{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/fx73t9dr3b/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Lansky, Lola Borkowska (1987)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1987-04-09 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky interviewed by Erna Dziewienski Martino on April 9, 1987 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky was born in Lodz, Poland on November 19, 1926.  She had two siblings: a brother one year older and a sister one year younger.  Lola’s mother died in 1931 of tuberculosis, and Lola’s father remarried his sister-in-law whom Lola refers to in the interview as her mother.  Lola’s parents came from the small town of Parzeczew and Ozorkow, Poland where they lived until Lola’s father served in the Polish army during World War I.  When he came back from the army, they moved to Lodz and lived there until the outbreak of World War II.  Lola spent happy summers as a child visiting her grandparents in Ozorkow, where her maternal grandfather especially was well-known.  Lola’s grandparents were more observant Jews than her parents, but she did grow up in a kosher Jewish home. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen Lola was about to enter the seventh grade in 1939, the Germans invaded Poland and began issuing restrictions for Jews.  Lola’s father went to Warsaw to join the fight against the Germans.  He returned wounded six weeks later to Lodz and eventually joined Lola and her siblings in Parzeczew where they had gone to be with her grandparents.  They were then sent to Ozorkow in 1940, where the Jews of the town were assembled to witness Jews being hanged, one of whom included Lola’s cousin.  After the hanging, the Jews were taken to a school where they were forced to strip and were stamped with ‘A,’ if they were selected for work, or ‘B’, if they were selected for death at the Chelmno death camp.  Lola’s grandparents and young cousins were sent to Chelmno, and Lola and her immediate family were sent to the Ozorkow ghetto.  Her father worked there as a tailor, and Lola worked as a seamstress in a factory.  Food was scarce, but the family felt that by working, they would stay alive. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1942, Lola’s family was sent to the Lodz ghetto, and although conditions were poor, Lola was happy to be reunited with some of her friends from before the start of the war.  Food was scarce, but Lola recalls that there were doctors, religious services, and cultural events in the ghetto.  When the Lodz ghetto was liquidated in 1944, Lola and her family were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where Lola, her mother and her sister were separated from her father and brother.  Conditions were harsh—Lola recalls getting only a sip of soup from a communal pot as her meal and the difficult roll calls (Appells).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom Auschwitz-Birkenau, Lola, her mother, and her sister were sent to Ravensbruck concentration camp in Germany.  They stayed at Ravensbruck a few weeks and were then transferred by train to Muhlhausen labor camp in Germany to work in an ammunition factory.  There, Lola’s mother became ill with pneumonia.  They stayed in Muhlhausen until February, 1945 when they were evacuated by train to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, which Lola describes as “hell on earth.”  Bergen-Belsen was extremely overcrowded, there wre dead bodies everywhere, and sanitary conditions were deplorable.  Lola and her sister took turns caring for her mother, who grew increasingly more ill.  Eventually, Lola was able to move her mother to a hospital, but Lola’s mother died just one day before the camp was liberated by the British. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBecause Lola’s sister was sick with typhoid at liberation and was afraid to move to a hospital, Lola and her sister stayed at the camp until her sister was well, at which time they were joined by Lola’s father and brother who had also survived the war.  The family rejoined with other aunts and uncles in Feldafing, a displaced persons camp in Germany.  Although Lola wanted to immigrate to Palestine, her father wanted to move the family to the United States, so they arrived in New York Harbor in June, 1946.  Lola worked in a factory and enrolled in evening classes.  She married her husband, Rubin Lansky, on November 23, 1947.  In January, 1953, they relocated to Georgia with their son, Murray.  Lola passed away on February 10, 1999.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eLola discusses her happy memories of visiting her grandparents in the small towns of Ozorkow and Parzeczew before World War II broke out in 1939.  She discusses how relations were good between Jews and gentiles and Lola had non-Jewish friends.  Lola remembers how when the Germans invaded Poland her family moved to Parzeczew, where they believed they would be safe.  She remembers how her family was later forcibly related to the Ozorkow ghetto and later to the Lodz ghetto.  She recalls movingly the last glimpses of her family when they were separated and she and her immediate family were sent to Lodz.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLola describes her belief that to work was to stay alive, so the she worked in textile factories and her father worked as a tailor.  Although there was not enough food and conditions were harsh, Lola’s remembers her gratefulness that her family was still together.  Lola recalls their transfer to Auschwitz-Birkenau when the Lodz ghetto was liquidated in 1944, and their further transfer to the Ravensbruck and then Muhlhausen camps in Germany.  While at Muhlhausen, Lola’s mother became ill and never recovered.  Although conditions were still grim, Lola recalls how she and her sister worked in a munitions factory and were treated kindly by a German co-worker.  Lola recalls being sent to Bergen-Belsen where they were dumped and how her mother died in the hospital just before the camp’s liberation.  Lola describes remaining optimistic throughout the war feeling that her optimism helped her survive.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLola describes her feelings when she was reunited with her father, brother, and several aunts and uncles at Feldafing Displaced Person camp.  Lola describes being active in the Zionist movement at the camp and wanting to immigrate to Palestine but, following her father’s wishes, the family moved to the United States, settling in New York in 1946.  Lola discussions her opinion that had the State of Israel existed during the Second World War, the atrocities and escalation of the war would never have happened.  Lola recalls her marriage to Rubin Lansky in the United States, although they had met in Germany after the war, and their subsequent move to Atlanta, Georgia in 1953.  Lola recalls how she was able to return to Poland with her husband in 1975 and was given a Sefer Torah from Ozorkow that she was able to bring back to the United States.  During this visit, Lola and her husband were able to also visit with people who remembered them from before the war. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/27937"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Ahavath Achim Congregation—Atlanta, Georgia (corporate name)","World War II (topical)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (Death Camp—Poland) (geographic term)","Bergen-Belsen (Concentration Camp—Germany) (geographic term)","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) (topical term)","Immigration (topical term)","Israel (geographic term)","Lodz (Poland) (geographic term)","Lodz (Ghettos—Poland) (geographic term)","Mengele, Josef (Dr.) (personal name)","Lansky, Rubin (personal name)","Ozorkow (Poland) (geographic term)","Slave labor (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky interviewed by Erna Dziewienski Martino on April 9, 1987 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky was born in Lodz, Poland on November 19, 1926.  She had two siblings: a brother one year older and a sister one year younger.  Lola’s mother died in 1931 of tuberculosis, and Lola’s father remarried his sister-in-law whom Lola refers to in the interview as her mother.  Lola’s parents came from the small town of Parzeczew and Ozorkow, Poland where they lived until Lola’s father served in the Polish army during World War I.  When he came back from the army, they moved to Lodz and lived there until the outbreak of World War II.  Lola spent happy summers as a child visiting her grandparents in Ozorkow, where her maternal grandfather especially was well-known.  Lola’s grandparents were more observant Jews than her parents, but she did grow up in a kosher Jewish home. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen Lola was about to enter the seventh grade in 1939, the Germans invaded Poland and began issuing restrictions for Jews.  Lola’s father went to Warsaw to join the fight against the Germans.  He returned wounded six weeks later to Lodz and eventually joined Lola and her siblings in Parzeczew where they had gone to be with her grandparents.  They were then sent to Ozorkow in 1940, where the Jews of the town were assembled to witness Jews being hanged, one of whom included Lola’s cousin.  After the hanging, the Jews were taken to a school where they were forced to strip and were stamped with ‘A,’ if they were selected for work, or ‘B’, if they were selected for death at the Chelmno death camp.  Lola’s grandparents and young cousins were sent to Chelmno, and Lola and her immediate family were sent to the Ozorkow ghetto.  Her father worked there as a tailor, and Lola worked as a seamstress in a factory.  Food was scarce, but the family felt that by working, they would stay alive. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1942, Lola’s family was sent to the Lodz ghetto, and although conditions were poor, Lola was happy to be reunited with some of her friends from before the start of the war.  Food was scarce, but Lola recalls that there were doctors, religious services, and cultural events in the ghetto.  When the Lodz ghetto was liquidated in 1944, Lola and her family were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where Lola, her mother and her sister were separated from her father and brother.  Conditions were harsh—Lola recalls getting only a sip of soup from a communal pot as her meal and the difficult roll calls (Appells).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom Auschwitz-Birkenau, Lola, her mother, and her sister were sent to Ravensbruck concentration camp in Germany.  They stayed at Ravensbruck a few weeks and were then transferred by train to Muhlhausen labor camp in Germany to work in an ammunition factory.  There, Lola’s mother became ill with pneumonia.  They stayed in Muhlhausen until February, 1945 when they were evacuated by train to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, which Lola describes as “hell on earth.”  Bergen-Belsen was extremely overcrowded, there wre dead bodies everywhere, and sanitary conditions were deplorable.  Lola and her sister took turns caring for her mother, who grew increasingly more ill.  Eventually, Lola was able to move her mother to a hospital, but Lola’s mother died just one day before the camp was liberated by the British. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBecause Lola’s sister was sick with typhoid at liberation and was afraid to move to a hospital, Lola and her sister stayed at the camp until her sister was well, at which time they were joined by Lola’s father and brother who had also survived the war.  The family rejoined with other aunts and uncles in Feldafing, a displaced persons camp in Germany.  Although Lola wanted to immigrate to Palestine, her father wanted to move the family to the United States, so they arrived in New York Harbor in June, 1946.  Lola worked in a factory and enrolled in evening classes.  She married her husband, Rubin Lansky, on November 23, 1947.  In January, 1953, they relocated to Georgia with their son, Murray.  Lola passed away on February 10, 1999.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLola discusses her happy memories of visiting her grandparents in the small towns of Ozorkow and Parzeczew before World War II broke out in 1939.  She discusses how relations were good between Jews and gentiles and Lola had non-Jewish friends.  Lola remembers how when the Germans invaded Poland her family moved to Parzeczew, where they believed they would be safe.  She remembers how her family was later forcibly related to the Ozorkow ghetto and later to the Lodz ghetto.  She recalls movingly the last glimpses of her family when they were separated and she and her immediate family were sent to Lodz.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLola describes her belief that to work was to stay alive, so the she worked in textile factories and her father worked as a tailor.  Although there was not enough food and conditions were harsh, Lola’s remembers her gratefulness that her family was still together.  Lola recalls their transfer to Auschwitz-Birkenau when the Lodz ghetto was liquidated in 1944, and their further transfer to the Ravensbruck and then Muhlhausen camps in Germany.  While at Muhlhausen, Lola’s mother became ill and never recovered.  Although conditions were still grim, Lola recalls how she and her sister worked in a munitions factory and were treated kindly by a German co-worker.  Lola recalls being sent to Bergen-Belsen where they were dumped and how her mother died in the hospital just before the camp’s liberation.  Lola describes remaining optimistic throughout the war feeling that her optimism helped her survive.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLola describes her feelings when she was reunited with her father, brother, and several aunts and uncles at Feldafing Displaced Person camp.  Lola describes being active in the Zionist movement at the camp and wanting to immigrate to Palestine but, following her father’s wishes, the family moved to the United States, settling in New York in 1946.  Lola discussions her opinion that had the State of Israel existed during the Second World War, the atrocities and escalation of the war would never have happened.  Lola recalls her marriage to Rubin Lansky in the United States, although they had met in Germany after the war, and their subsequent move to Atlanta, Georgia in 1953.  Lola recalls how she was able to return to Poland with her husband in 1975 and was given a Sefer Torah from Ozorkow that she was able to bring back to the United States.  During this visit, Lola and her husband were able to also visit with people who remembered them from before the war. \u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/096/936/small/Lansky_Lola.mp4_1599839572.jpg?1599825173","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Lansky_Lola.mp4"]},"duration":6453.651,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/096/936/small/Lansky_Lola.mp4_1599839572.jpg?1599825173","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/096/936/original/Lansky_Lola.mp4?1599825172","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6453.651,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Lansky, Lola Borkowska [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Erna: I am Erna Martino, and we're having an interview for Children of Holocaust\nSurvivors in Atlanta, Georgia. Would you please give me your name?\n\nLola: I'm Lola Borkowska Lansky.\n\nErna: Where do you live?\n\nLola: I live in Atlanta, Georgia.\n\nErna: Can you tell me when you were born?\n\nLola: I was born on November 19, 1926 in the city of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz--L-O-D-Z--Poland\n[Polish: Łόdź]. It was the industrial city of Lodz--it was like a Manchester [England]--the second largest Jewish community in Poland next to its capital, Warsaw.\n\nErna: Tell me something about your family. How many people lived in your house, the names of your brothers and sisters, and so on.\n\nLola: Well, I have a year-older brother, Louis, and a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister a year younger. I would say we were not very wealthy, but we were not very poor either. We were sort of middle-class, if you can classify it as such. I had some ties with a\nsmaller community that may never be... or is possibly... not registered at all.\nMy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"real mother died when I was about five or six years old. She died in 1931,\nand she was 54. She had tuberculosis. My father married my mother's sister, and she raised us. In this interview whenever I talk about my mother, I will mean my step-mother and my mother that raised me. They came from a small ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community--it was about 27 kilometers from Lodz. My father was raised there, my mother was raised there, [and] both my maternal and paternal grandparents came from there. When my father came back from the army--he served three years in the First World War--he moved to the city of Lodz with my mother. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is how I was born there, and we lived there until the outbreak of World War II.\n\nErna: What was the name of the community?\n\nLola: It was called Ozorkow [Polish: Ozorków], Parzeczew [Polish: Parzęczew.]\nNow my grandfather--my maternal grandfather--lived there for generations. That's all I had to do was say I am Shia's wnuczka--Shia's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"granddaughter--I had no idea who he was. Maybe it was my great-grandfather. My grandfather had a bakery and some tenants, and in the back not too far away was a Jewish mikveh--of course it's Jewish--and a very old synagogue, supposedly 500 years old when the war broke out. The Polish government paid ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the upkeep of this synagogue because it was a historical site. So before Lodz or Ozorkow became cities, Parzeczew, according to my grandfather, had a headquarters for a famous rabbi that used to say it was more of a supply town. It wasn't a village and it wasn't a town--there were maybe 50 families--and they were very close with their Christian friends. Now why I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talking about that little town [is] because every summer when school was finished in the city of Lodz, my mother would be already packed ready to go home, and we used to spend our summers there, and I had very, very pleasant memories being there in this community. There was a big church in the middle of it, and a square around it, and streets going in all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"directions. Unfortunately, I didn't know one street led to Chelmno. On the 30th anniversary of the end of World War II, my husband and I went back to Poland and particularly wanted to go back to this small community.\n\nErna: Let me ask you, what did your father do for a living?\n\nLola: By profession he was a tailor--a custom-made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tailor--but he worked at a\ntextile factory--Geyer's Factory--it was a German factory. He was a pattern-maker and a designer. They used machines to cut out the work that was given out to tailors to be made up for the colonies.\n\nErna: What kind of school did you go to?\n\nLola: I went in Lodz. There were two schools--there were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many schools, but two\nJewish schools. I imagine the Jewish committee arranged it... why there were\ntwo... one for boys and one for girls. I went to the girls' school--we were home\nSaturdays but we went to school on Sunday. You attended school six days in\nPoland. They were only for girls--I think there were a few boys up until the\nthird grade. My brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to a boys' school that also had only boys, and\nSaturday he would be home, and Sunday we would go to school. Normally the\nChristian community attended Saturday school and Sunday was the day off. Another thing that was different is they brought in Jewish teachers to teach us the Jewish history in Polish. I remember my grandfather used to have a fit when I told him the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bible in Polish that I learned in school. As far as the curriculum\ngoes, it was quite advanced. We even had chemistry--of course it was simplified\naccording to the standards today, but nevertheless we had singing, music,\ncooking, geography, and world history. I just finished my sixth grade and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we went on vacation, but there were rumors about the war, so my mother and my father came back earlier to the city of Lodz.\n\nLola: What was Sabbath and the holidays like where you were living?\n\nLola: I have two versions of it. I can think back on my grandfather, who was a\nvery orthodox Jew. Both of them [were orthodox], the paternal [grandfather] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too,\nbut I watched my maternal [grandfather] getting ready for the Sabbath, the joy\nin his eyes and going to the mikveh and preparing for the Sabbath. I still\nremember that, because he truly believed that. My father was already more\nreform. I didn't see that, but we had a kosher, Jewish home, so the holidays\nwere very much observed. Sometimes if you had to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something on Saturday you would, but not on purpose.\n\nErna: Did you have Jewish and non-Jewish friends?\n\nLola: Yes. I had friends from my school and the neighbors. There was a neighbor that was a Jewish friend--as a matter of fact, we took her with us--my mother invited her to come with us on vacation to the small town of Parzeczew.\n\nErna: You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mean a non-Jewish girl?\n\nLola: A non-Jewish girl... she went with us for the whole summer.\n\nErna: Was there a difference between your Jewish friends and your non-Jewish\nfriends in how they acted towards you or how you acted towards them?\n\nLola: No, I really cannot say, because I was so involved in that stage of my life with school and studies and going on vacations back home that I really cannot tell you if there was a difference. I don't remember any.\n\nErna: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Describe how your life began to change with the coming of the Nazi movement.\n\nLola: I started school September first, and I went to the seventh grade...\n\nErna: What year was this?\n\nLola: 1939. All the radios were blasting in Polish: \"England and France declared\nwar on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany. The Germans attacked Poland. All able-bodied men should leave immediately for Warsaw, because they will put up a fight and defend the\ncapital.\" Since my father belonged to the Jewish War Veterans in Lodz--he was 39 years old at this point--he and his younger brother immediately ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left for Warsaw. My mother and three others were left in Lodz. Three days later my uncle--my father's brother--had a barber shop and a ladies' beauty salon about two houses from us, and his store faced the streets of Grubna where we lived. We stood there on tables ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"watching the German army march into Lodz.\n\nErna: At that time you said you were just starting first grade in school, so how\nold...\n\nLola: Seventh grade. I was twelve and a half--not quite thirteen. I was twelve years old according to the American calendar.\n\nErna: Did your relationship with your non-Jewish neighbors ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"change at this time,\nand if so, how?\n\nLola: In Lodz, we were right away busy with ourselves. We didn't have too much\ntime with our Polish-Christian neighbors. In a small town, which I like to go back to later, it was different--you were more involved with them--because right away there were restrictions. There were lines for bread, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Poles would point out at you if you stood in a line that this is a Jew, and they wouldn't give you the bread. There were rations and limitations--it just took a few weeks and it started. At this point I left with my brother and sister--Lodz--because my grandparents kept insisting that she send us home... home means to that little town. They were baking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bread there and giving it out to the rations, so at least we wouldn't have to stay in a line. She didn't want to leave. She was waiting to see what happened to my father. Over there the Christians were very close with the Jewish population. My father had many, many Christian-Polish friends that served in the army with him, the mayor of the community, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"captain from the police, and many, many others.\n\nErna: What kind of orders were issued by the Nazis where you living?\n\nLola: In Lodz?\n\nErna: Yes.\n\nLola: We only stayed a very short time in Lodz at this point, because we left after probably four or five weeks. They said we should wear a white armband, and register for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bread. People didn't move around like they do here. It's so hard for others to understand how they had such control over us. Normally even before\nthe war I remember my father... if you moved from one place to another, you\nregistered at the government that [so] many people live here, and this is where\nyou reside, and this is where you're ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recording your residence. It would be easy\nfor the Germans... \"You want bread? Register.\" Later it was used against us. They knew exactly how many people lived where.\n\nErna: At that point in time, did you leave Lodz?\n\nLola: Yes.\n\nErna: And where did you go?\n\nLola: We went to the little town of Parzeczew. Like I told you, it was a very old Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community. The cemetery dated back to the 1300's and 1400's--way before Lodz was established.\n\nErna: And what happened when you went back there?\n\nLola: After about eight weeks... my father was gone six weeks [and] my mother\nwaited for him in Lodz. He was wounded on the way, and he wound up in the Warsaw Ghetto. He went to Warsaw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto, he stayed through the whole battle, and then he came back. He walked back to Lodz. He was not the same man that he [was when he] left. He had gangrene in his leg, and after he recuperated, my mother and my father joined us in the little town. My father didn't know... we were given a little apartment in my grandfather's house, because there were four tenants besides ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the bakery, and the store, and all that. We stayed there, and we didn't know how he would be able to do something, to earn some money. He made... how do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you say...\n\nErna: Do you want to use a Polish word to describe it?\n\nLola: No... well, my father made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some hats. He sold custom-made hats for the\nmanagers, for the supervisors, for the people that needed to buy new hats, and\ninstead of paying money they used to bring food. In the first part of the war, I\nremember, they used to take a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish man and send him seven kilometers to the\ncity of Orzokow to give the poultry to a shochet where you killed according to\nJewish law. Then after a month or so this man was caught, so after a few weeks I came to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house, and there was a chicken boiling. My mother didn't want to eat it because it wasn't kosher and neither did my grandfather, so they asked me to taste the soup. My father, having a military background, was having a discussion with my grandfather that he ought to eat as long as we have the food, because we heard from so many different places--we had relatives in the Warsaw ghetto, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they had no food--to please eat, so we can keep or gain the strength we need for later.\n\nErna: Did you have any idea or any warning of what was going to happen at that\npoint in time?\n\nLola: No. We heard that Lodz ghetto is being organized, and there was also seven kilometers from that place, there was a city of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow with about five or six thousand Jews, and before the war they had a lot of textiles--textiles and\nindustrial and tailoring. They needed some tailors, [and] since we were the\nnewest members in the city of Parzeczew, we were sent out to Ozorkow in 1940.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is how we came to Ozorkow. We were given a small room in somebody's place. The people of Parzeczew stayed there for another three quarters of a year, maybe a year, until they were made to move to one place in a little ghetto. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one day we were asked to go to a pigs market where they were selling pigs, and they had six or seven people in jail for very minor offenses, like not wearing a Star of David or coming from another town. They told us that morning to leave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the apartment we lived in and not to take any luggage, and we were marched out to this square, and there was a hanging. They invited the Volksdeutsche, which is the German population of Poland, to be the guests. They were having a good time--a beer party--because they were going to hang Jews. Now my aunt's brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was one of the victims that was hung [sic] that day. Her family still lived in Parzeczew, but they decided to liquidate the same day. It was all pre-planned--we didn't know at the time--to bring all their things to the city of Orzokow. Now the buses that brought the people from that small town... there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the mother and the father of that young man that was hung... they did see him hanging. There were brothers and sisters--it was a large family--they all\n[saw] Srulik hanging. I even have a picture of it. They were taken to a public school. After the hanging, we never returned to our homes, but we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marched to a school. There, for the first time--must have been 1941 maybe--we were asked to strip naked. I remember my father just looking but not really looking at us--he was so uncomfortable because whole families went together. The doctors stamped A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and B. My paternal grandparents were there with a grandchild--they were in their 60's--healthy-looking, feeling good--they were carrying a grandchild of about five years old. My aunt, my father's only sister was there--this was her child--they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"given the letter B, she was given the\nletter A. When we found out that the younger people received A which meant that they will stay and work, and the B will be sent away. I must have lost that day about 20 of my family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"members--quite a number of little cousins, since we were the oldest. My father had four brothers, and he was the oldest, so the other\nchildren were much younger than I. One aunt was taken away with two boys, five and seven [years-old]. Another aunt had a six-month old baby, and one had a girl of six. Her name was like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mine--Leah--and she kept crying that she wants to go with us. She adored my father, and I always hear them somehow calling to our side, \"Please don't forget us.\" My grandmother waves, and I could see them when they're led away--\"Please don't forget us.\" My aunt--my father's sister--wanted to go with her parents and her child. She begged ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Nazis to please let her go, but because she begged, they wouldn't let her go. They pulled her hair, they knocked her down, and they wouldn't let her join her family. This is how she\nsurvived. Her husband and my uncles were already sent away to concentration\ncamps, so there were only women and children. Now, they were sent away. After the war, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"found out that they all went to Chelmno. If you see the movie \"Shoah,\" this is where they went. We didn't know at the time. We were led to the Orzokow ghetto, and the ghetto was established for the first time. Now there was a lot of industry before the war in the city of Orzokow, so naturally there were established factories. We sort of felt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that working means surviving, so as long as you work, you survive. My father went back to his tailoring, and he was very good at it. He made uniforms for the SS--custom-made uniforms. To school I didn't go, and there were no books in these small towns, so I naturally went\nwith my father to work. To be on the safe side, I learned how to sew by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hand,\nmade buttonholes--my brother, too--so that means we are working, so we thought we are entitled to live. Now, I also was very young--I was only 15, 14 not quite 15--and I had a young friend there--he was a year older than me. He used to walk with me home. We used to hold hands. I experienced my first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kiss. We gazed at the stars-- we wanted to live--we didn't want to die. But this is as far as it went. And then we wind up in the Orzokow ghetto, and we stayed there until 1942.\n\nErna: You stayed there as a family together?\n\nLola: Yes. We were given a small space--of course, it was horrible. So many families were divided. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So many people were sent away to other places, and people just moved together--they were all working. There was a case where they hid a child... under a coat... somebody imitated a [unintelligible]. I really don't know too much about it, but I heard about it. This is how I stayed in the city of Orzokow until the liquidation. We were put on a train, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we were sent to the city of Lodz. As bad as it was, I was thrilled to be there. I met my girlfriends from before the war--my school-mates--and really, the bad times in the Lodz ghetto were over--not quite--but over. What I mean... they used to really starve ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them to death and ship them out. I don't have too much information, but I know that when we came they started to give a little bit more food. It wasn't a lot. The only thing as a teenager you hoped you will not grow.\n\nErna: How would you go from the Orzokow ghetto to the Lodz ghetto?\n\nLola: There was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train. Before the war there was a train from Orzokow to Lodz.\nNow if you were in the growing stages, and you were hungry, it was terrible.\nYour organs, your lungs, your heart--everything grew with you. I had a cousin\nwho became very sick--he grew very fast. I don't know if I would have grown some more--maybe not. It was lucky for me--I thought my brother was so tall, but he's short today, so maybe that's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why we were able to survive.\n\nErna: In the ghetto, did you know anything about the existence of death camps or what was going on in the outside world?\n\nLola: No. We didn't. You know I have to talk about it. If they knew that workers... nobody wanted to go. There was always a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"demand from the Germans to have so many thousands of people ready to be shipped out. Naturally if you were sick, or they would take away your bread--you were a candidate to go. The idea\nwas not to go, because you didn't know what to expect. At least here you knew\nwhat you had, even though we were still starving, but you were together as a\nfamily. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Depends the age you were in... I like to mention this because when I\ncame to the Lodz ghetto, I was sent to a factory to sew on a machine. I taught\nmyself, and I did it, but I was with older women, and they were reminiscing\nabout before the war. They were making Shabbos, they were cooking, discussing recipes, and I was so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hungry just listening to them that I told my father, \"I will die just listening to them.\" I liked other things--books--this was always my favorite thing--to read. Even in the ghetto, I found a secret library. [I]\nused to light a candle when everybody else was asleep, so I could read a book. I\nremember one time my father found me, and he really scolded me very bad for\ndoing that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He found out there was a school for young girls under the age of 16,\nand he registered me there. And it was just wonderful--even though we were\nstarving. We were young... we used to go the library, read books--Darwin's\nTheory, for instance. We would read it, discuss it. We worked a little bit less\nthan the general population. Then they used to bring ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a teacher--a Jewish teacher--that introduced us to Jewish poets--Shalom Aleichem, Peretz--I used to learn how to recite them in the Lodz ghetto. I felt better being in my own environment. As hungry as we were, we wanted to have a little normal life, what\nteenagers normally do.\n\nErna: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was there any sort of cultural life?\n\nLola: Yes. Even secretly, we arranged our own theater... those that were\ntalented. In the Lodz ghetto, there were even weddings. They used to write\nsongs--many songs about the Lodz ghetto. When you're young, it's easier to be\noptimistic, but this was a very important characteristic to have. If you were not very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"optimistic, you didn't go very far. At this point, they needed workers and nobody wanted to go. They would take a group and send them away. Now this particular group they sent to Czestochowa [Polish: Czȩstochowa], and they made them write letters back to the ghetto telling us that they have more food than in the ghetto, and they are actually working. So you didn't know who to believe. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At this point, I know my husband's younger brother--he was maybe 15, and a sister about 17 or 18--volunteered to go. His father died from starvation, and they were sent straight to the crematorium, but we didn't know at the time. It's after the war that he found out. So as you see, everything was done under a veil of secrecy. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not know.\n\nErna: Was there any sort of... was it just ceremonies?\n\nLola: I myself was not involved in them, but I know there were religious services, and people tried to live as normally as they could. As a matter of fact, I think about three or four years ago, I went to a Lodz convention. Of all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things I put down that I lived on Grubna 57. All of a sudden, I heard a man is looking for me. That's the first time that I found somebody that remembered me from before the war. A big city... you don't have the ties like you do in a small community. He happened to be our landlord's son. He was older than I, so maybe before the war he was 20, 21. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he remembered me very well. He remembered my father, my sister and my brother, and it was really nice meeting someone that you knew before the war.\n\nErna: How was the Jewish leadership in the ghetto organized?\n\nLola: I don't know too much about it because of my age, but I know there was\neverything. There were committees, and there was Rumkowski in there who thought he was the king of the ghetto. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had all sorts of groups and things, and I'm sure there was religious life. I know from my own experience that when it was getting [to be] 1944, I had trouble where I was working in the factory. A piece of thread got in my gums, and I had an infection. In order to fix it... there\nwere dentists there... and that so many years ago, I sold a piece of bread of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mine. I'm just marveling that I did this without consulting anybody, but I felt that this piece of bread is not going to save me, and I need to fix my teeth so if I do survive I'll have them. I went to a dentist, so I'm sure there were all kinds of services. He took out a nerve, and he performed a small surgery, and that was before we were shipped out from the ghetto. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure there were doctors, and there were dentists, and there were religious services, or schools, or something like that.\n\nErna: After this, were you in a concentration camp?\n\nLola: This is what happened. [Hans] Biebow was the director from the Lodz\nghetto. He went around in the streets, walked around, and talked to the Jewish\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, \"Since the war is coming to an end, we are going to liquidate the\nghetto. We like you.\" This is what my father told us--he heard--to put all your\npersonal possessions in the middle of the room, even your pots and pans and\nbedding and put your name on it. Your personal things take with you. So you rationalize--it's not like they're going to kill you. Why would they tell you to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do these things? Naturally we packed up. My mother took the jewelry, divided it up between my sister and myself--whatever she had--so she wouldn't be the only one. You know, it goes in Europe... people believe more in jewelry... because\nmoney changed, the war broke out... at least with jewelry you knew that you can\nalways get your money back, so every family had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some... for generations, I'm\nsure. This is how we went to the train. They said we're going to the Czechoslovakian border, and this is where we will work and wait until the war ends. Indeed, we were packed like sardines. When we passed a gate that said\n\"Arbeit Macht Frei\"--\"Work Makes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Free\"--we were in Auschwitz[-Birkenau [Polish: Oświęcim]. Even though we were in a ghetto, we wore clothes, I learned how to knit--I used to re-do sweaters, with many knots in the back--but we were\ndecently dressed. I had blonde, long hair. I was 16. When we got off, the old\ninmates were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"waiting for us, from the wagons, from the trains, pushing us, \"Raus! Raus! Raus! [German: Out! Out! Out!] Men on one side, women on the\nother!\" We had no idea where we were. We didn't know [whether] to go left or right. As a matter of fact, I was going on the right side of mine, and Mengele stopped me, pointed this way. I looked around and saw my sister and my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother. My father and my brother were led away with the men. He stopped me. He asked in German, \"Wie alt bist du?\" I remember stretching...\n\nErna: [Wie alt bist du means] how old are you?\n\nLola: How old are you. I remember stretching myself, because I'm not a very tall\nperson, and I told him I'm 17 years. So he pointed to my left--his right--to go there. I looked in the back and checked... my mother and my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister are following. We were led to a bathhouse. We had no idea where the others went. We were told to mark our places, to leave our hand luggage, so we will find our way back. We were told to take the shoes, and we were standing in a line. I remember seeing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there about five big baskets of jewelry in front of a table, and we were\ntold to throw everything in.\n\nErna: ...to take off your jewelry?\n\nLola: Take off your jewelry, throw it in. Then the next thing--they took the shoes and they had a hole with water to dunk the shoes to make sure there's nothing hidden in there, and then they took the shoes away. We went to [the] barber. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could still sometimes think I could feel the clipper going straight across, cutting my hair. Then they checked your ears and your mouth [to see] if you didn't hid[e] anything. Then you were led to a bathhouse. There were soldiers walking around. On the way out, they had a warehouse of clothes. We were given an old dress--a civilian dress--without ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hair, without shoes, and a white cross was painted on my back. This is how I remember getting out of the bathhouse. I looked at my sister, and she had one breast exposed--she only had a half a blouse. Luckily I got two blouses, so she took one of mine. When I saw my mother, I became hysterical--I was laughing. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looked like my grandfather. My\nsister looked like my father. I had no mirrors--I don't know how I looked, but I\nthought we are in a loony house. We are not the same people that we walked in.\nMy mother became very agitated. She came over and she slapped me. She said, \"Be quiet. You're laughing. They're going to arrest us.\" This is how we walked out to our barracks. We were not the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same people we came in. We had no idea what happened to the others. We were led to the barracks, two to a bed, or one to a bed--I don't remember. Every few hours there were roll calls. That was in [Auschwitz-]Birkenau. We were not given numbers. I find out later... because they had no use for us, and they probably intended to kill us. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do remember sitting at the roll call, and when they put at each line--each row--a pot of soup and they said, \"Take a swallow, and pass it on.\" For three days I couldn't\neat. I mean, how can you eat when so many people drink from the same pot? We had no spoon, no knife, no fork. They dehumanized us. This is precisely what they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted. After three days, I made sure I took a big swallow when my turn came around, but I do remember vividly the roll calls. Constantly they were counting us. If anyone was sick--out. This went on for about five, six weeks.\n\nErna: When you say, \"out,\" what does that mean?\n\nLola: They were led away. I had no idea--I didn't know where the others went.\nAfter five, six weeks, they needed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workers in Germany. So they decided our group of 500 women from Lodz that arrived there... probably looked a little bit more decent, maybe... healthier than the others... that they're going to send us out. Again we were led to a bathhouse. We were given underwear. I got a pair of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoes--two sizes too big--and I received a striped uniform--a long dress, like [for] winter-time. They had light ones and heavy ones. We were led to the railroad station and while sitting there and waiting for the train to take us--we didn't know where at that point, but we knew we're leaving Auschwitz[-Birkenau]--we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw chimneys, and we smelled something burning. So we inquired from the older inmates that had been in Auschwitz longer, \"What's going on here? What is this smell here?\" They told us, \"This is where they're burning your families.\" You can imagine what went on. It was Tisha B'Av. I had a girlfriend, her mother was taken away. She had no idea, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now she knew. We found out the secret, that they are burning those that were sent away were being killed. Still, it didn't make any sense, we couldn't understand it, but this is when we found out--at least, when I found out.\n\nErna: While you were at Auschwitz[-Birkenau] the five or six weeks, you didn't\nreally know what was going on there?\n\nLola: No, no. At this point my father, my brother--we were separated. I was with\nmy sister and my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother. I had no idea.\n\nErna: During that time, you strictly stayed in your barracks and went outside\nfor roll call. You didn't go to work?\n\nLola: Nothing. We did see people working, doing all kinds of things, but not our\ngroup. No.\n\nErna: What was the activity on any given day?\n\nLola: Nothing. They used to wake us up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six o'clock in the morning, five o'clock\nin the morning, roll calls, that's all... picking through... picking out people from the group. I have a feeling if we would not have been sent away, we probably would have been sent to the crematorium because in their eyes we were useless. We were not given a tattoo. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Since this was the case, they sent us out,\nwe didn't have any tattoos. We were political prisoners. We were put on a train.\nI remember while we were going into Germany I saw a train going the other way,\nand I could see only the head with the striped uniform. He asked us who were\nare--I didn't know if they were men or women--you know, when you don't have your hair, you really can't tell. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were men, and we were women. And that's how we arrived in Ravensbruck [German: Ravensbrück]. It was another concentration camp in Germany. There was no room for us. The 500 of us would huddle together. I guess with the approaching of fall... that's the only way I can determine what time of year it was... it must have been fall because it was chilly at night, and we used to huddle close to each other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we wouldn't freeze. After a few days they took us into the bathhouse. I understand there were crematoriums, too, but we were led to the real bathhouse, and we were led to barracks with gypsies--gypsies who had German husbands in the army. It was very crowded there, and I remember at night a bunch ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of them attacked some of our girls. To this day, I don't know why. When we stood in line to get the little soup, they would do the same thing. Sometimes I didn't want to eat, and I didn't want to be beaten up. We stayed there a few weeks, and we were sent out again, led to the bathhouse, and put on the train. We were going to Leipzig somewhere--we had no idea where. I do remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arriving at the station--a railway station in Germany--and I saw a German officer came to pick us up. He must have looked into the train, because I still remember his words, saying to those that brought us over there, \"Das sind keine Frauen. Sie sehen aus wie Affen.\" \"These are not women. They look like monkeys.\" At this point I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looked around, and I almost agreed with him. We certainly didn't look like women. I don't think we were monkeys, but we did not look like women. He had no choice--they needed workers in Muhlhausen [German: Mühlhausen] where there was an ammunition factory. They led us to this complex. This was not a camp for Jews, but out of necessity, they used us because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their men were in the army. They were making ammunition there. They led us in a big casino... no, first they did not have the SS but the Wehrmacht. He greeted us very warmly. He gave us a loaf of bread--we couldn't believe it--a spoon, a knife and a fork was given to us, and a bowl, and we were led to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the casino. I guess they had entertainment there and all that. After we ate, we were divided up in bungalows. I'm sure the Germans used that when they were working in these factories. We all had a bed. We did not have hot water. There were about four or five rooms to a bungalow. There was a bathroom. We had very thin clothing, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the morning we were led to the factories. In these factories, I've noticed, on top of the roof there were trees probably 20 or 30 years old. You couldn't detect that these are factories. They were well hidden in the woods. There were German people working there, too, women in particular. There was one in particular. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She took a liking to me and my sister. She would open a drawer and put a half a sandwich. She saw we were two young girls and put something in there extra for us to eat. My mother was with us, too. She was very clean, and she kept washing herself with the cold water, and she got pneumonia... had to put her in the hospital... there was a hospital there. Now he picked one of my friends to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be the Jude[?] She was a fine, fine girl, a year older than I, 19...\n\nErna: Jude means the oldest woman...\n\nLola: To be in charge. She was as good as gold. He just picked her because she\nwas a six-footer, or maybe a little under--she was very tall. He picked on her\nto be responsible, to see that all orders are carried out. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After we were there a\nweek or two, the Aufseherinnen--the German supervisors--came. They escorted us to work and from work. Of course I missed many lunches, because by that point the Allied army, the English and the Americans, decided to come. The Germans ran away, we stayed in the factory. We didn't mind already missing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dinner or lunch as long as we heard that the planes are coming. This was already 1944. I remember one time they brought a supply from one of the camps. A man was in the truck, and he passed on some news that the Russians are advancing, that it will be over. When you're young, you're optimistic. I remember with a girlfriend by nighttime, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we used to dance away that some of us will live through, and we will maybe make it. We believed that. My mother was very pessimistic. She said, \"Why are you laughing, why are you dancing? You know they're going to kill us before this war is over. There's no chance.\" We stayed there until about the early part of February. The commandant, who was a Wehrmacht man, talked to us that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the war is coming to an end, and we have to liquidate this camp, and we will be sending you to another place. My mother was with the sick people because she had pneumonia at that time. When we arrived, it was hell on earth--Bergen-Belsen. It was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp built for about 10,000 people. At this point, there were 60,000--all nationalities, mostly Jewish at that point. Bodies were thrown all over. Disease was rampant. The smell and the odor was unreal. With the coming of spring, this was unbelievable. When we got there we had no place for mother, so my sister ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I used to sit by the wall in a barrack--Barrack One, a bungalow--and hold her. She was burning up with fever. [My sister would hold her] half a night and I half a night. Then we needed to go to work, so I found a hospital [from] supposedly someone that knew my father from before the war. The hospital had three, four people to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bed, if you can call it such, but it was better than stretching out against the wall. She stayed there, and we went to work. Somebody stole my shoes. We had no beds, my sister and I. There was a German Aufseherin, she was a leader. I guess her great-grandfather was Jewish, so the Germans insisted that she's Jewish. She used to call us verfluchte ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Juden [German: cursed Jews], but she was very nice to my sister and me. She let us sleep under her bed, so I used to take the shoes and put them under my head. One morning they were not there, and without shoes you couldn't go to work. When I faced my mother, she said, \"Look, I'm sick. Why don't you take my shoes?\" She had maybe two sizes bigger than me, but I took them. We went to work picking up rocks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes I found a potato in the ground, and I used to take it to the nurse so she will take care of my mother. At this point, they sent her to another camp. She not only had pneumonia, but she developed typhoid. The Germans ground glass and gave it to us, so we all were sick--all of us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kohlrabi--it was a vegetable--if I smell it today it makes me nauseous. This was a little watery soup that was given to us daily. I worked across the street from the men's camp, and I knew if a transport arrived, four weeks later you saw a heap of bodies. You could not exist long in this camp. People were dying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the minute. They couldn't clean them up fast enough. For me to go to the bathroom, I had to walk over dead bodies in the woods to find a place. Needless to say, the sanitary conditions were awful. Aushwitz[-Birkenau] was bad, too, but you really didn't see any dead bodies lying around. It was done more scientifically. We were there until April.      ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\nErna: What happened with your mother?\n\nLola: I'll come to that. April the first, all of a sudden, white flags went up on the poles. There were towers, and German guards were watching us. All of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sudden we got up, the SS was gone, white flags were flying from the towers, and the Wehrmacht was left. I went to my mother daily, because she went into a coma. I tried to talk to her, to hold on, hold on. Surely the end must be coming soon. She went like a broken record, repeating all three names: my brother's, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my sister's, my father's and my own. I could not get through to her. Every day I\nwas hoping maybe today she'll hear. On April 14, the nurse came running to me\nwhen we came back from work and said, \"You don't have to come. Your mother\ndied.\" I remember going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in line to pick up the daily soup. I made my sister eat.\nI got up the next morning and went to work. At that time I was working not far\nfrom the gate. There was a clock over the gate. The SS came back, and they put on white armbands, too. They had nowhere to go, so they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided they will wait with the camp for the liberation. I saw tanks circling Bergen-Belsen, and I was wondering if they were Russian, English, or Americans. They had a white star on them. As I was straining my neck to figure out what's going on here, the guard on my left saw me looking, and he shouted down in German, \"Verfluchte ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jude. Was wollen Sie auf? Arbeit losgehen!\" It simply meant, \"You dirty Jew. What are you looking at? Go back to work.\" I reasoned if this would be liberation, he wouldn't be yelling so it's probably nothing. I went back to work. An hour later I saw the gates of Bergen-Belsen open, a tank moved in--a military ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tank. Kramer, who was a commandant from Auschwitz[-Birkenua] was on the right side of the tank. With bullhorns they announced in all languages the unbelievable: \"People, you are free. [In German] Menschen, sie sind frei. [In Polish] Ludzi, jesteś wolny... \" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in French, in English, in Polish--you name it--in Hungarian. He guided that tank through the camp. The tank came back. I was standing there with a rock in my hand, and I cried. I couldn't control myself. The tank came back, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they said since everybody is sick here--we're infected--that they cannot come in. They're taking the ammunition away from the Germans, and we should take orders from them until they will clean up the camp. That evening I went by the kitchen and I saw the English ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[who] liberated the camp, that they were preparing food for us with lots of meat and grease. They started giving [this food] out, but the death rate went up from 600 to 800 daily. They realized that they were not prepared to deal with a situation like that, and with people like that. They stopped giving us food, and Red Cross trucks, military ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trucks would come around and give us crackers and milk--soft things--because nobody could eat. The death rate was really getting bad, but there were still some men that were strong enough. I heard that they broke into where they kept the supplies--the men did. Some of them went complaining to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English, that this cannot be, that we are liberated and we should take orders from the Germans. Let them clean up the camp. This is what happened. The women that came from Thuringen [German: Thüringen]--I have a magazine with pictures--they all came with that transport. All the Nazis, and all the pictures you'll see from Bergen-Belsen, were cleaning up the dead. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told by an English doctor, if I find my mother they will bury her separately. I tried. I went back to that hospital, and there was a heap of bodies, but people changed so I couldn't do it. I couldn't recognize [her], so she is buried in one of the three mass graves there. After a few weeks, they told us... they gave us DDT... to spray ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you... they said we'll start with Block One. They removed all the sick people to the hospital. The well ones will be sent to the new Bergen-Belsen. There was another Bergen-Belsen that was used by the German army. This is supposedly where they wanted to take those that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are well enough. My sister was very sick--she had typhoid. At that time she was seventeen. The English doctor wanted to take her to the hospital. She was so petrified of going to the hospital because it meant death. Even though it was after the war, I couldn't convince her. I saw just the two of us were left. I said I'll go and work in the hospital until she will get better. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could not convince her of it. She wouldn't go. I remember them coming into my block which was Number One. A Red Cross wagon came, and the English wore gas masks. I swear I saw tears in their eyes when they carried out the naked bodies from this block. From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe 200 people, maybe there were ten left that you would say they were well. This is how I stayed in Bergen-Belsen until it was all cleaned up. We were moved to the new Bergen-Belsen. My sister recovered slowly. They burned this Bergen-Belsen down. Today three are three mass graves. This is where President Reagan went after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he visited Bittburg. I hope next year to go back there.\n\nErna: When you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Auschwitz or Bergen-Belsen, were you aware of any medical experiments that were carried out.\n\nLola: No, I had no idea. As you know, every survivor has a different story even\nthough disease and killings were all the same but in a different way. I was never aware of it. Nobody touched me.\n\nErna: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were there any attempts at resistance or escape while you were at either\none of the camps?\n\nLola: Not that I know of. There was no chance... no chance. There were no woods, nowhere to run. You were guarded--constantly guarded. No way.\n\nErna: It seemed from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what you said that you did think that you were going to survive.\n\nLola: Yes. I remember in Auschwitz[-Birkenau] one time when we were laying on\nour bed... berth... I heard an airplane fly over and I said, \"Oh my G-d. Maybe... maybe. Somebody knows.\" Most of all what hurts me today is I thought that nobody knows, that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is top secret, just as they tried to confuse us that the free world is unaware otherwise something would have been done about it. It's been very, very hard to accept the fact that not one bomb fell upon the railways that would stop this premeditated murder ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a scientific way. Science was used for the wrong reasons, not to build but to destroy lives. These were medical doctors and scientists.\n\nErna: Were people helping each other when you were in the camp?\n\nLola: As far as I could see, yes. I held my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister's bread--she trusted me with\nit. We were always close together and my mother for that matter until she died.\n\nErna: What do you think kept you going?\n\nLola: I really never felt special or more deserving than others that I survived,\nthat it was G-d's will. It was an accident. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was just a coincidence. It could have been a thousand others. I don't know. I never felt guilty about surviving, either. Some did--I didn't. I do feel an obligation to tell it to others.\n\nErna: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happened after you were liberated and left the camp? Tell me how you left there.\n\nLola: I thought that my sister and I are the only ones that survived in the family. You have to realize that for the survivors, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life just started, and the tragedies just started--trying to find out who is alive, what you should do. I watched, in Bergen-Belsen, military people from different countries come, raise their national flag, [and] sing their national anthem. They took their prisoners and went home--Belgium, France, English--from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen--Czech, Russian. The Ukrainians didn't want to go back, so they came at night, raided their bungalows, and took them home. As a Jew, you knew you didn't want to go back where you came from. There's nothing back there that you want to go back to. I personally felt the whole continent of Europe was full of blood, that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could never start life anew. I found my mother's cousin in Bergen-Belsen. His wife and son were killed, he had one daughter. She was even younger than I--two years, I think. He promised that wherever he'll go, he'll take me and my sister. He was exactly the age of my father. Bergen-Belsen was the second concentration camp--Auschwitz[-Birkenau] was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first that was liberated by the Russians--Bergen-Belsen was the second that was liberated by the Allied Armies. From there on, other camps were liberated. As the survivors tried to move from one place to another, to search, to talk, to see who they could find, it was a custom among the survivors ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to carry with you a list of names from the place you are coming. Right away committees were formed--Jewish committees--taking care of the survivors' needs or whatever needed to be done. You always checked with the\ncommittee building to see who arrived from where, that maybe you could find a\nname or somebody you knew. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen, one day a girlfriend of mine came running, excited, that she saw somebody came from München [Munich, Germany], that from the American zone--we were in the English zone--that she saw three Borkowskys. I couldn't believe it. I flew over there. I'm standing and I'm waiting--my father, my brother, and one of my uncles are alive in the American zone. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ran to my cousin, I said, \"You won't believe, my father is alive.\" You couldn't talk [unintelligible]-- I said I'm taking my sister--she was already\nbetter. I worked in the kitchen peeling potatoes to have extra food to give her,\nso she was feeling stronger. I said, \"We must leave immediately. I'm going to München.\"\n\nErna: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How long did you stay in Bergen-Belsen after the liberation?\n\nLola: From April until July probably.\n\nErna: Inside the camp?\n\nLola: Yes--the old one, and then the new Bergen-Belsen.\n\nErna: It was being administered by the English?\n\nLola: The English and the Jewish committees were formed. [Menachem] Rosensaft's father [Josef Rozensaft] was involved, if you read the history of Bergen-Belsen. I was not aware at the time. I was busy taking care of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself and my sister, taking care of our own needs...\n\nErna: You were basically recuperating during that time...\n\nLola: Yes, she was, she was. She was sick.\n\nErna: And you were working...\n\nLola: I needed food, extra food to give her, so I didn't want to take presents\nfrom any boys because I was so determined not to be obligated to anyone. I did\nmy peeling potatoes, and I got some extra food. When I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told my cousin what I\nplanned to do, he talked me out of it. He convinced me that it's dangerous. didn't even think at that time that there are no passenger trains around, and no place, and it may take you weeks to get back to München--to Munich. If I gave him a week time, he will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finish what he is doing, he will set up his affairs, because his daughter was sick in the hospital, too. He would escort us to München, to Munich, to my father, and then come back for his daughter. I saw the man made sense, because I really didn't think seriously at the age of 17 and 18 to go traveling across Germany after a war. There were soldiers and everybody\nelse, so I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said I'll wait. We were supposed to leave in the morning. The girls\nfrom my bungalow were giving us a going away party. I was in the room alone, and the door was a little bit open. I thought for a second that I saw a man with a\nbacksack, and it looked like my father, but I thought I'll see him already. I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opened the door and, needless to say, there was my father all the way from\nMunich. We just fell on each other.\n\nErna: How did he know where you were?\n\nLola: The same way I did. Somebody from Bergen-Belsen went to München--Munich--and had the list posted of the survivors in Bergen-Belsen. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw... he saw my mother's not there... but he saw my sister and me. My brother had an infection in his leg, and he couldn't leave, so he decided that he'll go. It also took him about a week, two weeks to get there. It's funny, had he been a day late, we would have missed each other. Of course, we would have caught up eventually. When I came to DP camp--Displaced Persons camp Feldafing--this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is what the American army gave me [hold up a photograph of herself]: a passport, that I was a political prisoner, and I had no country, I'm stateless. Here I am at the age of 18: my hair grew back from Auschwitz[-Birkenau], and this is where my life began, because I have no pictures of myself before the war. It's what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember. I felt so different than the other survivors. People were so lonely.\nThey had no families, so they paired off. There were marriages. There were more boys than girls--I think every girl had a chance to get married. I felt so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cheated of my youth, that I've lost six years of my life from 12 to 18, that I'll never have it back. I was interested in other things. Since I had a father, I felt secure. I enrolled in Hebrew classes. I became involved in different organizations. I enjoyed dating, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to dances, but I didn't want to get involved seriously with anyone, and I didn't.\n\nErna: This was in the Displaced Persons camp?\n\nLola: Right.\n\nErna: In Feldafing, in Germany?\n\nLola: In Feldafing, in 1945.\n\nErna: You all lived together in a barrack?\n\nLola: My family... I can write a book of how we all were reunited. My youngest\nuncle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was ready to take an illegal ship to Israel, so a neighbor from Lodz told\nhim that his older brother and the children are in Feldafing. He thought he is\nthe only one that survived. He decided to come back and check out. He came all\nthe way across the mountains from Italy--from Milan, I think--all the way. I was\nriding a bicycle, and I came back from my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"classes, and there was my uncle, David--all tan, came back from Italy. In the meantime, we heard that his wife from before the war, because he was younger, is living in Lodz, but we didn't know where he was. He left after a few weeks, took his backsack, and went to Poland to bring his wife to Germany. Then they moved out. One ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of my aunts survived--the one that they took her child away. One day somebody came in and told us that her husband, from before the war, is alive in Prague, so she came to my father and said, \"I must go. Joseph is alive.\" My father did the same thing, he said, \"Wait. I'll clear up here what I'm doing, and I'll go with you.\" In the meantime he arrived, he heard that she is alive, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he knocked on the door and there he was. Needless to say, they, too, moved out. One of my uncles lost a wife and two boys--he never found his wife, they went straight to Chelmno. He doesn't have any children today--he's still alive. Two of my uncles, their wives and younger children all perished--they in working camps, and the wives and children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to Chelmno, and my grandparents, and many, many cousins.\n\nErna: What happened after the DP camp, or how long were you in the DP camp and then what happened?\n\nLola: I really wanted to go to Israel. Needless to say, we organized the first\npolitical rally, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"September 1, 1945. It was the sixth anniversary of the outbreak\nof World War II. We gathered all the survivors and we were protesting that we\nwould like to reestablish the State of Israel in memory of the six million. We\nwere really involved in it, and I felt like that's where we should go. My father didn't feel that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way. He had a visa before the war to go to the United States. He already had a number in 1939, in January, I believe, or February. What happened is... in 1938, excuse me... the German Jews that were born in Poland\nand lived in Germany were sent into Poland. I had one of my cousins that lived in Berlin. He came back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, because he was born in Lodz. His wife was German, but Hitler put them at the border and made Poland accept these people because they were born in Poland, even though they lived in Germany. The Polish government in order to expedite these people first wrote my father that they're holding back his visa so these people are already refugees, and they went. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He never went to the United States. He had relatives here from before the war. They were here when we arrived forty years ago, they were already 70 years here. I had great-uncles, and my grandfather's cousins. He felt like he served in the army, he was wounded in the Second World War, he's not ready to go to Cyprus, to smuggle through the Alps and go on an illegal ship, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he would rather go to the United States. Like a dutiful daughter, you don't disobey your father. I started taking English to prepare myself for the United States. In December 1939 [1946] we were called to München, from Munich, to [unintelligible] to come and prepare to leave for the United States. The government passed a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"law allowing 200,000 refugees to come in. Unfortunately, [only] 20 percent of them were Jewish survivors. I found that out recently. The others were Nazis, all nationalities, Ukrainians, but not Jews.\n\nErna: So then you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prepared, and you came to the United States.\n\nLola: Right. We arrived on June 24 of 1946. A month earlier, the first ship arrived. A band waited for them and Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt. I had a friend on that ship, so I always tease him. For me there was no band--it was very disappointing. I don't know, we thought... I didn't feel any guilt... maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's why... and they kept saying, \"Oh, you look so good.\" I was only 19. They were expecting skeletons, I imagine. I said, \"It's a year after the war. I ate good.\" We were ready to talk, but there were no listeners. They really didn't want to. It was really too painful for them, I guess, and for us. They kept saying, \"Don't talk about it. You're here. That's it.\" Many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nights I used to wake up with a nightmare thinking I'm in camp, and then I said, \"Oh my G-d, I'm in bed.\"\n\nErna: Where did you come to in the United States?\n\nLola: New York. I lived there six years. A week after I came... I came here with\nthe boys. When I say the boys, I mean the United States military boys. They all\ncame back from fighting a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war, and we, too, came. There was a demand and a\nprosperity for everything. In New York, I went to work in a factory. I was making skirts. In the evening, I enrolled in evening classes. A week after I came, I was working. I didn't like it, but I worked. I earned good money, and we had a number of friends our age. We were all single--we were all married in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States. We socialized with them. To go downtown meant nothing since I came from a big city, from Poland. I found my way around very easily. As a matter of fact, the second or third day, a friend and I went to see a Russian movie on 42nd Street.\n\nErna: Then what happened?\n\nLola: Then we came south. I had a son that was born in New York...\n\nErna: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You didn't tell me how you met your husband [Rubin Lansky].\n\nLola: I didn't know if I should or not! I met my husband in Germany, and when I left with my family, I didn't know how long I'd have to wait for him, but we have enough letters to prove we kept in touch with each other a whole half a year. He arrived in January 1947. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to pick him up. We waited another eight months to make sure that this is what we want to do. We were married November 23, 1947. This year, it will be 40 years. This is 1987. I want to go on the Queen Elizabeth ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[cruise ship] to see the world. I don't know if I will, but I would like to.\n\nErna: From New York you moved . . .\n\nLola: We adjusted very well because we had no children. When we were married, my husband and I both worked just like young people everywhere. It's the families that I know of that had children where the wives couldn't work, the husbands had no professions, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so there was problems. We were able in three years to save up $11,000. As a matter of fact, I arrived with $2 in my pocket. I had no money, no luggage--just $2. It was $5 that was given to me by HIAS [Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society], so I bought on the ship a toothbrush, a comb, and a mirror. I spent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about $3, and I had $2 left. Two weeks later, we all brought money home, so that was no problem in our case. I know different cases, but we had no problem adjusting.\n\nErna: How about your father and your sister?\n\nLola: We were four people going to work. Can you imagine how much money came in? I don't know if this is the time to tell you, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apartments were very, very hard to be gotten in New York in 1946. Through our relatives, they found us a five-room apartment for the four of us. That scene never leaves me. We didn't know if the UJA [United Jewish Appeal] or HIAS owe us anything. When he gave us the key, naturally we were glad we have a place and we moved in. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had no sheets, and we had a broken bed--it's okay. We were there a week, and the doorbell rings. My father opens up the door, and there is the rental agent. He told my father, he says, \"You know I'm Jewish. You know when you rent you have to pay rent.\" He says, \"Of course. You mean they didn't pay you for a month?\" He says, \"No.\" \"For two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks?\" \"No.\" Not even for a week. They gave the key. I said, \"You know, when you work one week, you do not get paid. You have to wait two weeks to get paid.\" My father didn't know what to do--he figured he would go to my cousin or do something. He excused himself, he says, \"I didn't know.\" A week later, he came up with the money. Three or four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks later we had $400 coming in, and that was a lot of money. I gave my money to my father. I mean, this is the way you did in Europe, so I did the same thing. I had some spending money. The rent was $25 a week. They were different times 40 years ago. A dollar went a long way. We were all eligible to get married, even my father, because when we came here he was 46--my sister, my brother, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and myself. Every case is different--every survivor had a different circumstance.\n\nErna: Basically, you all settled in New York.\n\nLola: My father moved to Canada. He married a lady from Canada. My sister, she was in Yonkers, in New York. When my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"son was two years old, he developed an allergy. For his work, he was a foreman in a shop and was doing quite well, and we didn't want to leave, and to go south... We had a cousin that we made the papers for [unintelligible] through friends for them to come to the United States, but they had relatives in Georgia. We didn't want to come--we felt\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comfortable in New York. We had--we still have--many, many friends and relatives. When he had to change his job... we came for a visit in 1952, in December. My husband comes from the city of Ozorkow--it's a smaller place. He\nliked the open space. He thought it would be a good idea to raise children rather than in New ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York, so he was considering to leave. In January of 1953 we came down south. We needed to change our apartment. There were a few reasons.\n\nErna: I want to go into to some reflections about the war. You were singled out\njust for being a Jew.\n\nLola: Yes.\n\nErna: How do you feel about that?\n\nLola: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a Jew? I have very positive feelings.\n\nErna: As a person, how do you feel about what happened to you because of being a Jew?\n\nLola: I had trouble-- a lot of problems. First, I couldn't believe that there was a religious explanation for it, that it was G-d's will. That upset me very much. I remember being liberated, and when I met my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father when we were in Feldafing... I don't know who cared, but there were boxes of salami and butter\nand all kinds of food. I didn't even think of it at the time, but I loved to put butter on my bread and put salami on it and then say [points up], \"Do me something,\" like I was angry with G-d, with everything that happened. It took me many, many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years to make peace with it. I could not and I cannot accept this was G-d's doing. He had nothing to do with it, and I'm at peace with that. At the same time, I feel very strongly you shouldn't leave it up to G-d to take care of you. As a Jew, particularly in Poland, they lived a thousand years--almost a thousand years. They participated in every aspect. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"served in the armies all over Europe. That did not give them immunity. We were singled out as strangers. Personally, I think very strongly that we need a country of our own to make sure that a Holocaust like this doesn't happen. Had we had Israel, I'm sure the railways would have been bombed, the ships that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't find a place where to land would have been welcomed, so I very strongly support the existence of the\nState of Israel. This is my only disappointment that I don't live there. I visit very often. I feel wonderful... I can remember my first visit to Israel. I cried for two weeks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I saw the Star of David flying on a flag, this was when Jerusalem was liberated. Israel was 22 years old. I thought of my grandfather, what a pious man, and here I am. I couldn't believe this is happening. It was a very emotional experience--very, very emotional. And the most that I liked is when I see these Jewish soldiers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with their guns and a prayer book in their hands. I feel if you can first defend yourself, then you can have the luxury of studying the Torah and everything else with it.\n\nErna: Have you returned to Europe since the war?\n\nLola: Yes. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went on the thirtieth anniversary, in 1975. I really wanted to go to Bergen-Belsen to visit the three mass graves that I'd seen when they buried the bodies there, but I'd never gone back. I was told I need to spend three days in Germany, and I wasn't ready to cope with it. My husband and I decided to visit. He wanted to go back home to his town, and like I stated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before, I wanted to go back to that little village that I had such pleasant memories, and of course to Lodz.\n\nErna: Did you go back there?\n\nLola: Yes.\n\nErna: How was it when you went back? Did you speak to people there?\n\nLola: Yes. First of all, when I went to Poland--before I went--I told my daughter to give me the biggest Star of David from metal that she has, and a big chain, and I stuck ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this on my neck. This is how I went. I didn't know what to expect. We stopped in Warsaw. This was a nine-day trip. The Pope went the same route, Reagan, I believe... they all went... not Reagan, Carter followed the same trip. We started off with Warsaw then we hired a taxi. First we went to the ghetto, and we visited the monument of Nathan ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rapoport. We saw streets that are called Yerushalayim Street--Jerusalem in Polish--and we went around in these places where they were shipped out from the train platforms. Then the group--it was a pre-arranged tour--so the group went on a trip to see the countryside, and there were three days for us to go back. My husband ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I hired a taxi, and we bypassed Lodz and went back the same route. He, too, was in Warsaw when Warsaw was fighting the Nazis, so he wanted to go back the same route. We came into the city of Ozorkow. He left it in 1940--he had no idea where the ghetto was. I was there. He stopped--I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could see his face turned white--and there was a Polish man that said to him in Polish, \"Come here, young man. Come here. You're in the right place.\" He recognized him. He was his age, but he looked like his father did before the war. It was a neighbor of theirs. He tells me they did not fear any antisemitism in this community in the city of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow. We were near in the apartment where he lived--he wanted to show me. We met the neighbors and we asked if there are any Jews left. They said yes, there's one Jew, Tobias Dreihorn, so we asked a taxi to take us to him. Then my husband took a walk around the square, they talked, he remembered every little detail, but I wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go very badly to the little town that was seven kilometers of Parcenzcew. I had this in front of me and I wanted to visit. Needless to say, he drove us back, this man, and we came in on a Sunday. I wore my big Star of David, and I said, \"Who do I talk to?\" I went to my grandfather's--my maternal      ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngrandfather's--neighbors,. That's all I had to do was say that I am Shia's wnucek--a granddaughter of Shia. He right away told me in Polish, \"Oh, you look\nlike your mother. And how is your father? And what happened to your uncles.\" He knew more about my family than I remembered. Then I went . . .\n\nErna: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, they were friendly.\n\nLola: Yes. Then I went to my paternal grandparents' neighbor. His father was a\nmedic-aid. He was a barber, and if you had a toothache, he would pull a tooth...\nyou know, in a small town. See, in small towns, you have different ties than you\ndo in a big city. He was a friend of my father, and he told me they used to climb up the trees and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pick apples and the dogs would get them. I remember my father had a mark on his leg--a dog bit him, or something like that. His two sons were doctors, this man's sons, and one drowned two weeks ago. He was very\nnice to me. I went by myself because I left Rubin in Ozorkow. He brought down\nfrom a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shelf, an oil painting picture that he kept from the old wooden Jewish\nsynagogue that was painted by a Warsaw painter, and he said, \"I'm sure you would like to have it.\" I thanked and I took it, and I gave him whatever I had with\nme. He was very proud--he didn't want it--just an exchange. We had tea, we\nconversed, I told him who was alive, and who wasn't, and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left. On the way back\nto Ozorkow this man told us that he has a Sefer Torah--a scroll that was hidden\nby his uncle before they left the city of Ozorkow--in an attic. His uncle didn't survive, he was very sick--I think his wife was Christian. He wanted to know if I would like to take this scroll with me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is an Ozorkow Society in New Jersey, so I immediately inquired why me. He said some people from his hometown came and offered him money, but he wouldn't sell it. I said, \"Why didn't you send it there?\" After visiting the site of the Ozorkow Ghetto--he took us there--and he took us to the Jewish cemetery, and he showed us what he was doing there. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Maybe it's my luck to be here--the last Jew.\" He was picking up the stones that the streets were paved with, and he put them near a tzadik [Hebrew: righteous man]. He turned to the Ozorkow Society to ask for some help in erecting a wall and a marker so if Jews come back, or people come back, they will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"realize there are Jewish people in this city. They refused. They said, \"If we're going to send money, we're going to send it to Israel.\" If I had not been in Poland, I would have felt the same way. Being there, I realized it was very important [to mark the cemetery] because in Warsaw I saw many tours, American children coming there, and where do you think they're taken--to the cemetery. That's where you see Jewish life way, way back. There's a synagogue ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or two, but it's very important that these Jewish sites be preserved. He wanted to give it to me. I was afraid to take it at that time because we were visiting other countries, but eventually I did get it to Atlanta through legal channels. I had help obtaining it, and I'm happy to say it arrived in my house--I couldn't believe it--from the city of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow. My husband and I dedicated it to the memory of the people that perished from that community. It is a kosher Torah, one of very, very few. There were like 39 Torahs left in Poland. It was over 80 years old and is the only living thing from the Holocaust that I knew from one congregation. We brought it to a congregation here, and it's being used.     ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\nErna: Did you think that another Holocaust is possible?\n\nLola: It is. I, at least, always thought that if you educate people, they naturally are better. But this was proved that it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened to the most sophisticated country that had no illiteracy, where education and science were used for the wrong reasons. So we as Jews should make sure that this doesn't happen to us again, and Israel is the only security we could have.\n\nErna: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is there anything else that you can think about that you want to relate to us?\n\nLola: I think I talked too much.\n\nErna: Not at all.\n\nLola: I hope in the future when there are no survivors left that this will bear witness to the atrocities. I feel very strong about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it--not guilty, but strong--that we owe an obligation as a witness to tell the story.\n\nErna: I'd like to thank you at this time, and I understand that this is not an easy thing for you to do, and we appreciate you taking the time and witnessing for us, telling us your story, so we can have a record of it for future generations.\n\nLola: Thank ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/transcript/18578/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6450.0,6480.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eŁόdź was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles from Warsaw. The Germans occupied it on September 8, 1939 and renamed it “Litzmannstadt.”  Even before the ghetto was set up Jews were deported in waves and by March 1940 almost 70,000 Jews had already been forced out or fled the city voluntarily. On December 10, 1939, a ghetto was established. By August 1944 the ghetto had been completely liquidated. Some Jews were sent to a temporarily re-opened Chelmno and murdered. Most were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOzorków was a textile manufacturing community and before the wars Jews were prominent as owners and workers. In the 1930s the Jews were the targets of much antisemitism as the Poles blamed them for the general economic situation, which was bad. When World War II broke out, some 5,000 Jews were confined in a ghetto were workshops were opened. Over 1,000 Jews worked outside the ghetto in a German factory. In 1941 many Jews from Ozorkow were sent to labor camps in Poznan, Poland and the surrounding area. Between May 21 and 23, 1942, about 2,000 Jews were deported to the Chelmno death camp and murdered. In August 1942 the remaining 1,800 Jews were sent to the Lodz ghetto to work.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003emikveh\u003c/em\u003e is a pool of water, gathered from rain or from a spring, which is used for ritual purification and ablutions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish community in Warsaw was the largest in Poland, composing about 30% of the entire population of the city (about 337,000 Jews). Warsaw was badly damaged by the German onslaught at the start of the war in September 1939. Poland surrendered after three weeks and the Germans occupied Warsaw. In November 1939 the first anti-Jewish decrees appeared, including the order that all Jews had to wear a blue Star of David on their person. More persecutions rained down that impoverished and separated the Jews of Warsaw from their neighbors and pogroms broke out. The Germans ordered the establishment of the ghetto in October 1940 and a Judenrat was set up with Adam Czerniakow as its head. The Jews of Warsaw were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. Jews from the surrounding area were also pushed into the ghetto, the population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter or basic necessities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: slaughterer. A \u003cem\u003eshochet\u003c/em\u003e is a butcher who has been trained to slaughter animals in accordance with Jewish law.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is the set of Jewish dietary laws. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law is called treif. The word ‘kosher’ has become English vernacular, a colloquialism meaning proper, legitimate, genuine, fair, or acceptable.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 10, 1939, a ghetto was established and Chaim Rumkowski, an engineer, was chosen to be the head of the Judenrat. Rumkowski is a controversial figure: some see him as a savior and others call him a willing German collaborator and toadie. Rumkowski voluntarily surrendered tens of thousands of Jews to certain death on the German’s demand, including women and children, based on his belief that if the Jews cooperated with the Germans, at least some of them would be saved. The living conditions in the ghetto, including food rations, were very poor because the ghetto was hermetically sealed. The mortality rate was very high. Waves of Jews from the surrounding area and Western Europe were pushed into the Lodz ghetto making the total number of Jews who passed through it at over 200,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or \u003cem\u003eMagen David\u003c/em\u003e, on their outer garments. The star had the word “\u003cem\u003eJude\u003c/em\u003e\" [German: Jew] written in Hebrew-style letters inside of it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVolksdeutsche\u003c/em\u003e is a term the German government used beginning in the 20th century to describe Germans living or born outside of Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShoah\u003c/em\u003e is a 1985 French documentary about the Holocaust that consists of interviews and visits to Holocaust sites in Poland. Included in the film are testimonies from survivors, witnesses and German perpetrators. The title come from the Hebrew name for the Holocaust, “\u003cem\u003eHaShoah\u003c/em\u003e,” which literally means “the destruction.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eSchutzstaffel\u003c/em\u003e was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “\u003cem\u003eSaal-Schutz\u003c/em\u003e” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “\u003cem\u003eSchutz-Staffel\u003c/em\u003e.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew] or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSholem Aleichem\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish: “peace be with you”] was the pen name of author and playwright Solomon Naumovich Rabinovich, born in Russia in 1859. Sholem Aleichem wrote in Russian and Hebrew at first but only in Yiddish after 1883, which earned him a place as a prominent Yiddish author by 1890. As pogroms raged through Russia in 1905, Aleichem immigrated to New York City, but later joined his family in Geneva, Switzerland. The family moved to the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York in 1914. Sholem Aleichem died of tuberculosis and diabetes in 1916. The musical \u003cem\u003eFiddler on the Roof\u003c/em\u003e was based on his stories about Tevye the Milkman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac Leib Peretz (1852-1913), known as I.L. Peretz, was a Yiddish playwright and author. He was born in Russia but moved to Warsaw, Poland in 1889 and stayed there until his death. There are streets named after him in Poland and Israel, and a Peretz Square in Manhattan, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzȩstochowa (sometimes also spelled as ‘Czenstochowa’), was occupied by the Germans on September 3, 1939 after which they killed randomly 300 to 500 civilians, including many Jews. A reign of terror was instituted against the Jews including pogroms in September and December 1939 in which the synagogues were destroyed and Jews murdered. In April 1941, a ghetto was created and the Jews were forced into it along with refugees from Lodz, Radomsko, Warsaw, Krakow, Plock and other cities. There were about 40,000 Jews in the ghetto. Many died of starvation and exposure in the harsh winter of 1941-42. On September 22, 1942 an Aktion deported about 7,000 Jews to the Treblinka death camp. Hundreds of others were murdered in the ghetto. Five more Aktions followed in late September and early November. Some 12,000 Jews were sent to Treblinka and up to 2,000 were killed in the ghetto including the residents of an old age home. During the Aktions, the able-bodied men were sent to temporary labor camps outside the city, some of them belonging to HASAG, a major ammunition manufacturer. On November 1, 1942 a “small ghetto” was set up for the remaining 5,185 “legal” Jews. In the second half of 1943, some 5,000 to 6,000 Jews were brought in from Lodz, Plaszow and Skarzysko-Kamienna to the HASAG factory sites to supplement the labor force. As the Russians approached in January 1945 the factory camps were evacuated with most prisoners being sent went in camps in Germany. The city was liberated by the Russians on January 17, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChełmno was the first death camp in Poland. It was opened in December 1941. It was an experiment to see if bringing the Jews to a site was more efficient that sending the Einsatzgruppen to find them, one community at a time. It was. The Jews were brought to the village of Chełmno to a manor house, where they were told to take off their clothes and leave their belongings. Then they were loaded onto trucks about 50 to 70 at a time. The trucks were specially modified so that the exhaust gas didn’t go out the tailpipe but was directed up into the sealed cargo area where the Jews were loaded. As the truck drove from the village to the camp site where the mass graves were they Jews died of carbon monoxide poisoning or suffocation. When the truck arrived at the forest camp the bodies were unloaded, thrown into the mass graves and then the truck returned for more. It took about 20 minutes to make the one-way trip. Many of the Jews murdered there came from Lodz, which was about 60 miles away as well as many other small Jewish communities in the area. In March 1943 it was closed and the graves dug up, the bodies burned and the ashes returned to the pits. Then in April 1944 it was opened again briefly to receive and murder the last Jews from Lodz. Altogether, at least 125,000 Jews were murdered there although the number is probably higher.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 10, 1939, a ghetto was established and Chaim Mordechaj Rumkowski (1877-1944), an engineer, was chosen to be the head of the \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e. Rumkowski is a controversial figure: some see him as a savior and others call him a willing German collaborator and toadie. Rumkowski voluntarily surrendered tens of thousands of Jews to certain death on the German’s demand, including women and children, based on his belief that if the Jews cooperated with the Germans, at least some of them would be saved.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHans Biebow (1902-1947), from Bremen, Germany, was the head of the Nazi administration of the Lodz Ghetto. He was a cruel man who starved the Jewish population in the ghetto and assisted the Gestapo in deporting many Jews to be executed at Chelmno and Auschwitz-Birkenau. Biebow personally profited from the slave labor implemented in the ghetto and from seized Jewish property. After the German surrender in 1945, Biebow fled and went into hiding in Germany but was recognized by a ghetto survivor and extradited by the Allies from Bremen back to Lodz. After his trial in April, 1947, Biebow was found guilty and executed by hanging.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\"\u003cem\u003eArbeit Macht Frei\u003c/em\u003e\" is a German phrase meaning “work makes [you] free.” The slogan is known for having been placed over the entrances to a number of Nazi concentration camps, including most infamously Auschwitz I, where it was made by prisoners with metalwork skills and erected by order of the Nazis in June 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. The Main Camp is where the museum is today and has the infamous ‘\u003cem\u003eArbeit Macht Frei\u003c/em\u003e’ gate. The Main Camp was established on the site of existing Polish army barracks just outside the town of Oświęcim (renamed Auschwitz by the Germans) and could hold about 10,000 prisoners. Later, when Hitler and Himmler wanted to expand the size of the camp they built Auschwitz-Birkenau about 2-1/2 miles away from the Main Camp. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Mengele (1911-1979) was a German \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e officer and physician. He became a doctor and joined the \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e. He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly-arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins—thus earning him the nickname the “Angel of Death.”  Many survivors recall being selected by Mengele, but caution should be used because Mengele only arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau on May 24, 1943. He fled the camp before the Russians arrived and turned up in Gross-Rosen for a while and a few others camps until he assumed the guise of a Wehrmacht soldier and tried to flee west undetected. However, he was captured by the Americans, who did not know who he was or what he had done. He was released in June 1945 under the name “Fritz Hollman.”  From July 1945 until May 1949 he worked on a farm in Bavaria and then fled to Argentina. He moved through several countries in South America, always being pursued to be brought to justice. He died in Brazil on February 7, 1979.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTisha B’Av\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: the ninth of \u003cem\u003eAv\u003c/em\u003e] is a Jewish holiday commemorating the destruction of the First and Second temples in 586 BCE and 76 CE and subsequent exile of Jews from the Land of Israel. \u003cem\u003eTisha B’Av\u003c/em\u003e is seen as the saddest holiday and most tragic day on the Jewish calendar, and it is a day for remembering calamities that have befallen the Jewish people since the destruction of the Temples. Observers of the holiday fast and abstain from any pleasurable activities. The month of \u003cem\u003eAv\u003c/em\u003e on the Jewish calendar falls in July or August on the Western calendar.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrisoners at the Auschwitz[-Birkenau] concentration camp complex were given tattoos with their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRavensbruck was established in 1939 and approximately 120,000 women of 40 nationalities passed through it. The women were put to work in the textile and armaments industry. In 1943 the population of the camp tripled with the conditions deteriorated drastically. When the number of women exceeded the barracks capacity they were put in tents and slept on the bare ground. They died in droves every day. The infirmary was the source of women for experimentation by German doctors. At the end of the war the camp population was swelled by Jewish women who were marched out of camps to the east and driven there and dumped. In January 1945 preparations were made to start mass executions and many were murdered by injection of poisons or shooting. There was a small gas chamber installed in early 1945 in which about 5,000 to 6,000 women were murdered. In March 1945 thousands of women prisoners were matched out of Ravensbruck and sent to Mauthausen and Bergen-Belsen where they were abandoned. On April 27 and 28, another 20,000 women prisoners were marched out in a northwesterly direction. On May 1, 1945 the Russian army liberated the last 2,000 prisoners left in the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMuhlhausen was part of the Buchenwald group of sub-camps. The prisoners worked in the Geratbau GmbH, a subsidiary of the clockmaking firm Thiel, Ruhla, which manufactured timers and precision instruments, and the Junkers aircraft company, which produced detonators and precision instruments. At first, Polish workers were recruited and when they became scarcer, Jewish women were selected from Ravensbruck concentration camp. The women worked in 12 hour shifts and had to march to the factory from Camp B, where the barracks were. The hygienic conditions were catastrophic and although it was freezing cold the women had inadequate clothing. Some didn’t even have shoes. In February 1945 the women were evacuated to Celle, Germany and driven on foot the 15 kilometers to Bergen-Belsen. Bergen-Belsen was liberated on April 15, 1945 at which time 80% of the women who had been sent there from Muhlhausen had died.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eWehrmacht\u003c/em\u003e was the German military from 1935 to 1945. The German military were complicit in Nazi war crimes during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eAufseherinnen\u003c/em\u003e, [German: overseers or attendants] were female guards who served in Nazi concentration camps. The first female guards arrived at Auschwitz and Majdanek camps from Ravensbruck in 1942. In 1943 there was a guard shortage, and Nazis began recruiting women to fill the guard positions. The singular term is Aufseherin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was established in 1943 to serve as a transit camp for Jewish prisoners who were initially excluded from deportation. They were to be held in exchange for Germans interned in western countries. Toward the end of the war, Bergen-Belsen became a dumping place for Jews marched out of camps in the east. There was no housing for them, no medical care, no food, and no water. Ultimately there were about 41,000 prisoners in the camps and the mortality rate was extreme. The British liberated Bergen-Belsen on April 15, 1945 and it took them weeks to even be able to start to deal with the horrifying situation. Many thousands of prisoners died after liberation, being too far gone to recover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Kramer (1906-1945) was the Commandant of Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1940, where he was in charge of the gas chambers, and transferred to Bergen-Belsen from Birkenau in 1944. Kramer was so cruel that he was known as the “Beast of Belsen.”  When Bergen-Belsen was liberated by the British, Kramer took them to tour the camp. Kramer was then incarcerated and was tried in the Belsen Trial by a British military court. Josef Kramer was sentenced to death on November 17, 1945 and was executed on December 13, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThüringen province, Germany is where Niederorschel, a sub-camp of Buchenwald concentration camp, was located.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a chemical first synthesized in 1874 and further developed as an insecticide in 1939 by Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Muller. During the second half of World War II, DDT was used to control malaria and typhus in civilians and troops. DDT was used after World War II as an agricultural insecticide.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn May 5th, 1985, President Ronald Reagan visited the Kolmeshohe [German: Kolmeshӧhe] Cemetery in Bitburg, Germany at the invitation of West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. This visit was extremely controversial and protested by many in the United States, including Holocaust survivor and author Elie Wiesel, because SS were buried at the site. Reagan did not cancel his visit to the cemetery, but he added a visit to Bergen-Belsen during his trip.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Allies were a group of countries who worked together to oppose the Axis forces (Germany, Italy, and Japan) during World War II. At the start of the war in 1939, the Allies consisted of France, Poland and Great Britain. In 1941, the Soviet Union and the United States joined the Allies. In 1942, Allied policy was controlled by the “Big Three:” Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Other Allies included China, Canada, British Raj (India), the Netherlands, Norway and Yugoslavia. The alliance was formalized in the Declaration by United Nations in 1942, and in 1945 the present-day UN was created.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Rosensaft (1911-1975) was a Polish Holocaust survivor who was elected by refugees in his DP Camp to the Central Committee of Liberated Jews. He promoted the rights of refugees and opposed the restrictive British immigration policy for Jews wishing to move to Palestine. Rosensaft moved to Montreux, Switzerland and subsequently to the United States in the 1950’s with his wife and son. Menachem Z. Rosensaft (b. 1948) is a Jewish activist and Founding Chairman of the International Network of Children of Jewish Survivors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the seven million uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, six million non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion , emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce anti-semitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Intially, the Allies herded Jewish DPs and non-Jewish DPs together, but conflicts arose. The need to recognize Jews as a unique and stateless group of DPs was urgent, and became obvious to the Americans. They created the first exclusively Jewish DP camp at Feldafing, which began absorbing Jews from Dachau in the summer of 1945.Most DP camps had been designated as either Jewish or non-Jewish by the end of 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFeldafing was the first all-Jewish displaced persons camp, and hosted a large and important community of survivors. It was originally a summer camp for Hitler Youth, and was located 20 miles southwest of Munich, Germany in the American zone of occupation. The camp was originally opened on May 1, 1945 to house 3,000 Hungarian Jews, and it housed many non-Jewish concentration camp survivors until July 1945. At that time, the US Army moved the remaining Jewish survivors of Dachau into the camp. In autumn 1945, the first all-Jewish hospital in the German DP camps was founded at Feldafing. Educational and religious life flourished there. In addition to secular elementary and high schools, the camp’s religious community founded several schools. It also had a rabbinical council that supported its religious office, and an extensive library. Kibbutzim (Zionist communes) were organized by the children and adolescents in the camp. Newspapers were published. Camp residents were entertained by theater groups and orchestras.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnna Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) was the wife of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband and became an advocate for civil rights. After her husband’s death in 1945, Eleanor continued to be an international author, speaker and politician and activist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881. Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russia in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnited Jewish Appeal (UJA) is an umbrella philanthropic fund that collects and then distributes funds to Jewish organizations in their community and around the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘teaching.‘ \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e is general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e and other rabbinical works. ‘\u003cem\u003eSefer Torah\u003c/em\u003e’ refers to the sacred scroll on which the first five books of the Bible (the Pentateuch) are written.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNathan Rapoport (1911-1987) was a Jewish sculptor born in Warsaw, Poland. He escaped Poland when the Nazis invaded and fled into the Russia. He worked as a manual laborer but returned to study at the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts after the war. Rapoport immigrated to the United States in the 1950’s. He created the Monument to Ghetto Heroes sculpture in Warsaw\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA handwritten copy of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e, the holiest book in Judaism. It must meet extremely strict standards of production. When not in use in services, it is stored in the holiest spot in a synagogue, the \u003cem\u003eAron Kodesh\u003c/em\u003e (Holy Ark), which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the war that most closely faces Jerusalem, the direction Jews face when praying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/annotation_set/99/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Jewish tradition, mourners bring stones to place on gravesites rather than flowers. The origins of this tradition may relate to ancient times when piles of stones were used to mark graves. Stones may also symbolize that the mourners’ memories of the deceased will last forever, as stones also last forever, as opposed to flowers, which wilt and die.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=6210.0,6240.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Lansky, Lola Borkowska [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Introduction/Early life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=0.0,431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was born on November 19, 1926 in the city of Lodz, Poland. It was the industrial city of Lodz—it was like a Manchester [England]—the second largest Jewish community in Poland next to its capital, Warsaw.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=0.0,431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=0.0,431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish life/Rumblings of War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=431.0,1249.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[It was] 1939. All the radios were blasting in Polish:  “England and France declared war on Germany. The Germans attacked Poland. All able-bodied men should leave immediately for Warsaw, because they will put up a fight and defend the capital.”","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=431.0,1249.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kashrut","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kosher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=431.0,1249.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family separation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1249.0,1542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My aunt, my father’s only sister was there—this was her child—they were given the letter B, she was given the letter A. When we found out that the younger people received A which meant that they will stay and work, and the B will be sent away. I must have lost that day about 20 of my family members—quite a number of little cousins, since we were the oldest... “Please don’t forget us.” My grandmother waves, and I could see them when they’re led away—“Please don’t forget us.”","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1249.0,1542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"separation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1249.0,1542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orzokow and Lodz Ghettos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1542.0,2114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Erna: In the ghetto, did you know anything about the existence of death camps or what was going on in the outside world?\nLola: No. We didn’t. You know I have to talk about it. If they knew that workers... nobody wanted to go. There was always a demand from the Germans to have so many thousands of people ready to be shipped out. Naturally if you were sick, or they would take away your bread—you were a candidate to go. The idea was not to go, because you didn’t know what to expect. At least here you knew what you had, even though we were still starving, but you were together as a family.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1542.0,2114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghettos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orzokow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starvation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=1542.0,2114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2114.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Take off your jewelry, throw it in. Then the next thing—they took the shoes and they had a hole with water to dunk the shoes to make sure there’s nothing hidden in there, and then they took the shoes away. We went to [the] barber. I could still sometimes think I could feel the clipper going straight across, cutting my hair.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2114.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bald","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"death camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Josef Mengele","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mengele","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starvation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2114.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ravensbruck","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2760.0,3172.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that’s how we arrived in Ravensbruck [German: Ravensbrück]. It was another concentration camp in Germany. There was no room for us. The 500 of us would huddle together. I guess with the approaching of fall... that’s the only way I can determine what time of year it was... it must have been fall because it was chilly at night, and we used to huddle close to each other so we wouldn’t freeze.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2760.0,3172.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attack","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"death camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"freezing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gypsies","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liepzig","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ravensbruck","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romani","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=2760.0,3172.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3172.0,3515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we arrived, it was hell on earth—Bergen-Belsen.  It was a camp built for about 10,000 people. At this point, there were 60,000—all nationalities, mostly Jewish at that point. Bodies were thrown all over. Disease was rampant. The smell and the odor was unreal. With the coming of spring, this was unbelievable. When we got there we had no place for mother, so my sister and I used to sit by the wall in a barrack—Barrack One, a bungalow—and hold her.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3172.0,3515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"death camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fever","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hunger","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pneumonia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starvation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3172.0,3515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3515.0,4134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I saw the gates of Bergen-Belsen open, a tank moved in—a military tank. Kramer, who was a commandant from Auschwitz[-Birkenau] was on the right side of the tank. With bullhorns they announced in all languages the unbelievable:  “People, you are free.\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3515.0,4134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"April 1945","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"death camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=3515.0,4134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Post-liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4134.0,4318.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought that my sister and I are the only ones that survived in the family. You have to realize that for the survivors, life just started, and the tragedies just started—trying to find out who is alive, what you should do.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4134.0,4318.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"families","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reunification","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reunion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"searching","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4134.0,4318.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reunion with Father, DP Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4318.0,4838.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Bergen-Belsen, one day a girlfriend of mine came running, excited, that she saw somebody came from Munchen [Munich, Germany], that from the American zone—we were in the English zone—that she saw three Borkowskys. I couldn’t believe it. I flew over there. I’m standing and I’m waiting—my father, my brother and one of my uncles are alive in the American zone. I ran to my cousin, I said, “You won’t believe, my father is alive.”","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4318.0,4838.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced-persons camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DP Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survival","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4318.0,4838.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arrival in US/Life in New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936#t=4838.0,5564.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29277/file/96936/index/47180/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We arrived on June 24 of 1946. A month earlier, the first ship arrived. A band waited for them and Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt.  I had a friend on that ship, so I always tease him. For me there was no band—it was very disappointing. I don’t know, we thought... I didn’t feel any guilt... maybe that’s why... and they kept saying, “Oh, you look so good.” I was only 19. 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I, at least, always thought that if you educate people, they naturally are better. But this was proved that it happened to the most sophisticated country that had no illiteracy, where education and science were used for the wrong reasons. 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