{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/fn10p0z42s/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Robinson, Jerry"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2004-07-11 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Robinson, Jerry (Interviewee)","Berman, Sandra (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["The William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta Special Exhibition Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJerry Robinson was interviewed by Sandra Berman on July 10, 2004, in Atlanta Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eJerry Robinson was born in Trenton, New Jersey. He was the youngest of five children born to Benjamin and Mae [Mendelsohn] Robinson. Jerry was raised in Trenton, a hub for pottery production in America. Jerry’s father was an entrepreneur and worked in a variety of fields, including pottery, operated movie theaters, and clothing retail stores. His mother was a bookkeeper, and until the Great Depression, Jerry had a comfortable childhood in the suburbs of Trenton. After the Great Depression began, Jerry’s parents’ business suffered and they were forced to move back into a tenement building.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJerry’s family encouraged his artistic inclinations and Jerry’s siblings worked hard to ensure they could put each other through college. On a trip to a resort in the Poconos, Jerry met Batman co-creator, Bob Kane. Bob Kane was so impressed with the jacket Jerry was wearing, which he had decorated himself, that he offered Jerry a job assisting in illustrating Batman. This chance encounter became the catalyst for his career in comics, Jerry accepted and moved to New York City to attend Columbia University and work with Bob Kane and Bill Finger. Working on Batman, Jerry co-created two of the most iconic Batman characters, Robin and The Joker. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1957, Jerry married Gro Bagn and they had two children. As Jerry’s career progressed, he continued to work as a comic illustrator and writer. He became an advocate for Superman creators, Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, in their efforts to earn the rights to their work back from DC Comics. Jerry was highly dedicated in his efforts to ensure Siegel and Shuster and the creators after them would be rightfully recognized for their work. This campaign was successful and cemented Jerry’s legacy as an advocate for creator’s rights. He passed away in December 2011 in Staten Island, New York.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses on Jerry’s early life and career in the comic book industry, how he came to be part of the industry, and contributed to one of its most recognizable characters, Batman. He recalls his early childhood, growing up in Trenton with very hard-working parents. He discusses how formative experiences with Judaism during his confirmation largely turned him away from the religion and made him a life-long advocate for himself and other creators. Jerry recalls that his sibling had artistic inclinations and thinks this may have impacted his own path as an artist. He expressed that his mother was especially encouraging of his artistic abilities and tried to enroll him in Trenton’s art school, but he was told he was too young. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJerry remembers how his family struggled during the Great Depression, his parents’ successful businesses were unable to recover and his family was forced into poverty. He reflects on working to afford college and his mother, concerned for his well-being, encouraged him to take a trip to relax before his studies began. On this trip, he had a chance encounter with Batman co-creator, Bob Kane. Jerry details how this encounter led to him deciding to go to school at Columbia University and moving to New York City to work on Batman with Bob and Bill Finger. He reminisces fondly on looking for a ride into the city and sharing a limousine with opera performer Jan Peerce. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJerry describes his relationship with Bob and Bill, Jerry had never lived in New York City and he remembers Bill showing him various cultural institutions around the city. He recounts how they interacted as a team, detailing how two well-known Batman characters, Robin and the Joker, were created. He discusses how influences from his family and books from his childhood shaped the characters and their names. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe reflects on why so many young Jewish men were drawn to the industry, Jerry did not think there was much of a correlation, mentioning that there were numerous Jewish entrepreneurs. He goes on to discuss comics during World War II and why Batman was never directly involved in the war. Jerry describes the formation and legacy of the comic book industry, describing comic books as another manifestation of the desire to tell stories. Jerry talks about the lasting influence of comic books on American culture and how they have been incorporated into numerous aspects of daily life. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJerry extensively discusses the efforts of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster to earn back the rights to their creation, Superman. Jerry recounts how he came to be involved in the campaign, how he rallied support, and negotiated a deal that would ensure the preservation of Jerry and Joe’s legacies. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJerry further reflects on Jewish creators in the comic book industry, he mentions there was some prejudice in other areas of publishing, drawing young Jewish men to comic books. He describes how his Jewish background influenced his career and the stories he wrote and illustrated. Jerry recounts the creation of his story and character London, inspired by the tenacity of Londoners during World War II. The interview concludes with Jerry recounting being interviewed by a comic book scholar who had discovered London in his research and told Jerry it had great historical significance, as it was one of the first comics to depict events at the same time they happened in the world.  Jerry reads the first page of London and shows it to the camera. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29186"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Adams, Neal (1941-2022) (personal name)","Biro, Charlie (1911-1972) (personal name)","Caniff, Milton (1907-1988) (personal name)","Cronkite, Walter (1916-2009) (personal name)","de Maupassant, Guy [French: Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant] (1850-1893) (personal name)","Donenfeld, Harry (1893-1965) (personal name)","Finger, Bill (born Milton Finger) (1914-1974) (personal name)","Foster, Hal (1892-1982) (personal name)","Gallo, Bill (1922-2011) (personal name)","Gropper, William (1897-1977) (personal name)","Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945) (personal name)","Hoover, ​​Herbert (1874-1964) (personal name)","Jackson, Anne (1925-2016) (personal name)","Kane, Bob (born Robert Kahn) (1915-1998) (personal name)","Minor, Robert (1884-1952) (personal name)","Napoleon I (1769-1821) (personal name)","Peerce, Jan (born Yehoshua Pinkhes Perelmuth) (1904-1984) (personal name)","Robinson, Jerry (1922-2011) (personal name)","Robinson, Moses (approx. 1798-1918) (personal name)","Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882-1945) (personal name)","Shuster, Joe (1914-1992) (personal name)","Siegel, Jerry (1914-1996) (personal name)","Simon, Joe (1913-2011) (personal name)","Wood, Wally (1927-1981) (personal name)","Wyeth, N. C. (1882-1945) (personal name)","Batman (personal name)","Captain America (personal name)","The Joker (personal name)","Kent, Clark (personal name)","Robin (personal name)","Robin Hood (personal name)","Superman (personal name)","Wayne, Bruce (personal name)","The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists (AAEC) (corporate name)","The Authors Guild (corporate name)","Columbia University (corporate name)","DC Comics (corporate name)","Lenox Pottery (corporate name)","The Metropolitan Opera (corporate name)","Museum of Natural History (corporate name)","The National Cartoonist Society (corporate name)","New Masses (corporate name)","New York Daily News (corporate name)","The New York Times (corporate name)","Penn State (corporate name)","Princeton University (corporate name)","Saks Fifth Avenue (corporate name)","The Saturday Evening Post (corporate name)","The School of Industrial Arts (corporate name)","Syracuse University (corporate name)","Timely Comics (corporate name)","The Times of Trenton (corporate name)","The Washington Post (corporate name)","The Bronx, New York (geographic term)","Brooklyn, New York (geographic term)","Central Park (geographic term)","London, England (geographic term)","The Lower East Side (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (geographic term)","The Poconos (geographic term)","Queens, New York (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","South Jersey (geographic term)","Times Square (geographic term)","Trenton, New Jersey (geographic term)","Pogrom (topical term)","1932 United States presidential election (named event)","French invasion of Russia (named event)","The Great Depression (named event)","The London Blitz (named event)","Prohibition (named event)","World War I (named event)","World War II (named event)","bar mitzvah (chronological term)","Confirmation (chronological term)","Detective Comics (other)","The German-American Bund (other)","Orthodox Judaism (other)","Peanuts (other)","Pulp magazines (other)","Reform Judaism (other)","Rusty and His Pals (other)","The Shadow (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJerry Robinson was interviewed by Sandra Berman on July 10, 2004, in Atlanta Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJerry Robinson was born in Trenton, New Jersey. He was the youngest of five children born to Benjamin and Mae [Mendelsohn] Robinson. Jerry was raised in Trenton, a hub for pottery production in America. Jerry\u0026rsquo;s father was an entrepreneur and worked in a variety of fields, including pottery, operated movie theaters, and clothing retail stores. His mother was a bookkeeper, and until the Great Depression, Jerry had a comfortable childhood in the suburbs of Trenton. After the Great Depression began, Jerry\u0026rsquo;s parents\u0026rsquo; business suffered and they were forced to move back into a tenement building. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJerry\u0026rsquo;s family encouraged his artistic inclinations and Jerry\u0026rsquo;s siblings worked hard to ensure they could put each other through college. On a trip to a resort in the Poconos, Jerry met Batman co-creator, Bob Kane. Bob Kane was so impressed with the jacket Jerry was wearing, which he had decorated himself, that he offered Jerry a job assisting in illustrating Batman. This chance encounter became the catalyst for his career in comics, Jerry accepted and moved to New York City to attend Columbia University and work with Bob Kane and Bill Finger. Working on Batman, Jerry co-created two of the most iconic Batman characters, Robin and The Joker.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1957, Jerry married Gro Bagn and they had two children. As Jerry\u0026rsquo;s career progressed, he continued to work as a comic illustrator and writer. He became an advocate for Superman creators, Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, in their efforts to earn the rights to their work back from DC Comics. Jerry was highly dedicated in his efforts to ensure Siegel and Shuster and the creators after them would be rightfully recognized for their work. This campaign was successful and cemented Jerry\u0026rsquo;s legacy as an advocate for creator\u0026rsquo;s rights. He passed away in December 2011 in Staten Island, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses on Jerry\u0026rsquo;s early life and career in the comic book industry, how he came to be part of the industry, and contributed to one of its most recognizable characters, Batman. He recalls his early childhood, growing up in Trenton with very hard-working parents. He discusses how formative experiences with Judaism during his confirmation largely turned him away from the religion and made him a life-long advocate for himself and other creators. Jerry recalls that his sibling had artistic inclinations and thinks this may have impacted his own path as an artist. He expressed that his mother was especially encouraging of his artistic abilities and tried to enroll him in Trenton\u0026rsquo;s art school, but he was told he was too young.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJerry remembers how his family struggled during the Great Depression, his parents\u0026rsquo; successful businesses were unable to recover and his family was forced into poverty. He reflects on working to afford college and his mother, concerned for his well-being, encouraged him to take a trip to relax before his studies began. On this trip, he had a chance encounter with Batman co-creator, Bob Kane. Jerry details how this encounter led to him deciding to go to school at Columbia University and moving to New York City to work on Batman with Bob and Bill Finger. He reminisces fondly on looking for a ride into the city and sharing a limousine with opera performer Jan Peerce.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJerry describes his relationship with Bob and Bill, Jerry had never lived in New York City and he remembers Bill showing him various cultural institutions around the city. He recounts how they interacted as a team, detailing how two well-known Batman characters, Robin and the Joker, were created. He discusses how influences from his family and books from his childhood shaped the characters and their names.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe reflects on why so many young Jewish men were drawn to the industry, Jerry did not think there was much of a correlation, mentioning that there were numerous Jewish entrepreneurs. He goes on to discuss comics during World War II and why Batman was never directly involved in the war. Jerry describes the formation and legacy of the comic book industry, describing comic books as another manifestation of the desire to tell stories. Jerry talks about the lasting influence of comic books on American culture and how they have been incorporated into numerous aspects of daily life.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJerry extensively discusses the efforts of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster to earn back the rights to their creation, Superman. Jerry recounts how he came to be involved in the campaign, how he rallied support, and negotiated a deal that would ensure the preservation of Jerry and Joe\u0026rsquo;s legacies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJerry further reflects on Jewish creators in the comic book industry, he mentions there was some prejudice in other areas of publishing, drawing young Jewish men to comic books. He describes how his Jewish background influenced his career and the stories he wrote and illustrated. Jerry recounts the creation of his story and character London, inspired by the tenacity of Londoners during World War II. The interview concludes with Jerry recounting being interviewed by a comic book scholar who had discovered London in his research and told Jerry it had great historical significance, as it was one of the first comics to depict events at the same time they happened in the world. \u0026nbsp;Jerry reads the first page of London and shows it to the camera.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/206/673/small/Robinson_Jerry.mp4_1692844586.jpg?1692844586","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Robinson_Jerry.mp4"]},"duration":6131.209,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/206/673/small/Robinson_Jerry.mp4_1692844586.jpg?1692844586","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/206/673/original/Robinson_Jerry.mp4?1692844582","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6131.209,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Jerry Robinson [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: We are with Mr. Jerry Robinson, who was gracious enough to agree to do\nthis interview for the William Breman and Jewish Heritage Museum. I'd like to\nbegin by asking you to just spend a little bit of time talking about your roots,\nyour childhood, where you were born, your parents, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those kinds of things.\n\nROBINSON: I was born in 1922, that long ago, in Trenton, New Jersey . My parents\n. . . my father came from Russia about 1895, I believe the date was, as a very\nyoung man and was the first of his family to come, to emigrate. I think he was\nescaping some of the pogroms ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Russia at the time. Later, he brought over his\nfamily, brothers and sisters, and his mother. His father was killed in an\naccident at a young age. My mother was born in New York, but her parents were\nalso from Russia, a different part. They didn't know each other there. I'm the\nfirst or second ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generation here. My mother was a very brilliant woman, she had\nvery little education. She had to quit her job; she was the head bookkeeper at a\nconcern . She never went past the sixth or seventh grade, she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"self-taught.\nIn those days, there were no computers and all that.\n\nBERMAN: You were speaking about your mother being a bookkeeper.\n\nROBINSON: My mother, yes. In those days, there were no computers. A fairly large\ncompany would have 20, 30, or 40 bookkeepers, whole rooms of just people keeping\nthe books. My mother was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"proud that she was the head bookkeeper of the\nconcern, and one of the bosses' daughters was under her in the bookkeeping\ndepartment. She had beautiful handwriting, I recall. She was . . . I think some\nof my interest in politics came from my mother, because when we moved to\nTrenton, New Jersey, I was born there, but when I was growing up, I remember as\nfar back as the first FDR ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"campaign against Hoover , and she was a local\nDemocratic committee woman or an equivalent of those days. My first exposure to\npolitics came from that. I've been a kind of a political animal ever since.\n\nBERMAN: What did your father do?\n\nROBINSON: My father, he was an unusual man in that he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also had very little\neducation, formal education. He came from a very little village in Russia where\nhe and his father were considered mayors only because they were kind of jack of\nall trades. They could fix an electrical line, or shoe a horse or bandage, or\nwhatever was required in that village, there was nothing formal . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was up\nto almost every challenge. I got a lot of influence from him, in the sense that,\nif it was a new challenge, it was interesting and I had the confidence that\nsomehow I could do it. Seeing him do things like that where he didn't know\nanything about it, but would . . . some problem, and he would figure out how to\ndo it. I don't recall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what first business he went into, but successively he went\ninto a number of different things. He was adaptable according to the times that\nwas needed. Trenton was a big pottery center, we had, I think Lenox Pottery was\nmade there. One time he had a pottery, I'm sure he knew nothing about it but he\nlearned. They were a good combination, my mother and father. My mother was\nalways involved in the business in some way, keeping the books, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"obviously. She\nwas very conservative, and my father was very adventurous. He would plunge ahead\nwith projects and my mother was the conservative one, they made a good combination.\n\nBERMAN: How did they meet?\n\nROBINSON: They met here in New York [City], through relatives or friends. They\nlived in the Lower East Side at the time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father brought his brothers over\nand his mother, my great . . . and he brought over my great-great grandfather,\nhis grandfather, who I never met. He died before I was born, but he lived to be\n116 years old. We had several articles in the Trenton papers. I thought the\nstory was apocryphal of the family, myth about . . . his name was Moses\n[Robinson] , ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about Moses living to be 116, but it was true. I have the article\nsomewhere. It was in the family, in the Trenton Times of 1911, I think it was.\nThey have a whole page interview with him the year before he died. They went to\nvisit him, he was still living alone, taking care of himself. He was out in the\nbackyard chopping wood when they . . . as the interviewer wrote in the article.\nHe invited them in, he made tea for them, he danced a jig, he told his own life\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story, and it just was fantastic. At one point, which intrigued me, they asked\nhim what was his earliest memories as a child in Russia. He said he remembered\nwhen he was a very little boy, there's a big excitement in the village because\nthere's a parade or something of significance that was going to go through the\nvillage, and because there were just dirt roads, and they all went out and it\nturned out to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be Napoleon on his way to Moscow . If you can imagine that, that\nwas about 1812. My brother, my eldest brother, knew my great-great grandfather.\nMy brother knew the man who saw Napoleon. It kind of blows your mind when you\nthink of it.\n\nBERMAN: What did he finally die of?\n\nROBINSON: My version is he didn't die a natural death, he was shot by a jealous\nhusband, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but he must have died somehow of natural causes. He did . . . I did\nlearn, he fell a year later when he died at 116, and that probably exacerbated\nhis condition.\n\nBERMAN: What was your neighborhood like in Trenton? Was it a Jewish neighborhood?\n\nROBINSON: No, there was a Jewish neighborhood downtown, off the main streets,\nwhere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a whole Jewish area. I had friends there, but by the time I was\nborn, my father had made it somewhat. We lived in a more residential area that\nwas very mixed. I had Jewish friends and non-Jewish friends. It was very\nintegrated and even a few blacks, but not too many at that time.\n\nBERMAN: Was religion an important part of your home?\n\nROBINSON: Not deeply ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious. We belong to Reform ; we belong to the Temple .\nWe'd go on major holidays, but it was certainly not Orthodox . Some members of\nthe family were perhaps, my immediate family was not. Just a diversion . . . I\nthink the reason for that, personally, was I was always interested in religion\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish lore from a historical standpoint. It was part of my culture. When I\nwas confirmed rather than a [bar] mitzvah , which is then in Jewish right? In\nHebrew? The confirmation was in English. When I was 13, I was in a rather large\nconfirmation class, about 10 or . . . Ten or 12, or so, in our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"class. We were\nall mostly all close friends at that time. We were supposed to write our\nconfirmation speech, for the confirmation . . . This story, come to think of it,\nmight have significance in a broader thesis here. I was trying to think what I\nwould write, a 13-year-old kid, about life. My brother, one of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mine, I had three\nelder brothers. One of them was in college, the three of them were in college at\nthe time, actually. One of them was home around that time, holidays or whatever.\nHe was also very political, and was . . . at the time, this was . . . about\n1935. [Adolf] Hitler was just ascending to power, and the Nazis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were becoming a\nconcern. He had learned, I can't remember how, he'd either done his research\nhimself or had read about these Nazi groups forming in the US. Where they would\nhave training camps.\n\nBERMAN: The Bund .\n\nROBINSON: Yes, the Bund. I remember him, when he was home on a holiday or from\ncollege, he was telling us these stories about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. He made me aware of the\nNazis and the German condition in Europe and the condition of the Jews, of\ncourse. I remember It was somewhat frightening even then, at that early stage. I\ndecided to write my confirmation speech about the danger of the German Storm\nTroopers and these Nazi training camps in the US, based on what my brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had\ntold me and whatever other reading I did after he inspired me. The rabbi, who\nwill remain nameless, who I learned to dislike intensely, took everybody's . . .\neverybody wrote their own, and disregarded them and wrote speeches for each one\nof us that we were supposed to have written ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I was absolutely . . . as a kid,\nnot knowing what to do, and I had to memorize his speech. There was a fury\nwithin me that I had to do that, and that he had disregarded all this that I had\nwritten. There was no word of any of this Nazi business in the speech. This nice\nspeech of platitudes and what-not, that really turned me off. I never went to\nTemple after I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"confirmed, except on a couple of occasions when I went with\nmy family on holidays, but that was it. Even that was very minimal.\nUnfortunately, that was an example of what can turn you off as a young person. I\nalready was writing some things; I was proud of my work. I was very excited\nabout writing the speech, which was important. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, that's a little diversion.\n\nBERMAN: It's not just your story, I've heard it . . .\n\nROBINSON: Really?\n\nBERMAN: . . . From a number of people. They have that experience with a\nparticular spiritual leader . . .\n\nROBINSON: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: . . . Leads to . . . To change the subject for just a moment . . .\n\nROBINSON: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: When did you realize you had artistic talent?\n\nROBINSON: Before I forget, if I could not answer that . . . I want to continue\nwith my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dad . . . successively . . . The thing that really . . . Where he was\nsuccessful at and made us kind of an upper middle-class family at that point, we\nwent from being very poor to that. As my mother had seen in New York, she came\nfrom the Lower East Side, the first movies. I don't know what they called them\nat that time, the flicks. They were just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in . . . They would open storefronts\nand just put in benches. The movies cost a nickel or so. She was very impressed\nwith this, but nobody went to the movies at that time, except . . . It was\nconsidered a very low-class form of entertainment. Nobody who was respectable\nwent to these films, that's how early it was. It was before any buildings were\nbuilt to be theaters ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just for the exclusive purpose of showing films. My mother,\nwho was a young woman at that time, was very impressed with this. When they\nmoved to Trenton, and maybe something happened with the pottery business, I'm\nnot sure, but he was looking for another avenue of work for his family. He had\nfive children; I was the youngest of five. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother told him about the movies\nand that was going to be the coming thing. By that time, there were buildings\nstarting to be built to be theaters. My father got very interested and excited;\nhe went . . . He had no wherewithal, funds to build the building. He went to the\nbank and got $100,000, and in that day, was maybe a million. Absolutely no\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collateral, just on his own, because they knew him to be a very hardworking and\nhonest man. He got this loan and built the first motion picture theater in\nTrenton, built to be [for movies]. He called it, and this, I'm sure, was part of\nthe influence of my mother, they called it the Garden Theater. Because they were\nout to attract the so-called 'respectable people' in Trenton, they decorated it\nlike a garden. It was very successful. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He wound up having three or four theaters\nin that area of New Jersey. He bought our own home out in a residential area, a\nbeautiful home, that I grew up with about the first five or six years. Then came\nthe crash . He was completely wiped out, because my father was the bold one . .\n. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over invested in the stock market and lost everything. We lost our home, he\nlost the theater, he lost everything. Yes, I had to start on an entirely new\ncareer of finding some other business. That might be a later story, but I\nthought that part of it was relevant. We had to move downtown. Actually, the\ntenement building that he owned was the only thing that he was left with. That's\nwhere really, I spent the rest of my growing years from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about six to maybe 12.\nThey were among the rough gangs, the kid gangs of Trenton. A lot of stories\nabout that. I went from one extreme to the other.\n\nBERMAN: What did he do after that?\n\nROBINSON: Again, they did something very creative and it was a great\ncombination. They got the idea that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things were so bad at the height of the\nDepression , that men who wanted to get work, in a certain level job had to look\npresentable, but they couldn't afford any clothes, new clothes . . . Stores and\nclothing manufacturers were going out of business, every day. They got an idea\nof opening a clothing store for people who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't afford clothing, and they\nwent and bought out a store that was going out of business. Their whole stock\nfor very little because they were going bankrupt. He opened the store, and the\nfirst one was called Thrifty Twelve-Fifty. I even mentioned it in my book about\nthat era. Where you go in and buy a suit, a vest, and two pair of pants of the\nbest [indistinct: 18:28: possibly 'Saks Fifth Avenue' ] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for only $12.50. They\ncame from all over South Jersey to his store and even opened another one next\ndoor called The Bell Clothing, which was $8.50, even less. They bought so that\nthey could have something presentable to get reasonable jobs, not just, a\nworking job. I used to help ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out on weekends, selling and packing up the clothes.\nAnyway, that's what he went into afterwards.\n\nBERMAN: What about your artistic talent? When did you realize?\n\nROBINSON: I had some realization of it, but not really until they agreed to pay\nme for it. Then, I thought, \"Oh! This might be something.\" I drew as a kid, I\nalways drew as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kid. I loved that. Even in kindergarten or second grade, I have\na memory of everybody else working at their desk, and the teacher had me in the\nmiddle of the floor doing my own drawing. I drew an elephant on top of a\nmountain peak, for some reason. I do remember that. Then later I drew cartoons\nfor the high school paper, and I was one of the editors. I wrote stories for it,\nbut I never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"considered art as a career, never. First of all, except for the\nyounger grades, there was no art taught or courses for art in junior high or\nhigh school. Or at least that I took, because they didn't give any credit for\nthem, or so minimal, if there was one or two. I wanted to go to college, I\nneeded college credits so I couldn't take . . . there was an art class, maybe it\nwas more like a craft ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"class. I didn't do any art, at all. There were no artists\nin my family, except my brother did cartoons, one of my older brothers, for the\ncollege magazines. He showed me very primitive things, but he had a good sense\nof humor. My sister was a trained photographer, there's some artistic ability\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needed, but that was about it.\n\nBERMAN: Did your parents, when seeing how artistic you were, encourage that\naspect? Or were they directing you more toward college?\n\nROBINSON: When I was young and especially interested in . . . that was another\ninteresting thing that turned me off of art for a while, when I was still, maybe\nin grammar school, [fifth] or sixth grade or so, I was very enthused about\ndrawing and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to do more painting. There was a local art school, quite\nlarge . . . for a small town of Trenton, relatively small town. It was the whole\nbuilding, I forget what was called, Trenton Art Institute ? It was a very august\n[respected and impressive] place in town. My mother took me there to enroll in\nthe class, and even though they saw the ability there, they said I was . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they rejected me strictly because I was too young . . . This is what I heard,\nbut at the time, all I felt was rejection. It really turned me off art for a\nwhile. I felt, I don't know, that I couldn't be an artist, that I couldn't paint\nbecause they didn't accept me in school because I was really so young. My mother\ndid try, and she went back a couple of years to try to get me in. They said \"No,\nyou ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't until junior high or graduate high school,\" or something. That was the\nend of that.\n\nBERMAN: I read there were two different versions of what happened, but that you\nwere 17 and planning to go to college when Bob Kane saw you and you were wearing\nsome kind of wild jacket. There were two different versions and two different books.\n\nROBINSON: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: I'd love to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know what happened and how you really got into the business.\n\nROBINSON: Yes, there have been some various versions of that. Some of them have\nbeen fairly accurate. I forget which book and interview I did was accurate about\nit. In any event, I had planned at this point to be a writer and journalist. I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"applied to those schools which were told at the high school . . . which ones\nwere the best for journalism, which were Syracuse [University] , at the time,\nColumbia [University] and Penn [State] . My academic record apparently was\nfairly good because I was accepted into three places and had to decide which one\nto go to. I hadn't decided, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"summer started and I was going to go to one or\nthe other. At that time, my folks were still recovering from the Depression.\nSeveral of my brothers were still studying, and they all helped one another, by\nthe way. My eldest brother, who's 17 years older than me, was nearest\ngraduation, a year ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away. The second eldest one dropped out of college to work\nfor a year to get the first one through. The third one got a full scholarship to\n. . . He was the brilliant one in the family, you might say. He really was. He\ngraduated high school at 13, got a full scholarship to Rutgers . . . for four\nyears. He graduated first in his class and got a full scholarship to Yale Law\nSchool and graduated Yale Law at 21 or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"22. I had high standards to live up to.\nGetting back to that . . . I felt I had to earn some money that summer to help\nin my first year of college. I got a job selling ice cream on a bicycle, pulling\na cart. There were no automobiles at that time selling ice cream. As the new man\non the block . . . I was hired, but my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"area to sell was restricted to the\nsuburbs, I had to pedal from the center of town all the way out to the suburbs\nbefore I could begin to sell. It was less populated, spread out. It wasn't the\nbest place for commissions, you got a commission on each popsicle or cup that\nyou sold. Penny or a penny and a half, or whatever it was. I was always very\nthin, I was on the 98 [indistinct: 25:58] track team, I was on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the tennis team.\nTennis has been my passion for all my life, I guess I got that from my brothers,\ntoo, because they were all college players before me. After pedaling all summer\nselling the ice cream, I probably was down to 79 pounds. My mother was afraid I\nwouldn't survive the first semester of college, she insisted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I take $25 of\nmy hard-earned money. I was making about $17.50 a week average selling ice\ncream, which in those days was not as bad as it sounds but it wasn't\nmagnificent. I did, and I went off to this resort in the Poconos , for a week,\nwhich you could do for $25 then. The first day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out, I put on this painter's\njacket, which was the fad at that time of the University . . . of college\nstudents. Trenton was very near Princeton, New Jersey , we copied the fads of\nthe college students. We decorated an ordinary white painter's jacket with lots\nof pockets, and we decorated it with our own drawings or graffiti . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had\ndrawn things all over it and I used it as a tennis jacket. The first day out, I\nran to the tennis court. That was my first interest, to get any game of tennis.\nI was wearing the tennis jacket and while standing there looking at the courts\nor looking for someone to play, there was a tap on my shoulder. They said, \"Did\nyou do these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drawings?\" I didn't see who it was, and I said, \"Yes.\" I thought I\nwas going to be arrested or something. He said, \"They're quite good.\" It turned\nout to be Bob Kane, who was also there for a week, just by strange chance. Bob\nwas then, about five, six years older than me. He was still young enough that we\nwere able to socialize. He introduced himself and he says he's a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cartoonist, and\nhe did a new feature called Batman , which I had never heard of. It just\nstarted; the first issue was then just on the stands. We walked to the local\nvillage to find the store that carried the comics, to show me the first Batman.\nHe had already said he was looking for somebody to join the Batman ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"team, and\nthat's why he was showing it to me . . . just on the basis of what he saw on my\njacket. I saw the Batman book, I must say at the time I was not very impressed\nwith it. I had seen comics before. I did know and I was an avid reader of the\nnewspaper comics, of some of the great art of Hal Foster , [he] did Prince\nValiant , Milton Caniff did Terry and the Pirates . Some of the great humor\nstrips, as well, I was very enthralled ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with. But this didn't seem to be up to\nthat at all. I wasn't interested, but then he said he needed an assistant, and I\ntold him by that time, I had decided to go to Syracuse only on the basis that I\njust knew Princeton University . In my mind, I thought, how can you have a\nuniversity in New York? It didn't sound like a college town. I knew Philadelphia\nand thought the same thing, as I'd ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone to Philadelphia on dates, which is very\nnear Trenton. I picked Syracuse only on the basis of elimination of the others.\nI told him that I was going . . . I decided on Syracuse University in the fall.\nI said, \"But I have been accepted in Columbia. I could go to Columbia.\" He said,\n\"If you come to Columbia, you can join the Batman team.\" . . . He says, \"I can\npay you $25 a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"week.\" That was two weeks work of pedaling a bicycle, that sounded\nvery good to me. I quick called Columbia to see if my application was still good\nand it was. I called Syracuse and told them that I wasn't coming. I called home,\nI didn't even go home. I went right from the mountains to New York. Told my\nmother, \"I'm going to Columbia, and I got a job in New York.\" I started ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"college\nat night and started to assist him . . . the other way around, [college] in the\nday and then assist him at night. Later on, I switched. That's the true story.\n\nBERMAN: That's amazing. That's truly amazing, how just wearing that jacket and\nhaving him . . .\n\nROBINSON: Started with ice cream, I think. Then I met Bill Finger , who was the\nwriter, very soon after. There were just the three of us at that time.\n\nBERMAN: Just the three of you on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"team initially?\n\nROBINSON: Yes. I just thought of it as a way of earning my way through college\nor helping my way.\n\nBERMAN: Where did you do the work? Did you do the work at DC's offices or did\nyou have your own . . . ?\n\nROBINSON: No, I had no contact with DC yet, at that time. I just got a little\nroom in the Bronx [New York] , near where Bob lived. I did the work in my little\nrented room, and he was in walking distance. That's where I found the room,\nwithin walking distance of Bob. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got together once a day and talked about the\nstrip and the drawing, but I did it almost all in my room, at that time, to\nbegin with then at least. Later . . .\n\nBERMAN: I was just wondering what Bob Kane was like.\n\nROBINSON: Bob was a very personable guy. I thought he was a rather good-looking\nyoung man, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sleek. He was . . . he was kind of a ladies' man. At least he might\nhave fancied himself so, but I think he was quite successful. He was quite\nyoung, and this success came quite early, he was learning how to deal with it.\nWe would talk about the feature with Bob, and Bill later, incessantly. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really\nwould live, eat, and sleep Batman at the time. Constantly thinking of new ideas\nand ways to tell the story. Occasionally we would go out socially, but the most\ntime we spent together, even when we were out to dinner together in the evening\n. . . went to a movie, we'd see things that we might want to incorporate in the\nstrip. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bill was the intellectual, and he really turned out to be, should I call\nhim my literary . . . What's the word for it? Help me out . . . a protege . . .\nkind of interesting people that play a part in your life.\n\nBERMAN: . . . Story with Jan Peerce .\n\nROBINSON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Start? The time I left the mountains after Bob Kane offered me this\njob, if I come to New York, I wanted to start at Columbia in Journalism, instead\nof going to Syracuse. It suddenly occurred to me that I didn't know how to get\nto New York. I knew how I got from the mountains to Trenton, but this was\nanother whole thing. I remember running around trying to find out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if a bus went\nto New York. I inquired at the desk and they said, \"Mr. Peerce is going to New\nYork in his limousine, maybe he might be kind enough to take you.\" I approached\nhim, I really had no idea who he was. He was just vacationing there. He said,\n\"Yes, sir. Very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice.\" He took me to New York and dropped me off . . . nearby\nwhere I decided I wanted to go . . . That's the whole story of my encounter with\nJan Peerce, but he was very genial and we talked on the way down to New York\nabout life and times. Then I learned that he was an opera . . . member of the\nMetropolitan Opera . Later, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was thrilled when I heard him sing, not knowing\nthis was the man. He didn't look like a singer or my conception of a singer.\nThat really leads to Bill Finger, which you had asked me about before.\n\nBERMAN: . . . Your relationship with both of them and the collaboration between\nthe three of you.\n\nROBINSON: Yes. The collaboration was very close, we'd meet often and we'd kick\nideas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around. As I mentioned before, we went out, If I went with Bob alone or\nBill alone or the three of us, we'd always be discussing ideas for Batman. Our\nfriendly competition with Superman , who was published by the same publisher.\nLater on, [Jerry] Siegel and [Joe] Shuster , the creators, became very good\nfriends of mine. Another story that you might want is my battle to get their\nrights back. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had a very good relationship. I was the protege, being somewhat\nyounger. Bill was maybe a year or so more older than Bob. I'd say when I was 17,\n18, they were 24 or 25. Everybody was still relatively young. Bill became,\nreally, my cultural mentor. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was . . . never been or lived in New York, never\ncame to New York, except I went to this little room in the Bronx. Never even\nknew how to venture into Manhattan [New York City]. I was eager to experience\nlife and things in New York, Bill became my cultural mentor. He took me to the\nMet , he took me to off-Broadway plays. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He took me to some of the early films at\nthe art theaters, which were greatly influential, the German expressionist\nfilms. Museum of Natural History , several times, which is right near here now.\nThat was our relationship, with Bill it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe even more personal. I knew his\nwife during their romance, before they were married, and then later on when they\nhad a child. I was close to Bob, too. We had a very good relationship. Even when\nwe parted, it wasn't anything personal, as I'll explain what happened when the\nteam, in effect, broke ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up. Anyway, that's that part of the story.\n\nBERMAN: What about the fact that so many people think of Bob Kane as creating\nBatman, and you and Bill Finger not being as involved?\n\nROBINSON: No.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think that's common in the business and how did that happen in\nyour case?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ROBINSON: It was not uncommon, each case was kind of on its own, but that was\nnot uncommon. What happened in the case of Batman . . . Bob was first asked by\nthe publisher to bring in a new feature that was to compete with Superman.\nSuperman started in 1938 and Batman the following year, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939. Bob was not a\nwriter, he was, really, a comic artist. In fact, when I first started with Bob,\nsome of his prior features before Batman . . . one was called Rusty and His Pals\n, which I ghosted also, and another adventure strip. They were not really drawn\nin the so-called 'adventure ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"style.' He had to make this transition from being a\ncomic artist to an adventure artist with Batman in a serious way. That was very\ndifficult, I have to give Bob a lot of credit for making that transition. Even\nthough some of the earlier drawings were crude, in the later sense, but\neverything in its inception, in the beginning, before it's refined . . . If you\nlook at some of the early Peanuts drawings, as simple as Peanuts is, you can see\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how it was refined over the years. To do an adventure strip, there's a lot of\nknowledge that you have to have in drawing. Perspective, anatomy, the figures,\ndramatics, telling a story, drapery, a whole plethora of things . . . This was a\ndifficult transition. When I joined the team, I helped with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that because the\nthings I had drawn were more illustrious than not . . . we were both learning at\nthe same time, no question about that. We learned in a practical way while doing\nit . . . I'm sure we couldn't get a job today with the work we did at the\nbeginning, but this was the beginning. Bob immediately went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bill to create\nthe feature, to flesh out the concept of Batman, the costume, persona. The\ninitial story was written by Bill, where it became Bruce Wayne , and he was a\nrich playboy. Bill knew all . . . was probably one the most widely read guys I\nknew, not just the comics but everything, literature . . . it would just be a\nlot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things. He knew pulps and all the adventure stories, which we can talk\nabout later, that preceded the comic book era. Bob did a very good job in\nconceiving a lot of these things, translating it onto paper, as an artist. Bill\nwas also a very visual writer, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew what you could draw and what you\ncouldn't. He knew what would work in doing the continuity, the story. Often, he\nwould do a lot of the research and attach it to his scripts. If he was doing a\nstory about a particular area, like if there was an adventure on a modern ocean\nliner, he would do the research so that it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked, the script worked. In my\nmind, the fair thing to do would have been the same as Siegel and Shuster.\nSuperman by Siegel and Shuster, it should have been Batman by Bob Kane and Bill\nFinger. Bob got the commission. The other thing that was common in those days\nwhen they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started with the name . . . this might have been just their rationale\nfor this . . . they thought it would disturb the reader if they saw their names\non it, rather than the one who started it. Even if Bill should have had his name\non it later, they might have resisted on that account. It should have been there\nfrom the very beginning. Certainly, in any interviews or stories about Batman,\nBill should ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have gotten his credit from the very beginning. That wouldn't have\naffected the publisher, or Bob, or their relationship. I [have] always been\nunhappy about that. Also, financially, he did not share in any of the rewards of\nthe success of Batman, the big success. Nor did I, actually, but I went on to\nother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"careers as we talked about, and many times I didn't even use Batman as a\ncredit in later years because it wasn't helpful as a writer or as an\nillustrator, I found out. At that time, there was a great snobbery about comics.\nBill stayed in the profession, after all, he was a top writer and creator. He\nwas always in financial trouble. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died broke, he could hardly support his wife\nand child. It was pathetic, and similar thing happened to Siegel and Shuster.\n\nBERMAN: I want to get to that in a little bit, about Siegel and Shuster, but I\nwanted to stick with Batman for a minute.\n\nROBINSON: Sure.\n\nBERMAN: I know that you named Robin and you created the Joker . Could you tell\nus a little bit about how you came up with both of those concepts?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ROBINSON: Starting with the Joker, which came first, when Batman first appeared,\nit appeared one story a month in Detective Comics of 13 pages. At that time, we\njust did one story a month. It was still a lot, but it's not an unreasonable\namount. When pressed, I could do it in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"week, but working day and night. It was\njust evolving, and Bill also hadn't written the comics, specifically. While he\nwas a great writer . . . It didn't come that naturally. He was too much of a\ncraftsman, everything had to be perfect. He really labored over the scripts.\nThen suddenly, the publisher decided to publish a whole book just of Batman.\nWhich became known as . . . the book, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just Batman. Whereas the other was\nDetective Comics. It continued in both magazines, one a month in Detective and\nBatman came out with four stories. As I recall, four. Thirteen pages in one . .\n. Twelve pages, for some reason, the configuration. All of a sudden, we were\nconfronted that month with producing five stories, which was enormous. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bill was\ngoing to have difficulty doing all the stories, we were worrying about the art .\n. . my goal was to be a writer and here's my golden opportunity to do writing. I\nvolunteered to do a story, one of the four stories for Batman, the quarterly.\nThis was eagerly accepted. Bill . . . It was fine with Bill, it just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relieved\nhim of one story. Actually, I had hoped to gain a lot of insight from Bill in my\nfirst script. The first night . . . I've had to recall it so many times. I\nliterally can remember almost moment for moment when I went back to my room and\nwas going to write the story. I was very excited about doing my first\nprofessional story. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starting with a blank page and . . . The analysis of\nBatman was that up until that time he was . . . The villains were small time\ncrooks. This was almost the same age as . . . Just after the time of [John]\nDillinger , Pretty Boy Floyd , Prohibition , gangsters. Those were the kind of\nvillains . . . hijackers . . . that Batman ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"battled. I felt from my study of\nliterature, which I already was engrossed in at Columbia, there was always . . .\nthe great hero had an antagonist that it was pitted against. Sherlock Holmes had\nMoriarty , David had Goliath , in mythology and the Bible, everywhere. That was\nmy initial idea that I had. I wanted to come up with a . . . I wasn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thinking\nof the story itself, but just of the character that Batman was to oppose, the\ncounterpart. As you mentioned, everything in your life plays a part. Why the\nJoker? My first idea was to have a villain. To me, a villain was much more\ninteresting than heroes. Heroes have to be heroes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but villains can be really\ninteresting, and bizarre, and grotesque . . . I wanted a villain that reached\nthat stature, that would be unique. I think another thing that makes a character\nis to have a contradiction in terms, a villain with a sense of humor would be\ninteresting. That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the next idea that I came to. From that, I . . . Names are\nvery important in the comics, I then went on to trying to think of a name for\nthe villain, and it was the humor part . . . By the way, the humor came also\nbecause a lot of my writing in high school [was] kind of satires and parodies. I\nloved humor. I loved the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"short stories of [Guy de] Maupassant with twist endings\nand O. Henry . I remember sending a story off to the Saturday Evening Post when\nI was 14, of satire. Of course, I got a rejection letter, which I was very proud\nof, from the magazine. Humor was part of my background also. Maybe that's what\nfed into having a villain with a sense of humor. As I started to say, the names\nare very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important. I was trying to come up with the name for it, and the Joker\ncame to mind. I was thinking of joke, humor. The Joker evolved because . . .\nthere was a lot of card playing in my family. My next brother, who I mentioned\nwas so brilliant, he was a brilliant contract bridge player, tournament bridge,\nwhere you get points ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for . . . He once won 17 tournaments in a row. My mother\nloved bridge too, and she was an expert player. Not a . . . she didn't do it\nprofessionally at all. The cards were around the house and I loved playing cards\nand I played bridge some, not in their class, but I played. That's why the image\nof the Joker playing card came to mind when I said the Joker. I immediately\nassociated it with the Joker of the playing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cards. Now, I didn't think of this\nat the time, but it was very lucky and significant image because the Joker is a\n. . . it goes back to Jesters, the King's Jester. There was always a comedian,\nthere was always storytellers, and clowns. It had all that wrapped up into that\nimage. I remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"searching frantically that night in my room to see if I had a\ndeck of cards. I wasn't sure I had, and I found one luckily. It had just the\nclassic image, what I thought was of the Joker that was used on most of the\nplaying cards. I based the visual of the Joker directly from the playing card\nand had the idea that that would be his calling card as well, the Joker. That\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the beginning of the concept of the Joker. Robin . . . Bill had the idea of\nadding a boy to the strip, to . . . which again was a great idea because it\nadded . . . there were no sidekicks at that time to the heroes. It added another\nwhole dimension to the feature visually and story-wise, and enlarged the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parameters of the story. Batman, he'd get in trouble, helped by Robin, and vice\nversa. They had this relationship, they were both orphans, Batman originally,\nand Robin. We all loved the idea immediately. Again, the first thing we decided\nto do is to think of names for it, for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kid. We had a list of maybe 30 names,\nand none of them were universally accepted by the three of us, always something,\ndown at each one . . . I can't remember them all, 30, but I know some of them\nwere kind of based on mythology, Mercury , or other various things. I felt they\nwere wrong, it should be something more human because Batman was not a . . . He\nwas a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"superhero, but . . . He didn't have superpowers. He was an ordinary man,\nas opposed to Superman. I felt it should reflect that. I don't know how I came\nup with Robin, but just thinking of maybe . . . I'm not really sure, but I know\nthat it came from my love of reading the stories of Robin Hood that were\nillustrated by N. C. Wyeth . I still had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his books . . . he was the grandfather\nof the current Wyeth. He was a great illustrator and he had illustrated one\nversion of Robin Hood, which somebody had given me as a gift once. I used to\npore over those illustrations and I still remembered. There wasn't time even, to\nfind [those] original drawings of his, illustrations.\n\nBERMAN: The questions that . . .\n\nROBINSON: If I may? Just to finish up when you asked the question ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about . . .\n\nBERMAN: Robin.\n\nROBINSON: Robin, yes. We designed the costume and most of it was from my memory\nof the N.C. Wyeth drawings of Robin Hood. You see the red vest, where it came\nfrom, and green, kind of male pants, and the shoes. That was the inspiration.\nThere have been many articles written that I named him after myself, which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\ncompletely untrue. Because of Robin and Robinson. I would never have been that\npresumptuous at 18 years old to have named after myself . . . It was after Robin\nHood. Bill later added, 'Robin: the Boy Wonder.' They used to kid me because I\nwas so young, that I was Robin: the Boy Wonder. Which I hated, because when\nyou're at that age, you want to appear older, not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"younger. But if you want to\ncall me Robin: the Boy Wonder now, it's okay. The vest? Where? At what point?\nThe costume of Robin was inspired by N. C. Wyeth's illustrations, and the vest,\nthe little red vest, was in my memory of his illustration. I added a little 'R'\ninsignia on Robin's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vest, which was the counterpart, or counterpoint, to\nBatman's insignia of the bat on his chest. That was the reason I did that. That\n'R', the way it's designed was because when I first started on Batman, I also\ndid the lettering, which I knew nothing about until I started. In each caption\nand legend, I would use the first letter and put it in the form of a design to\nstart off the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"caption. I used that design, that I did for the lettering, on\nRobin . . . for those who wanted all this detail.\n\nBERMAN: One of the issues that we . . . discuss now, is why you think so many\nyoung Jewish men [were in the comic book industry], it seems like a lot. The\nowners of both Timely and DC Comics were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish and seemed a lot of the early\nwriters and illustrators of these superheroes were Jewish. Do you see any reason\nfor that? Have you thought about it at all?\n\nROBINSON: It's been speculated about, and you had brought it up with me in\nconversation. Frankly, that's a theory that I don't think can be proven or would\nbe proven, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really. It's interesting, it's undeniable that a lot of the early\ncreators were Jewish, and publishers. But it started here, in the heart of New\nYork. A lot of the entrepreneurs in business were Jewish. They were looking for\ntalent, I don't think they were looking for Jewish artists. I never saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, at\nall. After the first wave, Batman and Superman, which were by Jewish creators,\nand I can discuss that . . . There were many others, even for DC, who were great\nartists and creators, who were not Jewish. Creig Flessel . . . I can't name them\nall without going back . . . Later on in the career, one of my best friends was\nWally Wood . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was one of the best creators, he was not Jewish. He was the best\nman at my wedding. I don't think that approach would hold up, that theory that\nthey were hired because they were Jewish by Jewish publishers. The publishers in\nturn, I know . . . Some of this I might want off the record, can I indicate that?\n\nBERMAN: We can turn it off.\n\nROBINSON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay. On the record.\n\nBERMAN: Getting back to Batman and the whole genre during the war years, did you\nas writers, creators try to make a concerted effort to have the book deal with\nissues of patriotism, war front activities, or home front activities? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I looked\nat a few old issues and they were always selling war bonds and those kinds of\nthings. Whose decision was that?\n\nROBINSON: When you saw a single page . . . ? Not stories involving war bonds,\nyou're not talking about?\n\nBERMAN: The covers as well.\n\nROBINSON: The covers. They were usually a collaboration between the editor and\nthe creator to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do. It was instigated by the editor perhaps first, but we were\nall involved, and we were very conscious of the war effort. In Batman, we\ndecided consciously not to have Batman involved in fighting Hitler, or in the\nactual war. We did have several covers of Batman ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that reflected the war, but not\nthe stories themselves because everybody else was doing it. Superman was\ninvolved in fighting the Nazis, Captain America when it came out, and all the others\n\nBERMAN: Why did you not want Batman to?\n\nROBINSON: He just wasn't the type of character to do that. He was an ordinary\nman. If we had him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in the war, he'd have to be drafted, and he'd lose\nhis whole persona. Whereas Superman was Superman, he could fly over. The other\nsuper characters it was perfect for, the super characters fighting the super\nrace. It was a matter from the concept, the character concept.\n\nBERMAN: When you first began in comics, did you ever think that people would be\nacclaiming your work in comics as general, as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"classic American art?\n\nROBINSON: No, I can't say classic American art, but I do recall . . . We talked\nabout this earlier, we weren't entirely unaware of what we were doing. In the\nsense that, I remember specific times and conversations where we felt we were\npioneers in a new ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medium at the beginning of them, the film or the motion\npicture. The first time we did a close-up, the first time we panned, the first\ntime we had cross-cutting. All the things that were done in the film, we were\nadapting to the comics. We knew we were . . . almost every time we'd do\nsomething it was for the first time, because it was new. We had that awareness.\nI don't think we had an awareness that it was going to be hailed as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"classic\nAmerican art, no more than [Cecil B.] DeMille would have probably thought that\nhis films were going to be sort of classic 50 years later.\n\nBERMAN: How do you feel about it now? It's so much a part of our culture, our\npop culture. How do you feel about that?\n\nROBINSON: It is, it's Americana. It is part of American culture. You have to\nthink of the comics as part of the long continuum that went back a long way.\nThis was just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one manifestation of the same impulse to tell a story. If you want\nto trace it back to storytellers in Europe that went village to village telling\nstories, to image d'Epinal [French: image d'Épinal] in France in the 19th\ncentury, which were one-page broadsheets telling a story with type underneath.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The stories of Grimm , the children's books, the penny dreadfuls in England.\nAlmost all of societies had their own versions of this. I've seen in Japan, I've\nseen in South America, and in the Mideast. It was not unique here, it took a\nunique form here because of certain circumstances, but it is a continuum. In\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America, we had the series of pulps, the early stories of Buffalo Bill , which\nwere a lot apocryphal, supposed to be true, Annie Oakley . They were extremely\npopular. Then we had the myths of Paul Bunyan and others. Coming up in time,\njust preceding the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comics were the most popular, common storytelling were the\npulps. That covered a lot of subjects and a lot of it was the direct antecedents\nof the comics, The Shadow started in the pulps. A lot of science fiction. A lot\nof the first writers of the comics were top ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"writers in the pulps, they were\nexcellent writers. People like . . . I don't know if [Isaac] Asimov did comics,\nbut a lot of his level of writers went into the comics. There's that aspect to\nit, it wasn't that unique. It came about in the comics because of just a\nconfluence of specific things that happened, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"technology. The form that [it]\ntook, it was first printed as a broadsheet and folded down to just the comic\nsize. That's why they . . . Comic books took that particular form. The\navailability of color, cheap color and cheap paper. All of those things that\ngave rise to the popularity and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reached . . . never before was there that. The\nadded dimension was the integration of the story and the picture and the\nballoons which made the dialogue carry like reading, seeing a movie, or seeing a\nplay, and holding it in your own hands. There was a very tense one-to-one\nrelationship with the reader. A lot of that popularity came from the history of\nthe comic strips, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people were already used to seeing stories in that form and\nthat became favorites. People grew up with the comics even before the comic\nbooks. A long answer.\n\nBERMAN: No, it's a good answer. What do you think is the most obvious influence\nthat comic books have had on American culture?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ROBINSON: There's so many ways . . . it's fired the imagination of generations\nof kids. All the comic books are now over a half-century in existence. You see\nthe popularity of Batman, 60 years later . . . Last night, adults came up and\nare telling me the stories they read 50 years ago, they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still . . . they\nbrought their copies to autograph. It has the influence, more than maybe even\nsome of the other popular writers who are revered, because it was personal. It\nhas the advantage of coming out . . . a character coming out regularly, and you\nget to feel you get to know the character. The same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effect to the newspaper\nstrips, reading it day by day. There's a personal relationship, it's not just a\nstory. It's a story, but it involves them and they read it with regularity,\nwhich also is great. The image of the character and its influence . . . If\nyou're talking about comics, generally, comic books, comic strips, and all the\ngenres, it's influenced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our fashions, our food, been adapted into our language.\nAll sorts of terms came from the comics.\n\nBERMAN: What about the word 'superhero'? What does the word 'superhero' mean to you?\n\nROBINSON: In our terms, it just simply meant that, with the exception of Batman,\nthe superhero ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had superpowers. He was a hero who possessed certain powers that\nthe ordinary man didn't have. Batman was unique . . . they were two opposites.\nWe always thought felt that was the strength of Batman, could be defeated.\nTheoretically, he could be hurt. He had to rely on his wit and his athletic\nability. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rather than super eyesight and flying faster than a speeding bullet.\n\nBERMAN: Which leads me to a question about Siegel and Shuster, lately, some\nsociologists have been sort of theorizing that Siegel and Shuster wrote Superman\nas kind of their own alter ego . . . this is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just the theory of a sociologist\nthat I read recently. Siegel and Shuster were more mild and meek, and Superman\nwas a superhero. Clark Kent was more like them. Do you think that has any\nvalidity? Was Batman more like his creators?\n\nROBINSON: Yes. I think there's something to that, Siegel and Shuster ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were both\nvery mild-mannered. By my time, they were extroverts. As I said, I knew them\nvery well, we socialized together. I even went out on double dates with Joe\nShuster, the artist. I knew them well, I used to hang out at our apartment where\na number of cartoonists hung ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. Bob Kane visualized himself as the hero, as\nBruce Wayne. It was an ambition to have a lot of money, and a batmobile, and\nmany girlfriends. But this is not an uncommon dream of any young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fellow.\n\nBERMAN: Certainly.\n\nROBINSON: Everybody puts themselves in . . . who's the James Bond author?\n\nBERMAN: Ian Fleming .\n\nROBINSON: Ian Fleming. I'm sure he visualized himself as James Bond, and many\nothers. I don't think that's such a deep new idea.\n\nBERMAN: I'd like to conclude, I know that you were very, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very involved with\nhelping Siegel and Shuster get some legal rights regarding their ownership of\nthe Superman character. Why did you get involved and how did you get involved?\nWhat exactly happened with that case?\n\nROBINSON: We were good friends in the years in New York, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I knew them at the\ntime. We could spend hours on the case itself, I won't get into the details of\nthe litigation that they went through. The bottom line was they lost the rights\nto their strip, at least at that time that was the last ruling. They were cut\nadrift. They had created a company, a multimillion-dollar company that they then\nhad to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fight. They, in fact, created a Frankenstein . They had no wherewithal;\nall their legal help came from top lawyers who . . . What's the word I'm looking\nfor? Gave them . . . ?\n\nBERMAN: Pro bono ?\n\nROBINSON: Pro bono work by some top lawyers, but they would do it for a year or\ntwo and it would drag on, and they'd drop out, and then they'd try to get\nsomeone else. It never got anywhere. They lost on a couple ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lower cases, and they\nwere tried on a couple of different circumstances. One that I was involved in,\nanother case which I won't go into, but there was the old copyright law was the\ncopyright went for 26 years, and you could renew it. The question in their case,\nwhen it came up after 26 years, was who was entitled to renew it? The original\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"creators or those that they sold the initial 26 years to? In the European law it\nwould have been the original owners, the creators, because they were giving the\nrights for their work for a specific length of time. If it was to be renewed, it\nshould be the creators because after that it would be out of copyright anyway.\nThey never won on that basis and some other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terms. At one point, all of us in\nthe business thought that they had made a settlement where they got an annuity,\npension for the rest of their lives. They moved out to the coast, I lost really\nclose contact with Jerry. Jerry had lived there for many years prior, and then\nJoe moved out to be near him. I lost intimate contact with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, although I did\nknow from time to time before we thought they settled that they were in\nfinancial straits because, as a member of the society [National Cartoonists\nSociety] , we had a fund that helped artists in that respect. Then the news\nsuddenly broke and I was watching television one day where apparently it was set\nup, I forget what show it was, where they introduced Jerry from the audience and\nhe told his plight. That they were absolutely ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"destitute, they were broke, they\ncouldn't get any of the rights to Superman. I was astounded that they weren't\ngetting it. I immediately called them in California and found out that that was\ntrue. There was another artist in the field, Neal Adams , very fine artist, who\nwas a contemporary comic book artist, but, of course, knew of Siegel and\nShuster. He rallied the comic book artists and I went to the National Cartoonist\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Society, the Editorial Cartoonist , the Authors Guild . Every society that I had\ncontact with to form a campaign to restore some rights or make a settlement for\nSiegel and Shuster. Here were two men who created one of the biggest successful\nproperties of the 20th century, they should be multimillionaires, as were the\npublishers, and here they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"literally destitute. Just to show you how bad,\nJerry, the writer . . . Although he tried to write a few things after he lost\nSuperman, which weren't successful, he got more and more of a mental block where\nhe couldn't write anymore. When he passed a newsstand where he saw Superman\nbeing sold or a Superman movie, he would literally get sick. If you can imagine.\nHe was worrying about feeding his wife and child, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he had traded all this\nwealth and didn't get anything. If you ask me about [Harry] Donenfeld , think of\nit in those terms. Where it wouldn't have been anything to give them $1,000,000\nfor the rest of their lives. Half a million, whatever. They had nothing. Joe, on\nthe other hand, had very bad eyesight even back in those days. He had to work\nabout this close [memoirist holds hand very close to face] and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thick eyeglasses.\nHis eyes went so bad, he couldn't draw at all. After Superman, he couldn't make\na life, couldn't earn his life as an artist. At one time, he was picked up in\nCentral Park as a vagrant, sitting on a bench without any food or anything. They\ntook him to . . . Joe, told me this story himself . . . The policemen took him\nto a luncheonette to buy him a sandwich. He was telling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, \"I'm the creator\nof Superman.\" Of course, the policemen didn't believe in this vagrant. There was\na kid there and he called the kid over and he drew a picture of Superman for the\nkid. There were other horror stories. He was living in terrible straits, in\nBrooklyn [New York] or Queens [New York] , with a brother who was an architect\nthat earned very little. That was his only source of support, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother supporting\nhim. This was terrible and most of the industry didn't know about it. Together\nwith a lot of friends and other artists, who I knew would rally to such a cause,\nwe planned a campaign. Bill Gallo , the sports cartoonist for the New York\n[Daily] News , he was with us last night. I went to him, he was then current\npresident, I was a past ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"president of the National Cartoonists Society. We held a\nspecial meeting, he got some P.R. [public relations] people. They arranged for a\nSiegel and Shuster Day in Times Square , we had every news photographer, every\ntelevision station to publicize this. That was the beginning of our campaign to\ngain a settlement. It was a long story. I had stories planted in the [New York]\nTimes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Washington Post , I wrote to artists in Mexico and England that we\nrepresented, they had articles printed. They [DC Comics] began to feel the\npressure, they were then in the throes of making the first big Superman movie,\nit was our big leverage. They did not want bad publicity at this time, but they\ndidn't make any reasonable settlement. We negotiated, really, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eight hours a day\nfor a week or ten days over all of it. We finally got up to a financial\nsettlement of so much a year for each one of them, a pittance according to what\nthey should have made. At least it restored some of their dignity, and they\ncould pay their bills, their lawyer bills, health plan, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"none of which they had.\nThe thing they fought at the very end was restoring their names. By this time .\n. . A good part of the settlement was . . . The reason we came to any settlement\nwas that the original owners, Donenfeld and the others, they had been bought out\nby Time Warner . We're now dealing with different management. Although one of\nthem, a Son-in-Law ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that merger, became vice president, in some division of\nTime Warner. One of the vice presidents, I can't remember his name, who we were\nactually negotiating with gave me his home number that we could confer from time\nto time off the record to try to settle this. Came to one night, I got a call\nfrom Jerry, we'd talk about the progress each day, negotiations, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he said,\n\"We have to settle it tomorrow, no matter what it is.\" He said he couldn't stand\n. . . he had already suffered a heart attack. \"It's no good for me. I want to\nmake sure I leave something for my wife and child. No good if I'm dead.\" I was\nthen on instructions to settle it the next day. I was really in a sweat because\non one hand I wanted to get the best ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terms, and the other hand knowing that they\ncould . . . pressing, they [Time Warner] could walk away from the table\naltogether. I knew I had to accept something at some point. The big thing that\nthey had refused up until that point was to restore their names to the property\nand this was a very big issue with them naturally, and with us professionally.\nSomething, even if it's out of copyright, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you don't remove the name of Arthur\nConan Doyle or Shakespeare because that's out of copyright, those were the\ncreators. We wanted to restore their names to print. I decided the night before\nto call him [Time Warner vice president] at home because I knew the next day was\ngoing to be the final day. I had to accept at some point . . . and with Neal\nAdams. I called him at home, we went over some of the terms and I got some more\nconcessions in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terms of the money and the health care. I said, \"Look, it leaves\none issue which the art community won't accept or that you'll be under a cloud\nno matter how we settle this. Is the restoration of their names, you have to\nrestore these men's dignity and humanity. They're proud of their creation, no\nmatter what the settlement is.\" He says, \"Let me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think about it. I'll get back\nto you within the hour.\" This is at 12:00 at night. I knew Time Warner depends\non talent, in all their operations. Writers, artists, actors, directors,\nproducers. I said, \"We're going to let them, all of them, know how this talent\nwas treated and the injustice of this.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"I'll get back to you.\" He\ncalls back and he said, \"Okay, we can restore their name to the print material,\nthe comic book, but not to toys and things, or the movie.\" I said, \"That's not\nacceptable. The print, yes, that has to be done.\" I said, \"I'll ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forego the\ntoys.\" Because I figure that would require a lot of separate imprints and\nwhatnot and we weren't as interested. They weren't getting royalties from that\nanyway. I said, \"It has to be on the film.\" I thought that was going to be a\nvery important film. He said, \"I can't do that because the credits are already\ndone in the film.\" I said, \"I know too much about filmmaking to give me that\nstory. You can make a new credit page for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"film. It's not reshooting a\nscene.\" \"I'll get back to you again.\" Now it was getting about 2:00 in the\nmorning. He calls back and he says, \"Okay, we got the print and we got the film\ncredits.\" That was the last thing that fell into place. The next day, Jerry and\nJoe, I called them immediately, on the coast, they flew in. We had the signing\nof the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agreement at the Time Warner offices and we left ready to celebrate that\nnight. It was interesting they had happened . . . We were going to have a party\nhere with all the artists and everybody we could think of who helped in this,\nsettle this. I walked out of Time [Warner] and there was a heavy downpour. I\ncouldn't get a cab. I finally got one and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw . . . I'm terrible with names .\n. . Eli Wallach and his wife, Anne [Jackson] . . . also a well-known actress.\nYou know Eli Wallach? Anyway, it'll come to me. They live right near here, she\nwas going to get a cab. I said, \"Anne, I'll drop you off, jump in the cab\". We\nrode up town together, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I was all excited, we had just signed the agreement.\nI tell her quickly a very abbreviated version driving up town about Siegel and\nShuster and the Superman case. She says, \"What can I do? How can I help?\"\nImmediately. That was the response of all the artists that I met. Then I said,\n\"Thanks very much Anne, but we just we just signed it. Finally got an agreement\nthis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afternoon, but please come to my place for a party tonight to celebrate.\"\nShe says, \"I didn't do anything.\" I said, \"You would have, as you volunteered.\"\nThat's how come they were there . . . This whole place was filled with artists\nand writers. We had promised Walter Cronkite , at the time, for the break of the\nstory. If we had reached a settlement, we were going to give him the news break\nof the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story, which we did. We all gathered around the television set to hear\nhis report, and he used it as the closing story. He told about the lawsuit and\nthe settlement. We had champagne here, and we broke open the bottles . . .\nSiegel and Shuster themselves were here. Cronkite ended the show with a picture\nof Superman, the animation of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Superman flying behind him. Cronkite saying,\n\"Finally, truth and justice and the American way won out.\" We all toasted. I'll\ntell you, there wasn't a dry eye in the house. It was a moment I'll never\nforget. That's the end of it, more or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"less.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you very much, I certainly appreciate it. You've just had such an\nimpact on the whole business and I appreciate you doing this interview. Thank you.\n\nROBINSON: My pleasure . . . A lot of it had to do with the fact that there was a\nlot of Jewish talent in New York. A big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"population. They were readers, they\nprobably read the pulps and naturally went into the comics. There may have been\nother avenues, come to think of it, other than the comics that were foreclosed\nto them, where they turned to the comics for that reason. Not because there were\nall those Jews, but because they could not . . . There was more of a prejudice\nshown in other areas of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"publishing. The big corporations, Time , Life [Magazine]\n, Collier's [Weekly] , and Saturday Evening Post, were mostly white, Protestant,\nand non-Jewish vehicles. The Jews had their own presses in New York. They had\nvery good press, very good magazines. There were a lot of very good liberal\nmagazines and New Masses , I'm sure they read, as I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did. They had a very good\ngraphic artist, [William] Gropper and [Robert] Minor , others who were really\npersecuted, too during World War I for their views. They found this to be an\neasier route because they were not questioned about their . . . wasn't hired on\naccount of their Jewishness but on their talent. That's in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning, and on\nreflection, that's the first . . . 1938, 1939, 1940. As soon as the war started\nand we got into the war, then you could say that there was more influence. In my\nown example, I might have mentioned to you, in 1941 at the height of the Blitz\nover London , we had the opportunity to do a new book, new comic book. There was\na ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paper allotment, a restriction on how much paper you could use because the\npaper shortage, and you could only get so much based on the prior use. One of\nthe publishers had an extra allotment of paper they didn't use. Unless you used\nit within that timeframe, you would lose it. A good friend of mine, Charlie Biro\n, was doing a strip called Daredevil and he said, \"We can put out a new book if\nwe can do it by Monday.\" This is Friday. \"We can take use of this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paper.\" About\nfour or five of us hold up a fifth-floor walk-up. I think it was on 53rd Street,\n52nd, which is now part of Rockefeller Center . Each one of us [was] to create a\nnew character that we would write and draw for this book and do it over the\nweekend. That's what we did. We had the one character already done by Charlie\nBiro, [which] was Daredevil, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which had appeared in another magazine. We had that\ncharacter, but not the story, he did the story for the first issue. My creation\nwas a feature called London. This was inspired by the events, the contemporary\nevents, and involving the war. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"London was then under the Blitz, with the V-2\nrockets . . . unmanned rockets, that were really the worst time for London.\nThat's when Winston Churchill went over the ruins and rallied the Londoners, and\nthe cry was, \"London can take it.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had been a political animal and followed\nthe news every day, when I worked in an office on Batman with an assistant that\nwe hired, George Roussos , I'd have the news on all day and it would drive him\nnuts. I followed the news implicitly, this was very much on my mind. I can't\ndeny that the fight against Hitler was important. It goes back to that story I\ntold you of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"confirmation. This is, undoubtedly, why I thought of my character\nfighting Hitler and being very contemporary, whereas the other characters in the\nbook were not. There was one boxing strip, there was one science fiction strip,\nmine was the only one in the book that reflected that, which I now realize. I\nhadn't thought about that. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made the strip . . . My hero was a man named London\nthat was more or less a Batman character, in that he did not have superpowers\neither. I wanted the Londoners to be the man . . . who personified the spirit of\nLondon would not be supernatural. These were the people who were fighting Hitler\nand surviving. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had him engaged in the war. The stories I wrote were about Nazi\nspies, about fighting them in a number of different fronts. I was then still\ngoing to Columbia, studying journalism. This was the first thing I did under my\nown name. I had [indistinct: possibly: 'moonlight': 1:35:50] among others, but\nit was a tradition at that time that you didn't put your name on other things.\nThey didn't want my name on other things, even though it was on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Batman . . .\nThis time I decided I was going to do it under my own name. A lot of the story\nwas very lengthy prose, I was very involved with the writing. Sometimes the\npanels would have very little for the drawing, but the dialogue was very deep,\nand the captions. I have one page of it that I found here, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reproduction of it\nI can show you. If I could find it, I'd even read the first legend of the first\npage, which might give the sense of the story. The other thing I can add to that\nis many years later . . . it ran for a year. About a year, a year and a half, I\nforget. Once every month . . . Many years later, I got a call from a professor\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brazil who wanted to come up and interview me, and I thought surely it's\nabout Batman. He came up and he said, \"You created London, right?\" I said\n\"London? My God. How do you know about that?\" I'd forgotten all about it. He\nsaid, \"That's a very historical strip, I've written the history of comics and it\nhas . . . historical importance.\" I said, \"What on earth could that be? I have\nno idea.\" He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"I documented that was the first strip that was done\ncontemporaneously with the events that were unfolding in the story and were\npublished on the newsstands at the same time.\" Because we had to do that so\nfast, from the time we created it, it was printed and published within ten days,\nwhich was unheard of, and on the newsstands. Anyway, it was a little sidelight\nthat became that significant to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"historian. That does tie in with the idea of,\nundoubtedly, my Jewish background influenced my decision to do that particular\nstrip. Soon other super characters came into being, with [Joe] Simon that you\ninterviewed. Captain America, who personified America in the war against Nazism.\nI'm sure his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"background, you talked to him, must have influenced that. The\ncartoonists were already there, I didn't go there, particularly with that\nmotivation. Once they had an opportunity to create, then that was their\nmaterial, or played a role in selection of their material.\n\nBERMAN: It convinced them to go in a certain direction? In certain cases, their\nown background, their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own leanings?\n\nROBINSON: Right. If they had the opportunity to do it, they would do it. Or even\nmake the opportunity. But I don't think it was exclusively . . . It was a\ncombination of their background, their profession, and the requirements. After\nall . . . the things that were popular sold. American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heroes, there's a certain\npublishing economics to this also. The publishers wanted to publish something\nthat was being sold. It was a combination of these things.\n\nBERMAN: We've learned that in the last . . . the economics of it. Jane [Leavy] ,\nany questions you need to ask?\n\nROBINSON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the very first page of the first story of London. It was done\nin 1941, during the Blitz over London. London was being attacked by the V-1\nrockets and the Germans, and I had to create a new character in a day and write\nand draw the first story. I was still a student. I was doing Batman, but I was\nstill studying journalism at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Columbia. This was my chance to write expansively.\nWhile I did the art, I devoted a lot of space to the art on the first page,\nthere was lesser so in many of the inner pages where I overwrote, let's say.\nThis was the opening caption to introduce the character: \"Emerging from the\nchaos and debris of war-torn England, is a debonair figure. Who, with his charm\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dashing bravado, injects a new spirit into the hearts of the suffering\npeople from Melbourne to Bombay , from Coventry to Suez . Speed fantastic\nstories of this startling new character who successfully matches wits with the\nmost cunning agents, masters of espionage who have come to fear and even admire\nhim. This man, known simply as London, for he is London. The living, breathing\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reality to prove London can take it.\"\n\nBERMAN: Wow. Hold it up.\n\nROBINSON: [memoirist holds up a page of a comic book] One splash page, I\nactually showed him fighting Hitler. The big blurb was \"How could this come\nabout? Him actually fighting Hitler?\" As I progressed, he was making a film\nwhere he's . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/transcript/49299/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knocking out Hitler in the film.\n\nBERMAN: Great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=6120.0,6150.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta celebrates and commemorates Jewish history, culture, and art through events and museum spaces. The Breman also contains the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, which houses thousands of manuscripts, oral histories, and photograph collections, related to southern Jewish history and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTrenton is the capital city of New Jersey, bordering Philadelphia in Mercer County. The city was a manufacturing center in the late 19th and early 20th century, demand later declining around the 1970’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePogrom is a Russian word meaning \"to wreak havoc, to demolish violently\" that historically refers to violent attacks on by local non-Jewish populations on Jews. Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire were large-scale, targeted, and repeated anti-Jewish rioting that first began in the 19th century. Pogroms began occurring after the Russian Empire acquired territories with large Jewish populations from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire during 1772–1815.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA concern [German: Konzern] is a type of business group resulting from the merger of several independent companies into a single company under unified management.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of World War II. He was a Democrat. FDR was an avid horseback rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerbert Clark Hoover (1874-1964) was the 31st President of the United States during the onset of the Great Depression. Born in Iowa, he made his wealth as a mining engineer. During World War I, he was appointed as director of the U.S. Food Administration following his efforts to provide relief and food to occupied Belgium. During his first year in office in 1929, the stock market crashed, and the Great Depression began. He enacted various economic policies to combat the Depression and largely blamed Mexican Americans for the state of the economy in a campaign known as the ‘Mexican Repatriation’. In 1932, he substantially lost the presidential election to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Following this loss, he went on to chair the Hoover Commission and write extensively. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLenox Corporation is an American manufacturing company of tableware, it was founded in 1889 by Walter Scott Lenox as Lenox’s Ceramic Art Company in Trenton, New Jersey. In the 20th century, it was considered a highly prestigious manufacturer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lower East Side is a neighborhood in the southeastern part of Manhattan in New York City. It was historically an immigrant, working class neighborhood. It had a large number of tenement buildings where the immigrants settled. By the 1920s, the Jewish population was one of the largest ethnic groups on the Lower East Side.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoses Robinson (approx. 1798-1918) was the great-great-grandfather of comic book artist Jerry Robinson. He was born in Russia and immigrated to the United States with his family later in his life. Records of his birth and death vary, but when speaking to a Trenton newspaper, Moses said that he remembered Napoleon I’s invasion of Russia when he was 14, making his birth year 1798.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA story of doubtful authenticity, though purported as true.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Times of Trenton\u003c/em\u003e is a daily newspaper that is distributed to Trenton and the surrounding Mercer County area in New Jersey. The paper was founded in 1882 by the Kerney family until it was sold to The Washington Post Company in 1974.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNapoleon Bonaparte [French: \u003cem\u003eNapoléon Bonaparte\u003c/em\u003e], later known as Napoleon I (1769-1821) was a French general and emperor of France. He is credited with revolutionizing military organization and training. He conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century, expanding the French Empire until an unsuccessful invasion against Russia in 1812. Napoleon I was forced to abdicate the throne shortly after, then returned to power in the Hundred Days campaign during which he was defeated again and exiled.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoscow, Russia is the capital and largest city in Russia. The city sits on the Moskva River in central Russia. The city dates back to 1147 and grew into a prosperous city and served as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It eventually became known as the Tsardom of Russia. When the Tsardom was reformed into the Russian Empire, the capital was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. After the Bolshevik revolution the capital returned to Moscow. It is well known for its Russian architecture, historic Red Square and the other buildings including the St. Basil’s Cathedral and the Kremlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah,\u003c/em\u003e and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMost likely refers to Har Sinai Temple. Har Sinai is a Reform Jewish congregation established in 1857, making it the oldest synagogue in the area. It was first located in Trenton, New Jersey, before relocating from Trenton to neighboring Pennington in 2006. The first Rabbi was Rabbi M. Lesser. As of 2023, Rabbi Jordan Goldson is the congregation’s Rabbi. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: \u003cem\u003eb’nai mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe German-American \u003cem\u003eBund\u003c/em\u003e was an American Nazi organization established in the 1930s. Its main goal was to promote a favorable view of Nazi Germany. It was strongest before World War II began in 1939 and dwindled during the war when “favorable” views of Nazi Germany were less popular. In its heyday, the \u003cem\u003eBund\u003c/em\u003e held large rallies and operated summer camps. Naturally, it was highly antisemitic. Its leader, Fritz Julius Kuhn, a German immigrant, was later convicted of embezzlement and tax evasion and sent to prison. In 1945 he was released and deported to Germany, where he died in 1951.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSturmabteilung\u003c/em\u003e, also known as the “Storm Troopers,” “Brown Shirts,” or “SA,” was the paramilitary of the Nazi Party commanded by Ernst Röhm and responsible for helping Adolf Hitler rise to power in Germany in the 1920s and early 1930s. By 1934, tensions within the party saw Heinrich Himmler and the SS (\u003cem\u003eSchutzstaffel\u003c/em\u003e) replace Rohm and the \u003cem\u003eSturmabteilung’s\u003c/em\u003e position as the dominant organization within the Nazi Party.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRefers to the American stock market crash on October 29, 1929, which marked the start of the Great Depression. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929, when the American stock market crashed, and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century. The Great Depression is often seen as the major turning point in 20th-century world history. In Europe, World War I had a long-term impact on the economy and financial stability. Postwar inflation spiraled into hyperinflation by the 1920’s and European banks struggled to stay open. Exasperating the situation were skyrocketing unemployment rates. The Great Depression had immediately visible political and social ramifications in Europe, including increased antisemitism and nationalism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaks Fifth Avenue, formally Saks \u0026amp; Company, is an American luxury department store selling primarily clothing. It was founded by Andrew Saks in Washington, D.C. in 1867. Today it is headquartered in New York City after expanding to Fifth Avenue in Manhattan in 1924. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSouth Jersey is the southern portion of New Jersey, between the lower Delaware River and the Atlantic Ocean. It is part of the Philadelphia metropolitan area. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLikely refers to The School of Industrial Arts in Trenton, New Jersey. The school adopted this name in 1901, eventually changing its name again to Trenton Junior College and School of Industrial Arts in 1947. The institution held a variety of courses, including painting and ceramics. In 1967, the school merged with Mercer County Community College, what it is called today. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Kane (born Robert Kahn) (1915-1998) was a comic book writer, animator, and artist best known for co-creating DC Comics’ Batman with Bill Finger. For many years Kane was credited as the sole creator of Batman until advocates for Bill Finger helped him posthumously earn co-creator status. Kane also helped contribute to the creation of many early Batman characters such as Robin, the Joker, and Catwoman. Kane was born in New York City to a Jewish family.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSyracuse University is a private university located in Syracuse, New York. It was founded in 1870 with its roots originally in the Methodist Episcopal Church. Since 1920, it has been nonsectarian.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbia University is a private Ivy League university located in New York City. The university was founded in 1754 and was known as King’s College. It is the oldest higher education institution in New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pennsylvania State University or Penn State was founded in 1855 and is a public state-related land grant research university. It has campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania, but the largest and original campus is located in University Park.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRutgers, The State University of New Jersey, or Rutgers University is a public university in New Jersey. It was founded in 1766, originally called Queen’s College and affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church. It is one of the nine United States colonial colleges founded before the American Revolution. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYale Law School is the law school of Yale University, a private research university in Connecticut. It was established in 1824 and it is one of the most selective academic institutions in the world. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pocono Mountains or the Poconos is a region in Northeastern Pennsylvania of forests, lakes, peaks, and valleys. The mountains are surrounded by the Delaware River, Lake Wallenpaupack, Wyoming Valley and Lehigh Valley. The name comes from the Munsee, Indigenous American, word Pokawachne, meaning ‘Stream/creek between two hills’.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrinceton is a municipality in Mercery County, New Jersey. It was established in 2013 through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township. Princeton was founded before the American Revolution and it is halfway between New York City and Philadelphia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBatman is a superhero character appearing in comics published by DC Comics. Batman was created by writer Bill Finger and designed by artist Bob Kane. The character debuted in the comic book Detective Comics #27 in 1939. Batman is the vigilante alias of Bruce Wayne, a wealthy playboy, philanthropist, and industrialist living in Gotham City. Considered to be a darker departure from the tone of Superman, Batman’s origin centers around him witnessing the murder of his parents as a child, prompting him to seek vengeance against the criminals of Gotham City. Today, along with Superman, Batman is one of the most well-known superheroes, having been adapted into many other forms of media, including novels, video games, film, and television.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHal Foster (born Harold Rudolf Foster) (1892-1982) was a comic strip artist and writer, best known as the creator of the comic strip Prince Valiant. His work was characterized by attention to detail and skill. He was born in Canada and moved to America in 1921, beginning his illustration career in Chicago, Illinois.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrince Valiant in the Days of King Arthur\u003c/em\u003e is a comic strip first published in 1937, created by Hal Foster. It is a continuous adventure story that follows a Nordic prince through time. Today it has with more than 4,000 published Sunday strips.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMilton Arthur Paul Caniff (1907-1988) was a cartoonist best known as the creator of the comic strip \u003cem\u003eTerry and the Pirates\u003c/em\u003e. Caniff was one of the founders of the National Cartoonist Society and served as its president from 1948 to 1949. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTerry and the Pirates \u003c/em\u003ewas an action-adventure comic strip first published in 1934, created by Milton Caniff. Editor of the Chicago Tribune, Joseph Patterson, hired Caniff to create a new strip. The strip followed the main character Terry Lee, seeking a lost gold mine. Caniff left the strip in 1946 and was replaced by George Wunder until the strip ended in 1973.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrinceton University is a private university in Princeton, New Jersey. It was founded in 1746 and is the fourth oldest university in the United States. It is one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhiladelphia is Pennsylvania's largest city. It has a deep connection to the founding of the United States because it is home of Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were signed. It is also home to the Liberty Bell and other American Revolutionary sites. The city was founded in 1682 by William Penn.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBill Finger (born Milton Finger) (1914-1974) was a comic book, film, and television writer. He is best known for co-creating DC Comics’ superhero Batman with Bob Kane. Despite his contributions to many well-known characters and comics, he was not officially credited as Batman’s co-creator until 2015, previously relegated to ghostwriter. Finger was born in Denver, Colorado to a Jewish family, after his death in 1974 his granddaughter fought to restore his legacy and attribute credit for his contributions to comics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDC Comics, Inc. is a comic book publisher, the flagship unit of DC Entertainment, and a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery. DC Comics was the result of the merge of multiple publishing companies founded by Harry Donenfeld, Paul Sampliner, and Jack Liebowitz. The first comic published under DC Comics was in 1937, with comics being published earlier by the company’s predecessors. DC Comics has created many well-known superheroes, including Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, and Flash, and teams such as the Justice League and Teen Titans. DC Comics is a long-time competitor of Marvel Comics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Bronx is a borough of New York City. The borough covers 42 square miles and the only borough not primarily on an island. Yankee Stadium, the New York Botanical Garden and the Bronx Zoo are in the Borough. During the 19th and 20th century, the Bronx has been home to various immigrant groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJan Peerce (born Yehoshua Pinkhes Perelmuth) (1904-1984) was an opera singer and performer. He performed his first solo recital in New York City in 1939. He made his debut in the Metropolitan Opera in 1941. He is considered to be one of the greats of the Metropolitan Opera. He was born in the Lower East Side, New York to Jewish parents that had immigrated from an area that is now Belarus. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Metropolitan Opera, also known colloquially as the Met, is an American opera company in New York City. The Met was founded in 1883 and moved to its current location in Lincoln Center in 1966. The Met has a large symphony orchestra, a chorus, and children’s choir. The Met also often hosts free-lance performers. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Shuster (1914-1992) was a comic book artist best known for co-creating DC Comics’ superhero character Superman with friend Jerry Siegel. Shuster and Siegel were involved in multiple legal disputes regarding the ownership of Superman and his comics career after Superman was relatively unsuccessful. He was awarded multiple awards for contributions to the comic book industry. Shuster was born in Toronto, Canada to a Jewish family.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerome Siegel (1914-1996) was a comic book writer best known for co-creating DC Comics’ superhero character Superman with friend Joe Shuster. Siegel contributed to many characters and comics for both DC Comics and Marvel Comics. Shuster and Siegel were involved in multiple legal disputes regarding the ownership of Superman. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio to a Jewish family.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSuperman is a superhero character appearing in comics published by DC Comics. Superman was created by writer Jerry Siegel and designed by artist Joe Shuster, both Jewish. The character debuted in the comic book Action Comics #1 in 1938. Superman was born Kal-El on the planet Krypton, facing impending destruction of their home planet, Kal-El’s parents send the infant to Earth in a rocket. After landing in Smallville, Kansas, the infant is adopted by Jonathan and Martha Kent, and given the name Clark Kent. In the comics, Clark often expresses concern about fitting in and feeling like an outsider given his heritage, suggesting similarities between the experiences of Clark Kent and his Jewish creators. Today, Superman is one of the most well-known superheroes, having been adapted into many other forms of media, including radio serials, novels, film, and television.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSee annotation for the Metropolitan Opera. A colloquial nickname that either refers to the Metropolitan Opera or the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOff-Broadway refers to a play or musical held in a professional theatre venue in New York City. The theaters are smaller than Broadway theaters, seating 100 to 499. Shows that premiere off-Broadway are sometimes later produced on Broadway. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Museum of Natural History is a natural history museum in New York City, located across the street from Central Park in Theodore Roosevelt Park. The museum has 45 permanent exhibition halls, a planetarium, and a library. Naturalist Dr. Albert S. Bickmore advocated for a natural history museum and it finally opened in 1871, with additional wings added in 1936 and 2000. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRusty and His Pals was the first comic series that Batman co-creator, Bob Kane, created for DC Comics. It was published in New Adventure Comics in 1938. The comic followed a young boy, Rusty, and his friends as they build a raft and sail around seeking adventure. The series ended in 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA ghostwriter is someone hired to write text that is credited to another person as the author. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePeanuts\u003c/em\u003e was a daily comic strip first published in 1950, illustrated and written by Charles M. Schulz. Peanuts is considered one of the most well-known and influential comic strips in the history of comics. The comic focuses on a group of children and the main character, Charlie Brown. The comic has been adapted into television and movies. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSee annotation for Batman. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePulp magazines were inexpensive fiction magazines published from the late 1800’s to the late 1950’s. The magazines were named for the cheap wood pulp paper they were printed on. Pulp magazines are considered the predecessor to modern superhero comic books, as pulp magazines often featured illustrated stories of heroic characters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobin is the name used by several superhero characters appearing in comics published by DC Comics. Robin was created by Bill Finger, Bob Kane, and Jerry Robinson as the younger counterpart and sidekick to Batman. The character first debuted as Dick Grayson, in Detective Comics #38 in 1940. Various characters have assumed the mantle of Robin including Jason Todd, Tim Drake, Stephanie Brown, and Damian Wayne. After being introduced as Robin, many of these characters now have their own alter egos such as Dick Grayson as Nightwing and Jason Todd as the Red Hood.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Joker is a supervillain character appearing in comics published by DC Comics. The Joker was created by Bill Finger, Bob Kane, and Jerry Robinson. The character debuted in the comic book Batman in 1940. The Joke was introduced as a psychopath and criminal mastermind, undergoing various portrayals as trends in comic books shifted. He is integral to Batman stories, even murdering two of Batman’s sidekicks. Today, the Joker is one of the most well-known comic book villains and the most enduring of Batman’s antagonists, having been adapted into many other forms of media, including novels, video games, film, and television. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDetective Comics\u003c/em\u003e is a comic book series published from 1937 to 2011 and from 2016 to the present by DC Comics. The series introduced the superhero Batman in 1939 and it is the longest-running comic book series in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Herbert Dillinger (1903-1934) was an American gangster during the Great Depression. As the leader of the Dillinger Gang, he was accused of robbing 24 banks and four police stations. Dillinger was charged with the homicide of an East Chicago, Indiana police officer and continued the evade police throughout his criminal career, escaping imprisonment twice. In 1934 he sought refuge in a Chicago brothel owned by Ana Cumpanas [Romanian: Cumpănaș], who assisted authorities in tracking Dillinger down. He was killed by law enforcement in 1934.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Arthur Floyd (1904-1934), nicknamed Pretty Boy Floyd, was an American bank robber during the Great Depression. In the 1930’s he gained press coverage and even favor from the public because it was rumored that he burned mortgage documents, relieving people of debt. He was arrested various times and was killed by law enforcement in 1934.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eProhibition is the legal act of prohibiting the manufacture, storage, transportation and sale of alcohol including alcoholic beverages. The first half of the twentieth century saw periods of prohibition of alcoholic beverages in several countries. Nationwide prohibition did not begin in the United States until 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution went into effect. Prohibition became increasingly unpopular during the Great Depression along with a demand for increased employment and tax revenues. The ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment brought an official end to prohibition in the United States in 1933.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSee annotation for David. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid is the third king of the United Kingdom of Israel, according to the Hebrew Bible. According to historians, David likely lived around 1000 BCE. In Deuteronomistic history, accounts vary slightly, but David is a young shepherd who is sent to represent the Israelites against the Philistines. David fights Philistine giant Goliath in single combat, declining armor and taking only his staff, sling, and five stones. Despite the odds against David, he defeats Goliath. The phrase “David and Goliath” today alludes to an underdog situation, where the odds are stacked against a weaker opponent when facing a stronger adversary, but the underdog wins\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eProfessor James Moriarty is a fictional criminal mastermind and antagonist of fictional detective Sherlock Holmes. The character was created by author Arthur Conan Doyle in 1893. Moriarty only appeared twice in Conan Doyle’s original stories, but later adaptations have given Moriarty greater prominence as Sherlock Holmes’ archenemy. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSherlock Holmes is a fictional detective created by author Arthur Conan Doyle in 1887. Sherlock Holmes first appeared in short stories published in magazines and eventually, the character appeared in novels. Numerous stories have been written by various authors since. Sherlock Holmes has been adapted into many other forms of media, including radio serials, plays, film, and television. The character is considered the best-known fictional detective, his popularity so great that some even believe him to have been a real person. The character’s influence on pop culture has proved enduring and highly influential.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenri Rene Albert Guy de Maupassant [French: Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant] (1850-1893) was an author, best known for his short stories. Many of his stories are set during the Franco-Prussian War in the 1870’s, writing on the futility of war and its impact on civilians. He wrote over 300 short stories and three novels. He is regarded as the father of the modern short story.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Sydney Porter (1862-1910), known by his pen name O. Henry, was an author best known for short stories. He also wrote poetry and non-fiction works, his stories known for their witty narration and surprise endings. The O. Henry Award is given annually to recognize outstanding short stories. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Saturday Evening Post\u003c/em\u003e is a magazine founded in 1821. From the 1920’s to the 1960’s, it was one the most circulated magazines that reached approximately two million homes weekly. In 1982, the magazine was purchased by \u003cem\u003ethe Saturday Evening Post \u003c/em\u003eSociety and has been published six times a year since.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eContract bridge or simply bridge is a card game using a standard 52-card deck. It is a trick-taking card game played by four players in two competing partnerships. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMercury refers to the first planet from the sun and the smallest planet in the Solar System. It is also the name of the ancient Roman mythological god of luck, commerce, communication, and psychopomp. His ancient Greek equivalent is the god Hermes, sharing similar characteristics and dominions. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobin Hood is the subject of English folklore, a heroic outlaw and skilled archer and swordsman. Legends vary but Robin Hood is said to have robbed from the rich and given to the poor, antagonizing the Sheriff of Nottingham. The origins of the legend are contested with various proposals of evidence of his existence dating back to the 13th century. Some suggest that Robin Hood was an alias used by or about bandits. Robin Hood has been adapted into many other forms of media, including novels, illustrations, film, and television.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNewell Convers Wyeth (1882-1945) known as N.C. Wyeth was a painter and illustrator. Wyeth illustrated 112 books, including Treasure Island, Robin Hood, and Kidnapped. He also did advertisements for various companies, including Coca-Cola and Cream of Wheat. He is the father of Andrew Wyeth and grandfather of Jamie Wyeth, both painters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTimely Comics was an early comic book publisher and predecessor of Marvel Comics. It was founded in 1939 by Martin Goodman in the Golden Age of comic books. Timely was the name of a group of corporations owned by Goodman, in the 1960’s it became the well-known comic book and entertainment giant, Marvel Comics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCreig Valentine Flessel (1912-2008) was an illustrator and comic book artist. He began his career drawing for pulp magazines, including illustrating The Shadow. He began working on comics for National Allied Publications, a predecessor of DC Comics. Flessel’s illustration career spanned his lifetime, including illustrations for magazines \u003cem\u003eBoys' Life\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePlayboy\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWallace Allan Wood (1927-1981) was a comic book writer and artist, known for his work on EC Comics and \u003cem\u003eMAD Magazine.\u003c/em\u003e He drew early issues of Marvel’s Daredevil and developed the character’s distinctive costume. He also wrote and drew two self-published graphic novels, and illustrated advertisements and Topp’s \u003cem\u003eMars Attacks \u003c/em\u003etrading cards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCecil Blount DeMille (1881-1959) was a filmmaker and actor, he is widely regarded as a founding father of American cinema. From 1914 to 1958 he made 70 films, both silent and sound films. The Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award given for \"outstanding contributions to the world of entertainment\" is named in his honor. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEpinal prints were prints that depicted a popular subject in bright colors, sold in France during the 19th century. The prints take their name from the first publisher of the prints, Jean-Charles Pellerin, who was born in Epinal [French: \u003cem\u003eÉpinal\u003c/em\u003e] a commune in northeastern France. Pellerin’s printing house was named \u003cem\u003eImagerie d'Épinal.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Brothers Grimm, Jacob (1785–1863) and Wilhelm (1786–1859), were German academics and cultural researchers who collected and published folk tales. The pairs popularized many of the best-known folk tales including, Cinderella, Snow White, and Hansel and Gretel. The popularity of their collected folklore has endured, with numerous adaptions, including adaptations by Disney. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePenny dreadfuls were cheap, popular serial literature made in Victorian England. The name penny dreadful is a pejorative term to refer to the poor quality of the literature, costing one penny. The subjects were typically sensational and dark, sometimes featuring supernatural entities and themes. Penny dreadfuls were printed on wood pulp paper, and they were a predecessor to pulp magazines published from until the late 1950’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul Bunyan is the subject of American and Canadian folklore, a giant lumberjack capable of superhuman labor. He is typically portrayed as being accompanied by Babe the Blue Ox. The character originated in oral storytelling by North American Loggers, becoming the subject of various literary works, songs, and theater productions. His birthplace in the folklore is contested, varying from three places in Minnesota to one city in Maine. Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox are portrayed in various giant statues across North America.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnnie Oakley (born Phoebe Ann Mosey) (1860-1926) was an American sharpshooter who starred in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, vaudeville performances with themes of cowboys and the American frontier. As a child, Oakley developed hunting skills to provide for her family. When she was 15, she won a shooting contest and later joined Buffalo Bill in 1885 to perform in America and Europe. She was an advocate of female self-defense and trained women in marksmanship. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Frederick Cody (1846-1917) known as Buffalo Bill was an American soldier, bison hunter, and showman. He is one of the most famous figures of the American Old West. He served the Union during the American Civil War, going on to serve as a civilian scout for the U.S. Army during the American Indian Wars. He began performing in Wild West shows, vaudeville performances with themes of cowboys and the American frontier. In 1883 he founded Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, touring his shows around the United States and eventually Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Shadow is a fictional character appearing in various magazines, comic strips and radio dramas. The Shadow was created by writer Walter B. Gibson in 1930 as a narrator for the monthly pulp \u003cem\u003eDetective Story Magazine\u003c/em\u003e. The Shadow developed into its own distinct character in 1931 with the pulp series \u003cem\u003eThe Shadow Magazine\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac Asimov (1920-1992) was an author and professor of biochemistry. He wrote more than 500 books, in numerous genres, particularly science fiction. Asimov was also proficient at public speaking and often gave talks about science and attended science fiction conventions. Asimov was born in Russia to a Jewish family, immigrating to Brooklyn, New York in 1923. During World War II he worked as a civilian chemist, going on to further his higher education and becoming a professor at Boston University. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSee annotation for Superman. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Bond is a fictional British Secret Service agent, also known as 007, created by author Ian Fleming in 1953. Fleming wrote 12 novels and two short story collections, with more novels being written by various authors since. James Bond has been adapted into many other forms of media, including radio serials, comics, film, and television. The film series is one of the longest-running and highest-grossing film series of all time. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIan Lancaster Fleming (1908-1964) was a British writer, most well-known for creating the character James Bond in a series of spy novels. Fleming was born to an affluent family and worked for Britain’s Naval Intelligence Division during World War II, his military career and work as a journalist served as the basis for James Bond.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA phrase that alludes to creating something that ultimately destroys its creator, it references the novel by Mary Shelley, \u003cem\u003eFrankenstein\u003c/em\u003e. The epistolary story follows a young medical student Victor Frankenstein as he attempts to create a humanoid with parts of human bodies. Upon succeeding, Frankenstein is repulsed by his creation and in response to his creator’s rejection, the creature begins killing Frankenstein’s friends and loved ones and wreaking havoc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePro bono is short for the Latin phrase pro bono publico, meaning “for the public good.” It involves providing free legal services for individuals in needs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Cartoonist Society is an organization of professional cartoonists founded in 1946. The organization aims to work with a variety of professional illustrators to encourage interchange and public acceptance. The society also presents the National Cartoonist Society Awards. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNeal Adams (1941-2022) was a comic book artist and well-known for his advocation for creators’ rights, rallying behind Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster when they sought to win back the rights to their creations from Warner Communications in 1975. Adams co-created characters for DC Comics, including John Stewart, an iteration of Green Lantern. He also illustrated for Marvel Comics, contributing to \u003cem\u003eThe Avengers \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eUncanny X-Men. \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Association of American Editorial Cartoonists (AAEC) is a professional association that promotes the interests of editorial cartoonists in North America. It was formed in 1957, and today it has about 200 members. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Authors Guild is America’s oldest and largest professional organization for writers, founded in 1912 as the Authors League of America. The Authors Guild advocates on issues of free expression and copyright protection. Today, it has over 9,000 members.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry Donenfeld (1893-1965) was a publisher most well-known for distributing Detective Comics and Action Comics, comics that introduced the superheroes Superman and Batman. Donenfeld’s company National Allied Publications would later become DC Comics, making him an early contributor and pioneer of the comic book industry. He was born in Romania to a Jewish family, immigrating to America with his family as a child.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCentral Park is an urban park between the Upper West Side and Upper East Side in Manhattan, New York City. It is the most visited urban park in the United States, with attractions such as the Central Park Zoo and Wollman ice skating rink. The first areas of the park were opened in 1858. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eQueens is a borough of New York City, located on Long Island and bordered by Brooklyn in the west. Nearly half of its residents are foreign-born, it is the most linguistically diverse place in the world, and it is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrooklyn is a borough of New York City. It is named after the Dutch town of Breukelen. It is located on the westernmost edge of Long Island and shares a border with Queens.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBill Gallo (1922-2011) was a sports cartoonist and newspaper columnist for the New York Daily News. Gallo’s work is also in the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York \u003cem\u003eDaily News\u003c/em\u003e is an American newspaper founded in 1919 as the \u003cem\u003eIllustrated Daily News.\u003c/em\u003e It was the first daily tabloid paper in the United States. Today, it is based in Jersey City, New Jersey.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTimes Square is a commercial intersection and neighborhood in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Times Square is known for its numerous digital billboards, the Broadway Theater District, and being one of the world’s busiest pedestrian areas. It was known as Longacre Square until 1904, when The \u003cem\u003eNew York Times\u003c/em\u003e moved its headquarters there. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eNew York Times\u003c/em\u003e is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eWashington Post\u003c/em\u003e is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in Washington, D.C. since 1877. It is known for breaking important stories in American history, including the Pentagon Papers and Watergate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTime Warner was established in 1990, following the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications. It was the predecessor of WarnerMedia, a multinational entertainment company based in New York City. In 1967, the company acquired DC Comics. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle (1859-1930) was a writer and physician, best known for creating the iconic detective character Sherlock Holmes in 1887. Conan Doyle wrote extensively, authoring fantasy, non-fiction, science fiction, plays, and poetry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Shakespeare (approx. 1564-1616) was an English playwright, poet, and actor. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most widely-known writers of all time. His works include 39 plays and 154 sonnets, including Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet. His works are highly influential, having been translated into every major living language and performed more than any other playwright.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnne Jackson (1925-2016) was a film, television, and stage actor. She was nominated for a Tony Award and won an Off-Broadway Theater Award. Jackson and her husband Eli Wallach often performed together on stage. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEli Herschel Wallach (1915-2014) was a film, television, and stage actor. His career spanned over six decades, earning him a BAFTA Award, a Tony Award, an Emmy Award, and the Academy Honorary Award. Wallach and his wife Anne Jackson often performed together on stage. He was born in New York City to Polish Jewish immigrants. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalter Leland Cronkite Jr. (1916-2009) was a broadcast journalist and anchor for the CBS Evening News from 1962 to 1981. According to polls, he was largely considered “the most trusted man in America”. Cronkite reported on many major historical events, including the Nuremberg Trials, the Vietnam War, the Moon landings, and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. He received numerous awards, including two Peabody Awards, an Emmy Award, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Jimmy Carter in 1981.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTime\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eTIME\u003c/em\u003e is a new magazine based in New York City, published weekly from 1923 to 2020. In March 2020, the magazine was published every other week. \u003cem\u003eTime\u003c/em\u003e aims to tell the news through people, known for its selection of its “Person of the Year” which highlights an influential individual annually.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLife\u003c/em\u003e was a general interest magazine first published in 1883 to 1972 as an intermittent publication, and monthly from 1978 to 2000. The magazine featured many notable creators, including Norman Rockwell.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCollier's\u003c/em\u003e was a general interest magazine first published in 1888 as \u003cem\u003eCollier's Once a Week\u003c/em\u003e, it underwent several variations to its name before being simply named \u003cem\u003eCollier’s\u003c/em\u003e. Its last issue was published in 1957, and there was a brief, unsuccessful attempt to revive the publication in 2012.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNew Masses\u003c/em\u003e was an American Marxist magazine, associated with the Communist Party USA. It was first published in 1926 as a successor to \u003cem\u003eThe Masses\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eThe Liberator\u003c/em\u003e. The magazine gained traction during the Great Depression, as more Americans became receptive to ideas related to communism and leftist politics. Its final issue was published in 1948, succeeded by \u003cem\u003eMasses \u0026amp; Mainstream\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. 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Gropper was born in New York City to Jewish immigrant parents and following WWII, he honored the Jewish lives lost in the Holocaust by painting aspects of Jewish life.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘Blitz’, or the ‘London Blitz’, was the sustained bombing of London by Germany between September 7, 1940 and May 10, 1941. Many other cities were bombed as well, including Coventry, which was destroyed. The \u003cem\u003eLuftwaffe\u003c/em\u003e [German air force] bombed London for 76 consecutive days and nights. More than 1,000,000 homes were destroyed or damaged, one in six Londoners were made homeless, and more than 40,000 civilians were killed, half of them in London.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Biro (1911-1972) was a comic book writer, artist, and cartoonist. He is best known for working on the comic book Daredevil (not to be confused with Marvel Comics' Daredevil) and creating comic book characters Airboy and Steel Sterling. He is credited with contributing to the development of the crime comic genre.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNot to be confused with Marvel Comics' Daredevil, Lev Gleason Publications’ Daredevil is a superhero character. Daredevil was created by Jack and Don Rico, first appearing in the comic book \u003cem\u003eSilver Streak\u003c/em\u003e #6 in 1940. Daredevil is the alias of Bart Hill, a boomerang marksman and vigilante.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRockefeller Center is a large complex consisting of 19 commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th Street and 51st Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Built between 1930 and 1939, it is the city’s historic landmark for dining, shopping, and entertainment. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eV-2 rockets or Vengeance Weapon 2 [German: \u003cem\u003eVergeltungswaffen-2\u003c/em\u003e], were the first long-range guided ballistic missiles. They were developed in 1936 by the \u003cem\u003eLuftwaffe\u003c/em\u003e [German Air Force] and powered by liquid-propellant rocket engines. They were used extensively in the terror bombings of Allied countries and an estimated 10,000 people died in Mittlebau-Dora concentration camp when forced to build them underground. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (1874-1965) was a British politician, historian, writer, and army officer who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. As Prime Minister, Churchill led Britain to victory over Nazi Germany during World War II. His speeches were a great inspiration. One speech included the words: “... we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.” He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his lifetime body of work.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Roussos (1915-2000) was a comic book artist, best known for working as a comic book inker for Jack Kirby on Marvel Comics. Roussos had no formal training in art, he was self-taught and worked as an assistant for Batman creators Bill Kane, Bob Kane, and Jerry Robinson. 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Simon was born in Rochester, New York to a Jewish family.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCaptain America is a superhero character appearing in comics published by Marvel Comics. Captain America was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby. The character debuted in the comic book \u003cem\u003eCaptain America Comics #1\u003c/em\u003e in 1940. Captain American is the alias of Steve Rogers, a chronically ill, Brooklyn native enhanced with superhuman strength and physique by an experimental “super-solider serum” after joining the United States Army, to aid in the country’s efforts in World War II. Captain America and his partner Bucky Barnes frequently clash with Axis leaders and characters drawn upon the Axis powers. Towards the very end of the war, an accident leaves Captain America in a suspended frozen state until he wakes in the modern era. Reassuming the mantle of Captain America, he becomes the leader of the superhero team the Avengers as he struggles to adjust to the new era. His arc in the Marvel Cinematic Universe focuses on his journey as a hero from the 1940’s to the 2020’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJane Leavy was the founding director of the Breman Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum in Atlanta, Georgia. She retired as Executive Director in 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eV-1 rockets or Vengeance Weapon 1 [German: \u003cem\u003eVergeltungswaffe\u003c/em\u003e-1], also nicknamed ‘doodlebugs’ or ‘buzz bombs’ because of the sound they made in flight, were winged cruise missiles. They were developed in 1939 by the \u003cem\u003eLuftwaffe\u003c/em\u003e [German Air Force] and powered by a jet engine. They were used extensively in the terror bombings of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1941. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMelbourne is the capital city of the Australian state, Victoria. It is the second most populous city in Australia. It is a port city, its metropolis located on Port Phillip Bay. Indigenous Australians have lived in the area for over 40,000 years and it was colonized and established as a city in 1835. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBombay is the former name of the capital city of India, Mumbai. In 1995, following independence from Britain, the name was changed. Mumbai is the financial center and most populous city in India. Mumbai is the center of many corporate headquarters of Indian companies, science institutes, and the Bollywood industry. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCoventry is a city in the West Midlands, England. The city has existed as a settlement for centuries, given city status in the Middle Ages. In the 19th century, it became a major production center of bicycles and later the British motor industry. As an auto manufacturing hub, it became a target for German air raids in World War II, sustaining significant damage in November 1940 when much of the historic city center was destroyed. The nearest major cities to Coventry are Birmingham in the West Midlands, and Leicester in the East Midlands.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/annotation_set/1108/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSuez is a seaport city in northeastern Egypt, it is located on the north coast of the Gulf of Suez on the Red Sea. It has three ports, located primarily in Africa. The city is a production center of oil, with oil refineries with pipelines carrying the product to the Egyptian capital city, Cairo. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=6060.0,6090.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/index/59266","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Jerry Robinson [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/index/59266/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Provides background on his parents and their careers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=33.0,320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/index/59266/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was born in 1922, that long ago, in Trenton, New Jersey . My parents . . . my father came from Russia about 1895, I believe the date was, as a very young man and was the first of his family to come, to emigrate. I think he was escaping some of the pogroms  in Russia at the time. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=33.0,320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/index/59266/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Franklin Delano Roosevelt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herbert Hoover","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York City, New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trenton, New Jersey","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=33.0,320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/index/59266/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shares about how his parents met and his great-great grandfather","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673#t=320.0,473.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105883/file/206673/index/59266/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They met here in New York [City], through relatives or friends. They lived in the Lower East Side at the time. My father brought his brothers over and his mother, my great . . . and he brought over my great-great grandfather, his grandfather, who I never met. 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