{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/ff3kw5869w/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Engelman, Rachel Klein"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1995-12-12 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRachel Engelman interviewed by Erna Dziewinski Martino on December 12, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRachel was the third of six children born in Rozalvea, Romania to Shmuel Tzvi Klein (1891-1944) and Fraida Mirjam Klein (1893-1944). Shmuel was a rabbi and Mirjam was a homemaker. The family lived a comfortable life in a house they shared with Rachel’s maternal grandfather, Meir Kizalnik. The Kizalnik family had lived in the town for generations. Rachel’s great-grandfather, Rabbi Yitzchak Menachem Kizalnik, had been the first rabbi in Rozalvea and her great uncle, Rabbi Moshe Kizalnik, was the last rabbi of the town.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRozalvea had been a part of Hungary prior to World War I. In 1940, it again came under Hungarian rule and was subject to anti-Jewish policies and life for the Jews in Rozalvea became increasingly difficult. Rachel’s older brother was soon sent to perform forced labor with the Hungarian Army. After completing high school, Rachel moved to Budapest in 1940, where she lived with cousins in relative safety until 1944.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944, life in Budapest became more dangerous. Rachel was able to obtain false identity papers and was temporarily hidden by a non-Jewish acquaintance along with two of her cousins in a nearby town. Afraid their identities would be discovered, they soon returned to Budapest. Rachel was briefly required to perform forced labor. When authorities required all Budapest Jews to move into a ghetto in the fall of 1944, Rachel decided to go into hiding again. She found shelter at a factory next door to her cousin’s house. The factory’s manager hid her and other Jews in a stairwell.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter a long siege, the Russian army liberated the city in February 1945. The factory manager took Rachel to his home, where he revealed he was also Jewish. In August 1945, Rachel attempted to return home to Rozalvea. She soon learned the fate of her family. One younger sister had survived and would later immigrate to the United States. Her older brother had escaped from forced labor and immigrated to Palestine, where their oldest sister had immigrated in 1936.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile traveling to Rozalvea, Rachel was introduced to Shimon (Simon) Engleman (1918-2001), who later became her husband. Shimon was a survivor from Czechoslovakia who had been in the Theresienstadt ghetto and a series of concentration camps. After liberation, Simon joined the Haganah and the couple eventually made their way to Israel, where they operated a bakery. On November 14, 1961, Rachel, Simon, and their three children arrived in the United States aboard the \u003cem\u003eS.S. Jerusalem No. 89\u003c/em\u003e. They initially settled in New York. Later in life, they lived in Florida, where Simon died.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimon and Rachel’s son, Samuel, and daughter, Miriam Engelman Gur-Lavi, opened Engelman’s Bakery in Atlanta, Georgia in 1983. The Engelman Baking Company went on to become a successful wholesale bakery that still supplies artisan bread and rolls to restaurants and entertainment venues in the greater Atlanta area and nationally. Rachel eventually moved to Atlanta, Georgia also, where she died on January 20, 2009.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eRachel introduces her family and describes life in her small Transylvania town. She recalls how life began to change for Jews as Romania began to align itself with Nazi Germany. Rachel explains how she managed to finish high school despite Jews not being allowed to attend in person. She recounts her family’s strong religious traditions and associations in the area. Rachel reflects on the friendships and differences between Jews and non-Jews that were aggravated by the Iron Guard’s rise to power. Rachel remembers how life changed again when her town became part of Hungary in 1940. She remembers how her family struggled to help her older sister immigrate to Palestine in 1936 and their futile attempts to keep her brother from being conscripted for forced labor in 1940. She explains why her parents did not immigrate in the early 1930s. Rachel talks about Jews being sent to forced labor and the deportations of those who could not prove Hungarian citizenship. She recounts how some Jewish friends were arrested on suspicion of being communists. Rachel explains her decision to move to Budapest in 1940. She describes how hard it was to adjust to life with her non-observant family members who took her in. She talks about sending food home and returning to visit for the last time in 1943. She recounts how life in Budapest changed with the German occupation in March 1944. Rachel recollects how her female cousins attempted to save themselves through relationships with non-Jewish Hungarian men. She discusses how “Jewish houses” were established through the city. Rachel recounts how she obtained a false identity and briefly impersonated a Hungarian peasant, living with acquaintances in a nearby town. She recalls learning that her family had been deported Auschwitz-Birkenau. Rachel outlines her return to Budapest, where she was soon sent to forced labor. She mentions her decision to hide from forced labor after recovering from an injury. She recalls the Allied air raids that terrorized the city. Rachel recounts a close call when she returned to the town she had hid in to retrieve hidden documents. She details her attempts to find a hiding place rather than go into a ghetto. Rachel describes hiding in a factory during the winter of 1944-1945 as the Russian army laid siege to the city and Arrow Cross members terrorized Jews. Rachel mentions the brutality of the Russian soldiers after Budapest was liberated. She describes her recuperation at a friend’s home. Rachel explains why she broke up with her fiancée after his return and left Budapest. She recollects learning about her parents’ and siblings’ fates. Rachel tells how she met her husband on a train.  \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28602"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["The Holocaust (named event)","Transylvania (geographic term)","Budapest, Hungary (geographic term)","Jewish ghettos (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Rozavlea, Transylvania (geographic term)","antisemitism (topical term)","pogroms (topical term)","World War II (named event)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRachel Engelman interviewed by Erna Dziewinski Martino on December 12, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRachel was the third of six children born in Rozalvea, Romania to Shmuel Tzvi Klein (1891-1944) and Fraida Mirjam Klein (1893-1944). Shmuel was a rabbi and Mirjam was a homemaker. The family lived a comfortable life in a house they shared with Rachel’s maternal grandfather, Meir Kizalnik. The Kizalnik family had lived in the town for generations. Rachel’s great-grandfather, Rabbi Yitzchak Menachem Kizalnik, had been the first rabbi in Rozalvea and her great uncle, Rabbi Moshe Kizalnik, was the last rabbi of the town.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRozalvea had been a part of Hungary prior to World War I. In 1940, it again came under Hungarian rule and was subject to anti-Jewish policies and life for the Jews in Rozalvea became increasingly difficult. Rachel’s older brother was soon sent to perform forced labor with the Hungarian Army. After completing high school, Rachel moved to Budapest in 1940, where she lived with cousins in relative safety until 1944.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944, life in Budapest became more dangerous. Rachel was able to obtain false identity papers and was temporarily hidden by a non-Jewish acquaintance along with two of her cousins in a nearby town. Afraid their identities would be discovered, they soon returned to Budapest. Rachel was briefly required to perform forced labor. When authorities required all Budapest Jews to move into a ghetto in the fall of 1944, Rachel decided to go into hiding again. She found shelter at a factory next door to her cousin’s house. The factory’s manager hid her and other Jews in a stairwell.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter a long siege, the Russian army liberated the city in February 1945. The factory manager took Rachel to his home, where he revealed he was also Jewish. In August 1945, Rachel attempted to return home to Rozalvea. She soon learned the fate of her family. One younger sister had survived and would later immigrate to the United States. Her older brother had escaped from forced labor and immigrated to Palestine, where their oldest sister had immigrated in 1936.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile traveling to Rozalvea, Rachel was introduced to Shimon (Simon) Engleman (1918-2001), who later became her husband. Shimon was a survivor from Czechoslovakia who had been in the Theresienstadt ghetto and a series of concentration camps. After liberation, Simon joined the Haganah and the couple eventually made their way to Israel, where they operated a bakery. On November 14, 1961, Rachel, Simon, and their three children arrived in the United States aboard the \u003cem\u003eS.S. Jerusalem No. 89\u003c/em\u003e. They initially settled in New York. Later in life, they lived in Florida, where Simon died.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimon and Rachel’s son, Samuel, and daughter, Miriam Engelman Gur-Lavi, opened Engelman’s Bakery in Atlanta, Georgia in 1983. The Engelman Baking Company went on to become a successful wholesale bakery that still supplies artisan bread and rolls to restaurants and entertainment venues in the greater Atlanta area and nationally. Rachel eventually moved to Atlanta, Georgia also, where she died on January 20, 2009.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRachel introduces her family and describes life in her small Transylvania town. She recalls how life began to change for Jews as Romania began to align itself with Nazi Germany. Rachel explains how she managed to finish high school despite Jews not being allowed to attend in person. She recounts her family’s strong religious traditions and associations in the area. Rachel reflects on the friendships and differences between Jews and non-Jews that were aggravated by the Iron Guard’s rise to power. Rachel remembers how life changed again when her town became part of Hungary in 1940. She remembers how her family struggled to help her older sister immigrate to Palestine in 1936 and their futile attempts to keep her brother from being conscripted for forced labor in 1940. She explains why her parents did not immigrate in the early 1930s. Rachel talks about Jews being sent to forced labor and the deportations of those who could not prove Hungarian citizenship. She recounts how some Jewish friends were arrested on suspicion of being communists. Rachel explains her decision to move to Budapest in 1940. She describes how hard it was to adjust to life with her non-observant family members who took her in. She talks about sending food home and returning to visit for the last time in 1943. She recounts how life in Budapest changed with the German occupation in March 1944. Rachel recollects how her female cousins attempted to save themselves through relationships with non-Jewish Hungarian men. She discusses how “Jewish houses” were established through the city. Rachel recounts how she obtained a false identity and briefly impersonated a Hungarian peasant, living with acquaintances in a nearby town. She recalls learning that her family had been deported Auschwitz-Birkenau. Rachel outlines her return to Budapest, where she was soon sent to forced labor. She mentions her decision to hide from forced labor after recovering from an injury. She recalls the Allied air raids that terrorized the city. Rachel recounts a close call when she returned to the town she had hid in to retrieve hidden documents. She details her attempts to find a hiding place rather than go into a ghetto. Rachel describes hiding in a factory during the winter of 1944-1945 as the Russian army laid siege to the city and Arrow Cross members terrorized Jews. Rachel mentions the brutality of the Russian soldiers after Budapest was liberated. She describes her recuperation at a friend’s home. Rachel explains why she broke up with her fiancée after his return and left Budapest. She recollects learning about her parents’ and siblings’ fates. Rachel tells how she met her husband on a train.  \u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/120/787/small/Engelman_Rachel.mp4_1628108837.jpg?1628094438","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Engelman_Rachel.mp4"]},"duration":7369.689,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/120/787/small/Engelman_Rachel.mp4_1628108837.jpg?1628094438","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/120/787/original/Engelman_Rachel.mp4?1628094421","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7369.689,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Engelman, Rachel [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: My name is Erna Dziewinski Martino. We are here to do a video tape\nof a Holocaust survivor. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What is your name and where do you live?\n\nENGELMAN: I'm Rachel Engelman and I live in [unintelligible, 0:17].\n\nMARTINO: When were you born?\n\nENGELMAN: On March 16, 1922.\n\nMARTINO: Where were you born?\n\nENGELMAN: In Rozavlea, Marmures [County], Transylvania.\n\nMARTINO: Can you tell me something about your family? Who lived in your house?\nHow many people, and your brothers and sisters, and so on?\n\nENGELMAN: We were a family in the house of nine people. There was my grandfather\n[Meir Kizalnik (died 1944)], my parents [Shmuel Zvi Klein (1891-1944) and Fraida\nMirjam Kizelnik (1893-1944)], and six children. I am the third child. We grew up\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we lived a peaceful life. We worked.\n\nMARTINO: Can you give me the names of your brothers and sisters?\n\nENGELMAN: Yes, my elder sister was Rumy [sp], and my brother was Shmuel Zvi, and\nmy name is Rachel. My younger sister was Sara. The younger sister was Chaja\n[1929-1944] and the youngest was Chana Rivka [1932-1944].\n\nMARTINO: What did you father do for a living?\n\nENGELMAN: He was a rabbi teacher. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He made a good living. We wasn't considered\npoor. Life was hard, but we were happy. We just know we had to thank G-d for\neverything, the blessings what we had. We had a house. It was very small, but\nfor us, it was enough. Here you wouldn't imagine people living in one room, and\nwe cooked, and we baked there. We had another little room where my grandfather\nslept. There was a bunk bed in there and another two kids ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slept with my\ngrandfather. We had also a bed that we opened up at night. In the morning, we...\nWe had a big table. Everybody had a chair and everybody was sitting.\n\nWe did not have any complaints. [Unintelligible, 2:19] how to live. We had to\nhave the right shoes for the winter, and hay for the cow, and wood to heat. The\nheating was very hard and used to be the wood for iron stove with four rings or\ntwo rings. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had only two. We wasn't really considered poor but we was\nconsidered middle class people there, according to the life then; but not like\nin America, of course.\n\nWe had no enemies. We didn't fight with anybody really. Even with the peasants,\nthe Romanians, we got along. We worked together, we had business with them. It\nwasn't... We didn't feel like the antisemitism until 1936 actually [or] 1935,\nwhen they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started the numerus clausus in the high schools. They wouldn't take in\nJewish kids, so I made my high school diploma, like I started in the house and I\nwent for a test. Then, there were about five girls or eight girls. We had all\nthis and we bought a book together with another. That was very common because\nmoney was scarce. But for us, it was a happiness that we're going to finish high\nschool. Then they sent out an inspector -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like a principal -- from the school\nand he tested us and I have even... I survived with my high school diploma. I\nstill have it.\n\nMARTINO: What type of school did you go to? Was it a non-Jewish school?\n\nENGELMAN: A non-Jewish school and I went to Jewish school, but this was a public\nschool and we lived next to this school. We were about 300 Jewish families in\nthis town. There must have been 5,000 peasants, but there were more Jewish\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children in this school than Romanian children because at this time, where I\ngrew up and I was born, there was about 85 percent illiteracy. They didn't go to\nschool. They didn't know [how] to write and to read, but their children -- some\nof them -- came. We were sitting in the front. They were sitting in the back.\nThey didn't have a pencil. They didn't have the books. They were neglecting. The\npeasants said, \"I'm not going to make another police, another teacher. Let him\ngo with a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pick to the fields,\" and things like this. We Jewish kids, we all went\nto school. We were punished if we didn't go. They used to even fine the parents\nif they didn't send their children to school. But, with the peasants, they\ndidn't even bother, because they were not going to pass, so it was a different thing.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me what Shabbos was like or the holidays.\n\nENGELMAN: Shabbos was great. Shabbos was the best thing that everybody can have.\nEverybody get washed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody had to have a Shabbos outfit. Some kids had even\nspecial shoes for Shabbos. We was cooking once a week a meat for Shabbos. But\nthe whole meat was... We used to buy one kilo of meat and it was for nine\npeople. It was for Friday night and for Saturday, for the children and\neverything. You wouldn't believe how good it was. We had a little fish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\npeasants used to go catch the fish Friday morning and they used to come to the\n[unintelligible, 5:36] and sell it. We had the money; they had the fish. They\nwere little like this. [holds fingers up to indicate they were very small] But\nstill we said, \"Let's go eat Shabbos.\" We had challah, sometimes cake. It was\nreal Shabbos. Not like here, where they have so much to eat and we say we eat\ntoo much. We enjoyed it.\n\nMARTINO: Your family was observant?\n\nENGELMAN: Very much. I'll show you the picture of my father. He was a rabbi. My\ngreat-grandfather [Yitzchak Menachem Kizalnik] was a rabbi, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not just to teach.\nHe was a rabbi in five counties, five towns, like the whole valley had... When\nmy sister, when they got married, my grandfather [Rabbi Meir Kizalnik] gave them\nsix Mishnah books and this had the stamp of my great-grandfather with his name\nand everything. It said for Rozalea and the Galiyah. That meant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the whole\nvalley. It was a famous family. There was only one family in the whole world\nlike that.\n\nMy cousin, in my time already... My great-grandfather had ten children -- seven\nsons and three daughters. One of them even was a delegate in the Parliament. He\nhad a doctorate and he was voted in. Manni [sp] Kizalnik was sitting in the\nParliament. We were really from that small town but then all those kids spread\nout ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout Romania. Romania was a democratic country at this time, after\nWorld War I.\n\nBut in 1936, we felt already this numerus clausus. Then, just if you read a book\nfrom [Fyodor] Dostoevsky, you were already pointed out that you are a communist.\nIf you were trying to learn English, that was seen that you are an enemy. I was\none of the lucky ones. My cousin went to Paris [France] in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1932, one of my\ncousins. Because my grandfather also had four children, and they had children,\nand they started to go out to do more in the world because really life was very hard.\n\nIt was so primitive. We had a wooden floor. There was no road. We used to go out\nin the mud and come in with the mud. We scrubbed the floor once a week for\nShabbos, but still, it didn't last because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still we had to go out, and come in,\nand go to the cow, and go to the garden. It got dirty. We had help in the house,\na peasant. [Unintelligible, 8:11] used to come in every day because we had to\nrun water -- no plumbing. [The peasant] used to bring the water, and clean up\nthe stables by the cow, and scrub the floor, and other things to help. Saturday,\nshe must have come in to make fire. We didn't start a fire on Saturday. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\ndifferent life. I don't think you can even imagine what it is.\n\nMARTINO: Let me ask you this: Did you have Jewish and non-Jewish friends?\n\nENGELMAN: I had Jewish friends and non-Jewish friends. We were friendly with\nthem. But I didn't eat in a non-Jewish house. If there was a birthday we were\ninvited, we used to bring them a present. But we not even... They didn't even\noffer us... just fruit and we used to go. Yes, we had non-Jewish friends. When\nmy sister got married, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so all those friends we used to go to their wedding, they\ncame and they bring us eggs, or chickens, things you can use. There was\nunderstanding between us. There was friendship like. It wasn't... I didn't feel\nany hate anywhere.\n\nMARTINO: Do you feel that there was a difference between your relationship with\nyour Jewish friends and your non-Jewish friends?\n\nENGELMAN: Of course. You couldn't trust a non-Jewish person. When the people\nused to come from the government they should be voted for, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they used to talk\nfreely outside that everybody should vote for them, right? When a Jewish speaker\nused to come, a rabbi wanted money or he talked about Zionism, we used to go to\nthe shul [Yiddish: synagogue]. That's where they were talking to us. The goyim\nused to say, \"Oh, the Jews are planning. They are cursing us,\" and some of them\nknew Jewish [Yiddish]. There were non-Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"girls that they used to work in\nJewish houses, they grew up in Jewish houses, and they knew to speak Yiddish.\nThey used to say bracha in the morning with the children. My brother-in-law's\nhouse there was a goy, a shicksa in the house. and she used to say bracha.\n[Speaks in Yiddish]. They knew already this was the way of Jews. That's how they\naccepted us.\n\nMARTINO: You said that you could not trust your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-Jewish friends. What do you\nmean by that?\n\nENGELMAN: No, because when I left my house in 1940, after I left in 1940, they\npicked out some Jewish families and they were already deported. First, they\nstarted with, \"You don't have the citizen papers,\" even if you lived there for\n200 years. Like my grandfather must have come... I don't remember, but on the\n[unintelligible; 11:05], an event ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in 1890 was in my town. After fifty years\nwas my grandfather, so I couldn't figure it out how old he was, but there is\nfour stones when he left. In the moment, they picked up the Jews that they said,\n\"You don't have a citizen...\" or, \"You don't... Show us how you living. You a\nparasite.\" That's how they started to say.\n\nThe peasants, the Romanians, they are so happy to see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what they do to the Jews.\nThe people didn't have time already to walk out of the houses, the cow already\ndisappeared. The things carried out. They were ready to rob, like you see in the\nFiddler on the Roof. This was what was going on. I saw it with my own eyes in\n1940. My aunt was also on the list, but in our town, in the last minute, it was\ncalled off, but they carried through a lot of wagons with people. Right away,\nthe peasants, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the goyim, they volunteered with their wagons to take them away to\nthe train, and from there they took them further.\n\nMARTINO: Describe to me how your life began to change with the coming of the\nNazi movement.\n\nENGELMAN: Very badly, like I told you. I wasn't able to go to school. Then they\nstarted forcing us to go Saturday to school, which we never went. The Jewish\nstores didn't open Shabbos. The goyim knew that everybody on Friday took\nShabbos, Saturday... Then they started to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stand up, when those people come\nalready -- there was a Nazi Party also in Romania they called Garda de Fier\n[Romanian: Iron Guard] and [Corneliu] Codreanu was their leader -- they said,\n\"Tell me. If you want to buy a pack of cigarettes, or a little oil, or kerosene,\nor this that they used to buy, do you have to go to buy? No. All the stores are\nJewish and the Jewish are closed on Saturday.\" They start to force ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to open up\nthe stores. Especially... Even the principal from the school used to be so\nfriendly, and talk with my mother, and come for milk. He went to a Jewish store\nand made the man sell him things because we don't touch money on Shabbos. This\nwas just to show. We saw that we can't trust them.\n\nThat's how it started. Then it got more and more. We didn't know what was going\non in their heart. Like, there was a few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the aristocratic party. They were\nstill speaking Hungarian because this was a Austro-Hungarian government before.\nThere were only about two or three Hungarian speaking families. My mother spoke\nHungarian because she went to a Hungarian school at this time, when she was a\ngirl. They used to be so friendly. [unintelligible 11:56] this is like 'my\nhoney' or something. Then it comes, they turned away their head. They didn't\neven talk to her. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They didn't look.\n\nThe doctor by himself... went to school with my mother. He stand on the\nlittle...We had there like a bridge in front of the house. We lived across from\nthe town. He came out and he said, \"I was waiting for this thirty years I should\nsee it,\" when they started to take the Jews.\n\nMARTINO: When you talk about the Romanian Nazis, it was the Iron Guard you were\ntalking about?\n\nENGELMAN: Yes, this was the Iron Guard. Then came... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The king was still in\npower. He took the government and turned it over to Iuliu Maniu. That's how we\ncalled it. They [unintelligible] out. But then in 1940, whatever it was there,\nthe Hungarians marched in through the German agreement. First, Czechoslovakia\nwent. In 1939, already Poland was on fire. The Polish was already in the ghetto.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we saw in the papers the uprising in the ghetto.\n\nWe saw in 1940 when they took the Jewish families from our town also, they\ndidn't let the woman -- she had two little babies -- and they didn't let her\ntake a bottle of milk. They accumulated in the shul there, they should come.\nThey talked on the phone with Sighet, which was the capital city of Marmures\n[County], \"We have already 200,000 of those lousy people.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Louse it's not just\nlousy, it's the lice. The Jews, they were called dirty and things. They were\nmore dirty than we were.\n\nWe were more dress differently. They didn't wear regular clothes like this.\n[points to her professionally tailored blouse and skirt] They used to make their\nown clothes. In the summer they used to pull the flax and wash it. You don't\nknow how to make flax, but I know it and I used to spin. Then they dried it and\nthey used to sew it in the wintertime. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the summertime, everyone was in the\nfield because this was the life. This was what kept you alive.\n\nIf you didn't have no vegetables, there wasn't vegetables to sell. You had to go\nto another person that you knew that had a garden in another town. But my mother\n-- she should rest in peace, in the name, I have to cry when I talk about her --\nused to come and Friday in the morning, you had already your regular customers.\n[Speaks in Romanian] That means a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"green for the soup, a little vegetable\nfor the soup. She used to give. That's how we were brought up. As little as we\nhad, we gave. We kept giving. My father said, \"If somebody puts out his hand,\nyou give.\"\n\nSome people they took from us money. They borrowed and they didn't pay up. I\nwent to the butcher and I bought one kilo of meat and I see the other is buying\nthree kilos of meat. I came home and I said, \"You see? He bought three kilos and\nI bought one kilo. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He buys this from our money.\" My father says to me, \"Meyn\nkind [Yiddish: my child], his children has to eat also, even if it's from my\nmoney.\" Their attitude of life and of being a human being, it's indescribable\nhow giving they was, how much devotion there was between the Jews.\n\nMARTINO: Let me ask you this: How old were you when things ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started to change?\n\nENGELMAN: About fifteen.\n\nMARTINO: Fifteen. Also tell me how your relationships changed with your friends\nand neighbors.\n\nENGELMAN: The moment we... When I was at home already... I didn't have to go to\nschool on Shabbos, but my sister had to go. She had a little non-Jewish friend\nand she used to carry her books all the time. The moment that they think they're\nstronger, she didn't carry her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"books anymore. Then one day, they gave an order\nthat the Jewish kids are not supposed to go to school anymore because they're\nnot trusted, not wanted. My mother said to Suri, \"I don't care. You go to\nschool,\" because we grew up in this school. We were neighbors of the school,\nlike this is the [school] and the border was our gate. She went and then the\nfriend said, \"You're not supposed to be here. Get out,\" the real friend. Yes, so\nthat's what it was.\n\nThen in 1940... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My sister left in 1936. She got married. Her husband had a\ncertificate from English. The English didn't let you go to [Palestine]. There\nstarted to be illegal transports organized, but she and another couple... They\nhad two certificates, which my father held for them. My brother made a\nhachsharah. This was like the agreement. They train them first to work. That's\nhow they get a [visa] certificate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the English government. He had the work.\nThere came two certificates and there was about 150 customers for it because all\nthose guys went. They must have been over 21 already. My sister was 21 when she\ngot married. But they succeed to get the certificate and she got married. It was\nvery hard on us to make the dowry, to give the money for the ship because they\nwent to the ship. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were the last two couples that left in a legal way from\nEurope to Israel. Then it started just the illegal.\n\nMy brother was already almost due for the army and my father was afraid. We had\na cow. We sold the cow for 10,000 leu [Romanian currency], which was a lot of\nmoney. We gave it to an agent. He came and he said, \"I'm arranging the black...\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transportation to Israel,\" and this and this. We gave away the money. My father\nwanted to save his only son. Then after a few months, the border from Russia\nopened up. They took in Bessarabia. He ran away there with the money. We never\nsaw him again. We had no money and no cow.\n\nYou don't know what a cow meant for us. It was the life of the children, the\nmilk every day. If you think my mother used to milk the cow? I used to milk the\ncow. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before she came into the house with the milk from the cow, we had a little\npail from tin, she used to go there in the back. In our garden, there was\nanother woman with two children that her husband was already drafted for the\nwork. First, she left milk there for those little children. Then, she came and\nshared it.\n\nThere never was food that you just eat besides cornbread and prune lekvar\n[Hungarian: jam or jelly] that we used to make from our own prunes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We used to\nboil it in a kettle, like copper or tin, whatever we had. Then we used to rent\nit out for other people. It was like a little business. We used to sell. We used\nto buy the prunes from the peasants in the holiday season [when] they took off\nthe prunes. This went on once a year. Then my father used to teach in a bigger\ntown called Borsa. He used to come home once a month for Shabbos and for the\nholidays ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so he used to the cans of prune lekvar and sell it there.\n\nEverything that we could make a penny was very good. My mother used to take -- I\ndon't know what it's called here -- seyt [Yiddish term for calcite]. You take a\nstone and it boils and then its white. It's called 'seyt'. I don't know what it\nis. We used to paint with it. Not like paint like you see here. It's called\nchallak [Yiddish].\n\nMARTINO: Yes, challak is chalk.\n\nENGELMAN: Yes, this we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to sell also. We had a basement. People used to\nbring their food there for Shabbos because there was no ice box.\n\nMARTINO: Right. Let me ask you this...\n\nENGELMAN: I didn't even know that a refrigerator exists.\n\nMARTINO: When this was going on, did you or your family consider making any\nplans other than sending your sister and your brother away?\n\nENGELMAN: My father wanted the whole family to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to Israel. It was his dream.\nHe said, \"I'm going to work the fields. I'm going to live. This is going to be\nmy life.\" My mother had an old father there. She had... her dowry was a half of\nthe house. Then my grandfather signed it over and they had to pay it off another\nsister and two brothers half. It was hard already to marry off my older sister.\n\nWhen [unintelligible] brought some Jews to Israel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was in 1934 or 1935, we\nwere listed there. I was wondering, we had so many children -- they took the\nchildren -- surely they were going to take us. My mother just said plainly to my\nfather, \"If I go there, I'm not going to survive it. I'm not going to live\nthrough it.\" Because here she had a goy to bring the water. She was afraid she's\ngoing to have to go work the fields there somewhere in the heat and in the\ndessert like. She said she doesn't feel she's going to be capable ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go for it.\nMy father dismissed it. I find this out five years later when my sister already\nwas in Israel. My sister, when she went to Israel, she also worked in the\nplantations. It was really hard work and they struggled. But they survived there\n-- not easily, but they survived better than to be in Rozalvea.\n\nBut this was when we didn't know what's coming. We didn't believe it could\nhappen. People were screaming and yelling, telling you, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saying, \"It's going bad.\nIt's going bad.\" We still didn't believe it. When the Hungarians came in, we\nwere happy because they're not going to kill us like the Romanians were killing\nus. When the soldiers marched, there were Jews between them. They said, \"Don't\nbe so happy.\" [says something in Yiddish] There were Jews with them at this\ntime. Later, they didn't trust the Jewish. They just took them to the working\ncamps. My brother was called in 1940 also to the working camps, taken away.\n\nMARTINO: What kind of orders, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"besides the schools and affecting the business,\nwere issued by the Nazis that affected your way of life?\n\nENGELMAN: They wanted to take away my father once for digging the ditches for\nthe tanks or something. He was called in. They didn't send an order. They went\nwith a drum. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They called out and then everybody was there and they call out the\nnames of who has to go. My father was called in. [They said,] \"You go to manage\nhorses.\" The others went. They asked my father, \"You know how to manage horses?\"\nMy father didn't know [how] to manage horses. He just was a scholar. After a\nwhile, we saw that people are going so we said, \"Okay, let's go into the house.\"\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went into the house and they forgot about us.\n\nBut they called us in to go to work, to this ditch. They took a lot of Jewish\npeople to help to build the road... They were afraid that the army was going to\nwalk in... barricades, but they made it so primitive, it was nothing. The took\nsome branches and they covered it with mud. It would fall apart. Some of them,\nthey paid money and they let them stay home. It still was manageable. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\ndidn't kill in 1936, and 1937, and 1938, and 1939.\n\nHungarians came in in 1940. They changed the school [to] a different language.\nThe peasants didn't speak Hungarian. The Jewish people knew because they\nremembered from the first generation. We thought it was going to be better. The\nborder opened up. I could have gone to my grandmother because when my father and\nmother got married, it was Austro-Hungarian. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I was born, it was\nCzechoslovakia on the other side. We were in Romania. Now, there was no border\nbetween Czechoslovakia and Romania. I could go to see my grandmother -- which\nwas very nice and I did went once -- and another aunt and another cousin I\nvisited. My father also had family on the other side. It was called\nCzechoslovakia. We were called Romania. It was the same area. We thought we were\ngoing to be okay.\n\nAfter about a year later, then they started to take out just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certain families.\nThen we felt it already. They make that everybody has to have citizen papers.\n[They said,] \"Bring papers.\" We didn't have to yet to bring papers but they made\nus spend so much money on stamps on the papers, that the people didn't have what\nto eat. They had to fly with an airplane to Budapest and to Bucharest to bring\nthe papers. Then they brought us stamps back. They sold stamps. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were just\npumping out your blood.\n\nMARTINO: When you say 'papers', you mean identification papers?\n\nENGELMAN: Identification papers, and pictures to take, and we should paint the\nhouses in the front, and we should... everything.\n\nMARTINO: The Germans wanted you to do this?\n\nENGELMAN: They didn't come by themselves. The Germans didn't do anything. They\njust gave orders to the town hall and the locals had to enforce it. They didn't\ndo by themselves. The Hungarians, also the same thing, just gave out orders.\nFirst we were Hungarian.\n\nMARTINO: The Romanians implemented ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the Germans told them?\n\nENGELMAN: Yes, what they told them. Even in the worst places. Even in Budapest\nwhere they was already occupation, they were sitting there. They didn't do it by\nthemselves. They did it like in the camps. They made a Jewish kapo hit his\nbrother, his friend, his sister. That's what they did. They made them do it. But\nthey were so organized, and so shrewd, and so horrible. Then when you talked to\nthem, they could be the nicest people on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"earth. Like they say, [Adolf] Hitler\nliked cats.\n\nMARTINO: At this point in time...\n\nENGELMAN: In 1940.\n\nMARTINO: In 1940, there was...\n\nENGELMAN: There was a movement in all Europe. That's what I felt. You couldn't\ngo to France or you couldn't go to England. My cousin sent me an English book.\n[My cousin said,] \"You should learn English.\"\n\nThen a few guys there tried to get involved -- Jewish guys and non-Jewish guys\n-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the Russians. We thought that in Russian you're not supposed to say\n'Jew'. In Russia, everybody can live even if he's Jewish. This was the communism\nlaw. We were very close to the Russians, to Russia. They thought they going to\nget connection with the Russians and they're going to all go over or make a\nrevolution there that we should throw out... I wasn't in it. My brother was\nalmost accepted already. They were working with some Jewish guy. Five [young\nmen] of my town.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They brought books to read from the Russian history, like I said, Dostoevsky,\nthe other, I don't know. They also gave me some books to read because I was\nhungry for a book. A book was something that you cherished, or a magazine. In\nthe library in the school was just for children's stories. To get some books...\nSuddenly, we had books to read.\n\nOne day, they came in the morning. It was my friend there, a guy that I was\nfriendly with. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They just took him. My brother, I said, was called in two weeks\nbefore to the army. It wasn't the army. They didn't give him a weapon. They took\nhim to the working camp that was going in front of the army. From Italy,\n[Benito] Mussolini sent soldiers to the Russian front on the way to Poland. They\nstopped in our region to rest there. The Jewish guy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was sent home, the one who\norganized it... In Romania, we had to go in the army. My father served in\n[Emperor Franz] Joseph's army. He was in the [First World] war, too. He was even\nwounded. Now...\n\nMARTINO: What happened with your brother? You said...\n\nENGELMAN: My brother was taken to the army a few weeks before. Then, I don't\nknow how they found out, who gave them in. They came early in the morning at\nthree o'clock and they picked up five Jewish guys from their houses. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They took\nthem to a concentration camp that was called Kistarcsa, accusing them they communists.\n\nThey did have some connection to the communists. It was even two kids who tried\nto go through the hills to see the Russian front to see... They were going to go\nthere to save their lives. They didn't even stay in the house that they lived\nin, but they came back. They didn't accept them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One they kept there and the\nother they said, \"You go back. If you are communist and you are so good, go\nthere and work for communism.\" One they took, they kept there. They tell him and\nthen they give some food and they send back and one they kept my brother wasn't\nin this. Luckily, he was already in the working camp. The others were taken,\nfive... Lizel, Hershel, Robert... There was five, yes. Schulem... Yes, five, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nthey took them to Kistarcsa.\n\nMARTINO: Young boys?\n\nENGELMAN: Young boys. My friends. I was two years older. One was a little bit older.\n\nMARTINO: How old were they?\n\nENGELMAN: I was just 18 or 19. They were 22. Some of them were my age, also one\nof them younger. A Jew was not trustworthy. Either he is a communist or English.\nI was learning English and they took this book, which I loved. I had 500 English\nwords ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to learn from this book. I had to bury it. Me and my cousin, she lived in\nRozavlea, this was the best thing that we had. Every day after school, I used to\nwalk a mile to her house. It was her sister send it to us. I was her cousin. She\nlet me study with her. I loved to study. Then we had to bury this book. Don't\nask how we cried about this book. I don't know what happened to it later because\nI never came back. Then I left for Budapest in 1940.\n\nMARTINO: When you say you left, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your whole family?\n\nENGELMAN: No, just me because there was very little food. We had no money. My\nfather, even the kids that he teached, the people didn't have [money] to pay\nhim. He teached them, but there was nothing to do already. It was very hard. I\ndecided I had a cousin in Budapest, my father's sister got lost in World War I\nto Budapest, to Hungary. They were in Czechoslovakia. After the border opened,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we got some connection with them. They went to see Grandmother in\n[unintelligible name of town, 33:39]. The grandmother told my father, \"Here is\nVina [sp] and she has two daughters and a son.\" We knew already...\n\nI wrote to this cousin and she said, \"You can come. You're going to be like my\nown child here.\" I said, \"I'm going to see what I can do. Maybe I can work and\nsend something home -- something, a few pennies. An old coat, everything, a pair\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old shoes was worth... a life saver. I didn't have what to wear. I couldn't\nbuy clothes. I go to my aunt. She didn't have children and I was a few years by\nher. Then she had four children. Her husband -- this was my father's sister --\nwas a shochet. I didn't know how to say this.\n\nMARTINO: He was a butcher.\n\nENGELMAN: Not a butcher, a shochet. A butcher is something else.\n\nMARTINO: I understand.\n\nENGELMAN: A shochet. The one that cuts the chicken and the lambs and the...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Right. A ritual slaughterer.\n\nENGELMAN: Yes. But I don't know how to tell the children that I talked to them.\nThere was no children in the beginning. I went there and I asked my uncle. He\ncame to the rabbi. The rabbi used to come because the Hassidim was active there.\nI went there. At least I had every day a little meat. They was having meat every\nday because he was a shochet. He'd take home some pieces from the animal so this\nwas our food.\n\nThen, when... Once he came to us... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was not Czechoslovakian. He had to go to\nget his papers. He said, \"I'm going home to get the papers.\" My mother said,\n\"Moshe, go back? Who is going to look for you? Stay quiet.\" [He said,] \"I have\nto go. I am afraid.\" He went to [unintelligible; 35:18] to look for his papers.\n\nThis day, they just put together... You know, they used to chase them down from\nthe street. Came a few... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"low class people that they were anxious to do this\njob. They chased him into the shul. There was... They took and they chased him\ninto the Polish border. It was almost [unintelligible; 35:50]. We had messages\nfrom non-Jewish people that we knew that they was carried to close to Polish\nborder. They had to dig their own grave and they were all shot.\n\nMy aunt never saw her husband again. She was left with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four children -- three\ngirls and a boy. She was well off and now she had nothing what to live on.\nPeople used to give her every day a little food from the families what she was\nin the town. One of the little boys died. Then she was with the three children.\nShe went to Auschwitz[-Birkenau] in 1944.\n\nI saw that there is no way there to live, and no way there to eat. I can't buy\nmyself a pair of shoes. There was no place there to go to work. My cousin said I\nshould go, too. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I took a few towels we had made ourselves with the flax, and\nthings, and a little... We used to buy the cotton ready from the factory there\nused to be. This was what we would sew for the girls. I sold it. I took a ticket\nfrom the train, set [out] on the train after Yom Kippur. I went to Budapest. I\ncame to my cousin.\n\nI said to my mom, \"First of all, you're going to have one less ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to feed. Then,\nthe two little children need less than I am. I am a big girl. I wanted to have\nnice shoes. I wanted to have a Shabbos plate. I didn't have... I had four pieces\nof clothing in my... I didn't have a suitcase. Just packed around it a little\npaper. This was all. My coat was very shabby, so my younger sister had a coat\nthat she worked it over from something. She gave me her coat -- Suri, my little\nsister -- and I gave her my old coat.\n\nI went to this cousin of mine. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She had a house and there was electricity for the\nfirst time. I didn't know how to put it on. There was a regular toilet. But I\nhad to work there like a maid, a real maid. This was very painful for me. I used\nto cry all night through.\n\nShe gave me a bed that I had to open up in the kitchen. She had a two-room\nhouse. In Europe, it's called a big house. She had a dining room. Her daughter\nslept in the dining room. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She had a bedroom. She slept with her husband and son\nin the bedroom. For me, this was so strange to see a woman with a man going in\nto bed. In our house, we didn't see this. I was in such a shock.\n\nShe had no kosher food. I couldn't eat and I got sick from it. I used to vomit.\nThat's what she cooked. They cooked with fat. I'd never see somebody else... Fat\nwas such a dear thing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here, they pour fat on everything. I was so hungry to eat\nthose things, but it didn't agree with me.\n\nI couldn't talk to them. She knew Jewish [Yiddish]. My aunt knew Jewish, but the\nchildren didn't know Jewish. The boy was a nice little boy, but her daughter was\nabout thirteen-years-old. She was as tall like twice as me. She was thirteen\nyears old. She had already a boyfriend and things I wouldn't dare. I was 19\nalready. I talked to a boy. Maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we hold hands or we hugged and kissed, but I\nfelt so guilty it was such a big sin. But I never thought of things like she did\nand she was only thirteen. But she was so developed. My cousin was so big and\nfat. I felt like this was the Gehenna [Yiddish: Hell]... and I didn't talk.\n\nThey thought that they are the smart ones and I am stupid. One evening, they\nwere talking about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a composer. He wanted to say that [Ludwig van] Beethoven had\na wife with a long nose and things like this. I said, \"[Unintelligible; 39:49].\nBeethoven never had a wife. He never was married. This has to be Richard Wagner.\nYou don't know who Beethoven was.\" He said, \"Wow, Rozie! What does she know?\"\nThey looked at me like I was... sitting there like a bum. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The work was hard.\nThey didn't give me but 20 pennies a month, which was very little. I had to save\na year to buy a coat.\n\nIn Budapest, the Jews were still acting like... There was people there who had\nrun from Slovakia to Budapest. Hungary was still owned, but the other, Nyilas,\nthey started to work ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already with like antisemitism. They used to already do\nviscous things. If they didn't want to sell [to] them. There were stores that\nsaid \"Dogs and Jews are not allowed.\" That's how they started. But they were working.\n\nAfter a while, my cousin's husband started... He wanted to be close with me,\nwhich I felt I'm going to die. I went to her sister ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and said, \"Look, her husband\nis starting up with me.\" He had already a bad record. He was to me like a goy.\nThey didn't keep Shabbos. I was sitting Shabbos like this [clutches her arms to\nher sides] I didn't know what I was or wasn't allowed to do. It took me about\nsix months till I was there before I could turn on the light or start the fire.\nI said, \"It's Shabbos.\" I couldn't do it. I didn't know if they love me or they\nhate me.\n\nI was trying to get work outside. I couldn't make enough. I knew to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sew a\nlittle. In another town from my house. I went to my sister-in-law. She teached\nme to sew. But I had no machine. They paid so little, I couldn't even get a bed\nand don't talk about a room. If you went there to go to work and were a boarder,\nyou just rented a bed. This is how girls used to do, and other people, the boys\nalso when they came to the city to live. The houses weren't that big like in the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[United] States. You'd get a bed.\n\nMARTINO: How long did you live with them?\n\nENGELMAN: I lived with them almost till to the end and then I left. But I used\nto go out to work. I sewed some pockets for men's pants. They were cut and I\njust have to sew them.\n\nHer sister, she was an angel, the younger sister from [unintelligible; 42:25].\nHer name was Brana. She was an angel. She used to give me sometimes something to\nsend home. What I could, I could send to them. I used to send 2 kilo [about 4.5\npounds] breads -- it was a savior -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or some old clothes. And my aunt used to\ngive me something. I put in what I could. Sometimes, if they didn't see me, I\nwould take them a little bottle or a little something from the kitchen because\nthere was plenty. I was looking, \"They have here so much. If I will send home\nsomething...\" I wrote letters to my mother and to the children, but I couldn't go.\n\nIn 1943, I decided I'm going home. From my brother, we just heard very rarely.\nHe was taken ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out to the Crimea on the front. Once, he sent a telegram that he's\ngoing to pass somewhere in Hungary. I couldn't get in touch to reach him so I\nsent him about 2 kilos of sala. That is prosciutto. I don't know how you call it.\n\nMARTINO: Ham.\n\nENGELMAN: Ham. He got it. In Budapest later on, I forgot already about kosher\nfood. I didn't see it even. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She didn't live in the kosher neighborhood. They had\na shul they used to go and she used to keep Passover. And they kept the\nholidays, but they were driving. They were going to a Reform shul. That's how it\nwas. I got used to it. I started to learn already to speak Hungarian. I blended\ninto the family. They didn't treat me too good but I wasn't on the street, I\nwasn't exposed.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They used to catch in those [days], refugee children in the streets in Budapest\nand put them in jail for a few days and let them out. You had to bail them out.\nI couldn't deal with it. I was too sensitive. I was too weak. I didn't have the\ncourage, I guess.\n\nSome of my landslayt [Yiddish: fellow Jews from the same district or town]\ngirls, they were in the Jewish neighborhood. They worked there also, whatever\nthey can. But their parents used to even send them something from their house. I\nwas ashamed to tell them that my parents don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have the money to send me. This\nwas very hard for me. I just sat there and kept quiet. I said [to myself], \"I'm\nunder a roof. I'm in a family.\" The husband was taken away, so I was free from\nthis worry, too. That's it. We managed.\n\nMARTINO: What happened after this?\n\nENGELMAN: After a while, they started to take away the Jewish businesses. Rules\nused to come out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in two hours, three hours. You didn't have ten hours. They give\nthe orders and you didn't have time. You had to close the doors and [get] out.\nThose non-Jewish came already and they took over the groceries and all the\nJewish stores. One night, they give it [the orders] out. Five o'clock in the\nmorning, and that's it. Some people were courageous. They risked their lives.\nThey brought home something from the store if they could, at least the cash they\nhad. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But some of them was just too far from the businesses and they couldn't.\n\nThe orders just go to the Jewish community, \"We want this and this and this. If\nnot you going to make it, you're going to have 10,000 Jews tomorrow out of their\nhomes. [The Jewish community leader said,] \"We can't make it.\" He said, \"Give us\na little time, we can do it. You want this? You want wagons for the horses? Feed\nfor the horses?\" They said, \"Give us a little time.\" They never succeed in this.\nThey started to pull out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Jewish communities the leaders, keep in touch\nwith them, give them this or that.\n\nIn Budapest, there was a Jewish university, Jewish hospital. It was a lot of\nJews in Budapest and they were very advanced. They were in good shape, but\nnobody can help. In 1942, they took the Jewish businesses. The ones that they\nleft, there was... It wasn't, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"This, and this, and this is Jewish.\" In 1937,\nthere came out a law [that said] every Jews should go and report to the\ngovernment what he owns. Every Jew went. They didn't know that this was the key\nto their plans.\n\nThere, they didn't know who is Jewish. Some people were a little bit smart. They\ndidn't go so they were left out. They didn't touch them. They didn't have too\nmuch Jewish names in Budapest. They were assimilated Jews. I'm not talking the\nones ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the beard and the payess. I'm talking the one who lived in Angyalfold\nand the ones who lived in Zuglo. Budapest is a big city. It's a 2 million people\ncity. I was in the side where they didn't come to arrest every two weeks, but my\nfriends were. They were catched a few times and then I went to see them.\n\nOnce, I took a trip to Kistarcsa to see the guys what they took out from when I\nwas still home. It was very hard. It was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long trip and I had to take a ferry.\nI bring them some food. I had very little, but I just felt...\n\nThen I found out... Later, I got a letter from home that they heard from my\nbrother again. My cousin also was down there -- my aunt from Budapest's son --\nalso was taken to the labor camp. He was a strong guy. Once he met my brother.\nThey didn't know each other but they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talking and they find out that they\nare cousins. He wrote Budapest that he saw him. He came home. He had the day\noff, or two days. The Hungarians were treated differently than the ones from the\noccupied zone. We were called [unintelligible; 48.23] the occupied zone. We were\ntreated differently. He came home and he told them that my brother looks very\nbad. But he had to go back. There was no excuse for him either. He went back. We\nknow that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he is alive again. Then, I didn't hear from him for a long time.\n\nIn 1943, my cousin -- my aunt's son -- we didn't hear from him. We didn't know.\nSome of the non-Jewish guys wrote notes, the ones with money, that we could\nconsider he is dead. We never heard from him and we never knew how he died. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\njust heard rumors. We never saw him and we never heard from him again. That was\nthe beginning of 1943.\n\nIn the end of 1943, after I went to see my parents, my father was back from\nthe... He didn't work but he was like hiding. He already knew that he is not in\nthe home. A lot of people did it. They moved out from this place that they know\nhe's not there. Then already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they say they forgive them, they can go home. Some\npeople were afraid, but he was back home. He was very thin. Food was very scarce\nin the house. I brought some things I give to my sisters. I wanted to see my\nmother. This was the last time I saw my little sisters and my mother. [It was]\nin 1943.\n\nOn the road... the trains were... I met a lot of Jewish guys, people who had\nfamilies. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They just transferred them from one spot to the other working camp.\nThe non-Jewish soldiers used to be their supervisors. If one got angry, he just\nshoot another with no reason at all. They didn't give them clothes. It was\nreally... with no shoes... Everybody was worrying, \"What is my family doing in\nthe house?\" There was no connection. They wasn't allowed to write. Once in a\nmonth, they had a postcard to write. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was end of 1943.\n\nI came back [to Budapest in] the beginning of 1944. It was in the beginning here\nin March. One day, we just saw that the sky is dark with planes, and planes, and\nplanes. We didn't know what happened. We opened up the radio. We didn't hear\nanything latest. The radio said nothing. A girl came from another house and\nsaid, \"The Germans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"invaded. They just came in with the army, everything. They're\ntaking the whole thing over. You are Jewish. If you want something, give it to\nme. I'm going to hide it for you.\" My cousin knew already she has to give\nbecause they are very bad [unintelligible, 51:20]. How do you say...\n\nMARTINO: Bad people.\n\nENGELMAN: Yes. She gave something just that they should go. Later, we heard\nalready that they in. She didn't know... Her husband wasn't there. Her sister's\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"husband was away in Czechoslovakia also in working camps. Sometimes we heard\nfrom him. Her sister said, \"Look, I'm going to take in some boarders. I'm\nlooking for non-Jewish guys. I'm going to take them in, see if they're gonna\nsave my life, gonna save me.\"\n\nThere was a lot of girls they were taking out from Czechoslovakia. They were\nyoung girls that was not married. They were sent out to the troops, young girls,\non the fields to the Germans. They raped them, then they hit them, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then they\nkilled them. Some of them survived, but it was the biggest torture you can\nimagine. Everybody was scared. If somebody had a friend and she could have a\nformal marriage it was a little security [because you believed,] \"They're not\ngoing to take me right away.\" You didn't know which day they're going to come,\nchase you out.\n\nThe first thing was, they make Jewish houses. In every house that there was no\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christians and there was house with Christians and Jews live, the Jews should go\nout, live with the Jews, and the Christians should have because there was\nbombing already. They were bombing and they wanted those apartments. This had to\nbe done within the community. They didn't send actually the police, but they\ngave the order and you did it. You got afraid to go from here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"till the city\nheart, which was a walking area. If you went into the subway, you not supposed\nto ride in the first wagon. You had to go in the second wagon. You were pointed\nout that you Jewish. Whenever you can hide yourself, if somebody recognize you\nthat you Jewish, he can kill you and you can't say a word, nothing to do. It was done.\n\nMy cousin, she was the cousin and it was her house. I was not her daughter. She\nsaid me, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Go to the city hall. Say that we have no Christians here and we are\nready to take in other people,\" [so that] they shouldn't her out of the house.\nShe had horses. She used to work with the horse. Even if her husband wasn't\nthere, she had people working for her. They used to have to deliver it with the\nhorses. There wasn't any trucks at this time. There was a few, but mostly the\ndeliveries, from to take the trains, they went with the horses and they\ndelivered it to the stores, and the factories, whatever. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could I say, 'No'? I\nknew I risked my life, but I went. They did agree that I should have...\n\nWe had to put in a big Star of David on the entrance. We took in another few\nfamilies that we knew and an old man. He was living with an old non-Jewish lady.\nHe had to bring her in here. He couldn't live anymore with her. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think they\nwere like living together, but he had to go. We had plenty of people. They gave\nyou about eight square feet per a person. Figure it out. We had like two rooms,\nand a kitchen, and a living room, and a hall, and a bathroom. Even today, I was\nalmost two years ago in Budapest. Somebody said, \"I have a bathroom!\" This was\nsomething that counts ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as luxury.\n\nHer sister said she's not going to go into a Jewish house. She was not going to.\nShe took in one Nyilas, which means like a Nazi, a Hungarian. One was a\nHungarian SS man. The Hungarian people, they had volunteers. SS was volunteers.\nShe took them in. She rented him out a bed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know what she rented, what\nshe didn't rent.\n\nThen, Jewish houses were already closed up. You could go out only from eleven\n[in the morning] to one [in the afternoon] to do your shopping. She just... This\none guy that he know her, he took her away some place that we shouldn't know,\njust in case they going to catch us and torture, we shouldn't know where she is.\nShe had a little boy, which was almost a year old. [He] was circumcised. This\nwas a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very bad situation with this kid. She couldn't take off his diapers. But\nshe did went. She had another little boy with her about six or eight years old.\nHe couldn't say because he made it like she's his wife. He came there and took\nher to a family, said that he was bombed, and \"This is my wife and kids.\" The\nother kid she left with her sister in our house. It wasn't easy but we kept him\nthere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a few months.\n\nThen, it became... We saw it was worse, and worse, and worse. From the Jewish\nhouse, they could just come in and just chase out a few Jews, and take them to\nan area there -- an empty lot -- and shoot them. Nobody came back. We didn't\nknow where they disappeared. This was from those others, like they were trigger\nhappy. There was no law. You couldn't go to complain and so on.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I knew this man that he hide with my cousin's sister. I talked to him. He said,\n\"You know, you look like a peasant.\" I had a very red face and I was a little\nchubby. [He said,] \"I'll bring you my sister's birth certificate and you're\ngoing to be Ilona Borden. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can stay with this and maybe you can go and sign\nyou up to work or something. This I was holding with me for my identification. I\nhad to throw away all my Jewish papers. If the war is over, once I was a Nazi,\nhow can I show that I am not this evil Nazi? I was in a turmoil... Everybody...\n\nThen, my cousin, she convinced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those two guys lived in the house, in my other\ncousin's house, Brana. They were in [unintelligible; 58:16]. They lived in her\napartment. She had one room and she had a kitchen and a bathroom. This was a\nnice apartment. They lived in the house. She was there with the baby, this\nlittle boy was with her sister. They were living there.\n\nMy cousin tried to talk with this SS man, this Hungarian. I don't know how much\nmoney she gave him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He took over her mother, she had a young boy. He looked very\nChristian [looking], blonde hair, blue eyes and he was a very good singer. He\nwas very tall. They were very tall people. Like a gazelle, he was over six feet\ntall. She was afraid they're going to take them away -- the mother and the\nsister's little boy. She tried to... She paid him money.\n\nThis SS man took them to his wife. He said ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are bombed out from their\nhouses, and they were refugees, they picked them up and she should keep them in\nthe house. This went in a little town called Tokol, not far from Budapest. It\nwas not the outskirts; it was a town. She kept them there, this woman. I don't\nknow how much money she get every month. The money was good for them. All the\nones who went to volunteer for the SS, [they were] people who were very poor,\nthey didn't have no profession, they didn't have what to do. There, they get a\nsalary. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first throw is there. Then they go for fighting. Like this, they\nwere trained and then they were in the house. They were waiting to be called in.\nThey went there. Fine.\n\nAfter a few weeks of this, we here that they took out all our friends. They came\nat night into the houses and took out. It was bad. My cousin said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"They're\ngoing to take away the horses anyway. They're going to...\" Whatever money she\nhad, she buried some, she gave some things to other people to keep. She gave\nsome things for other people that she knew. I gave myself some things. I bought\nmyself extra soap, nightgowns, and tablecloths, things like this. I gave it away\nto another peasant. He know me. He came and took it. He said, \"Okay, I take you\nmy house. I can keep you there. I going to say you are my son's fiancée because\nyou...\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were talking about it. But it still was very scarce. It still was\nbefore Passover.\n\nMARTINO: What year are we talking about?\n\nENGELMAN: 1944. Every day is a year long. Suddenly, I got a telegram from my\nmother [saying,] \"They're going to take us away. Please come home right away.\"\nThe trains were very dangerous to go. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just didn't know what to do and I\ncouldn't make myself to go. I said to my mom -- I sent her a letter, \"G-d is\nhere. The same G-d what's there. Whatever is going to be... If I go on the\ntrain, it is more dangerous than to stay.\" I was afraid.\n\nIn 1943, my sister came with me back. After a few months, she couldn't take\nBudapest. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She stayed with my other [relative]. She went back. She knew already.\nShe said, \"Mom, it's not good,\" but she went back. She wanted to be with Mom.\nShe helped Mom. She used to go to buy eggs, and sell, things like this, because\nmy father couldn't make... He came home and he stayed in the house for a while.\n\nThey take it away. I didn't know where they take it away. I tried to send a\npeasant that I know but they wouldn't let her... It was like war already. From\nthe train, they used to take off the people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't know where my parents\nwere, but I knew that they took them away. What I find out: my father was taken\nseparately and my family was taken away separately. I didn't know where. After a\nweek and a half, I got a postcard, which came from Auschwitz[-Birkenau]. It was\njust, \"We are well. We arrived and we are well.\" It was Oswiecim. I kept this\ncard, and I read it, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I read it. I didn't know what to do. I didn't know what\nthis means, but I was crying my heart out. I didn't know how and where they were.\n\nThey were taken... First, they made a ghetto there. Then they were deported from\ntheir town to another town, to a ghetto in Dragomiresti. This was where my\nparents was. I was in Budapest. From there, they took them away and there was\nnothing, just this postcard when they arrived to Poland.\n\nMARTINO: Where you were, did people know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what Auschwitz-Birkenau was?\n\nENGELMAN: I couldn't have imagined, but I knew that my parents are not alive. I\ndidn't know what dead they were -- my sisters -- and my brother I didn't hear\nanything. Here I am in Budapest with these cousins and we're trying to survive,\nbut there is nowhere to go. You see every day they just taking out Jews. They\ndon't ask you what, and where, and how. It was bad.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happened [was] my cousin talked to this SS man. He had a cousin in\n[unintelligible]. I don't know how much money she pays him. She goes. She takes\nme and her daughter. Her son, her sister's son and the mother went to his wife.\nMe, and her daughter, and her go to [unintelligible] to his cousin, a butcher.\nHe takes us there. I don't know how much money she gave him. We take a few boxes\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of bedding, and of clothes, and all her papers. She owned property. She had two\nhouses, and all the horses had a certificate also that they her horses, and\nother things that she had.\n\nWe move in there [with] this goyim. We are such a good goyim. I didn't know too\nmuch. My aunt, her Hungarian was so good. We stayed there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"You can\nstay here till the war is over. Till the Germans have gone away, you have to\nlive like goyim.\" For me, I was very scared. I go there with them.\n\nThey treat us nicely because they know that we are... My cousin, she doesn't\nlook Jewish. I didn't look Jewish either. I looked like a peasant. She knew how\nto talk to them. She makes friends with the police captain in the town. She went\nto his wife, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she made them cakes, and she cooked, showed them some things to\ndo. There was a butcher shop in the back and we helped. It's not like you can...\nI had this paper [that said my name was] Ilona. We stayed there a few weeks. I\ndon't know how long.\n\nOne day, there came a telegram from this SS man. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[It said,] \"You just come right\naway home because there is a dead case in the family.\" What do we do? We are\nthree girls there, helpless. A little money she had. I didn't have too much. I\ndidn't ask for her to give me. She had money, but this she gonna save. She takes\nthis thing and she said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"You know something? You go. You go with Uri,\" and\nshe'll stay. First, she said I should go by myself. Then, she said, \"You with\nUri go and see.\" We don't have where to go. We left the house. We sure the\npeople noticed that the house is empty and we run away. You're not supposed to\nrun. If you run away, they shoot. I had a friend next... There was like one\nwall. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do you call it?\n\nMARTINO: Adjoining wall?\n\nENGELMAN: Adjoining wall from her house to a factory, a lumber yard there. The\nowner from the factory was a young guy -- he was ten years older than me -- and\nhe came back from the Russian front. He changed himself into Hungarian soldier\nclothes. I don't know what... Anyway, he got free for a vacation or something\nand he came back. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We knew that he's not Jewish and he stayed in this factory.\n\nHe came to my cousin to talk because they were neighbors. He saw me there. He\nstarted talking to me. Somebody talks to me? Because they all said I'm like an\nalien because I'm not from the city. But he liked me and we used to talk. We\nwere friendly. At night, this time I was with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish star, you're not\nsupposed to go out. But he used to come from his door from his factory and I\nused to sneak out. We used to sit outside and talk a little bit. He used to\nbring me an apple sometimes, a cigarette, a candy. Everything was precious. We\nused to be friendly quietly. I knew he's not Jewish. His name was Ebask [sp]. He\ndoesn't sound Jewish. But he was a friend, someone to talk to because I had no\none. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They chased me around, \"Do me this,\" and \"Do me this.\" I felt [alone] inside.\n\nShe said, \"You go and see what's up around the house. Did they took over the\nhouse? Did they...\" There was living in the basement a lady, a woman that her\nhusband worked for us. He was like the handyman by the stable. She had a room\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there in the bottom. She was deaf. When she saw that we not there, she thought\nthat we went out at night when they used to bomb.\n\nBudapest was bombed three times a day. In the morning, came the English. In the\nafternoon, came the Americans. And at night, came the Russians. They used to\nlight up the sky so much [it was] like the middle of the day. The lights they\ncalled them 'Sztalin gyertyai' [Hungarian] Stalin's candles. They used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bomb.\nNext to us was a factory that made airplane parts. They used to look for it.\nThey used to put a [bomb] every few feet. They wanted to hurt this factory.\nToday, I saw a house with three floors and after a bombing, you just saw a hole there.\n\nThe Jews are not supposed to go into the shelter. They didn't let you in. We had\nno shelter anyway. Sometimes we used to go out to the field. Sometimes we just\nstayed. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very scary. Either way, the bomb didn't know who was Jewish and\nwho was not Jewish. There was a lot of people I talked to now, and later, I\ndidn't see them anymore. There was people that they were injured. When the siren\nwent on, everybody run. We used to run. Some people went to the city. We were\nused to... Some[times you would be peeling] the potatoes. You want the potatoes?\nYou run with the potatoes. But they wouldn't let us in the next house because we\nare Jewish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We couldn't go there, so we used to sit. This man didn't have\nanywhere to stay either, so he used to come stay with us. It was a little bit\nmore friendly to have a man still sitting with us.\n\nShe said, \"Go and see.\" We came in on the train. We walked through the city.\nNobody touched us. I was dressed with a suit. Here [on her right lapel] I had a\nlittle on pin from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi party. You used to have a little flag when you are a\npatriot; I had a little pin from the Nazi party. I don't remember what my cousin\nwas wearing.\n\nWe tried first to go to her grandmother's from her father's side, to the house.\nWe came there. There is nobody in the house, just a peasant neighbor they took\nin the house. Their daughter got typhus and she died. They went out to the\ncemetery to bury the daughter. The police said they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"planning to run away.\nThey took them and deported them. They were old people. Just a little, one girl\n-- she was older than my cousin -- and her father, they jumped away from the\nline, like I jumped away when I had to go into the... They were alive. This lady\ntold her, but she didn't know where they are.\n\nWe really didn't find nobody that we can hide for a few days. No place there to\ngo. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You run around the city, you are tired, you are traveling, you are tired and\nhungry. We didn't take any food with us. We tried to go into the Jewish houses.\nNobody let us in. [They said,] \"You're not Jewish.\" I said, \"I am Jewish.\" [They\npointed to my Nazi party lapel pin and said,] \"Uh-oh. What is that, girl? You\nare a spy.\"\n\nFinally, my cousin found a girl she went together with to school. She told her\nwe are in a Jewish house somewhere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for orphans. Their mother is not alive\nanymore and we don't know where her father is. Her father run someplace else. We\nfind her in a Jewish house there. There is a woman that her husband is there.\n[He is] Jewish. She brings him a little food. She is out. We had something to\neat there. I think they gave us something, a little tea or something. They say,\n\"You can't stay here.\" It's night.\n\nI said ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Uri, \"You know something? I'm going to go. I know Yuri sleeps in the\nfactory. The dog wouldn't bark at me. He knows me. I'm going to see maybe he\nknow what will help us.\" The factory was on the corner. Our house was up the\nstreet already. We came from the other corner. I don't know what and how, but he\nwas walking with the dog on the other... The dog ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"felt that I'm coming or\nsomething. He came to run back and forth, from me to him. He said, \"I felt that\nthe dog is telling me something.\" We came slowly and the dog jumps on me. I say,\n\"Wilhelm. Wilhelm,\" and he jumps at me and he goes back, and he jumps on me, and\nhe goes back. Yuri came. It was dark at night, about ten thirty or eleven.\n\nWe asked him, \"Did you see any police in the house? Did you hear any commotion\nin the house?\" He said no commotion, nobody came there, and nobody was in the\nhouse. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They didn't came. They didn't look for us. [We asked,] \"Do you know what\nhappened? Why did they send this telegram?\" He said he doesn't know but the man\nwho lives downstairs and there was another... the man who managed the horses.\nThey went to work even but it was already very slow. He said ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he might know.\n\nWe didn't know what to do. We have no other choice. We have to go into the house\nto sleep, whatever we find there. It was cold. It was humid. We went into the\nhouse and we slept there. We didn't tell the lady downstairs that we there. In\nthe morning -- the phone was still working -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the mother calls us. She left a\nfew hours after we left. She was afraid to stay with this butcher. She was\nsitting on a field somewhere. She rented a telephone and she asked us what she\nshould do. We said, \"We are in the house. You come here, too.\"\n\nWe stayed in the house. We got down. Nothing happened. We keep ourselves some\nface. It goes by a few weeks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's quiet. A little work, you still had some\nfood. Everything's quiet. After a week that we stayed, my cousin says, \"We are\nin big trouble. I was dreaming I left there the papers under the mattress of\nthis butcher. If they find the papers, they are going to know we are Jewish.\nThey'll come here and they'll shoot us. They are antisemites. They are Nyilas.\nOur life is not worth a penny. We have to go to bring these papers.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was crying.\n\nMeanwhile, she had a non-Jewish friend who worked for her. A Jewish guy, her\nhusband was in Yugoslavia. He worked in a copper mine. People were dying there\nlike flies because of this green... What is it called? Mold? They get this green thing.\n\nMARTINO: Oxidation?\n\nENGELMAN: It goes into their lungs. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They did not know if he's alive. She just\nsaid, \"You know? I'm going to send Jan with you.\" [That was] this non-Jewish\nguy. He looked very [tough] and non-Jewish.\n\nShe said, \"You go and get those papers.\" I said, \"Maybe they know already. What\nwill I do? How shall I go?\" She said, \"You have papers you are not Jewish and\nyou're a girl. They can't tell you, 'Take off your pants. Are you circumcised?'\nAnd you have this guy with you. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just go. Buy a ticket and go.\" What should I do?\nWhen I went... The next day I went and she sent this guy with me.\n\nI went to this guy to say goodbye to him, to this Uri, this friend of mine. They\nwere jealous he is talking to me and not her daughter -- she is younger and\nprettier -- but he liked me. He said, \"Don't go. Don't you know that you're\ngoing into a fire?\" I said, \"But what should I do? I depend on her. I don't\nhave...\" [He said,] \"I'll take you in here.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was afraid to go to him. He's a\ngoy, too, but he was a good goy. When he saw me going, he was really very upset\nand upset with me. He said, \"You shouldn't go because you go into a fire.\"\n\nI did go with this guy. We go to the station from the train and we came in. I\ndon't have time to walk in over this gate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to this house [before] I say,\n\"Yuricske! [Hungarian diminutive of male name, Yuri or Yorgi] How are you,\" and\nthis. Meanwhile, we find out what's happened with this telegram. The kids there\nin Tolko, by his wife, they took their bikes and they went into town, but people\nsaw them. They gave them in. They came and they took them away. They took away\nher son, her sister's son, and her mother and they didn't know what happened to\nthem. That's why he sent the telegram. He was afraid that the kids or the mother\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will tell where we are. He is an SS man. Are they gonna shoot him? That's why\nthey brought us back.\n\nNow, I am back there by this butcher cousin, Yuricske. All of a sudden, the\npolice come with rifle, with his bayonet up. He said, \"Kisasszony,\" [Hungarian]\nwhich means Fraulein [German] or miss, \"We don't know who you are, what you are,\nor where you are, but there is a rumor that you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are Jewish, that you came here,\"\nand, \"I think I have to take you in, hold you here until we make sure you're not\nJewish.\" I was laughing. I don't know how you can laugh when your head feels\nlike it's a big tire on your head, your mouth is dry, and your eyes are... tears\nare going down your throat. I said, \"What can you tell me? I never dreamed of\nJews and I never heard of Jews,\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this, \"I work here,\" and \"These are my\ncertificates.\" He said, \"Everything is just fine, but the phones are not working\non the outskirts already of Budapest. Just sit here while I make sure you're not.\"\n\nI go to Yuricske and I said, \"How?\" This guy is a peasant, an aristocrat,\nredneck or something like they call it here. He said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I'm gonna get drunk and\nI'm gonna go and I'm gonna hit him.\" I said, \"Don't you. Just sit still.\" He\nsaid, \"What you? Are you living together?\" This was a very insulting thing to\nsay to a girl, because the Christians wasn't so free like today with the free\nsex. It was called a 'white marriage.' [He asked,] \"You have a white marriage\nwith this man?\" It was very insulting to me and I was making myself cry that he\nhurt my feelings. Yuricske made supper ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's come the night. I said, \"What\ncan we do?\" He said, \"I'm gonna get drunk...\" I said, \"Don't get drunk.\" He\nsaid, \"We have to run.\" It got dark. I took those papers. I schlepped the\npapers. I took them and I thought I took them all, but she said...\n\nWhen we went back to the train, instead of going to Budapest, because I was\nafraid they're going to see I'm not there, they're going to chase me, we went in\nthe opposite direction to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Debrecen. We had money for tickets and we took a\nsecond train.\n\nI had two dresses on me. Whenever we went out we took two dresses, two pair of\nsocks, two pair of underwear. In case something should happen, we should have\nsomething. I was in a navy-blue polka dot dress and under this I had a light\nsomething, another dress, and I had a little jacket.\n\nWe went one station back. Then we took another train to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Budapest another\nway. We came into the city. I was afraid to go into the main [station]. We\nstopped in a suburb and we walked. I had the papers, and I walked, and I am\nalive. Can you imagine? I used to pinch myself. How was this possible? I was\nnineteen years old. I was dreaming to be alive to know what it is to have a man\nor to have a child under my heart because you are very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family oriented. That's\nhow we were brought up -- to be a mama, to have children. I said, 'Look, every\nminute I am expecting to die and I don't know for what. Because my name is\nJewish? I don't know where my brother is, I don't know where my mother is, I\ndon't know where my sisters are, I don't know where my father is.' I am alone in\nthe world. When I left the house, I was about eighteen. It was just like...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We walked. We had to come back, to the house there, to go into the Jewish house.\nWe came. Nobody notices us. I go in the shade, like the other couple. She takes\nthe papers. She said it's missing something. I said, \"To hell with it.\" The next\nnight she said she dreamed... The gate was closed. She dreamed that night -- we\nhad a dog, Brundy -- she heard him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at night, that Yuricske came, and screamed,\n\"You're Jews! You know we're going to come. We going to kill you!\" She said she\nheard them. I said it was a dream.\n\nWe were all in panic -- real panic -- but we had nowhere to go. Nobody wants to\ntake us in. The children were missing. Where was her sister with the baby, we\ndon't know. We don't know. There was nothing. This ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SS man actually was called in\nto go, so he was out. It was one good thing also that he was called in, that he\nwas a Nyilas, stayed with her sister.\n\nOne day, we stayed in the house and then another two people moved in with us,\nJewish people. This sister comes back with the baby. I didn't know what the\ntrouble was but I understand it was something. He brings her back. One day, at\nnight, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't know. She was sleeping in one room. We were in the other room.\nWe just heard the screams and then this. She became sick. She said, \"Go bring a\ndoctor.\" Her sister said, \"Go bring a doctor.\" I go over to...\n\nThis little boy came back. They took away the mother and two boys somewhere.\nThis little boy came back. Her sister was with a bad guy, very violent. This kid\nsaid, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The policeman fell asleep. Let's go down.\" She said, \"No, I'm not going\nto leave Grandmother.\" One day, he jumped out of the train somewhere. He was\neight years old. He came back, walked. He went to this guy what hide his mother.\nThey cut his hair and they took him in there to the house. He was lucky they\ndidn't kill him. She was afraid to keep him there in the house. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was\nnowhere to take him. The mother came back.\n\nShe was pregnant -- her younger sister -- and she did something. She was\nbleeding. Her sister said, \"You must get coffee.\" She felt her heart was dying.\nShe's got a little heartbeat. We went to try and get a doctor but there were no\nJewish doctors and the Jewish hospital was very far away. Finally, I don't know\nwhere, there came a doctor. He said if she doesn't go to the hospital, she might\ndie. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she wasn't taken away. She made it. But this room was full of blood and\nall the things that I saw there. I couldn't tell you what happened, but she\nsurvived. She survived, and she had this kid there, and the little boy also.\nThis guy, he hide her, we used to see him. He'd come there but he didn't live in\nthe house yet. He went back to his family. He was separated from his wife or\nsomething but she still was his wife.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was everybody. I had a cousin. She was working as a helper in the house.\n[She was] also from my father's side. Those people went in to live somewhere and\nthey didn't have room for her, so she came to live with us. One day, we were in\nthe kitchen. I don't know what we were doing or where we was working, but we\nwere all in the house. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My cousin said, \"Rozie, Bittie [sp], everybody come down\nbecause they're taking us away.\" She said to her daughter, \"Uri, you're not\ncoming because you're not fourteen yet.\"\n\nWho told her to tell that I have to come? They find her. They here to take her.\nThey didn't come upstairs to look. But she didn't want to go by herself. They\nwant to take her to go for work. She calls us too. It was so painful for me.\nThey drafted me, and her, and the other girl ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to work on the streets, to clean\nthe debris from the bombs... I was drafted, and she was drafted, and her\ndaughter came out. She start to say, \"My husband is in this mine, and I'm\nworking for the government with the horses,\" and \"I'm this... and you're not\ngoing to take me.\" She started crying and they let her go.\n\nI with my cousin had to work there. Every morning, I had to go to work ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's\nnot plain work. Your flesh goes off the bone. We used to take those blocks and\npieces of wood, and concrete and this with a wheelbarrow... They stayed there. I\nsaw already Germans and Nyilas. They would watch. The builders, the contractors,\nthey didn't have no people so they took the Jews. There were actors there --\nmostly women, actresses -- and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opera singers, and rich people. We met there.\nThey were just so horrible and it's so hard. Every evening when we come back\nfrom this horror, my cousin gives us something to eat, some potatoes, but, no,\nwe're not talking about me.\n\nI begged for gloves. Some people have gloves, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but still my bones already are\ngone. One day, I got some kind of abscess here [points to her lower back] and\nthis start to hurt. I didn't know what it is. I just got the shakes, and the\nchills, and the fever. She calls a doctor, didn't know what to do. The doctor\nsays I have to go into the clinic and see what it is. I had to go to work\nbecause they're going to kill me. He said, \"There is no way. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're not going to\ngo tomorrow to work. You have to go to the clinic.\" Because I was working, I\ncould go to the clinic.\n\nIn the morning, with my yellow Star of David [on my chest] I had to go into the\nclinic. If somebody wants to shoot me, they going to shoot me. I don't know what\nto do. I go into the clinic and they cut it out. They opened it up. They gave me\na paper ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that for eight days I can stay in the house. I'm free. My cousin said,\n\"I'm going to work. I don't care.\" I'm in the house back and my cousin also in\nthe house. I'm getting well. We don't know what's going to happen, but this was\nit. Every day was a Gehenna.\n\nMARTINO: When are we talking about now?\n\nENGELMAN: This is all 1944. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is two months, three months about.\n\nMARTINO: Let me ask you this. During this time when you said that they\nestablished a ghetto there...\n\nENGELMAN: It was a small ghetto.\n\nMARTINO: When you said that they put the stars on the Jewish houses, this was\nconsidered to be a ghetto?\n\nENGELMAN: Yes, because they came in and they take. They knew Jews there. That's\nhow they knew who the Jews are.\n\nMARTINO: Right. That was the extent of the ghetto? It was not walled in, for\nexample, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like in Warsaw, Poland?\n\nENGELMAN: Yes, later, it was. It came to this, too, but I didn't go there\neither. When I had to go, when it was eight days, I said to myself, \"I'm not\ngoing to go back.\" I said, \"I'm leaving my cousin's house. I'm going to try and\nget out of it. I'm not Jewish anymore.\" I went and Yuri put me in first in the\ntop, in the attic there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a few two-by-four [inch boards], with a few pieces\n[of wood]. I should sit there the whole day long. I said, \"I'm not going to go\nanymore to work.\" But I couldn't sit there and the people who was working, they\nwere all over and they saw me. I came back. If you come back, you come back.\n\nIt's said that from all the [Jewish] houses, everybody has to go and report\nmoney to [unintelligible; sounds like \"Utsa;\" 1:31:03]. All the Jews are going\nto be transferred. They make a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto and it's going to be [enclosed]. The\nsoldiers are going to watch it. Nobody's going to come out. Whatever we have in\nthere, you know you're not supposed to... I was hiding on the ruins. I said,\n\"I'm not going there.\" I used to come in for a little while and then go back.\nWhen you stay in the ruins all day, you don't wash, and you don't have a toilet,\nand you don't eat, and you look ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like a monster, you need to wash and to where\nyou can sleep... it's a basement or something, a little where you push yourself\nin. The bombs are falling and falling and its bad.\n\nThey went to work but I didn't want to go into there. If they didn't like how\nyou worked, they shoot you. There were all these Nyilas around there. In this\ntime that I worked, I went in with this thing. I had to buy them soda. Jews not\nsupposed to go in to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the place where they sell drinks. I went in. I bought it\nfor everybody. I wasn't afraid. I said, \"If you want, you can shoot me. I'm too\nexhausted already from suffering and I can't be judged just because I'm Jewish,\nso let them kill me.\" They said, \"They going to shoot you! Where are you going\nto end up?\" I said, \"Where I'm going to end up, I don't know but I'm tired of\nall those things.\" I couldn't take it [any] longer.\n\nHere it is, they give an order from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"15 to 55 the women have to report to an army\ncazarma [Romanian: barracks]. You know what a cazarma is?\n\nMARTINO: Barracks.\n\nENGELMAN: Yes, and the men from 13 to 70. Everybody goes. I didn't work this\nlast time, but the others were working. Then they didn't take them to work. They\ndidn't want to see Jews nowhere. The Jews had no right to breathe. Everybody\nthey catch, they hit them, they kill them, they shot them. That's it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was Swiss houses and Swedish houses. The Swedish, they guard the house.\nThe Swiss houses were very poorly guarded. My cousin arranged that she is going\nto go with this young guy who went with me to [retrieve the papers from the\nbutcher]. He is taking her with her daughter somewhere. Her sister is married to\nthis Nyilas, there with the child. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She decided she stays in the house [because]\nshe's not Jewish. He was a Nyilas. He was a Nazi, like officially. Everybody has\nto go. Nobody stays there.\n\nI didn't know what to do. I was friendly with this Yuri. He said, \"Look, my\ngirl, don't go. I told you when you went to [the village] the second time,\n'Don't go,' and I tell you now, don't go.\" I said, \"I might find my sisters. I\nmight find my parents. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I might meet somebody from the family.\" He said, \"You can\ncome here in the factory. I'll put you someplace and bring your cousin with you\nif you want.\" I said to him, \"Do you know what you're taking on yourself? If\nthey catch you, they'll kill you first and then me.\" He said, \"I'm big enough.\nI'm almost 30 years old. I know what I'm doing. I'm telling you not to go.\"\n\nI talked to my cousin and she should come. The other one -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the big fat one with\nthe daughter -- said, \"Of course he's going to take you because you're a girl.\nJust don't come back to me pregnant.\" I said, \"Sara, I'm big enough to know what\nI am supposed to do and not. What is this?\" She said, \"No. why he is taking you?\nBecause you're a girl!\" I said, \"Bittie, come with me.\" Bittie doesn't want to\ncome. She said... I can't make it fast ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's at the heart of everything I\nwent through. She said, \"I'm going to go. I'm going to work and I'm going to\nsurvive. You have...\" I was engaged also but I didn't know where my fiancé was.\n[She said,] \"You have a Yuri. You have a Mikos. But I have nobody. I'm going to\nmaybe find somebody from the family.\" I didn't know what to do, what to say.\n\nHere, my cousin is hating me already because I'm going. I said, \"He's going to\ntake you too but you have to cut off with this Donny [sp] this business because\nhe's not trusting Donny. Yuri told me so.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With all the things, I said to Yuri,\n\"I'm going.\" Yuri said, \"Look, I'll give you some money.\" My cousin had some\n[unintelligible, 1:35:45], bread. She gave me a bread and another something. She\nsaid, \"If you don't want to go, go out in the city. Beg, cry, somebody should\ntake you as a maid. Maybe you going to succeed if you don't want to go.\" She had\nwhere to go with her daughter. She said she's going. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was alone again.\n\nYuri tell me, \"Don't go. I'm telling you one thing. I'll take care of you. Look,\nhere is the key from the other gate. If you want to come back, you can come back\nin the middle of the night. I'm going to wait tonight till after five. I'm going\nto leave the people, the workers go out an hour before. I'm going to wait for\nyou tonight until it gets dark if you want to come back. I trust you [that] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you\ngoing to make it. I see that you have courage. Just don't lose your mind and\ndon't go, because you don't expect to see your parents anymore. You don't have\nto expect to see anybody. Save yourself.\" I knew that he's a goy and he talks to\nme like this. I said goodbye to Yuri and I take my packet [of] whatever I have\n-- a backpack like -- and my shoes, and I had a pair of ski pants, dress,\nsomething. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I go.\n\nI go out to the street. You should see those women. They came with pressure\ncookers and with equipment. Fancy ladies, they was carrying things. I had\nnothing. On the side, the German soldiers with [the long rifles and] bayonets,\ntaking them. You go and you walk. I said, \"What did I do? Why I should go\nthere?\" They were taking like this, walking away. With my backpack ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and with\nthis, I was walking away I had a bread and I had...\n\nI start to go into buildings. I said, \"I'm looking for Mr. Smith. My father had\na friend here, Mr. Smith. I'm looking here because I was bombed and we don't\nhave a home. He said somebody I was going to find and take me in.\" Every house\nhas a handyman which lives in the first apartment there -- the big houses -- and\nthey ran you around to one entrance, so the houses are all secured. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They might\nbe closed with shutters, the gate. I went into houses and nobody took me in. I\nbegged. I cried. One woman was [sympathetic]. She said, \"Look, I would take you\nin. I know what you are. I know you're not... I can see. Buy my husband is\nJewish and they are watching me. I can't. They took him away from me.\" I walked.\n\nBefore I walked... The moment I walked away from the road; I went into a\nhardware store. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I bought a brown paper... package paper. I took off my backpack\nand I bought a piece of cord, a piece of rope. I wrapped it up. I bought a bunch\nof flowers. I didn't walk with my backpack on the street. I forgot to tell you\nin the beginning. Then I started to go to the houses with a package, more like a\nhuman being because it's so... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somebody could recognize me. I knew so many\npeople. That's how I walked.\n\nI walked far away from our house. I took the subway. I went all over. It didn't\nwork. Nobody took me. One old man saw me. He was the handyman there. He said, \"I\nunderstand. I know how far you are. I know one thing. You will need a good bath\nnow.\" He saw my face, how I looked. He said, \"I'm old. I can't take you in, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but\nif you want to stay a little bit, I'll let you have [unintelligible; 1:39:48].\"\nI said, \"You let me stay until it gets dark. My brother works in a factory. Then\nwhen he's going to come home, I'll go to him because your daughter's not there.\"\nI don't why I say such a thing. How I could I do it? I don't know today.\n\nIt was dark and I started walking back. I walked back to Yuri, to that factory.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had a staircase there. There was two buildings. One downstairs was a candy\nfactory, up was a shoe factory -- it was rented -- and there was the lumberyard.\nHe had in there a staircase. He put in there a bench and panel on the top of it.\nHe put me in there. First of all, he was waiting outside. I tried to open the\ngate on the other side street, but I was nervous. It didn't work. The lock\ndidn't turn. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, he was walking in front. He came and he took me. He said,\n\"Just I'm happy that you're here.\" I didn't have warm water, but he took me in\nthere. It was closed in. In the morning, it was locked. At night, when the\npeople left, I could come out, go to the toilet, wash myself with a little cold\nwater, comb my hair. Then the bombs came. Of course, I couldn't go to a shelter.\nOnce a day, he gave me a little food for the day [from what] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his mother sent him\nfrom the house because it was what it was. I stayed there.\n\nIt was November 27 [1944]. I was a refugee already for four or five months here.\nOn November 27th... It was already November. I'd been through the whole summer\nwith the working, with the running to [unintelligible town]. This was all [as] a\nrefugee. You know that your life hangs on a hair. You're alone. In the camp, the\npeople were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together. I was alone. I don't wish for no one to be alone and you\ngot to make a decision in a split of a second.\n\nI stayed there. One day, in the night, we heard shooting. I was already there on\nthis bed and he has to come in. He had another place that he brought in there\nanother couple to hide. There were people behind the factory. They were\n[unintelligible; 1:42]. Then at night, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were making the sofa to sleep there.\nHe brought some food and he fed the people. He was very good. He brought\nwhatever he can. Sometimes he brought books, he supplied me there. You sit like\nthis for days and days and you don't know what's going to come and what's going\nto be.\n\nOne night, we heard shooting there. We didn't move. We didn't know when the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bombs were falling. At night, we heard screaming, and crying, and this. In the\nmorning, I couldn't go out, but he went out. In the next... after my cousin's\nhouse, there was an empty lot. They took out some Jews from a Swiss house. They\nshoot them all there. It was already winter. One little boy fall under his\nfather's body. He remained alive. The police came and took the boy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away. We\ndon't know where. We didn't talk [to the police, but Uri] was on the street\nbecause he was a non-Jew, right? His name was Landowski [sp].\n\nThose people were lying there, not buried, for weeks, but the snow was on. He\nwent once and he cut off pieces... There was all these monograms on their\nclothes and everything, if somebody was going to come to ask where they were,\nwho they were. People didn't know where they got lost. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody buried them.\nNobody took care of them. Just the kid was taken away. Then one day, they all\ndisappeared. They was bombed there, the dead also. When he told me this, my\nheart was bleeding. I was scared to death every day. Who knows? Maybe just one\nday they bust in here. There was about fifteen people there in this factory alone.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One day, we got about three of those small... from the German army. The wall\njust went away. It came a small bomb. They shoot it out from a tank. One wall\ndisappears. The food that we had... He brought some potatoes. We didn't see milk\nfor about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six months. Some eggs he had once. We ate them. We shared with\neverybody. Once some beans. Whatever we had, I used to cook on Sundays, when the\npeople were not working, on a little stove and we were eating. There was sawdust\nand things. Everybody was eating. I put one pot on there. I don't know where we\ngot it. This how it came till ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christmastime.\n\nChristmastime already the whole city was under siege. There was no subways\nrunning. We was already surrounded by the locals. [If] they knew somebody was a\nJew or they just thinking somebody is Jewish, they went to chase them out and\nkill them. They went into the factories. They robbed everything. They went into\nthe Jewish homes. They took out the... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever was moveable was gone. Doors\nwere broken.\n\nOne day, I knew that we hid some tomato cans there, so I told Yuri, \"Let's go to\nthe house. I hide it. Nobody knows it's there. I'm going to take it.\" But I made\na bad calculation. The dog knows me. He's not going to bark at me. But the dog\ncame back and stayed by my door and didn't want to go away. He couldn't chase\nhim away. He was in trouble by the dog. But we had about six cans of tomatoes.\nIt was a lifesaver. Every little thing was a life saver.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody was asking, \"The bombs should hit me, but if not, the Germans should\nkill me.\" On the fifth of January, some Russian soldiers succeed to cross a\ncemetery and to come into Budapest. But the Germans shot off all of them. Nobody\nsurvived. We knew the Russians are already there but we didn't know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they\nare, if they're going to be successful to come. [The Germans] came into the\nfactory. They took over all the wood to make those barriers [crosses her arms to\nillustrate] with the wires. They made it in the factory there by us and I'm\nthere under the stairs. But it didn't help a lot.\n\nAfter six days, again the Russians came in. They didn't come from the streets.\nThey came from the back and they broke the gates and they called in, \"[Russian\nphrase; 1:47:01]\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yuri saw them. He hugged and kissed them. Okay, we're free.\nWe're told we're free, but it wasn't so. The Russians wasn't good at all.\nSomebody said he's Jewish, they hit him. They were raping and they were robbing.\nThey came in as an enemy. They didn't believe. Everybody was nemets [Russian].\nThat means 'German.'\n\nEverybody was and I was hiding. One day, they almost caught me. They gave Yuri a\nhit over the head ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they said, \"You stay here.\" I was crying and kneeling and\n[begging] for him to let me go. Luckily, came another soldier who was a sergeant\nor something and dragged them away.\n\nNow, it wasn't safe to stay in the factory. I heard that my cousin came back\nhome. She came in, my cousin, to see me. This guy who hid my cousin -- the\nmother was a cousin; the daughter was a second cousin -- he came in to see me\nalso. I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I'm going to go back to my cousin. She's at the house.\" I came in\nthere. My cousin didn't even want to talk to me. I stayed there. Even the sister\n-- the good sister -- she was there like this [turns head away smugly] because I\ndidn't come in the morning to help them clean the house. She was living there\nanyway with this guy. Nobody want to see me.\n\nI didn't have where to go. I had to stay there with Yuri. He didn't throw me\nout. He went home. His mother sent me some food. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His mother and father find out\nthat I'm there, so they said... His sister sent me some clothes, some things. My\nboots were... It was snow. It was very cold in Budapest. He took me in to his\nparents. They were nice to me... also to live with them. His sister was very\ngood to me.\n\nHis uncle was a doctor. He gave me an injection of anti-typhus. Typhus broke\nout. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dead people were in the streets. The soldiers weren't buried. People that\ndied, they were buried in the park. They couldn't go to cemeteries. The Germans\nwas in Buda; the Russians were in Pest. They were making fires to show the\nplanes where we are. They burned everything. The others on the other side were\nshooting. We get shot at our place. This was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like a [unintelligible; 1:49:39] again.\n\nWhat do I find out after I came out from there? Uri is Jewish. His mother was\nhiding in another place in Buda. His sister was hidden in [unintelligible] by a\nlawyer. She was there as... Her husband was Jewish, but the husband was in\nRussia. He was in the... I forget how you call it.\n\nMARTINO: The resistance?\n\nENGELMAN: In the main ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office of the army. He took out a pack of when you go on\nleave, the papers. Every day, he filled out himself a paper and he was free like\nthat. He did this and he was running around in the city. He was dealing with\nRussians. He had a motorcycle. He brought some food and we got some food. I went\nto the country with Yuri's father to bring some food. I was like in the family.\nThey didn't go in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1937 to report themselves. They didn't go to say what they own\nbecause they really owned a lot of property. They were very nice to me, but I still...\n\nThen, my fiancé came back. We made up. We didn't make up. I went to look for my\nbrother. I find out that I didn't have nobody.\n\nMARTINO: When is this now?\n\nENGELMAN: I was sitting there with Yuri till almost August. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fiancé came\nback, but I still stayed there. He made me a little room.\n\nMARTINO: This was August of what year?\n\nENGELMAN: 1945.\n\nMARTINO: 1945.\n\nENGELMAN: I went through another horror after this. When my fiancé came back...\nYou don't need this for the story.\n\nMARTINO: We want to just ask you a few questions before we run out of tape.\n\nENGELMAN: Alright, so we just made it.\n\nMARTINO: We only have about nine minutes left.\n\nENGELMAN: Okay, ask me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what you have.\n\nMARTINO: At this point, did you know who was left of your family?\n\nENGELMAN: Nothing, no.\n\nMARTINO: What happened now? If we can just maybe...\n\nENGELMAN: There started to come rumors. In the Jewish community center, they put\nout people's names when people start to come back from the concentration camps.\nThey put up names. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was no transportation. People used to walk from one end\nof the city to another. We were walking. It was very dangerous from the\nRussians. We couldn't go. There was no borders in all of Europe. I stayed there\nfor a few months.\n\nI got this fiancé. He wanted that I should marry him. He asked me to marry him\nbefore they took him away but I said that, \"I don't think my parents are going\nto agree. I can't marry before I don't show you to my parents. If we going to\nsurvive and I going to go with you...\" He said because he going to marry me,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they shouldn't take him away to Czechoslovakia. I didn't want to involve this in\nmy story of survival, but he said he's going to marry me. Everybody was envying\nme that I have a fiancé. He was in love with me. He was free for like a year,\nbut it didn't help. After three months, they took him away again.\n\nI said, \"I'm not going to... If you want to marry me just a fiction marriage and\nI don't have to live with you, it's okay. If not, I'm not going to put myself in\ndanger, but I'm not going to live with you until...\" I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know what my\nparents would say because he was a Jewish guy from a very famous Jewish family,\nbut I just couldn't. I wasn't in love with him. He was ten years older than me.\nI wasn't in love with him, but then it was good to have somebody. Everybody was\nenvying me. Like my cousin said, \"You have a Mikos. You have a Yuri.\" It was\njust coincidence, but it was good to have someone. This was the most precious\nthing I had for these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few days, in this horror.\n\nAfter, I had to go to the embassies. The Romanian embassy was already open. I\nsaid I want to go back to Romania. I had a card from my brother and I had about\nfigured out where the fight was, the army. I knew he had to be around\n[unintelligible]. I thought maybe he survived. I was going to look for my\nbrother. I said to my fiancé, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I'm going to look for my brother. Take back your\nring.\" He said, \"Just marry me.\" I wasn't ready to marry. He was jealous of\nMikos. I didn't have anything to do with Mikos. I was a virgin when I got\nmarried with my husband, but you can't make people... They want to believe what\nthey believe.\n\nMy cousin was talking about me. She said, \"What? You go to see here?\" When he\ncame home, he said he wants to see me. He said, \"Where is Rozie?\" She said, \"Oh,\nshe's with Yuri. Don't go to see her! She's already... \" He said, \"I want to see\nher.\" He came to see me. We started up the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relationship, but not like today. He\nused to bring me things. He was nice. He bought me a ring, and he bought me\nearrings, and he bought me a golden chain, but still, I just didn't want to\nmarry him until... with this going on, and on and off with his jealousy. I said,\n\"Okay, take the ring. I'm going to [unintelligible]. I'm going to look for me.\nI'm going to look for my brother. I'm going to see what's left in the house, in\nthe home.\"\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I sat on the train with this Jewish [unintelligible; 1:55:12], which was a\ndoctor also. He had one in Budapest and one in [unintelligible]. He was drafted\nin the army as a doctor, but he was in a good spot. He was looking pretty good.\nHe went back to his home. But the trains didn't go like you have to sit on a\ntrain six hours. You move a little, then you stop. You don't know where you are.\nThe people were with bread -- the peasants -- and they want to make some money.\nThere was already kitchens where they set up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the stations for those Jewish\npeople that came back from the... They looked like skeletons and this, but I\ndidn't look like a skeleton exactly. I looked like who knows what. But still, I\nhad my hair grown already and I was in different clothes wearing. I went, but it\ntook me about maybe over a week to get there, because the train starts and stops\nbecause we were riding on the steps, and on the top of the trains, and they were\nkilled, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all kinds of things.\n\nI went to [unintelligible]. I stayed there. In the Jewish community, I met some\ngirls from my hometown. They told me that they know that my brother left for\nIsrael in 1934 through Bucharest. He went to Turkey because my father was known\nalready he got a certificate from the English from before the war. He was\nalready in Israel. This gave me a little courage. They said, \"Don't go home\nbecause they just killed a Jewish guy in a town next to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Rozavlea]. Don't look\nfor... Nobody is there.\" They told me where my father was shot and they told me\nthat my mother with the children were taken right away. They said there is a big\nhope that Suri is going to have survived, but I didn't know from her nothing. My\nsister, where she lives now [is] in New York. She is alive now.\n\nI did something. I never sit in a place just to wait for something to be done\nfor me or given to me. I went, but I went wrong on the road ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again. I turned back\nfrom [unintelligible]. I went. I said, \"I'm going to go home.\" I went from\n[unintelligible] to [unintelligible]. They said, \"There is a Russian border in\n[unintelligible] to Sighet. You got a Russian border and you going to go through\nhell,\" but I said, \"I'm going.\" I left my suitcase with the things what I had. I\nalready accumulated some things.\n\nI went to [unintelligible]. I sit on the train to go to [unintelligible]. From\n[unintelligible] to Sighet, and this is where I had to go. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the train, there\nwas sitting all those people that they came back. They gave me some bread with a\nlittle jar of honey -- from Yuri's mother -- for the road because this doesn't\nget spoiled. The bread will dry. If I'm going, I should have something to eat. I\nsit there on the train.\n\nAn old man sat next to me. He asked me, \"What your name,\" and what you are. I\nsaid, \"I'm Rakhela, Meir... Mirjam's daughter... the rabbis...\" and this. [He\nsaid,] \"Where are you going?\" I said, \"I'm going to look for my family. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm\nlooking for somebody, to find somebody.\" He... like this. Then he gets up and he\nsays, \"Shimon, come here. There is place here.\" I said, \"What are you calling\npeople to sit in this place? You see there is no place.\" He said, \"So I'm going\nto give him my place.\" He comes, this guy, and sits next to me. He introduces\nme. He says, \"This is my nephew, Shimon.\" I said, \"I'm Rakhela.\" He introduces\nme to Simon on the train.\n\nMARTINO: Simon is who?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ENGELMAN: My husband.\n\nMARTINO: Your present husband?\n\nENGELMAN: Yes, and he starts to talk to me. He said, \"You have a ring on your\nfinger.\" I said, \"Yes, I have a fiancé, but he is somewhere in Russia. I\nhaven't heard from him,\" because I parted from him actually. I told him to take\nthe ring, but he didn't want to take it. He said, \"Keep it.\" I didn't plan to go\nback to Budapest. I planned to come home to find somebody from my side.\n\nWhen you go like this [slices air with her hand], I'll stop ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I can talk\nanother hour with all the things I went through. That's why I said I have to\nwrite a book.\n\nMARTINO: We want to try to finish your story in the time we have.\n\nENGELMAN: This was it. Then, I was looking for people. Then, I picked up myself,\nput myself together with Simon. We started on the road to come to Israel. We\nstarted to walk again with our backpacks. It took us a whole year to get to\nhere. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is it.\n\nMARTINO: Let me ask you a few questions just quickly about some feelings that\nyou have about what happened. You've talked to other people I guess about what\nhappened to you or this is...\n\nENGELMAN: If I talk to the people what happened ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to me of those people who caused\nit, the Nazis?\n\nMARTINO: No, I'm talking about your war experiences. Have you discussed them\nwith your family or other people?\n\nENGELMAN: After the war [about] what I went through?\n\nMARTINO: Yes.\n\nENGELMAN: Of course, I told them. Everybody interested to know, \"How did you\nsurvive?\" It was the main topic for years.\n\nMARTINO: You were singled out for being a Jew. What happened to you happened to\nyou because you were a Jew.\n\nENGELMAN: That's right. That's all.\n\nMARTINO: How do you feel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about that -- very quickly because we don't have a lot\nof time -- and how did it effect your practice of Judaism?\n\nENGELMAN: I'm still a very good Jew. I love tradition. I have a kosher kitchen.\nI didn't want to convert when the Catholic church said if the Jews want to\nconvert, they should be accepted in 1944. I didn't go to convert. I never denied\nI'm Jewish. I say every Jew that says he's Jewish should be accepted like\nexactly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ones that had a beard and payess. That's what I say. Jews have to be\nJews. We have to support each other. We have to stick together, but we can't\ngive up our identity. I said...\n\nI'm very much against mixed marriages. I have no hate against Christians. I\ndon't know if they would bring me a Nazi and say this is the one who killed my\nfather, if I would be able to hurt or want to kill him, but it hurts a lot that\nthey do those things. Even today, they have here skinheads, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with David Duke,\nwith Ku Klux Klan, with everything. But I just believe in one thing, like what I\nsaw in my hometown, to help, to give, to be a human being. I don't believe in\ncruelty. I say it's the worst thing that people can do. Some people just enjoy\nit and I can't understand why, how. What? Did I say a stupid thing?\n\nMARTINO: Not at all! ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We really appreciate your taking the time and telling us\nyour story. We know it is not easy.\n\nENGELMAN: There were years and years of us just dreaming, and running, and\nrunning and getting up, [panicking and thinking,] \"I have to go!\" [We were]\nalways looking. This was... I'm telling you maybe five, ten years ago that it...\nIt still... sometimes I dream, but it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/transcript/31678/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every night.\n\nMARTINO: I understand the difficulty of talking about this. It is very important.\n\nENGELMAN: I told the teachers from where I went into the school, and I'm telling\nyou, if you know some teachers, and they can make a program, I think that...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7350.0,7380.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Engelman, Rachel [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRozavlea [Romanian; Hungarian: Rozalia; Yiddish: Rezavlia] is a village in Maramaros County in northern Transylvania. It is about 35 kilometers (22 miles) southeast of Sighet (the capital of Maramaros County, which is known today as Sighetu Marmatiei), the district city, and 394 kilometers (245 miles) northwest of Bucharest, Hungary. The town was part of Romania following World War I and part of Hungary between 1940 and 1944. After World War II, the town was again part of Romania. The first Jews settled in Rozavlea at the beginning of the 18th century. In 1930, there were 723 Jews in Rozavlea (22.7 percent of the population). In 1941, there were 737 Jews in Rozavlea (21.2 percent of the population). The majority of the Jews in Rozavlea earned their living from farming or operating small businesses, such as grocery stores, or selling clothing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTransylvania is a historical region that was part of Hungary until World War I. Afterward it became part of Romania. In 1940, Northern Transylvania was ceded to Hungary, while Southern Transylvania remained under Romanian rule.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNumerus clausus [Latin: closed term] is a term that refers to anti-Jewish policies that limited Jews from certain professions, public offices and institutes of higher education by applying fixed quotas. In general, numerus clausus policies were religious or racial quotas used to discriminate against Jews in Eastern Europe. Such policies were not unique to the Holocaust, but gained favor in the inter-war period leading up to the Holocaust. For example, in 1920, Hungary had enacted a numerus clausus that placed a ceiling of six percent on the number of Jewish students allowed in institutes of higher education. In countries such as Poland and Romania, the numerus clausus was introduced as a quasi-legal means, or was applied in practice, as part of an antisemitic policy. The numerus clausus in Romania was not introduced by law. However, in practice the Christian students, by using force, prevented the Jewish students from regular studies at universities throughout Romania as early as 1922. With the rise of National Socialism in the early 1930s, support for a kind of numerus clausus grew. In 1933, special entrance examinations were introduced and Jewish candidates were deliberately failed. However, it was not until the beginning of the pro-Nazi regime of Ion Antonescu in 1940, when all Jewish students were officially expelled from the schools and universities. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat [Hebrew] or Shabbos [Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChallah is special Jewish braided bread eaten on Sabbath and Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRachel’s great-grandfather was Rabbi Yitzchak Menachem Kizalnik (c. 1835-1915). He was born in the village of Rina, and served as the first rabbi of Rozalvea. He was serving as the rabbi since at least 1868 and served for about 50 years. After his death, his son (and the brother of Rachel’s grandfather, Rabbi Meir Kizalnik), Rabbi Shmuel Shmelke Kizalnik (died 1925), was chosen to take his place. He accepted the appointment, but remained in the village of Ruscova, where he also served as a rabbinical judge. The last rabbi of Rozavlea was the son of Rabbi Shmuel Shmelke Kizalnik, Rabbi Moshe Kizalnik, who died in the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mishnah is a part of the Talmud, which is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism.  The Talmud is the basis for all codes of Jewish law.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eModern Romania was formed in 1859 when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia united. The new state was officially named Romania in 1866 and gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877. The Kingdom of Romania was a constitutional monarchy that existed from 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I. After World War I, Bukovina, Bessarabia, Transylvania, as well as parts of Banat, Crisana, and Maramures became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania. The Kingdom of Romania lasted until 1947 when King Michael I abdicated and the Romanian parliament proclaiming Romania a people's republic.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821-1881), sometimes transliterated as Dostoyevsky, was a Russian novelist, philosopher, short story writer, essayist, and journalist. He is best known for his novella Notes from the Underground and for four long novels, Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, The Possessed (also and more accurately known as The Demons and The Devils), and The Brothers Karamazov.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEven before it fell into the orbit of Nazi Germany, Romanian authorities pursued a policy of harsh, persecutory antisemitism—particularly against Jews living in eastern borderlands, who were falsely associated with Soviet communism, and those living in Transylvania, who were identified with past Hungarian rule. Right-wing social revolutionary movements, like the fascist Iron Guard, found significant popular support and some official sympathy for their anti-Jewish demands. Violent antisemitic manifestations occurred in the interwar period.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement that supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890’s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed.  The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGoy is a Yiddish term meaning “people” or “nation.”  In common usage, it designates a non-Jewish or Gentile person.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Judaism, bracha or berkkah (plural: brachot/berakkot) is a blessing recited in public or private, usually before the performance of a commandment or the enjoyment of food or fragrance, or in praise of God as the source of all blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShicksa or shikse is a derogatory Yiddish term that refers to a non-Jewish girl, or a Jewish girl who fails to live up to traditional Jewish standards. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1941, Hungarian authorities required all Jews in the area to obtain valid Hungarian citizenship papers. Some 20,000 Jews who did not have Hungarian citizenship were deported by Hungarian authorities to German-occupied Ukraine, where they were shot by Nazi Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) detachments.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Broadway musical Fiddler on the Roof was based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Dairyman), a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Iron Guard was a fascist, right wing, ultra-nationalist, highly antisemitic Romanian political party from 1927 into the early part of World War II. Its members wore green uniforms and so were called the “Green Shirts.” It was outlawed in 1937 and its leader, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, was imprisoned until 1938 when he was murdered. In September 1940, the Iron Cross used popular outrage at Romania being forced to give up large blocks of land to Hungary, the Soviet Union and Bulgaria and, together with General Ion Antonescu, forced King Carol II to abdicate in favor of his son, Michael. Now back in favor, the Iron Guard ratcheted up the antisemitism and helped to move Romania into Germany’s orbit (Romania would become a formal ally of Germany in June 1941). Ion Antonescu’s regime promulgated a number of restrictive measures against the Jews of Romania. The Iron Guard arbitrarily robbed or seized Jewish-owned businesses. They also assaulted, and sometimes killed, Jewish citizens in the streets. The Iron Guard’s corruption and confiscations actually threatened to disrupt the Romanian economy and led to tension with Antonescu. In January 1941, tensions escalated to the point of rebellion and they overstepped their boundaries. A pogrom broke out in Bucharest, killing 125 Jews pogrom. When the Iron Guard tried to overthrow Antonescu, the Iron Guard was banned. By that time, however, Romania was firmly allied with the Germans. There is still a small contemporary right-wing organization called the Iron Cross today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCorneliu Zelea Codreanu (1899-1938)—born Corneliu Zelinski and commonly known as Corneliu Codreanu—was a Romanian political agitator, the founder and charismatic leader of the country’s principal fascist movement, the Iron Guard or The Legion or Legionary Movement. The right wing group was known for its anticommunist and antisemitic activities. Despite official persecution and its own terror tactics, the Guard—now renamed the All for the Fatherland Party—had by 1937 become the third largest party in Romania. By 1938, its electoral successes moved King Carol II to dissolve it and imprison Codreanu.  On Nov. 30, 1938, while in transit between prisons, he and 13 of his associates were first garroted and then shot, supposedly while trying to escape.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEven before Romania fell into the orbit of Nazi Germany, Romanian authorities pursued a policy of harsh, persecutory antisemitism—particularly against Jews living in eastern borderlands, who were falsely associated with Soviet communism, and those living in Transylvania, who were identified with past Hungarian rule.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAustria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was a constitutional union of the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe eldest son of King Ferdinand I, Carol (1893-1953) became crown prince of Romania upon the death of his great uncle, King Carol I in 1914. His scandalous private life led him to renounce his rights to the throne and go into exile in 1925. Although officially excluded from succession, in 1930, King Carol II replaced the regency that had governed for his young son, Michael (born 1921). During his reign, he promoted the development of a modern economy, encouraged cultural initiatives of all kinds, and maintained the postwar alliances with France and French allies in eastern Europe. He also admired authoritarian leaders like dictator Benito Mussolini and gradually undermined the already weak Romanian democracy. In February 1938, he proclaimed a dictatorship. Following Romanian territorial losses in the summer of 1940, King Carol II was forced to abdicate. His son, Michael, was reinstalled as king (albeit with no real power) while a coalition government of radical right-wing military officers, under General Ion Antonescu and the Iron Guard, came to power. On November 20, 1940, Romania formally joined the Axis alliance. In August 1944, Michael joined pro-Allied forces in a coup that successfully overthrew Antonescu. Michael ruled until 1947 when he was forced to abdicate to the Communist Party of Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIuliu Maniu (1973-1953) was an Austro-Hungarian-born lawyer and Romanian politician. He was a leader of the National Party of Transylvania and Banat before and after World War I, playing an important role in the Union of Transylvania with Romania. Maniu served as Prime Minister of Romania three times (1928–30, 1930, 1932–33) and as head of the National Peasant Party. Maniu was one of the most important Romanian political leaders of the period. In 1937, he formed an electoral alliance with the fascist Iron Guard in order to wrest political control from the king. During World War II, initially supported Romania’s war effort against Russia. After the Romanian army recovered Bessarabia and Bukovina, he became one of the principal resistance leaders and organizers of the coup of August 1944, which brought Romania into the war against Germany. He was the leader of the opposition to a communist takeover after the war. He was charged with treason and imprisoned after a show trial in 1947. He died in prison in 1953.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early stages of World War II, Romania tried to remain neutral, but foreign powers and events created heavy pressure on Romania. Over the summer of 1940, Romania incurred significant losses of territory. In June 1940, a Soviet ultimatum demanded territories in its northern border regions. In order to avoid war with the Soviet Union, the Romanian government and army retreated from Bukovina, Hertza, and Bessarabia. These areas were incorporated in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Then in August, the Second Vienna Award, which was brokered by Germany and Italy, reassigned northern Transylvania to Hungary. The border areas were occupied by Russia until Romanian and German troops recaptured them in July 1941 during the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union. In September, an area in south Romania was signed away to Bulgaria in the Treaty of Craiova.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzechoslovakia is the common reference for the Czechoslovak Republic, a state that was established by the Versailles Treaty in 1918 from several provinces after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian state at the end of World War I. After the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, Germany demanded the “return” of the Sudetenland—a border area of Czechoslovakia where 3 million ethnic Germans lived, which had been taken away from Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I. In late summer 1938, Hitler threatened war unless the area was ceded to Germany. At the same time, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia and Poland annexed part of Silesia. In an effort to ensure peace, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edouard Daladier, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact on September 30, 1938, which gave the Sudetenland to Hitler. In the wake of the Munich Pact, the leaders of the democratic government in Czechoslovakia resigned. The state restructured itself into an authoritarian regime and was renamed Czecho-Slovakia. External demands on its territory continued to plague the state, however. Encouraged by Germany, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia in the autumn of 1938 and Poland annexed the Tešin District of Czech Silesia. Then on March 15, 1939, Germany invaded and occupied the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia. The Germans split what remained of Czechoslovakia into Slovakia (an independent state with a fascist, authoritarian regime that allied with Germany) and the rest was merged into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the Greater German Reich. Two months later, in May, Hungary seized and annexed Subcarpathian Rus. In just two decades, Czechoslovakia had disappeared from the map.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRachel seems to be referring to the Warsaw Ghetto, the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. German authorities established it in November 1940. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. From July 22 until September 12, 1942, about 265,000 Jews were deported from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp while approximately 35,000 Jews inside the ghetto were killed. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started. When German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries entered the ghetto, they were surprised to be met with organized armed resistance and withdrew. When they returned on April 19, 1943, stiff resistance that continued for three weeks met the Germans. By the time the better-armed Germans ended the operation on May 16, 1943, the ghetto was largely destroyed. At least 7,000 Jew sided during the fighting, another 42,000 survivors were captured and deported and approximately 10,000 escaped to the Aryan side of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSighet (known today as Sighetu Marmatiei) is a town in Transylvania, part of Romania following World War I. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was the capital of Maramaros County in the Kingdom of Hungary. During World War II, it was again part of Hungary between 1940 and 1944. In 1941, 10,441 Jews lived in Sighet.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early 1930’s, Jewish immigration from Europe to the British Mandate for Palestine rapidly increased due Zionism and the rise of Nazism. Nationalist uprisings and opposition to the mass influx of Jewish immigrants led to The Arab Revolt of 1936–1939 and caused Great Britain to dramatically limit the numbers of immigrants allowed into Palestine in subsequent years and throughout the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHachsharah [Hebrew: preparation] were Zionist training programs in Europe and elsewhere. Youth and young adults would learn vocational and agricultural skills necessary for their immigration to Palestine and subsequent life in kibbutzim.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA dowry is money or property that a woman brings to her husband or his family in marriage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the Antonescu regime’s first anti-Jewish measures was to remove all Jewish men from the Romanian military in December 1940. It was motivated by the perception that the Jews were disloyal and unreliable. To compensate for their exclusion from military service, Jews between the ages of 18 and 50 were required to pay a tax and undertake forced labor. Between Romania’s entry into World War II in 1941 and 1944, over 105,000 Jews were used as forced laborers in labor camps, labor battalions, government institutions or private industry. Many died from physical exhaustion, dangerous working conditions, starvation, thirst or exposure to the elements. Some Jews were ordered to work in or near the cities and towns where they lived. These Jews would return home after work every day. Other Jews, however, were sent to work far from their homes, sometimes for 6 to 12 months at a time. Hundreds of work camps for Jews existed throughout Romania between 1941 and 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn July of 1940, the Soviets took the Romanian territories of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBorsa [Romanian: Borșa] is a town in eastern Maramureș County, Romania, in the valley of the river Vișeu and near the Prislop Pass. It is 34 kilometers (21 miles) east of Rozalvea.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Hungarians entered Northern Transylvania, the situation of the Jews of Rozavlea noticeably worsened. In addition to country-wide decrees that applied to them as well, local villagers took a direct and active role in various acts of violence and oppression against the Jews of the village.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, the Hungarian government, having forbidden Jews to serve in the armed forces, established a forced-labor service for young men of arms-bearing age. By 1940, the obligation to perform forced labor was extended to all able-bodied male Jews. After Hungary entered the war, the forced laborers, organized in labor battalions under the command of Hungarian military officers, were deployed on war-related construction work, often under brutal conditions. They worked clearing trees, laying railroad track and fixing broken track, digging defensive ditches and anti-tank trenches, clearing minefields, and the like. The Jews worked in these battalions both within Hungary and beyond her borders, on the Ukrainian and Serbian fronts, until the Germans conquered Hungary in March 1944. Initially, the Labor Service System was not set up to be an instrument of torture and murder. During the first two years of its operation, the Jewish recruits of military age, though subjected to many discriminatory measures, fared relatively well. After Hungary’s involvement in the war against Yugoslavia in April 1941, however, the system acquired a punitive character. Shortly after Hungary joined the Third Reich in the war against the Soviet Union (June 27, 1941), the labor service system was also used as a means to “solve” the Jewish question. Rampant antisemitism among non-Jewish Hungarian guards combined with brutal conditions made forced labor for Jews lethal for the great majority. Subjected to extreme cold, without adequate shelter, food, or medical care, an estimated 80 percent of Hungarian Jewish forced laborers died. Scores of forced laborers at the Eastern Front were also taken as prisoners of war by the Soviets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1940, Northern Transylvania was returned to Hungary after arbitration in Vienna by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy as a reward for Hungary’s alliance with Germany, bringing the area fully under the influence of Nazi Germany. Before the partition, the total Jewish population of Transylvania was about 200,000. Of these, 164,052 lived in the territories ceded to Hungary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany Transylvanian Jews were happy to join Hungary after two decades of Romanian rule. However, they were soon subjected to Hungary’s anti-Jewish regulations and their situation noticeably worsened. Jews were gradually excluded from public life and became subject to a series of race laws Hungary passed between 1938 and 1941. The Hungarian racial laws were modeled on Germany's Nuremberg Laws. They reversed the equal citizenship status granted to Jews in Hungary in 1867. During Hungarian rule between 1940 and 1944, they were exposed to several waves of atrocities. First, there were expulsions and deportations to Galicia. Then followed the “Holocaust by bullets”. During the forced labor service, they were exterminated by work, hunger and disease.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans invaded Hungary on March 19, 1944 and immediately began to implement their anti-Jewish policies. Hungarian authorities in coordination with the German Security Police, police, gendarmerie, and local administrators began to systematically roundup and concentrate the Hungarian Jews in ghettos before forcing them onto the deportation trains. German authorities charged local forces of Gendarmerie with carrying out the regime's anti-Jewish policies. A Gendarmerie (sometimes also Gendarmes) is a military body charged with police duties among the civilian population. The term gendarme is derived from the medieval French expression gens d'armes, which translates to \"armed people\". The Hungarian Gendarmerie was a police force whose job was to maintain law and order in the Hungarian countryside. At the time of the deportations of Hungarian Jewry in 1944, it consisted of 3,000-5,000 policemen who were divided into 10 districts with one or two districts assigned to each of the country’s six zones. Under the guidance of German SS officials, the Gendarmerie carried out the roundups, forced the Jews in ghettos and later onto deportation trains. As Jews were forbidden from leaving the ghettos, Gendarmerie guarded the perimeters. Gendarmes had a reputation for brutality. Individual gendarmes often tortured Jews and extorted personal valuables from them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBudapest is the capital of Hungary. On the eve of war, the Jewish population was about 200,000. In 1941, the Jewish population of the city was 184,453 (15.8 percent). Jews lived throughout the city, but their proportion was much higher on the Pest side (18.9 percent) of the Danube River than on the Buda side (6.1 percent). Within Pest, Jews were especially prevalent in the central districts of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within concentration or labor camps, German authorities installed a hierarchy of administrative units under their control. A kapo was a prisoner in a concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp.  Kapos were generally criminals. The kapo system minimized costs by allowing the camps to function with fewer SS personnel. It was designed to turn victim against victim, as the kapos were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the favor of their SS guards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust. Hitler loved animals in general, but his favorite were dogs and especially German Shepherds. He was known to have had several dogs during his lifetime.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] The communist government that came to power in the 1917 Russian Revolution followed an unofficial policy of state atheism. Officially, it did not outlaw religion in the Soviet Union. However, religion was seen as a threat to the socialist state and, especially after Joseph Stalin came to power, it began making efforts to eliminate religious institutions. Atheism was propagated in schools, religious institutions had their property confiscated, and believers were harassed. During the Great Purge of the 1930s, religious leaders were among the hundreds of thousands of people jailed and executed as political enemies. While the Russian Revolution had replaced the centuries-old official antisemitism of the Tzars, deeply ingrained antisemitic attitudes made Jews suspects of potential opposition. Communist ideology asked Jews to assimilate and not to identify as anything but loyal to the state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenito Mussolini (1883-1945) was an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party. He ruled Italy as Prime Minister from 1922 until he was ousted in 1943. He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship. He was known as ‘Il Duce.’ Mussolini was captured and executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans on April 27, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the start of World War II, the fascist regime of Italy’s Prime Minister Benito Mussolini had allied itself with Nazi Germany, at least politically and diplomatically. Mussolini hesitated to militarily enter the war, however, until Germany invaded France. With the goal of expanding Italian territory in North Africa into French and British colonies and under the mistaken belief that the war would soon be over without Italy having to do much fighting, he declared war on Britain and France in June 1940. Mussolini ordered a contingent of the Italian Royal Army to support Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union, which began in June 1941. By July, an Italian force was headed to the Eastern Front. From 1941 to 1943, the Italians maintained two units on the Eastern Front. Both fought on the southern part of the Eastern Front, participating in the German advance through the Ukraine to the Volga. After suffering heavy losses during the Battle of Stalingrad, they were withdrawn to Italy in 1943. Only minor Italian units participated on the Eastern Front after that.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranz Joseph (1830-1916), also called Francis Joseph, was emperor of Austria (1848–1916) and king of Hungary (1867–1916). His empire was into the Dual Monarchy, in which Austria and Hungary coexisted as equal partners. In 1879 he formed an alliance with Prussian-led Germany, and in 1914 his ultimatum to Serbia led Austria and Germany into World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKistarcsa was a Hungarian internment camp established in a village of the same name approximately 20 kilometers (13 miles) northwest of Budapest. It was established in the 1930s by Hungarian authorities to inter political prisoners, refugees, enemy aliens and other foreigners who did not have proof of their citizenship. A significant number were Jewish. Some prisoners were transferred into the Hungarian Army’s forced labor battalions while others were dispatched for random work such as cleaning or working in the fields in the village. Inmates were housed in five multistory buildings. Although conditions were less than ideal, Jewish organizations were able to provide extra rations. Immediately after the German occupation in March 1944, the camp was enlarged and the population grew to approximately 2,000, the largest number of which were Jewish. In the spring and summer of 1944, most of the inmates were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau and Kistarcsa became a transit camp. This continued even after regent Miklos Horthy ordered the halt of deportations and despite interventions by the Jewish Council, Hungarian officials, and the camp commandant, Istavan Vasdenyei. By August 1944, the camp had been emptied. The camp was again used to inter political prisoners during the 1950s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shochet is an adult male Jew who is trained and accredited by a rabbinic authority in the Jewish dietary laws. Specifically, a shochet slaughters animals in a way prescribed by Jewish dietary laws to avoid pain to the animal as much as possible, and to safeguard the health of the consumer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism (also sometimes called Chasidim; from the Hebrew word \"Chasid\" meaning \"pious”) is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: Day of Atonement] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. In a kosher kitchen and home, meat and dairy are kept separate, so a separate sets of dishes, cookware, and serving ware are needed. Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law is called ‘treif.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLudwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) was a German composer, widely considered to be one of the most famous and influential of all composers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Wagner (1813-1883) was a German composer, theater director, and conductor who is primarily known for his operas, among them the four opera-cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen. Wagner has also been accused of being an antisemite, mostly particularly based in his non-opera writings. Adolf Hitler was an admirer of Wagner’s music and saw in his operas an embodiment of his own vision of the German nation claiming that they glorified “the heroic Teutonic nature.” Hitler visited Bayreuth (Wagner’s own opera house) from 1923 onwards and attended the productions at the theater. There continues to be debate about the extent to which Wagner’s views might have influenced Nazi thinking. However, it cannot be claimed that Wagner “was responsible” for the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThough nominally independent, Slovakia was highly dependent on Nazi Germany after the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. The Slovak Republic fell under the leadership of a Catholic priest, Jozef Tiso. His right-wing party (called the Hlinka [Slovak: People’s] party) established a fascist, authoritarian, one-party dictatorship, strongly influenced by the separatist Catholic clerical hierarchy in internal policy and closely allied with Nazi Germany. Tiso’s regime passed a series of anti-Jewish laws between 1939 and 1941, which included concentrating all of the Slovakian Jews in labor camps. Then, in 1942, deportations began. German authorities killed virtually all of the Slovakian Jews in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Lublin/Majdanek, Sobibor and other locations in German-occupied Poland. During the deportations, some 6,000 Jews escaped to Hungary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Nyilas is a member of the far-right Hungarian fascist party called the Arrow Cross Party [Hungarian: Nyilaskeresztes Párt].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo maintain their deception and placate Jews who had not yet been imprisoned or deported, the Germans did permit some of the Jews who had been imprisoned in ghettos, concentration camps and labor camps to send and receive correspondence. Such writings had to adhere to a strict code of regulations and were subject to routine and often arbitrary censorship by camp authorities. Content was largely limited to personal matters with brief messages claiming the deported were well and in good health, with minimal expressions of affection. Sometimes messages requested extra clothing items or necessities, but it is clear no mention could be made of the atrocities taking place.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCrimea is a peninsula located on the northern coast of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe that is almost completely surrounded by both the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov to the northeast. The peninsula and its port city of Sevastopol were the scene of some of the bloodiest battles on the Eastern Front during World War II. During their advance through the Soviet Union that began in summer 1941, the Germans wanted control of Crimea to help them get to Soviet oil fields in the Caucasus and because it would enable them to move on crucial Soviet cities like Stalingrad from the south. For the Soviet Union, Crimea was important as it could launch air raids against Romanian oil fields, which were crucial to the German war machine, from bases in and around Sevastopol. The German Army and Romanian Army and defending Soviet troops suffered heavy casualties in an eight-month-long campaign that began in November 1941 and ended in July 1942 with the Soviets retreating. After the German defeat at Stalingrad in February 1943, the tide on the Eastern Front began to shift. In late 1943, the Soviets prepared to retake Crimea. By April, the Germans had been pushed back into Sevastopol. After brutal fighting among what was by then a city of ruins, Crimea was recaptured by Soviet and Ukrainian troops in May 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism, sometimes also called Liberal Judaism, is a division within Judaism especially in North America and Western Europe. Historically it began in the nineteenth century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah and women rabbis), music is allowed in the services and most of the service is in English.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs early as May 1938, Hungary had adopted comprehensive anti-Jewish laws and measures. In 1941, racial laws that were modeled on Germany’s Nuremberg Laws were introduced. Authorities commenced issuing anti-Jewish decrees immediately after the German occupation in March 1944. The Germans isolated the Jewish population from the outside world by restricting their movement. Jewish property and businesses were seized, and their telephones and radios confiscated. Jewish communities were forced to wear the yellow star on their clothing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn the eve of war, the Jewish population was about 200,000. In 1941, the Jewish population of the city was 184,453 (15.8 percent). Jews lived throughout the city, but their proportion was much higher on the Pest side (18.9 percent) of the Danube River than on the Buda side (6.1 percent). Within Pest, Jews were especially prevalent in the central districts of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear which law or decree Rachel is referring to, but, after the Nazis came to power, they also encouraged anti-Jewish measures in Romania. In late 1937, the Nazis' helped form the short-lived Goga-Cuza government. Octavian Goga and Alexandru Cuza only ruled Romania for 40 days, but they did their best to turn their antisemitic ideals into reality. After Octavian Goga’s National Peasants’ party merged with Alexandru Cuza’s League of National Christian Defense, the anti-Semitic Goga-Cuza cabinet was formed in Romania. The Goga-Cuza party advocated an alliance with the Third Reich and undertook to amend the constitution. Political power would be confined to “Romanians who had pure Romanian blood in their veins”; the Jews would be removed from the press; Romanians would have priority in all economic enterprises and cultural institutions; and Jews would be barred from government service. The government committed itself to the expulsion from the country of Jews who had entered it by illegal means, to deprive the Jews of their citizenship, and to the confiscation of Jewish property. The gravest of the anti-Jewish measures was a law enacted on January 22, 1938, to review the citizenship of Jews. As a result of this review, a quarter of a million Jews – about one-third of the total Jewish population – were deprived of their rights as citizens. The parliamentary government established next was so weak that King Carol II instituted a dictatorship in February 1938. The Jews' situation became even worse under this regime; Romania's new constitution included several sections that allowed racial discrimination against them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePayess [Hebrew: sidelocks or side curls] are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on a Biblical injunction against shaving the “corners” of one’s head.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAngyafold [Hungarian: Angyalföld] is a traditionally working-class neighborhood in Budapest, Hungary. It is located in the northern part of Pest, between the Danube River and the railway lines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZuglo [Hungarian: Zugló] is a neighborhood on the Pest side of the city of Budapest, Hungary. It is a largely residential neighborhood with mix of middle and working-class people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] In October 1940, Hungary had officially aligned itself with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. However, Hungarian units suffered tremendous losses during the German defeat at Stalingrad on the eastern front in 1942–1943 and the alliance with Germany began to weaken. After the defeat, Hungarian Admiral Miklos Horthy and Prime Minister Miklos Kallay recognized that Germany would likely lose the war. With Horthy's tacit approval, Kallay tried to negotiate a separate armistice for Hungary with the western Allies. To prevent these efforts and losing the territory, German forces occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944. Horthy was permitted to remain as Regent. Kallay was dismissed and the Germans installed General Dome Sztojay as prime minister. Sztojay had previously served as Hungarian minister to Berlin and was fanatically pro-German. He committed Hungary to continuing the war effort and cooperated with the Germans in their efforts to deport the Hungarian Jews. With the Allies advancing on all fronts, Horthy worried he faced war crimes and halted the deportations of Jews on July 7, 1944. In August, he dismissed the Sztojay government and resumed efforts to reach an armistice, this time with the Soviet Union. In mid-October 1944, the Germans sponsored a coup d’etat. They arrested Horthy and installed a new Hungarian government under Ference Szalasi, the leader of the fascist and radically antisemitic Arrow Cross party.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe occupation of communities viewed as inferior opens up the opportunity for violence. Rape, sexual assault and violence were prevalent among different occupier communities during World War II. The German military established brothels throughout their occupied territories for the use of Wehrmacht and SS soldiers. While rape was officially forbidden, in practice it was allowed in eastern Europe as a part of Germany’s aim to conquer and destroy people they considered inferior, such as Jews, Russians, and Poles. In many cases, the women involved were kidnapped on the streets of occupied cities during German military and police roundups. An extensive list of rapes committed by German soldiers was compiled in the so-called \"Molotov Note\" in 1942. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe relocations of Jews in Budapest first came about when Jewish-owned apartments were seized for use by non-Jewish families made homeless by Allied bombing of the city in early April 1944. These Jewish families were rehoused in central Pest, where something like a “ghetto” was being formed. However, it was not until May 9, 1944 that formal plans for a ghetto were developed. Jews were to be gathered in seven ghetto areas—four in Pest and three in Buda. These locations were intended to be in close proximity to strategically important sites such as factories, railway stations and government offices that were targets of Allied bombing. In mid-June, a more dispersed form of ghettoization was adopted instead. A mass registration of the city’s inhabitants was undertaken on June 1-2, 1944 that identified which properties were owned by Jews and where the majority lived. On June 16, 1944, there were 2,637 apartment buildings and family homes listed as ghetto houses. These properties were marked on the exterior with a large yellow star on a black background. Jews were to move into these properties by June 21. After a series of complaints and petitions from non-Jews living in some of the apartment buildings, on June 22, a new list reduced the number of ghetto houses to 1,948. Most of these were located in the central districts of Pest. Although Jews had no choice but to move into these buildings, non-Jews who lived in these buildings were allowed to remain in their apartments.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany people in German-occupied areas collaborated with German authorities. In some cases, antisemitism, nationalism, ethnic hatred, anti-Communism, and opportunism motivated the behavior. In others, coercion was the motivating factor. In territories they occupied (particularly in the east), the Germans depended on indigenous auxiliary units (civilian, military, and police) to carry out the annihilation of the Jewish population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn June 5, 1944, Jews in Budapest were restricted to shop between 11 am and 1 pm. Their access to other places in the city—a limited number of cafes, bars, restaurants, bathhouses, and cinemas—was also reduced to set days and times. Jews were instructed not to leave their homes at all between 11 am and 5pm.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTraditionally, a brit milah [Hebrew: Covenant of Circumcision], which involves surgically removing the foreskin of the penis, is performed on infant male Jews on the eighth day of the child's life. It is a tradition that dates back the biblical patriarch Abraham. For Jews, circumcision is a sign of the Jewish people’s covenant with G-d. Even during the Holocaust, Jews tried to observe this practice. Because non-Jews in continental Europe generally were not circumcised, German and collaborationist police commonly checked males apprehended in raids. For boys attempting to hide their Jewish identity, using a public restroom or participating in sports could lead to their discovery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTokol [Hungarian: Tököl] is a town 22 kilometers [14 miles] south-southwest of Budapest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. In 1944, Passover began on April 8. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday is celebrated. The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe deportation of Hungarian Jews began on May 2, 1944. In June 1944, 17,500 Hungarian Jews were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and another 25,000 were deported in the first week of July 1944. Nearly 400,000 Hungarian Jews were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau in total. The deportations started with Jews in communities outside of Budapest, and in Transylvania and territories taken from Romania. When those towns were Judenrein [German: Jew free], the Germans turned to their final task: emptying Budapest of its Jews. However, on July 7, 1944, Regent Miklos Horthy, the puppet leader of Hungary, called off the deportations before the Budapest Jews could be deported.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] In the summer of 1944, recently deported Hungarians Jews sent postcards to the Jewish Council in Budapest to disperse. The postcards were addressed to their friends and family still in Budapest. The postcards were postmarked \"Waldsee\" [German: Forest Lake] to deceive those receiving the postcards into believing the sender was enjoying time in a picturesque location that corresponds with actual places that could be located on maps of Austria and Switzerland. It is unclear how the rouse first originated, but the name began to appear in postcards sent home from Greek Jews that had been sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1943. Some survivors would later recall that when the Jews crowded onto trains asked where they were headed, they were told “Waldsee.” In reality, the cards were sent from Auschwitz-Birkenau. Once arrived, the deported Jews—who were in route to the gas chambers—were forced to write the postcards to their families back home, reassuring them of a safe arrival.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOswiecim [German: Auschwitz; Yiddish: Oshptzin] is a town in southern Poland located 31 miles (50 kilometers) west of Krakow and 178 miles (286 kilometers) from Warsaw. The Germans entered Oswiecim on September 3, 1939. The town was renamed Auschwitz and incorporated into Germany. The Germans used former military barracks on the eastern outskirts of town as the site for the concentration and death camp that became known as Auschwitz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1944, Hungarian authorities ordered Hungarian Jews living outside Budapest (roughly 500,000) to concentrate in certain cities, usually regional government seats. Hungarian gendarmes were sent into the rural regions to round up the Jews and dispatch them to the cities, where makeshift ghettos were established. None of these ghettos existed for more than a few weeks and many were liquidated within days.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn Saturday, April 15, 1944 (the last day of Passover), all of the Jews of Rozavlea were gathered in the synagogue, where they were tormented and beaten by gendarmes and locals who accused them of hiding money and valuables. After several days, the Jews of Rozavlea were transferred to a ghetto in the town of Dragomiresti. The men walked the 12 kilometers (12.5 miles) on foot. The elderly, women and children were transported by wagons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn May 15, 1944 all of the Jews in the Dragomiresti Ghetto were sent to a railway station in Viseu de Jos, a town 16 kilometers (10 miles) north in the steep mountains of the northern Carpathians. In Viseu de Jos, they were joined by Jews from other neighboring villages. Between May 16 and May 22, 1945, they were transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHungary was under heavy bombardment by American, British and Soviet forces in World War II, with Budapest carpet-bombed on 37 occasions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphus is contracted from the bite of a louse, and results in chills, delirium, high fever, headaches and muscle pain and if untreated often results in death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith the 1941 invasion of Yugoslavia, the Germans acquired large copper mines in the area of Bor. Situated roughly 120 miles southeast of Belgrade, Bor is a city in eastern present-day Serbia with one of the largest copper mines in Europe. The mines, supplied approximately 50 percent of the copper requirements of the German war industry and were operated jointly by Siemens and Organisation Todt. Approximately 6,200 Hungarian Jewish labor servicemen were deployed in and around the copper mines of Bor between the autumn of 1943 and autumn of 1944. A significant number of Soviet, Italian and other prisoners of war were also put to work in the mines. Some were employed in building a railway line; others were utilized in road repair work. The majority, however, were used as forced laborers in the mines. Labor servicemen usually had to work long hours every day in knee-deep water, breathing air filled with suffocating dust and explosive gas. Their food rations and clothing were totally inadequate for the hard labor that they had to perform. In the barracks, labor servicemen were under Hungarian military control and discipline; in the workplace they were under the immediate supervision of German foremen. Prisoners were frequently beaten and executed. In September 1944, due to the deteriorating military situation, the Germans decided to evacuate the mines. Servicemen were ordered to move north to Hungary in two waves. The first contingent of an estimated 3,200-3,600 left in mid-September. Hundreds of Jews were killed along the route on various pretenses by the Hungarians, German military personnel, Swabian SS men, and Bosnian Ustashi who served as guards. On the night of October 7–8, 1944, the SS shot between 700 and 1,000 Jews in a mass grave. The survivors were driven on toward Hungary. The second contingent of approximately 3,000 labor servicemen fared the march better. However, the survivors of both groups were deported to various German concentration camps after arriving in Hungary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDebrecen is Hungary's second largest city after Budapest and lies in the eastern part of Hungary, near the present-day border with Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBudapest Jews without “protection” from diplomats from neutral countries like Sweden, Switzerland, and Spain, were forced into a ghetto established in the traditional “Jewish quarter,” on the Pest side of the city. By December 10, 1944, all non-Jews had moved out of the area and the Pest ghetto was fenced in. According to a Jewish Council survey, 44, 416 Jews lived in 7,726 rooms in 4,513 apartments in 242 buildings. When the Red Army encircled Budapest on December 25, food supply within the ghetto became a major problem, especially as the ghetto population grew to an estimated 70,000 by January 1945. Thousands died of cold, disease, and starvation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom July to October, 1944, the Jews of Budapest still lived in relative safety. However, after the fiercely antisemitic Hungarian fascist Arrow Cross party seized power with the help of the Germans on October 15, 1944, they immediately introduced a reign of terror in Budapest. Nearly 80,000 Jews were killed in Budapest itself, shot on the banks of the Danube River and then thrown into the river. As Soviet troops had already cut off rail transport routes to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Hungarian authorities forced tens of thousands of Budapest Jews on death marches west to the Austrian border. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the autumn of 1944, diplomats from neutral countries like Sweden, Switzerland, and Spain, and the International Committee of the Red Cross stepped in to help save as many of Budapest’s Jews as possible from deportation. In November 1944, an “International ghetto” was set up in for “protected” Jews. A little over 15,000 Jews held official papers issued by neutral legations, but up to 35,000 Jews crowded into the International ghetto houses, a cluster of around 120 houses. An estimated 62,000 Jews were placed under Swiss protection as potential emigrants to Palestine by Carl Lutz (1895-1975), the consul general of the Swiss legation. He came up with the idea of Schutzpässe [German: protection passes] or Schutzbriefe [German: protection letters] using 7,800 emigration certificates to Palestine that he acquired from Great Britain. Lutz began distributing the passes—documents German and Hungarian officials only reluctantly recognized—to entire families rather than individuals. He then managed to extend diplomatic protection to 76 buildings in Budapest that housed, fed and helped Jews. One of the most well-known was the “Glass House,” a factory where Miklos Krausz (1908-1985), a Hungarian Jewish Zionist activist, operated the Jewish Agency for Palestine. Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg (1912-1945) also began issuing certificates of protection to Jews in the city. Wallenberg used WRB and Swedish funds to establish hospitals, nurseries, and a soup kitchen, and to designate more than 30 safe houses that together formed the core of the “international ghetto” in Budapest. At the Spanish consul in Budapest, passes of protection were also issued to Jews under the rouse that they had Spanish ancestry and citizenship. Posing as the Spanish consul-general to Hungary, Italian businessman Giorgio Perlasca (1910-1922) helped distribute the passes to over 5,000 Jews in Budapest and established eight safe houses, including one for Jewish children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Russians advanced east rapidly in the autumn of 1944. By the first week of November, they had reached the eastern suburbs of Budapest. Budapest, however, was stubbornly defended by the Germans and Hungarians. One of the bloodiest sieges of World War II began and the city collapsed into chaos. About 38,000 civilians died through starvation or military action. Meanwhile, frustrated and angered Arrow Cross militia indiscriminately attacked and killed hundreds of Jews who remained in the ghetto houses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy December 26, 1944, the Russian Army and Romanian Army had encircled Budapest and advanced through the Pest side of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHungary’s alliance with the Axis powers meant the Soviet army saw Budapest as enemy territory. The civilian population had not been evacuated and after a drawn-out siege, Soviet soldiers plundered, looted, and raped the populace. It estimated that around 50,000 women in the city were raped by Russian soldiers. Throughout Eastern Europe, during the Soviet offensives and occupations at the end of World War II, rape, sexual assault and violence were prevalent. Women in newly occupied ‘enemy’ territories were frequently assaulted. Estimates place the number of victims as high as two million when East Prussia, Silesia, Pomerania, Austria, the Czech lands and other German-inhabited areas of Eastern Europe are included with the hundreds of thousands of victims estimated within Germany. Although officially forbidden, German women were also attacked by Allied soldiers in the western zones at the end of the war, although the estimated number of victims is much smaller.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans and Hungarians withdrew to the Buda side of the city on January 17, 1945. After a failed offensive effort, the remaining defenders finally surrendered the city on February 13, 1945. By April, Soviet troops had driven the last German units and their Arrow Cross collaborators out of the rest of Hungary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy the time the Russians liberated Budapest in January and February 1945, around 100,000 Jews remained. Both of Budapest’s ghettos had been liberated by Soviet forces between January 16 and 18, 1945. Around 20,000 to 25,000 Jews survived in the International ghetto and a little less than 70,000 survived in the Pest ghetto. Another estimated 25,000 Jews had survived in hiding in Budapest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWithin the Romanian Jewish community, immigration to the British Mandate for Palestine rapidly increased in the 1920s and 1930s due Zionism and the rise of Nazism. Throughout the 1930s and into World War II, Romanian authorities were in favor of Jewish emigration to Palestine. Underground operations in Romania successfully organized many ships (some with official approval and some without) to get Jews out of Romania until 1942, when a ship called the Struma that had been approved to travel to Palestine was torpedoed off the coast of Turkey, killing all but one of the 700 passengers. The tragedy brought efforts by the underground movements to a halt until 1944. As the success of the Axis powers shifted in favor of the Allies, travel became somewhat safer and Turkey consented to be a transit country to Palestine. Eleven ships managed to leave for Palestine in 1944. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, many Eastern European Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eApproximately 40 survivors returned to Rozavlea after the war, but they left after a brief period, with most of them making aliya to Israel. Today, there are no Jews in Rozavlea\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter Germany’s surrender in 1945, Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe. As Soviet power and influence expanded, a communist dictatorship was established under Josef Stalin, who led the Soviet Union from the mid–1920s until 1953. Several countries in Eastern Europe—Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany—operated as Soviet satellite states. These countries were not officially part of the USSR, but their governments were loyal Stalinists, and therefore looked to and aligned themselves with the Soviet Union politically and militarily via the Warsaw Pact. By 1946, escalating tensions between the Soviet Union and the western European countries that were allied to the United States had created a political, military, and ideological barrier that divided Europe. In order to curb a concentration of anti-communist political expatriates in the West, the Soviet Union began closing borders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRachel’s husband, Shimon (Simon) Engelman (1918-2001), was born in Krive, Czechoslovakia. During the war, he was in the Theresienstadt ghetto and a series of concentration camps before he was finally liberated by the Soviet Army. His testimony is available from USC Shoah Foundation. After the war, he served in the Hagenah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe role of the Catholic Church during the Holocaust has been the subject of much critical and supportive literature. The Vatican was officially neutral throughout the war—even under Benito Mussolini’s Fascist rule and while Rome was later occupied by Nazi Germany. Protestant churches also did little to intervene. Within Hungary and Hungarian occupied areas like Northern Transylvania, there were Jews who converted to Christianity both before and during the Holocaust. After the German occupation of Hungary in 1944, various church leaders did object to the brutal treatment of Jews. However, interventions were largely limited to the protection of converts and Christians of Jewish origin, especially those that had converted before 1941. Rather than publicly or officially condemning anti-Jewish measures, church leaders relied almost exclusively on discreet private approaches to individual members of the government. When the ghettoization and deportation of Hungarian Jews began in the spring of 1944, church leaders did manage to secure promises from authorities that converts would receive special concessions. For example, they were still subject to ghettoization and required to wear the Star of David, but they could add a white cross to the Star of David and were permitted to carry out their religious practices within the ghettos. They secured exemptions for church officials of Jewish background as well as for persons in mixed marriages. They also achieved a more lenient treatment of converts. During the pause in deportations in the summer of 1944, authorities also promised converts would be exempted in case the deportations were resumed, which caused many Jews to convert. Nevertheless, the concessions did not exempt converts or Christians of Jewish origin from persecution. The converts also suffered tremendously under the impact of anti-Jewish laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\"Skinhead” refers to a white male belonging to any of various sometimes violent youth gangs whose members have close-shaven hair and often espouse white-supremacist beliefs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Ernest Duke (1950- ) is an American neo-Nazi, antisemitic conspiracy theorist, far-right politician, convicted felon, and former grand wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. From 1989 to 1992, he was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/annotation_set/556/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today, also referred to as the ‘KKK’) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-black secret society, whose methods included terrorism and murder.  It was founded in the South in the 1860’s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920’s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960’s during the civil rights era. In the past, it members dressed up in white robes and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=7290.0,7320.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Engelman, Rachel [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family history and Engelman's childhood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=0.0,727.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: We are here to do a video tape of a Holocaust survivor. What is your name and where do you live?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=0.0,727.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fiddler on the Roof","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Numerus clausus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Yitzchak Menachem Kizalnik","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosavlea, Transylvania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Transylvania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=0.0,727.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Changes as the Nazis advance","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=727.0,1336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Describe to me how your life began to change with the coming of the Nazi movement.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=727.0,1336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria-Hungary,","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Corneliu Zelea Codreanu","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovak Republic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Iuliu Maniu","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sighetu Marmatiei","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Iron Guard","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=727.0,1336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family's plans for escape","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1336.0,1976.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: When this was going on, did you or your family consider making any plans other than sending your sister and your brother away?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1336.0,1976.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf 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food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=1976.0,2690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":", Slovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"correspondence from concentration camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hasidic Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reform 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Budapest","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2690.0,3641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: What happened after this?\nENGELMAN: After a while, they started to take away the Jewish businesses.  ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2690.0,3641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Angyafold","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"circumcision","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi occupation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi Party","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutzstaffel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zuglo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=2690.0,3641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Persecution in Budapest, continued","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=3641.0,5362.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: What year are we talking about?\nENGELMAN: 1944. Every day is a year long. Suddenly, I got a telegram from my mother [saying,] “They’re going to take us away. 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This is two months, three months about.\t\nMARTINO: Let me ask you this. During this time when you said that they established a ghetto there...\n","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5362.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arrow Cross party","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"International Committee of the Red Cross","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish ghettos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=5362.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation, Engelman meets her husband, and conclusion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787#t=6644.0,7173.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47561/file/120787/index/48687/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ENGELMAN: Then, my fiancé came back. 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