II had two primary theatres: The European Theatre and the Pacific Theatre. The European Theatre stretched across the entire continent, form the Atlantic Ocean to the Ural Mountains. It also encompassed campaigns in the Middle East and Africa. It was an area of heavy fighting starting with Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939 and ending with the United States, the United Kingdom and France conquering most of Western Europe, the Soviet Union conquering most of Eastern Europe and Germany's surrender on May 8, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph is referring to the Battle of the Bulge, also known as the Ardennes Offensive (December 16, 1944 through January 25, 1945). The Battle of the Bulge was a major German offensive launched toward the end of World War II through the densely forested Ardennes mountain region in Belgium. Hitler threw everything he had into trying to drive the Allies back and stopping their advance out of Normandy, France. The Germans achieved nearly complete surprise during a period of heavy overcast weather, which grounded the Allies’ air forces. The Germans nearly broke through (“the Bulge”) the Allied lines. Nearly 19,000 Allied troops were killed and 62,000 wounded and 26,000 missing or captured. The Germans suffered nearly 85,000 casualties before they were pushed back. It was the largest and bloodiest battle fought in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Harz is the most northerly mountain range in Germany, between the Weser and Elbe rivers. At its greatest length, it extends southeasterly and northwesterly for 60 miles (100 kilometers), and its maximum breadth is about 20 miles (32 kilometers).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pacific Theatre was where a series of battles during World War II took place. Geographically, it was a large area that included the Pacific Ocean and Asia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Volkssturm [German: people’s storm] was a German national militia established by the Nazi party during the last months of World War II. It was established on the orders of Adolph Hitler and conscripted all males between the ages of 16 and 60 who were not already serving in the military.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommonly referred to as the Nuremberg Trials, the Trial of Major War Criminals was held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 in Nuremberg, Germany and was widely covered by the media. An international military tribunal tried 22 leading German officials for war crimes. Twelve prominent Nazi Party members were sentenced to death. There were twelve additional tribunals that tried Nazi doctors, judges, industrialists, and leaders of the Einsatzgruppen [German: mobile killing squads].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStars and Stripes is a newspaper that reports on matters affecting military service members. In World War I, it was an eight-page weekly with 526,000 readers. In World War II, it was published all over the world. It published four daily newspaper editions for the United States Armed Forces serving overseas. Some of the reporters were soldiers and some were regular journalists. It is still published today in a daily edition.  (2015)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those wounded or killed while serving, on or after April 5, 1917, with the U.S. military.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39146/file/110479/annotation_set/396/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Adjusted Service Rating Score was the system that the United States Army used at the end of World War II. 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