{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/f47gq6sr0v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Lewin, Nora"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2005-06-20 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Lewin, Nora (Interviewee)","Kent, John (Interviewer)","Einstein, Ruth (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Kent and Ruth Einstein interview Nora Lewin on June 20, 2005 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eNura “Nora” Kvint was born on March 2, 1918 in East Prussia (now Insterburg, Germany) but she was raised in Shavl (Yiddish; Lithuanian: Šiauliai; German: Schaulen), Lithuania. Her father, Michel, was an accountant and her mother, Masha, ran a clothing store. She had a younger sister, Mira, and a younger brother, Yitzhak. After high school, Nora went to business school and got a job at a bank in Shavl. In 1940, Nora met and married Joel Lewin (1911-1995). The couple moved to Kovno, where Joel’s family was from.\u003cbr\u003eWhen the war started, Kovno and Shavl fell under Russian occupation. In June 1941, a pregnant Nora returned to Shavl to visit her parents. The next day, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union. Nora was trapped in Shavl. Nora’s father was among the first Jews to be arrested and executed. Along with her mother, Nora was pushed into a ghetto, where she gave birth to a son, Gideon. Eventually, Nora, her mother, and the baby managed to join Joel in the Kovno ghetto. \u003cbr\u003eIn the chaos of the Kovno ghetto’s liquidation in October 1943, Nora was separated from her mother and Gideon, who were likely taken to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Joel and Nora were put on transports to labor camps in Estonia. Nora was sent to the Ereda labor camp and Joel went to a nearby camp called Kivioli I. In Ereda, Nora and the other women prisoners worked on the road system. Nora was then sent to another nearby camp Goldfilz/Goldfield, where she got typhus and was put on a list to be sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Joel, however, managed to secure her release from the hospital and got permission for her to come to Kivioli I. Nora recovered. As the Russian front advanced, Kivioli I was evacuated. Nora and Joel were both sent to the Stutthof concentration camp. After a few weeks, Nora was among other women selected to go to a labor camp near Bromberg, Poland. When the Russians advanced into Poland in January 1945, the prisoners were sent on a death march toward Germany. With a few other women, Nora managed to escape and a few days later were liberated by the Russians.\u003cbr\u003eAfter liberation, Nora made her way to Lodz, Poland. She stayed with other survivors until the war ended. Nora returned to Shavl, where she was reunited with Mira and her family. Together, they moved to Vilna, Lithuania and then on to Germany, where Nora was reunited with Joel in Munich. \u003cbr\u003eIn June 1947, Nora and Joel arrived in the United States. They settled in Newburgh, New York. Her sister’s family soon followed, while their brother, who had also survived, immigrated to Israel. Joel built his own automobile servicing business and was very successful. Nora was a housewife and raised two sons. After Joel’s retirement, they moved to Florida and later, Nora and her sister moved to Atlanta, Georgia to be near Mira’s grandchildren and one of Nora’s sons. Nora passed away on March 30, 2010, in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eNora introduces her family and talks about her life before the war. She discusses life under Soviet occupation. Nora recounts incidences of antisemitism. She recalls how life changed when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union. Nora describes life in the Siauliai ghetto. She remembers the birth of her son. Nora explains how she was separated from her mother and baby when the ghetto was liquidated. She details her experiences in Estonian concentration camps. She talks about life in the camps as the Russians advanced. Nora remembers escaping a death march and encountering Russian soldiers. She recounts life at the end of the war and reuniting with her sister. Nora traces her move from Poland to Germany after the war and reuniting with her husband. She reflects on how the war changed her. Nora talks about life in the United States. She discusses her children. Nora mentions her sister’s ordeal during the war. She shares what motivated her to talk about her experiences. Nora considers why she survived. She remembers her parents and talks about her faith.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Kent and Ruth Einstein interview Nora Lewin on June 20, 2005 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNura \u0026ldquo;Nora\u0026rdquo; Kvint was born on March 2, 1918 in East Prussia (now Insterburg, Germany) but she was raised in Shavl (Yiddish; Lithuanian: \u0026Scaron;iauliai; German: Schaulen), Lithuania. Her father, Michel, was an accountant and her mother, Masha, ran a clothing store. She had a younger sister, Mira, and a younger brother, Yitzhak. After high school, Nora went to business school and got a job at a bank in Shavl. In 1940, Nora met and married Joel Lewin (1911-1995). The couple moved to Kovno, where Joel\u0026rsquo;s family was from.\u003cbr /\u003eWhen the war started, Kovno and Shavl fell under Russian occupation. In June 1941, a pregnant Nora returned to Shavl to visit her parents. The next day, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union. Nora was trapped in Shavl. Nora\u0026rsquo;s father was among the first Jews to be arrested and executed. Along with her mother, Nora was pushed into a ghetto, where she gave birth to a son, Gideon. Eventually, Nora, her mother, and the baby managed to join Joel in the Kovno ghetto.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn the chaos of the Kovno ghetto\u0026rsquo;s liquidation in October 1943, Nora was separated from her mother and Gideon, who were likely taken to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Joel and Nora were put on transports to labor camps in Estonia. Nora was sent to the Ereda labor camp and Joel went to a nearby camp called Kivioli I. In Ereda, Nora and the other women prisoners worked on the road system. Nora was then sent to another nearby camp Goldfilz/Goldfield, where she got typhus and was put on a list to be sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Joel, however, managed to secure her release from the hospital and got permission for her to come to Kivioli I. Nora recovered. As the Russian front advanced, Kivioli I was evacuated. Nora and Joel were both sent to the Stutthof concentration camp. After a few weeks, Nora was among other women selected to go to a labor camp near Bromberg, Poland. When the Russians advanced into Poland in January 1945, the prisoners were sent on a death march toward Germany. With a few other women, Nora managed to escape and a few days later were liberated by the Russians.\u003cbr /\u003eAfter liberation, Nora made her way to Lodz, Poland. She stayed with other survivors until the war ended. Nora returned to Shavl, where she was reunited with Mira and her family. Together, they moved to Vilna, Lithuania and then on to Germany, where Nora was reunited with Joel in Munich.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn June 1947, Nora and Joel arrived in the United States. They settled in Newburgh, New York. Her sister\u0026rsquo;s family soon followed, while their brother, who had also survived, immigrated to Israel. Joel built his own automobile servicing business and was very successful. Nora was a housewife and raised two sons. After Joel\u0026rsquo;s retirement, they moved to Florida and later, Nora and her sister moved to Atlanta, Georgia to be near Mira\u0026rsquo;s grandchildren and one of Nora\u0026rsquo;s sons. Nora passed away on March 30, 2010, in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNora introduces her family and talks about her life before the war. She discusses life under Soviet occupation. Nora recounts incidences of antisemitism. She recalls how life changed when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union. Nora describes life in the Siauliai ghetto. She remembers the birth of her son. Nora explains how she was separated from her mother and baby when the ghetto was liquidated. She details her experiences in Estonian concentration camps. She talks about life in the camps as the Russians advanced. Nora remembers escaping a death march and encountering Russian soldiers. She recounts life at the end of the war and reuniting with her sister. Nora traces her move from Poland to Germany after the war and reuniting with her husband. She reflects on how the war changed her. Nora talks about life in the United States. She discusses her children. Nora mentions her sister\u0026rsquo;s ordeal during the war. She shares what motivated her to talk about her experiences. Nora considers why she survived. She remembers her parents and talks about her faith.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/254/434/small/Lewin_Nora.m4v_1728940583.jpg?1728940584","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Lewin_Nora.m4v"]},"duration":6467.371,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/254/434/small/Lewin_Nora.m4v_1728940583.jpg?1728940584","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/254/434/original/Lewin_Nora.m4v?1728940578","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6467.371,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Lewin, Nora [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: You'll ask me questions and I'll answer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1.0,4.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Let us just start then with the basics of what your family life was like back home and growing up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4.0,10.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: All right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=10.0,11.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Name, dates ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=11.0,12.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Good. Okay. You want my name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=12.0,15.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Yes, your original name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=15.0,18.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: My maiden name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=18.0,23.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=23.0,23.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: My name is Nora. My maiden name was Kvint. I was born in Russia during World War ... after World War One. My parents came back to their home in Lithuania right after World War One, and we lived in Shavl. That's where my parents came from.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=23.0,55.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How do you spell Shavl?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=55.0,58.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: There were about 30,000 Jews in Shavl.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=58.0,62.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How do you spell it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=62.0,63.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Schaulen. In German, we say 'Schaulen.' Schaulen in German is spelled S-C-H-A-U-L-E-N, Schaulen. In Jewish [Yiddish], we say Shavl. That was the second [largest] city in Lithuania. My father was a certified public accountant and his father was a rabbi, but he was a very modern rabbi. My father had four brothers and a large family in the town. My mom's family also lived there. We grew up very family oriented. As far as education, after the [First World] War, they opened up Hebrew schools in Lithuania and we went. I had a sister--a younger sister--and a younger brother, and we all grew up together. I went to the Hebrew school, which the last two years were like a university, like a gymnasium. I graduated and after my graduation ... Before the graduation, there were a lot of organizations, Hebrew organizations. I belonged to the organization Betar, which was a very right-wing organization, and we were very active about Israel and about all that was going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=63.0,178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: That is [Vladimir \"Ze’ev\"] Jabotinsky, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=178.0,179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Yes. In 1937 [or] 38 ... 1938, I think, I graduated from a business school. It was in the town of Memel [Klaipeda], which belonged to Germany, but at that time it was in Lithuania. I went there and I took ... It is like a college. I took my knowledge in typing and in writing. I got a job in a Jewish bank in Shavl. The Jewish life was very good in our town. We had parties, and played cards, and we celebrated all the Jewish holidays, and the families came together. In the bank, there were all these Jewish people. We had friends and boyfriends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=179.0,252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Before the war, what were the relations like between the Jews and everybody else?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=252.0,260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: We, as far as the middle-class Jews, did not really have too much in common with the non-Jews. Like my dad, he was a certified public accountant and he worked in a factory, in a linen factory that belonged to Jews, a very large factory. Among the people that were there were non-Jewish workers, but in general, there was a lot of antisemitism in Lithuania. They were jealous of the Jews. They always were because the Jews were more prosperous and more educated. In 1939 when Germany invaded Poland, a lot of Polish Jews escaped and came to Lithuania. A lot of family that we didn't even know, that lived in Poland, found us and we took them in. The thing is that the Jews in Lithuania never thought that it can happen to us. You know, when they were telling us stories that the Germans hit them, and threw them out of their homes, and took everything away, and that the Polish people just took advantage of them, we said between us, we said, \"Zey hakn a tshaynik [Yiddish: (literal) they knock a teakettle; rattle on loudly and insistently, but without any meaning].\" We didn't believe them, but we helped them. In fact, we had an aunt and an uncle of my grandfather's. They stayed with us and my dad helped them to get to Israel. They lived in Israel till they got old and they passed away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=260.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Did you experience any of this anti-Jewish attitude yourself in day-to-day life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=383.0,389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: I personally didn't. But in that time after 1939 till the Russians occupied Lithuania in 1940, my dad was hit by a bunch of Goyim [non-Jews]. See, in those times, there were no cars and my dad used to walk to work in [unintelligible]. He used to come home for dinner. On the way home, it was during the day, and they saw my dad, and they hit him very badly. We knew who they were, but the Jews were afraid, you know. They were afraid to talk about it or to tell the police. Then, when the Germans ... I will get to it, about antisemitism. In 1940, I met my husband, who was from Kovno [Lithuania]. Somebody introduced me to him and a month later we were married. We married in July 1940.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=389.0,470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: His name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=470.0,471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: His name was Joel Lewin and he had ... All his family lived in Kovno and of course, after I was married, I moved to Kovno. But in the meantime, the Russians had occupied the Baltic States in 1940, so they ... There was a mess there because they deported all the wealthy Jews--not only Jews, even Gentiles [non-Jews], and all the people from Betar, and from the other organizations--to Siberia. My sister was married four months after me and her husband's family was very wealthy, so her husband's father was deported to Siberia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=471.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Your sister's name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=534.0,535.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: My sister's name … not Mira; it's Miriam and her second [married] name is Wolpe. We lived in Kovno for a year with the Russians. The Lithuanians already, when they saw what the Russians did, the Communists did--and there were a lot of Jewish Communists--they blamed the Jews on everything what the Russians and the Communists did. Antisemitism was growing and growing in Lithuania. The year nineteen forty ... one, I was pregnant and I had not seen my parents for a few months, so I said to my husband, \"You know, I'm going to go to Shavl.\" You took a train from come Kovno. Transportation was very nice. I got on the train Saturday evening. I got to Shavl and my dad met me at the train station. He said, \"My darling daughter, I love to see you, but you shouldn't have come.\" There were Russians, Germans all over the place. You saw German soldiers and officers at the bus station, and the train station, all over. I said, \"Well, I'm here.\" Sunday morning, the Germans started to bomb Lithuania. I couldn't go back. There was no way for me to go back to my husband. I was pregnant and alone, or I [was] with my parents. My sister, on the other hand, had an opportunity to escape Lithuania because her husband worked for the Russians and they transported their workers out of Lithuania to Russia. So, she wound up in Uzbekistan with refugees and that's where she had two daughters. They suffered there till the war was over. My brother was in the army. He had just finished high school and he was a Communist. All the young people, even the Jews, belonged to the Communist Party in school. They had to. He said he wouldn't give up his Communist card. He was sure that the Russians will take him with open arms. Well, he was in the army, and he got out, and he went to Israel. Unfortunately, we lost him two years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=535.0,739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: His name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=739.0,740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Yitzhak Kvint. He has a family in Israel with children and grandchildren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=740.0,748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: And your parents' names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=748.0,751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: My parents' names were--that is a picture of my mom and dad--Michel and Masha Kvint.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=751.0,763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How old were you when the war started?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=763.0,766.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: How old I was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=766.0,767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=767.0,767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: I was 22 when I got married and I was 23 when the war started. I remained in Shavl with my parents. Of course, the next day, the Lithuanians already did their job. They already killed. They already imprisoned. They took my dad away. They took all the intelligent Jews, all the doctors, the lawyers, the accountants. The first ones, they took him away and we moved out from our apartment, Mother and me. I was pregnant and Mother took care of me. My mother was 43 years old. We never saw my dad again. The Jews that they took to jail, all of them they killed. In the small towns, they just cleaned out all the Jewish villages. You even read today. I get Kehila. That's a paper from Israel. I get it every three months. They write stories about Lithuania. To this day, they did not make good to the Jewish people for all what they did to them, not materially, not morally. But there are some Jews. There are not too many Jews in Lithuania. I'm talking too much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=767.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: It was the Lithuanians who killed your father, not the Germans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=870.0,874.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: No, not the Germans. Before the Germans came in, they did their job. The Germans came in about two days later. So, what ... I spoke German and I went to clean houses for them. They just pulled the Jews. They did not touch the Jewish women. That's one thing. You know, they did not rape them or anything, the Germans. Then, they didn't. We stayed in an apartment till they decided to put all the Jews in a ghetto. They took out all the non-Jews from those places, like Israel is living [in] the Golan Heights; no, the Gaza Strip now. That's how those people ... That reminded me. That's how those Goyim, the Lithuanians went out from their apartments, and the Jews went in, and the Goyim came to those beautiful apartments where we lived, and they took all our things. We had one room and one bed. I slept with my mom in the same bed. That's all we had, a little bed and a table.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=874.0,967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Was there any chance to escape or to go to Russia yourself?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=967.0,972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: No, there was no way because the borders were closed. People who tried to escape were caught and got killed. Those that were under supervision at the beginning, they went by trains and they got to Russia. But the other people that were on their own, like my husband and his family in Kovno, they ran away from Kovno. They tried to get to the Russian border, but by the time they walked and they got close, the Germans were already there. So, they had to go back and they went back to their apartments till they were put in the ghettos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=972.0,1021.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: So, you were trapped.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1021.0,1024.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: There was no ... There were not too many. There were some very brave people that escaped to the woods, to the forest. The Partisans, they could do it. They were ... But what could a pregnant woman ... What could I do? So, my mom ... We got in the ghetto and they organized the ghetto just like a government. You had a head of the ghetto and you had a labor department. Right away, all the Jews had to work. They didn't let you stay in your rooms. My mother was a ... She had a factory for bras and corsets in Shavl, so she was good at that. She got a job in the city in a place, in a factory. She used to go every morning to work. I used to stay home, in the room. I didn't hear from my husband. I didn't know what happened to him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1024.0,1111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Was there any news from outside the ghetto?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1111.0,1113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: There was some news. You know, a lot of people escaped from, like from Poland, from Belgium; some people, not too many. But the rumors that we heard were that the Ninth Fort, which was ... That's where they killed all the Jews. They took Jews out. They told them to take ... they going to camps, they going to working camps. They took them out and they just killed them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1113.0,1147.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: It was in Kovno, though, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1147.0,1147.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: That was Kovno. The Ninth Fort was in Kovno. In Shavl, they had another place where they took them and got rid of them, children, old people. Anyway, it was time for me to have the baby. My mother used to bring food. We didn't have much to eat and to bring food was so dangerous if the guards at the gate caught you. They could kill you if they caught you with food. I went to the hosp ... My mother ... We were from Shavl and the Goyim, the doctors knew my dad. My mother got in touch with one of the doctors. I still remember his name, Doctor Barktus, a Lithuanian doctor. She told him that I am due to have ... He said, \"Bring her to the hospital,\" which was ... Because all the Jewish women--there were a lot of women pregnant--had their babies in the ghetto and if we were lucky, we could keep the babies. If not, they used to kill the babies, take them away, and that's all. I had my boy and they treated me just like a patient. The doctor was very nice to me and I came home after six days. I even had a bris. I had my dad's uncle was still there and he knew a mohel, a rabbi. They came and they made a bris. I named my baby Gideon. I said ... He was a beautiful baby. I held him and my mother used to bring me milk. I used to nurse the baby and there was no milk. They didn't give us milk in the ghetto, so my mother used to bring ... You know what they have? The heating pads, the old-fashioned heating pads. It's not like the electric heating pads. She used to bring milk in it, put it on her stomach and bring it through the gate every day and one day ... and my baby grew. He was a beautiful little boy. One day, I got ... We got news from Kovno Ghetto that my husband was alive. So, I had ... Those were good news. The rest we knew, that my dad was gone. We knew that they had killed all the Jews. And ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1147.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did you feel about having a child in the middle of that kind of situation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1345.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: I was lucky. I was lucky that the Germans did not ... In Shavl, in that respect, there were a few babies, but some were smarter than I was. Some gave their babies away to Goyim. I didn't and I lost my baby. Well, that's a story. One day, somebody at the gate who was the president of the police, who was my cousin, came to me and he said, \"Nura.\" Here, they call me Nora, but at home, I was Nura. In Russian [it is pronounced] soft. He said, \"Your husband is at the gate.\" I said, \"What? Why are you telling me, 'He's at the gate?' Why doesn't he come in?\" He said, \"They arrested him and the Gestapo took him away.\" There was nothing. I tried with the Jewish leaders, if they could find out. I guess they said they'd found out. He came. He worked as an auto mechanic in a big German hospital in Kovno. He told the German from that group that he has a wife and a baby in Shavl. The people from the hospital were going to Riga [Latvia] by bus, so they took him with them to see his wife and the baby. They dropped him off at the ghetto gate and they wouldn't let him in because he did not have a number. Gestapo took him and put him to jail, in Shavl jail. Two days later or three days later, I got news that the German drivers back from Riga, picked him up and took him back to Kovno, which was .... That was a miracle. The second miracle was that a month later, our leaders in the ghetto got a notice that my child, and my mother, and me will be picked up to be brought to Kovno to my husband through that German that he worked for and the Gestapo. It was a legal thing. They sent a bus and they brought my mother, and me, and my child to my husband.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1350.0,1546.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: So, your husband must have had a good reputation with those from the factory?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1546.0,1548.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Yes, he had a very good reputation. All, his whole, family was there: his mother, his father, his sisters and the children. Of course, they took me in. We lived there about six [or] seven months. Then, there was an Aktion [German], an action, and they separated as again. They took away my child. My mother was holding my child. I was holding my child, so they grabbed me and they threw my child down. They separated me from my husband. That's the last time I saw my mother and my baby. My baby was a month less than two-years-old and my mom was 43 years old. I never saw them [again]. They took us to Estonia. That was another concentration camp. Then, my husband's older parents, and my mom, and the baby, we were told stories that they were taken to Auschwitz-Birkenau and I never saw them again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1548.0,1642.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Was it the Germans or Lithuanians who were in charge …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1642.0,1645.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: The Germans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1645.0,1646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: ... at that point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1646.0,1647.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: The Germans and Ukrainians. The Russians from Ukraine were the worst antisemites. When I was sitting on the bus, when they were taking us from the ghetto to the airport, I was wearing a watch. I go ... The Russian goes over to me. He goes, in Russian, \"What time is it?\" So, I look. He said, \"You wouldn't need that watch. Give it to me.\" I'll never forget it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1647.0,1694.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How were you feeling at that time inside?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1694.0,1698.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Numb. You know, you're weak and you're strong, because I think if I wasn't strong, I couldn't have survived. Because in the first place, you blame yourself. I said, \"If I would have kept the baby, maybe my mama would have been saved. Maybe they would have put her on the train to Estonia,\" but she wouldn't ... She understood and she took ... She grabbed the baby from me and she let me go. When you're in that situation, you're not alone. There are so many young mothers that they took their baby, their children away and there is ... I didn't even cry. You don't. You can't. Then, I didn't see my husband again. They separated the women from the men. I didn't see my husband till the war was over. Oh, no, I saw him once.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1698.0,1791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: So, where did you go next after that selection?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1791.0,1794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: After the ... Well, in Estonia, they put us in concentration camps and it wasn't ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1794.0,1807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Do you know more specifically? Was there a town or a factory?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1807.0,1810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Well, they had ... We had to go. We had to go miles to work. I worked on the railroad, fixing the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1810.0,1825.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Tracks?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1825.0,1826.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: In the winter, in Estonia is very cold. We didn't have any warm clothes. We had to walk in the snow and the boots that we were wearing, we were ... They had wooden boots and they used to stick to the snow. And the Germans used to [yell], \"Hurry up! Schnell [German: Fast]! Schnell! Schnell!\" We made it. We did it twice a day back and forth. Then, I got a job to be a houseclean[er]. You know, we had those barracks and they decided that two women have to clean the barracks. So, then I was inside already. I didn't have to. One morning, they called from the headquarters and they said ... They called me out. My husband found me. He was in another camp in Estonia. He found out where I was and he came to see me. He brought me food. I'll never forget. He brought me food that I never had in camp before. He said, \"I'm going to bring you to my camp. Don't worry. You're not going to stay here too long.\" The guard that brought him had to take him right back, but he had such good connections at his work that they allowed him just to come in. I looked at him and he looked so good. When he looked at me, he got [unintelligible].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1826.0,1959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: So, being a mechanic was a ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1959.0,1961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1961.0,1961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: ... highly regarded job.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1961.0,1963.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Yes, it was. He was a very independent and good worker. So, about a month later ... No, in the meantime, I got typhoid fever and they put me in the hospital. The people with typhoid fever didn't last long. They took them out. Right away, they put them to the camps and they killed them. While I was still in my bed, a German soldier with my husband came to the hospital room. My husband said, \"Come on, get out of here.\" I say, \"I can't.\" I was looking for my boots. They were gone. He said, \"Come without your boots. Come on, get out of here.\" He got permission to take over me because I was on the list to be deported and taken to Auschwitz-Birkenau. He brought me to his camp, which was very nice. It was a nice camp and ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1963.0,2048.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: A \"nice\" concentration camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2048.0,2049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: A nice camp. I really wanted ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2049.0,2055.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Not one of those \"bad\" ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2055.0,2056.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: We couldn't be together. I mean, the women were separate. I didn't work hard. He worked very hard, but he was respected. From there, they started to make Aktions again, Aktionen. They took out people about 500 or a thousand and they took them to the woods in Estonia and the busses came back, returned clothes and written notes that they were being killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2056.0,2099.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did they decide who to take and who not to take? How did ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2099.0,2103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: [Points finger as if counting down a line.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2103.0,2103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Just ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2103.0,2108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: That's all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2108.0,2108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Not like old people or sick people? Just ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2108.0,2112.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: There weren't too many old people there. You stood in line like soldiers and they [pointed to who was selected]. Two days later, they closed up the camps in Estonia because the Russians were close.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2112.0,2138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: About when was this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2138.0,2140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: That was in 1944, the end of 1944. No, it was in the middle of 1944. They took us by train. I was sitting with my husband together when we were riding. They brought us to Danzig [Gdansk] in Poland. From Danzig, they took us to a concentration camp, Stutthof. You've heard of Stutthof? From Danzig to Stutthof, we road in boats. Some people jumped. I don't know if they survived or not. Well, Stutthof was ... At that camp, we saw the crematoriums. We were separated again and since Stutthof, I haven't seen my husband [until] after the war. In Stutthof ... From Stutthof, they took us to a Polish ... From Stutthof, they picked the younger people. I met ... two aunts of mine from Shavl that were in Stutthof. They knew they were going to die the next day. One aunt said to me, \"Here is a piece of bread. Take it from me.\" She said, \"I'm not going to eat it anymore.\" I can still see her face. The next day, they were gone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2140.0,2247.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What was her name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2247.0,2248.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Her name was Fanya Kvint. She has children in Israel. I met with her children when I was there. They're my cousins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2248.0,2268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Can you describe the camp more? What was it like, the set up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2268.0,2272.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: You mean Stutthof?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2272.0,2274.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2274.0,2275.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Stutthof was like a field. It was like a field. There were narrow beds, wood things [stacked] one, two, three or four. [There were] no blankets; just the clothes that we had, the camp clothes, the concentration camp clothes. We never had underwear. We never had anything. They used to give us a piece of bread, one slice of bread and hot water in the morning. Sometimes I used to save the piece of bread because I smoked. I was a smoker and lots of times, I exchanged my bread for a cigarette. Yes, look at me now. I haven't smoked in 25 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2275.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What was a day like there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2340.0,2346.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: In Stutthof, you were only waiting they should transfer you either to work or to the ... to death, to the showers. People used to lay on the floor--I can still see it--lay on the floor on the ground and wait till there was a \"Heil!\" They used to call out. We were lucky. I was picked among maybe 20 women to go to a camp in Poland, Bydgoszcz. I'll never forget it. By train, we got to that camp. It was okay. We worked. We worked very hard. I had a Polish \"Master\" they called in German, the head of the group. He used to say to me, \"Nura, Nura, starza baba [Polish: old lady].\" He used to give me a cigarette. He used to give me a piece of bread. We stayed in Bydgoszcz. No, we used to come to the camp. They used to lock us in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2346.0,2440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did the prisoners relate to each other? How did they treat each other?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2440.0,2446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: It was hard. It was difficult because ... It's not that I considered myself better than the others, but I was more educated. I was more knowledgeable. The Vilna [Poland] from ... Mostly they were from Vilna. They were very ... You know, we call it in Jewish, \"prost\" [Yiddish: unrefined], very ... not only plain, but low, low-class people. They only fought with each other. They fought about the bread. They fought about everything. You didn't care. The only thing you cared about that nobody should steal that piece of bread that you have because people used to steal your little portion, that you got. It was ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2446.0,2507.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Was everyone Jewish there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2507.0,2509.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Yes, only Jewish. There we were till I was liberated. I ran away. When the Russians came closer, they evacuated. The Germans started to evacuate the camps. They wanted to take us to Germany, so they took us out of the camps and they marched us. That was in January 1945. It was cold and it was snowing, and the Germans with their rifles, you know, at each group, and it was getting dark. I said to a few women that I was a little friendly with, I said, \"Girls, I am running from here.\" They said, \"You're meshuga [Yiddish: crazy]\". I said, \"You want to come?\" Five said, \"Yes.\" We got out of line. We saw a barn not far. We ran in. There were cows there. We were staying. [We] stayed there overnight and then we noticed there was a house, so I went in. Nobody was there. People had left food on the table. See, the Poles that lived there were afraid of the Russians, so they also ran away. They left food on the table. There was a cow in the back and one woman from Poland, Rachela--I still remember her name--she knew how to milk a cow, so we had milk. And two days later, the Russians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2509.0,2635.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What condition were you in at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2635.0,2636.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: I don't know. I think I was pretty ... Of course, no hair. The Germans cut our hair. We wore the striped ... We looked like ... Can you imagine how we looked? Terrible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2636.0,2661.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What was your attitude about surviving? Did you believe if you just ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2661.0,2665.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Well, yes ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2665.0,2666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: endured or ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2666.0,2666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: ... because the talk was ... We saw the way the Germans acted by taking us out of that camp. The German guards even run away. They tried to disappear. We heard ... Some people told us the news that the Russians are close because they had already liberated in Lithuania.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2666.0,2695.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: So, you knew the war was about to end?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2695.0,2697.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: We knew it. We knew that it could happen. It could happen. So, when those ... When that Russian lieutenant walked ... There were three horses with three Russians. I speak Russian, so I went right over to him and he looked at me. He said, \"Who are you?\" I said, \"I am a Jew.\" Then he said, \"It's no good for you here.\" He said, \"The army is coming and the soldiers are going to hurt you all.\" He said, \"You better get your people together and start moving toward the big city of Poland.\" In the meantime, one soldier came in and he raped a woman. Then, he was going to rape another woman and she wouldn't let him. He killed her. So, I said to the women--they were young girls--I said to them, \"Don't do that. Let them. Let them. Better rape you, but you'll be alive. You see what happened to Rachel.\" They say, \"Why doesn't he touch you?\" I said, \"Because I talked to him and I told him that we are all sick. The Germans made us all sick. And if they do something to the women, they will get sick.\" You know, the Russians is ... They are not too smart, but we ... I survived that way. Then, we came to ... He, the Russian, said to me, \"Go straight. Go straight, and straight, and you'll come to a train station, and when you get to the train station, get the train to Lodz.\" Lodz [is] in Poland and we were in Poland, but we ... So, we walked and we walked. While we were walking, we found a group of French prisoners, who were also liberated by the Russians. We couldn't talk to them. They didn't speak our language. We didn't speak their language. But we asked for the train, so they said we should go. We came to the train station. Can you imagine six, [rather] five women now without hair, without shoes, barefooted in the snow, without coats? The train was packed. We couldn't get in the train. I said, \"No, we're not going to leave,\" so we got on the train, you know, in between the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2697.0,2895.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: The cars?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2895.0,2895.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: The cars and the motor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2895.0,2898.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2898.0,2898.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: There is a space like that. We got five women there and we sat there maybe for two hours till we got to Lodz. When we got to Lodz, there was a big Jewish community there already. They took care of the refugees. They were also survivors, but they had been rehabilitated sooner than we did. And they found places for us. Then, a Jewish family saw me and I didn't speak Polish at all. The woman asked me if I speak Russian. I said, \"Yes.\" She said, \"Alright.\" She speaks Russian because her parents were from Russia. They were also people from Lodz who were liberated in Lodz and they had their own apartment. They found their own. She said, \"Would you like to come and live with us?\" I looked at her. I said, \"You don't know me.\" She said, \"It's okay. I have two children, and my husband and me, we work in our factory. You take care of the children. You'll have your own room. Come with us.\" They took me and I stayed with them. They treated me just like one of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2898.0,2992.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did the non-Jews treat the prisoners, the survivors?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2992.0,2997.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: The non-Jews? You see, the non-Jews were afraid of the Russians. You know, they were afraid in the big ... In the small towns in Poland, they killed the Jews after the war even. You heard about it? They ... Wherever they could, they take advantage. We call it in Hebrew, \"nekama.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2997.0,3024.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Revenge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3024.0,3024.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Yes. They did it. They were so angry. Besides taking all the Jews, all their clothes, all their everything that the Jews had, they took away, especially in the villages. There was nobody to protect them, but the Russians ... You know, the Russians ... Like, when I started going towards Lithuania, I stopped in a place. I don't remember where. It was a town that there were a lot of Russian military and they had a hospital there. They made me work in the hospital. I spoke Russian, so it was easy for them to communicate with me. Most of the women were there from Vilna or from Poland. They didn't speak Russian, so I had a good job. The Russian said to me, \"Don't go to Lithuania. Stay here with us. We're going to go to Berlin.\" He said, \"We're going to liberate Berlin. Come with us.\" I said, \"No, I'm going. I'm looking for my husband and for my family.\" But I ... They treated ... The Russians treated us nice compared. We came from slavery and they treated us ... Look, if you were lucky ... If you weren't lucky, like I told you, they raped you and they killed you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3024.0,3143.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Who were you still expecting to find alive?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3143.0,3146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: My sister and her family because in Lodz, there were a lot of people that were in Russia, that escaped to Russia, who returned, who was returning, who were returning. Somebody from my town told me that my sister and her family are on their way home in Lithuania, so I wanted to go. Where would I go? Shavl was my home. I had an aunt in Shavl. That was my mother's brother's wife. I knew she'll take me in. I got there and I waited for my sister to come. Finally, one day, I went to the train station--I used to go every day--and I saw them. She came back with two daughters, two children, and her ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3146.0,3223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: When was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3223.0,3225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: When? That was in 19 ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3225.0,3231.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How long had you stayed in Lodz before you went home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3231.0,3235.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Not too long; maybe three or four months. The war wasn't over yet. See, we were liberated, but the war was over in June?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3235.0,3244.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3244.0,3244.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: I think in June.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3244.0,3246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Summer 1945?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3246.0,3247.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Yes, in 1945. I was liberated January 21st, so the war was still on. I think they came before the war was over, or after, maybe after. Maybe after, because I ... She looked at me. I was in concentration camp for four years and she came from a free place. She looked 20 years older than me and she's younger than I am. They suffered so much there. She came with two bubala [Yiddish: babies], a year apart, but she had her husband. We moved to Vilna. In Vilna, I got a letter from my husband, that he was alive in Germany. He was liberated by the French. He was closer to the French border in a camp. He wanted me to come to Germany. Everybody wanted to escape Russia. Nobody wanted to stay in Russia. We were in Russia. In Vilna, I had a good job as a secretary. I had a very good job in Vilna. My husband's brother and his wife came from Russia and I stayed with them. My brother-in-law said, \"Don't go. Wait.\" I said, \"No, if Joel is alive, I'm going to find him,\" and I did. I did go and he met me at a train in Munich [Germany]. He lived in Munich. He had a nice apartment and he was a driver. He was the head of the taxis for HIAS [Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society]. You know HIAS? He worked for HIAS and I got a job at HIAS. I registered. I learned a few words in English. I could read and write in English. I couldn't talk. I learned how to register, what to write on the application in English. I worked there for a year, more than a year, in HIAS.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3247.0,3417.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Did you speak German also? Did you speak German?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3417.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3420.0,3426.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What was it like to be in Germany then, after the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3426.0,3430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Well, in Germany after the war was like we were the bosses. The Germans were afraid because Munich was under America. Munich was ... That part of Bavaria was occupied by the Americans and they had everything. They worked for the Americans. The only ... They didn't like the Jews. They never liked the Jews, but they couldn't do anything about it because ... I was at the Nuremberg trial ... not the Nuremberg trial; a trial in Germany. I had all the papers. But at that time already, they started. They started already and America supported them. She gave them food, and she gave them everything that they didn't have, and jobs. We felt very good. We had a lot of American ... The president of HIAS was an American. He came with his wife, and we became very friendly, and we ... They were treating us beautifully. We had our dinners there. After the war, we were treated to American food and American dinner. It was everything plentiful. But the Germans ... Still the Germans hate the Jews to this day. There is no question about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3430.0,3542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did you feel that? How did it come across to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3542.0,3544.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: I, personally, while I was in Germany, did not ... because I was not ... I was in touch with my landlady. We took her apartment. She had a beautiful apartment in Munich.  The Jewish society needed apartments for the Jews that worked for HIAS, or for United Jewish Appeal, and for all the Jewish organizations, so they took away apartments from the Germans and she hated it. When my husband was there with the men, she kept quiet, but when I came and I moved in, she didn't like it. She was such a bastard. But she couldn't say anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3544.0,3605.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: We are going to switch tapes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3605.0,3607.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Yes, I was in Munich. We had a very good life. My husband had his own car. My sister came with the children, and her husband, and my brother. They lived in a camp not far from Munich. It was a special camp for refugees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3607.0,3627.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Landsberg?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3627.0,3627.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: What was the name of the camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3627.0,3631.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Oh, Feldafing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3631.0,3631.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Sankt ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3631.0,3631.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Oh, Sankt Ottilien, okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3631.0,3635.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Sankt Ottilien. My husband's uncle was the head doctor there, Doctor Moishe Berman. He was in there, in Sankt Ottilien. They had a beautiful camp there. They took care of the babies and they took care of the people. Every week, we used to go visit my sister and her family. Then, we had parties. There were a lot of refugees in Munich. We used to get together and go to theaters. It was a good life. We took advantage of those Germans. We let them give us every week a manicure and a pedicure. I said, \"They will. They will do it if they like it or not.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3635.0,3691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: When you talked about revenge earlier, did you feel any desire for revenge against Lithuanians? Was there any anger?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3691.0,3704.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Well, I'll tell you. As far as me, I personally did not. We had a maid, a Lithuanian, and she was very nice. Alright, she took our clothes, but then when the war was over, she came and she wanted to bring me something back. I said, \"Keep it.\" She cried when she saw my mother was gone and my father was gone. We didn't have too much in common with Lithuanians. See, some Jews did, but we didn't have too much in common with them. No, we didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3704.0,3760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Did you go back to your apartment or your home, your family home, ever?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3760.0,3768.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: [No]. We didn't have homes. We had beautiful apartments, but there was nothing there. It was not ours. There was nothing. People that had homes did not get them back. See, that's what the Lithuanians did. Like my sister's husband, his father was a very wealthy man. He had buildings. He had apartment houses. He couldn't get a thing. To this day, the Israeli government talked about it. The president of Lithuania visited Israel and they talked about it. Now, they just ... But material things ... You know how it is. Material things can be forgotten. Thank G-d, we made a nice living in the United States. We moved to the United States from Germany. We had the privilege because I worked in HIAS and my husband worked in HIAS. We only stayed one year in Germany. In 1947, we immigrated to the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3768.0,3867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Did you consider Palestine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3867.0,3867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: No, we didn't even think of going to Palestine. My sister did, but they changed their mind. They came to the United States. Now, we came ... At that time, you needed affidavits. There still wasn't ... Two years later, three years later, there was a .... The United States had opened immigration for the survivors, but when we went, we needed affidavits. I had an aunt in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and she was supposed to send but she got sick. Joel found that he had a cousin in Newburgh, New York, so he sent us affidavits and we came to Newburgh, New York on June 7th, 1947. Those flowers that you see on the table I get from Joel's cousin's daughter every June 7th. Her mother used to send me flowers every year since we came here. They are gone for about 15 to 20 years. I got flowers every year. It's 58 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3867.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How were you different after the war other than physically, you know, healing, but how did the war change you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3960.0,3968.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: How the war changed me?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3968.0,3969.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Or did it? Your attitude, your outlook, your personality, anything?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3969.0,3974.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: I grew up. When the war started, I was a spoiled housewife and I grew up. I think I became more patient, more understanding. I helped a lot of people. We found my husband's sister's child, who was given away as an infant to Gentile people. They converted her to Christianity. They moved after the war, right after the war, to Poland because he was Polish. They took her with them, of course. She never knew that she was Jewish. They lived in Lodz or in ... no, in Warsaw [Poland]. A Jewish family, whose son went to the same school with that girl, suspected that she was not Polish. She was too smart. They approached them and he said, \"Yes,\" she was Jewish and they adopted her. They went to the Jewish ... whatever community or what, and they got [them] to take the girl away. They took her to them and they brought her to Israel. We found out that she was alive and that she was Joel's niece, my husband's niece, and we brought her to the United States. She is here. She's a teacher. She has a 24-year-old daughter. Her husband is also a retired teacher. Her name is Ella Burrell. She's a real second generation survivor. She was ... She couldn't imagine that she is Jewish. She used to go to church. She used to go to confession. She was the real ... till she was 17 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3974.0,4154.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Where does she live in America?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4154.0,4159.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Yes, she lives in New York in Westchester County. She calls me twice a week.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4159.0,4171.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What was your husband like? Can you describe his personality ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4171.0,4173.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: My husband ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4173.0,4176.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: ... his mentality?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4176.0,4176.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin:  ... was a very good-natured man. He was a workaholic. He had his own business. We had a used car place and a tire place. He worked very hard. He was very smart. He knew how to invest. He liked real estate. He invested in property and he left me very nicely. We brought up two sons. They are both educated. My older son is a physician in Connecticut and my younger son is a businessman here in Atlanta. They are both very good people, good men. He was a very good husband.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4176.0,4240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Start in with your new life in America, what was it like to come to a whole new country?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4240.0,4246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: It was ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4246.0,4246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: It was Newburgh where you came?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4246.0,4248.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Yes, it was Newburgh. It was a little difficult because I didn't speak English. The family we stayed with, my husband's cousins--Shapiro, the name was Shapiro--they didn't speak any Yiddish. They understood a little. They had a five-year-old daughter. That's the one that sent me the flowers now. She taught me English. I used to babysit a lot for her. I could read English, so I used to read a lot and she used to correct me, a five-year-old. I read stories to her. Then, I went, and I went to night school, and it didn't take me [long]. Maybe a half a year, I could converse in English, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4248.0,4309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How was America different from Europe?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4309.0,4312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Very much so. Very different. It's a different way of life, but because I was four years in concentration camp and I did not know a real life, I only know a slave's life, so when I came to the United States, I was like a princess. I was so free. I could go to the store and buy whatever I want. I could eat whatever I want. I could say whatever I want. Then, we belonged ... We joined a synagogue here and I became very active. There were more refugees here that came, survivors. Then, my sister came with her family. I don't know how the Americans took to us. You know, we ... It was always a little different between the refugees and the Americans, but I am an immigrant. I mean, I am still an immigrant. I came to this country. I am not an American born. My kids are. My daughter-in-law is third generation American. Her mother ... The children are, I mean. Her mother was born in this country, in Atlanta. She was born in Atlanta and her girls were born in Atlanta. Okay. But I did not feel belittled. Of course, we associated mostly with our own people. In the synagogue, I was active in the Sisterhood. I was vice president and I was secretary. I was active.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4312.0,4449.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Did the meaning of Jewishness change for you because of the war? Did it have any different meaning? What did it mean to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4449.0,4465.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: You know, it's been so long. It's been so long. There are so many other things in my life that happened that surpass the things that were. My husband was very sick. For four years, he was. He had a stroke and I had a hard time. I wouldn't put him in any nursing [homes] or anything. It was a hard life. It was hard for me. It was a hard life, but I survived. I survived. It's because I am a survivor. I think that America is a wonderful country. I think that the Jews were really treated ... besides what [Franklin D.] Roosevelt did, that he ignored the whole thing, and he didn't treat the refugees the way he should have done right at the beginning. But in general, all the Jewish organizations, all the Jewish people, they are ... I feel that the Jews are getting to be more understanding. Not all the Jews, but a lot of Jews understand the Holocaust because they didn't. They didn't. I remember when we first came to Newburgh, a lot of people came to see us, of course. I didn't talk. I didn't tell stories really. Till [Steven] Spielberg, I never talked about the Holocaust. The only thing is, one woman said to me, \"How was it? How was the food?\" I said, \"The food? There was no food.\" \"Oh,\" she said, \"what are you talking about? We didn't have any chickens during the war.\" So, you know, some people are just stupid but now ... You know, I don't know how I would act now if people came from Uganda or wherever all the things are going on and tell me what they're going through. How I would take it, I don't know. It's very difficult to understand how people understand what you are going through. It's not only in the Holocaust, it's in every situation. I do not judge people. The only people I judge is the Germans and Lithuanians because they did the most harm to me, but otherwise ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4465.0,4668.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did the war affect your husband?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4668.0,4671.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: I think he remained the same good guy, very generous, very good. You know, my younger son, the one in Atlanta, Hank, he was ... Both sons were close with their father, but they are five years difference. He is five years younger than his older brother. He was more home. From high school, he used to go to dad's business and help him. He used to help change a tire. He used to help sell a used car. He's very businesslike and his father admired him because he said, \"Henry's going to be a big businessman.\" Henry tells me that he talks to his father. He says that he sees his father in his dream. He says, \"Mom, I talk to Dad.\" I say, \"He never talks to me.\" He says, \"I'll tell him that.\" He was very ... He was, as far ... He was not as educated as I was, but he was a working person and he had a brain. He was a very fine person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4671.0,4761.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did you feel about having children after what happened to your first child?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4761.0,4765.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: That's a good question. We wanted children. When I got pregnant, we were very happy. I had no problem getting pregnant, but I said when we got together, I said, \"If we cannot have any children, I will not adopt any.\" I wouldn't adopt any children. But we have my children. I told them when they were younger, I told them about their brother, that they had a brother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4765.0,4818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Were you conscious of raising them in any particular way, or with any particular values, or anything, considering your background?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4818.0,4829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: I'll tell you something. I think it came naturally. When they went to school, I could speak English already. I could help them with their homework. They could come to me and say, \"Ma, could you do this? Ma, could you do that?\" I could go talk to the teachers. I could go to meetings. I learned the language quick. That helped me a lot because the people that did not speak English, it was very difficult. When the children were growing up, the children felt terrible. Then, when we moved--we bought out own home--we had Gentile neighbors.  We got along with them beautifully. I don't know what they thought in their heart about me with my accent and all that, but we got along very nicely. They liked my food. They liked the way I cooked. I used to invite them. I used to ... and my kids were very close with their children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4829.0,4917.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What else were you doing during those years? You were like a housewife?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4917.0,4921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Just a house ... Yes, I used to go to my husband's business ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4921.0,4926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4926.0,4927.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: ... every lunchtime and I used to bring him his lunch. Yes, I used to be there. Yes, I had my own car. I learned how to drive. I had my own car. I used to go to the business every afternoon. Sometimes, I stayed longer. He did his own bookkeeping. He wouldn't let me do that, but I did my own, all my bookkeeping, all my billing, all my bills. I did for myself everything. My cousin said ... Joel's cousin--they were brothers here; they had a jewelry store--he said, \"You know, Nora, you learned a lot here.\" I said, \"Lou, I knew a lot when I came here.\" It's hard, you know. When we decided ... My husband retired in 1985 and he sold his business. He sold his property and we decided to move to Florida. We were snowbirds. We still had our home in Newburgh. We used to come for the winter in Florida and we used to go back home for the summer. Then, when my husband died in 1995, I went back to Newburgh. I used to go also for a year or two. Then I said, \"You know, I can't deal with it. I don't want it,\" so I sold the house and I lived in Florida. It was nice. It was a good life. [In] Florida were a lot of refugees and they had a lot of activities, theaters, and shows, and we played cards until the time came when the years were just moving on, that my children in Atlanta said, \"Ma, it's enough. Come to Atlanta.\" My son in Connecticut said, \"How about Connecticut?\" I decided because of the weather, because up north, the winters are cold. So, we moved here a year and a half ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4927.0,5092.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How have you liked it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5092.0,5093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: I love it. I don't miss Florida one bit. You know, maybe I'm a little ... I am not a loner. I like to read. I read a lot and I like to be alone. I don't mind it. I have my sister here. See, my sister moved when I moved because she has grandchildren here and great grandchildren. Yes, she's a year younger than me and she has four great grandchildren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5093.0,5131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: We might have to interview her, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5131.0,5133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: You would be interested to interview my sister one day because she has a story to tell about Russia during the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5133.0,5143.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: It was not so great under [Josef] Stalin either, huh?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5143.0,5145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: No! She has a real nice ... And she would ... You would like to really listen to her.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5145.0,5153.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: She was in a kolkhoz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5153.0,5157.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: She was not in a kolkhoz. She was in Uzbekistan. In Uzbekistan, you know what it was like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5157.0,5166.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: We will call her.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5166.0,5166.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: It's very interesting. I told her that she should let somebody interview her. She's different than I am. She is tall. My sister has a son in show business in New York, and a grandson, and she has a daughter in Newburgh, and a granddaughter and her husband in Newburgh, and she has three grandchildren here in Atlanta. My son married an Atlanta girl. They were both in New York and he married an Atlanta girl. Her parents thought that they should move to Atlanta. They are married 22 years. A year later after they were married, they moved to Atlanta. The whole family, my sister's grandchildren, after they finished college, they all came to Atlanta. So, we have here a whole family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5166.0,5239.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: You said you did not talk about this much until the Spielberg period in the mid-nineties. What was it like for you after almost 40 years to suddenly be talking, and doing interviews, and remembering?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5239.0,5256.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: You mean after? How I took it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5256.0,5259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Yes. You said that you did not really talk about this until Spielberg started.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5259.0,5264.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: I think Spielberg ... Well, but we did talk about it. Look, we were always together with people that were in the same situation. See, it's not that we were away from it. We were always in the same situation. You dream about it. You dream about it a lot and you think about it, but it somehow ... That's a part of your life that is gone. I told you before that the only reason I talk about it and want to tell my life is for the next generations to know what happened. Otherwise, it will be forgotten. We went through so much, why shouldn't it be remembered? And the Jewish people should remain Jewish people. It's enough there are so much mixed marriages and all that, but still, the Atlanta Jewish community is to be put up high. I really respect it. [They are] very nice, very active. I went a couple of times to the Epstein School. My granddaughter, my younger granddaughter graduated this year. I went to the graduation. Wonderful. So many Jewish children. Just, it's a pleasure to see that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5264.0,5369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What would you hope people learn from this? What is the relevance now beyond that it is history?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5369.0,5376.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: The relevance is that the Jewish people should be Jewish people and should know that they're Jewish. I'm not talking about religion but hold on to their Jewishness because it's so easy for non-Jews to destroy us if we are not strong and we are not holding on to each other. That is my thought all along, because when I see my grandchildren ... Both daughters, both my son's daughters ... One is 18; one will be 14. My older one speaks Hebrew fluently. They were in Israel three times. She's going again for ten days. My little one, they went two and a half years ago. Two, three years ago they were for Passover--the whole family--in Israel with my family. Now, she's going, the little one. For graduation, Epstein School send them for two weeks. They went to Israel. So, the young people are familiar, and they know Israel, and they know there is a Israel. That's the best thing that's happened to us is Israel. After the Holocaust, if Israel wouldn't have been a state, I think the Jewish population would have fallen apart because even not religious Jews, Jews that don't believe go to Israel. I read in the [unintelligible]. Did you read articles? It was such good articles about Jews that came from Russia and settled in Israel, Jews that came from all over and settled to Israel. They don't have to be religious but just to know that they're among the Jews. With our stories about what we went through in the Holocaust and how the nations, the Goyim, the nations treated the Jews should be known and not forgotten. The young people in the ... I know in the schools, they teach them, they talk to them about it. They teach them. Even in Germany now. Of course, the antisemitism there is not going away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5376.0,5546.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: That is what I wondered. How much do you suppose that has changed in the last 60 years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5546.0,5552.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: It's changed in one respect that the government is keeping an eye on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5552.0,5560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: I asked you in the very beginning what you thought people learned from that whole experience, did anything change? You said you were not too sure of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5560.0,5569.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Well, I personally think that people that listen and they say it can't happen, they have to learn how it shouldn't happen, how the Jewish people should be together, how they should ... But that is not the point. It doesn't change anything. I think that knowing the stories, just knowing it happened is enough. It's not going to stop the mixed marriages. It's not going to stop that, but like you people, what you are doing is most important because you're making it happen. Let's say in 20 years, somebody'll pick up your tape and say, \"Look, children, I want to show you something. I want to tell you something,\" and children that never heard of those things will say, \"What?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5569.0,5657.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What were the qualities in you that, along with just luck and faith, allowed you to survive compared to a lot of other people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5657.0,5668.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: I will tell you what. Actually, I was stronger than the others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5668.0,5674.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Strong in what way?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5674.0,5674.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Stronger in belief. Not in belief; in wanting to survive. Because I said and I'll never forget ... I used to say to the girls, \"Don't lose hope. Don't lose hope. We're going to survive. We're going to survive,\" till one of the last days. I'll never forget. We were on a train going to work, and it was so cold, and it was so terrible, and the Germans were standing there, and I said, \"I give up.\" One of the girls said, \"You give up? No, you do not give up.\" I turned around and I said, \"Now, because for you, I wouldn't give up, because of you, and because of you, and because of you.\" You see, a lot of women cried all the time, some women told stories all the time, some sang all the time. There was such a mixture of feelings and expression of feelings that you remember it now, like I see a movie. You wake up in the morning [and hear,] \"Where is my piece of bread? You took it!\" Like that, \"You took it!\" They're starting a fight and they hit each other. You don't think about work or about sorrows. You just see what's happening, and how people act, and how they react to each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5674.0,5791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5791.0,5794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: I was just going to ask the same question. You go ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5794.0,5795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: No, you go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5795.0,5796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How did you retain your sense of humanness in that situation when other people were fighting and carrying on, when you were just as hungry as they were?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5796.0,5806.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: I used to yell. I used to scream. You'd say, \"Stop, Meshuga! Stop!\" I used to say, \"[Unintelligible]! Stop! Stop!\" You couldn't stop those women. You couldn't. You know, it was such a ... People were hungry, people were dirty, people were lonely, and people were scared, so how can you not act the way some do? But, I think I was ... The only thing that I missed was my cigarettes. I tell you, if I could change, I did exchange a couple of times a piece of bread for a cigarette. I used to be a heavy smoker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5806.0,5870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: It might stunt your growth. Is there anything else you want to mention that we have not brought up or that you have not talked about in other interviews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5870.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: What is there to mention? I just want to say something about my parents. They were very young. My mother was married when she was 18. My father was 19. There was such a love between them. They loved each other so much and they respected each other. My father was such a gentle man and my mom was the smartest woman I knew. They loved their children and they loved their family. Everybody in the family used to come to my mother for advice and to talk to her. I learned a lot from my mother. We had a wonderful childhood. Even after we grew up and we were married, my parents were just as close to us and as lovely. The only thing that I was very happy that I could give my mother just for a short time, a grandchild. She had my baby and that baby loved her so much. She was only 43 years old when [I] had that baby. The baby was ... He was so attached to her and she loved him so. You know, that ... When I think of my mother, I say, \"Well, I really did something, gave her something that did good for her.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5880.0,5994.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Did you become any more religious or less religious afterward?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5994.0,5997.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: We weren't religious. We were ... We observed holidays, and my dad used to go on holidays to synagogue, and of course, we kept a kosher home, but my dad didn't go every Friday night or every Shabbos to the services. But we were a real Jewish home. My father had four brothers in ... Four? Yes, in Shavl. With three brothers, he used to play cards on Shabbos. Their father was a rabbi, so when the Zayde [Yiddish: grandfather] used to come [on] Shabbos to visit, and the children used to watch, Papa used to say, \"Watch if the Zayde's coming,\" because they played cards on Shabbos. They used to say, \"The Zayde's coming! The Zayde's walking.\" They used to walk in, \"Papa, Papa! The Zayde's walking!\" They used to throw away the cards. But, no, we were real Jewish, the holidays, and ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5997.0,6069.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How do you feel about the Lithuanian part of your roots?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=6069.0,6079.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: The Lithuanians? I hated them when we were during [the time we were] in ghetto and camp because they belittled us so. But there were times when I worked with them. At one time, they needed some Jews that knew how to write to make lists from the Jews, and write down their dates of birth, and all that. They called me to come to the police and help them with that. I felt so terrible. It's like they look at you like you're nothing and they did. I felt very belittled. But otherwise, I never had any ... I was never in touch with Lithuanians except that doctor what I told you that was so generous and so nice, which he was afraid to do what he did. But otherwise, we were never close with the Lithuanian people. I just [know] what I hear and what I read, the way they are, and what they did to the Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=6079.0,6164.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Have you noticed are you different in any way from other survivors who had similar experiences? Have you wondered how come people respond differently to that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=6164.0,6176.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: You know something? We never, between survivors discuss our past. I have never. I don't remember sitting down with somebody that I was together in the camp and ... I mean, maybe 20 years ago, yes, but I have a different life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=6176.0,6208.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Do you think that the fact that you and your husband were survivors had an effect on your children?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=6208.0,6224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: I don't know how to answer that. My older son married a survivor's daughter also. She's more knowledgeable and she knows because her parents were also survivors. They are more ... How should I say it? More knowledge about [it], where Hank and Jan ... Jan was born in Atlanta. Her mother was born here. I mean, they never knew about the Holocaust, just what they heard about it, so it's a different ... We never tried to impress on our children about the Holocaust. I never sat down with Hank or Michael and say, \"Look, that happened to me, and that was that, and that was that.\" Over the years when they grew up, maybe some things were told. Some things we talked to them about, but while they were growing up, we did not. We did not do that. I felt that it was not necessary because they went to cheder, they were bar mitzvahed, they knew they were Jewish, they knew we were survivors. We had a lot of friends that used to come visit that were survivors. My older son speaks, farshteyst [Yiddish: understands] ... He speaks a little Yiddish. The younger one doesn't because we spoke Yiddish for a long time. We still speak Yiddish. My sister and myself, we still speak Yiddish. We converse in Yiddish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=6224.0,6362.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Have you wondered why that whole experience happened to you and not to somebody else, and why you survived and others didn't?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=6362.0,6371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Sometimes. Sometimes I think and, \"Why?\" Then, sometimes I think also, \"Why did my husband have to get a stroke?\" You know, if something bad happens, you always say, \"Why? Why did my child have to be killed? Why?\" But there is no answer. The Holocaust was because it was and that's it. It's not because of me. You cannot change [it]. I can do something to try to prevent that it shouldn't happen again. I can talk about it. I can explain it. I can lecture it. That's all I can do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=6371.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: When you look at the situation in Israel nowadays, what kinds of thoughts and concerns do you have?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=6420.0,6427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Very sad. I am really worried about Israel because what's going to happen if they withdrawal from Gaza. Who knows? Who knows how the people that have to leave are going to act? Who knows? You know, you break those people, you take them away from their homes, from their surroundings, from everything they had. It's very sad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=6427.0,6461.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Thank you for doing this interview.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=6461.0,6463.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/transcript/71791/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin: Thank you. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=6463.0,6467.371"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict from 1914 to 1918 that embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=23.0,55.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiauliai [Lithuanian: Šiauliai; Yiddish: Shavl] is a city in northern Lithuania. When World War II began, it was the second largest city in Lithuania and its Jewish community of some 6,500-8,000 was the second largest in the country. Siauliai was liberated by the Soviets on July 27, 1944. Only between 350 and 500 Siauliai Jews survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=23.0,55.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing Lithuania’s independence after World War I, several Jewish educational institutions opened in Shavl that taught in Hebrew or Yiddish as well as Lithuanian. The schools included two elementary schools, a middle school, a preparatory school and a vocational school. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=63.0,178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Betar Movement is a revisionist Zionist youth movement founded in 1923 in Riga, Latvia by Vladimir Jabotinsky. It was one of the most militant and nationalistic of the Jewish youth movements in Europe. Chapters sprung up across Europe. After World War II, and during the settlement of Mandate Palestine, Betar was traditionally linked to the original Herut and then Likud political parties of Jewish pioneers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=63.0,178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVladimir (Ze’ev) Jabotinsky (1880-1940) was born in Russia. He was a Revisionist Zionist leader, author, soldier and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa (Ukraine). He split from the mainstream Zionist movement in 1923 to form his own Zionist movement, which was militant in nature, openly training Jews in warfare and the use of arms. The Revisionist youth group was called Betar. In the 1930s Jabotinsky became deeply concerned about the situation of the Jewish community in Eastern Europe, particularly Poland. He warned the Jews that there “were living on the edge of the volcano” and warned them to leave for Palestine as soon as possible. Jabotinsky died of a heart attack in New York City on August 4, 1940, during a visit to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=178.0,179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMemel is the German name for Klaipeda [Lithuanian: Klaipėda], a port city in eastern Lithuania on the Baltic Sea. It was under German control after World War I, but in 1923 the Lithuanians forcibly annexed it. After years of increased tensions between the two nations and following the German invasion of Czechoslovakia, Germany pressured Lithuania into returning it in March 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=179.0,252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Sixteen days later, the Russian army also invaded. On September 28, Germany and the Soviet Union reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. A demarcation line for the partition of German- and Russian-occupied Poland was established along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. It is estimated that the number of refugees who crossed from the German-occupied part of Poland to the areas annexed by the Soviet Union totaled about 300,000. The Russians left the border freely open to traffic until the end of October 1939. From then until the end of 1939 a small number of persons still crossed the border. After that, it was completely sealed. Some refugees still attempted to sneak across the heavily guarded border, often at great danger. Those caught trying to cross between occupation zones or flee without papers faced arrest and arbitrary violence at the hands of both Russian and German border guards. The demarcation line remained in effect until June 22, 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=260.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKovno [Yiddish: Kovne, Kovna, Kovni; Polish:  Kowno; German:  Kaunas and Kauen] is a city in south-central Lithuania. Between 1920 and 1939, it was the country's capital and largest city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=389.0,470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the Soviet occupation of southeastern Poland between September 1939 and June 1941, hundreds of political activists or educated and affluent Jews who were labeled “bourgeois” enemies of the state were deported to Siberian labor camps. In 1940 (one year before the Germans commenced their program of extermination), Soviet ruler Joseph Stalin ordered the deportation of at least 200,000 Polish Jews—including thousands of Jewish refugees who had fled from German-occupied Poland—from Russian-occupied Eastern Poland. They were sent to forced labor camps in Siberia, central Asia, and other locations deep in the interior of the Soviet Union. The Gulag labor camps were used as a form of political repression and prisoners were often worked to death. Many died from the excessive work, extreme temperatures and a lack of food. While they endured horrible conditions, this paradoxically saved the lives of a few hundred thousand Eastern European Jews. Those Polish Jews who were not deported by the Russians were not spared misfortune, as the majority were killed after the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=471.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1940, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, which it would control until Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=471.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout the 1930s, the rise of nationalism and antisemitism increased economic and political discrimination for Jews in Lithuania. Soviet occupation in 1940 brought traumatic changes to Lithuania, which fueled later violence by nationalists. As the Soviets took control of the country, they began targeting people declared to be enemies of communism. Politicians, intellectuals, and community leaders were purged and executed in an atmosphere of lawlessness and extreme violence. The Soviets also began to nationalized farms, factories, and mines, transferring both people and equipment inland as part of their economic strategy. The Soviets sent tens of thousands of Lithuanians to Siberia for internment in labor camps (gulags). Although some Jews supported a version of socialism or communism, the majority did not. When the Soviet Union occupied Lithuania, Jewish life was disrupted by arrests, confiscations, and the elimination of all free institutions and communal organizations. During the Soviet rule in 1940-41, the Hebrew educational institutions were closed and most of the Jewish social and cultural organizations were liquidated. Nevertheless, Lithuanian nationalists and others claimed Jews were collaborating with the Soviet occupiers. Others openly accepted the claims of Nazi antisemitic propaganda.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=535.0,739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the codename Operation “Barbarossa,” Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in the largest German military operation of World War II. Although the Soviet Union had been Germany’s ally in the war against Poland, the destruction of the Soviet Union and conquest of territory in the East had long been one of Hitler’s proclaimed goals. The attack on the Soviet Union marked a turning point in both the history of World War II and the Holocaust. On June 26, 1941, the Russians abandoned Shavl.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=535.0,739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrdinary citizens in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia were active and enthusiastic volunteers during the initial wave of German occupation, welcoming National Socialism after a brief period of Soviet rule. Most perpetrators associated Jewry with the horrors of Soviet Communism and sought revenge, security, and resistance against Stalinism. These factors set the stage for a brutal display of hostility and vengeance toward the Jews, with the Lithuanians carrying out violent riots against the Jews both shortly before and immediately after the arrival of German forces. The Germans provided an opportunity to fight against the Soviet Union in 1941, entailing the mass murder of Eastern European and Soviet Jews with the mobile killing units of the Einsatzgruppen, in which Baltic citizens were highly represented. Reasons for joining the units varied: however, a euphoric wave of nationalism, anti-Semitism, and anti-Communism accompanied the early period of German occupation, or \"liberation” from the Red Army, and proved to be the overwhelming motive for Eastern Europeans to murder their Jewish neighbors. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=767.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lithuanians carried out violent riots against the Jews both shortly before and immediately after the arrival of German forces. Hundreds of Shavl’s Jews were killed in a series of massacres that took place in the nearby forest. Mass arrests of some of the Jewish community’s most distinguished members also took place. They were held in the city’s jail until July 11, 1941, when they were all killed. By the time a ghetto was established in September, approximately 1,000 Shavl Jews had been murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=767.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, the Jewish population of Lithuania was 160,000, about 7 percent of the total population. By 1941, the Jewish population of Lithuania swelled by an influx of refugees from German-occupied Poland to reach about 250,000, or 10 percent of the population. In June and July 1941, detachments of German Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units), together with Lithuanian auxiliaries, began murdering the Jews of Lithuania. By the end of August 1941, most Jews in rural Lithuania had been shot. By November 1941, the Germans also massacred most of the Jews who had been concentrated in ghettos in the larger cities. The surviving 40,000 Jews were concentrated in the Vilna, Kovno, Siauliai, and Svencionys ghettos. In 1943, the Vilna and Svencionys ghettos were destroyed and the Kovno and Siauliai ghettos were converted into concentration camps. Some 15,000 Lithuanian Jews were deported to labor camps in Latvia and Estonia and about 5,000 were deported to extermination camps in Poland. Shortly before their withdrawal from Lithuania in the fall of 1944, the Germans deported another 10,000 to concentration camps in Germany. By the time Lithuania was liberated, fewer than 25,000 Lithuanian Jews had survived. About 90 percent of Lithuanian Jews had been murdered—one of the highest victim rates in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=767.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Golan Heights is a rocky plateau in the mountains that overlooks southern Syria. It was captured by Israel in the 1967 Six­-Day War and they retain it as a national security buffer zone.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=874.0,967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Gaza Strip or Gaza is the smallest of the two Palestinian territories. It located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Egypt borders it on the southwest and Israel on the east and north. The territory came into being when it was controlled by Egypt during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and became a refuge for Palestinians who fled or were expelled during the 1948 Palestine war. In 1967, Gaza was captured and occupied by Israel, which established a decades-long occupation. The Oslo Accords of the mid-1990s established the Palestinian Authority (PA) as a limited governing authority of Gaza. In 2006, Hamas defeated the secular Fatah party in the election and took over governance of the territory. The territory has been an area of on-going conflict with Israel for decades including the current Israel-Hamas War started on October 7, 2023, when Hamas attacked various areas in southwest Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=874.0,967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, some 5,500 Shavl Jews were packed into two small, fenced in ghettos, one in the suburb of Kaukazas and one in the city, on Ezero and Traku streets. Mass murders of children and the elderly continued in nearby forests. A Judenrat was established, and Jews were only permitted to leave the ghettos if they had work permits.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=874.0,967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe occupation of communities viewed as inferior opens the opportunity for violence. Rape, sexual assault and violence were prevalent among different occupier communities during World War II. The German military established brothels throughout their occupied territories for the use of Wehrmacht and SS soldiers. While rape was officially forbidden, in practice it was allowed in eastern Europe as a part of Germany’s aim to conquer and destroy people they considered inferior, such as Jews, Russians, and Poles. During the Soviet offensives and occupations at the end of World War II, rape, sexual assault and violence were as prevalent as looting. Women in newly occupied ‘enemy’ territories were frequently assaulted. Estimates place the number of victims as high as two million when East Prussia, Silesia, Pomerania, Austria, the Czech lands and other German-inhabited areas of Eastern Europe are included with the hundreds of thousands of victims estimated within Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=874.0,967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to the German occupation throughout occupied Europe, partisans banded together to engage in guerrilla warfare against the Germans. Some Jews who managed to escape from ghettos and camps formed their own fighting units. These fighters, or partisans, were concentrated in densely wooded areas. A large group of partisans hid in a forest near the Lithuanian capital of Vilna. They were able to derail hundreds of trains and kill over 3,000 German soldiers. Life as a partisan was very difficult. People had to move from place to place to avoid discovery, raid farmers' food supplies to eat, and try to survive the winter in flimsy shelters built from logs and branches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1024.0,1111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within ghettos, German authorities installed a hierarchy of Jewish administrative units under their control. The Judenrat or Ältestenrat was a Council of Jewish leaders established in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were installed to manage the communities and provide the Germans with forced laborers. A Judischer Ordnungsdienst [German: Jewish Ghetto Police; also known as the OD], was also established by the Germans to keep order in occupied areas and often were responsible for rounding up Jews selected for forced labor or deportation. They were often referred to as the “Jewish Police.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1024.0,1111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of nineteenth century, the city of Kovno was fortified, and by 1890 it was encircled by a series of fortifications. The construction of the Ninth Fort was begun in 1902 and was completed on the eve of the First World War. From 1924 on, the Ninth Fort was used as a prison. During the years of German occupation, the Ninth Fort was used as a place of mass murder. In early July 1941, German Einsatzgruppe (mobile killing unit) detachments and their Lithuanian auxiliaries began systematic massacres of Jews in several of the forts around Kovno that had been constructed by the Russian tsars in the nineteenth century for the defense of the city. Thousands of Jewish men, women, and children were shot, primarily in the Ninth Fort, but also in the Fourth and Seventh forts. In addition to at least 5,000 Lithuanian Jews, Jews from as far as France, Austria and Germany were brought to Kovno during Nazi occupation and executed in the Ninth Fort.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1113.0,1147.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn February 1942, the birth of babies in the Shavl ghetto was forbidden.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1147.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA mohel is a Jewish person trained in the practice of brit milah, the covenant of circumcision. He performs the religious ceremony as well as the actual circumcision when Jewish boys are eight days old.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1147.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bris, formally known as the “brit milah” [Hebrew: Covenant of Circumcision] involves surgically removing the foreskin of the penis. Circumcision is performed only on males on the eighth day of the child's life. The brit milah is usually followed by a celebratory meal. It is a tradition that dates back the biblical patriarch Abraham. For Jews, circumcision is a sign of the Jewish people’s covenant with G-d.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1147.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1350.0,1546.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of March 1943, there were around 16,000 Jews still in the Kovno ghetto. Around 4,000 of them worked in 44 workshops inside the ghetto and another 6,000 worked in labor detachments outside the ghetto. An August 1943 order directed that all Jews of working age in ghettos were to be put into concentration camps. Jewish labor was to be reorganized and contained to the sites where the Jews worked. All others were to be selected and murdered. On October 26, 1943, the SS sent 2,800 Jews deemed fit to work to labor camps in Estonia, and deported children and the elderly to Auschwitz-Birkenau. In November, the ghetto became a concentration camp and in March 1944, the remaining Jews were deported or killed, and the ghetto was razed to the ground.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1548.0,1642.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1548.0,1642.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany people in German-occupied areas collaborated with German authorities. In some cases, antisemitism, greed, or resentment of alleged cooperation with the Russians motivated the behavior. In others, coercion was the motivating factor. When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union and occupied their Polish territories in June 1941, the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) followed the German army as it advanced. The Germans often drew on local civilian and police support to carry out their operations. In territories they occupied (particularly in the east), the Germans depended on indigenous auxiliary units (civilian, military, and police) to carry out the annihilation of the Jewish population. Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, and ethnic German collaborators played a significant role in killing Jews throughout eastern and southeastern Europe. Such collaboration was a critical element in implementing the Final Solution and the mass murder of other groups whom the Nazi regime targeted. Collaborators committed some of the worst atrocities of the Holocaust era.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1647.0,1694.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Kovno ghetto was liquidated in the summer and fall of 1943, thousands of Jews were promised that they were being resettled to work in the east. A large majority of the time they were being sent to their death. However, some Jews from the Kovno ghetto were sent to forced labor in Estonia. Some of the deported Jews were even allowed to bring their entire family with them to strengthen the illusion of resettlement. Although they may not have been sent straight to a death camp or shot, for most of the Jews, the camps in Estonia were a slow-motion death sentence. Estonia is a tiny country that had been part of the Soviet Union (today it is a republic). Nevertheless, it had a concentration camp system. Vaivara was the main camp and there were sub-camps, most of them on the sites of mines, coal pits and oil refineries. The useless Jews (those who couldn’t work) were often executed when they got there, and the survivors labored under inhuman conditions. Nora was sent from Kovno to the Ereda camp. Ereda was a sub-camp of Vaivara and was really two camps. The inmates had to build their own accommodations and there wasn’t even a kitchen. The huts provided no shelter from the cold and the inmates’ hair sometimes froze to the ground during the night and they had to cut it off to be on time for roll call. Only in June 1944 was the camp connected to a water supply. The death toll was very high. The prisoners had to march considerable distances to their workplaces even in the winter. They had only wooden clogs. By February 1944 the camp had become so overcrowded that inmates could hardly lie down. In January/February 1944, typhus broke out, adding to the chaos and death. Corpses were burned in nearby woods. In July 1944 the camp was evacuated, and the inmates were transported west by rail. About 100 Jews were left behind and eventually liberated by the Russians.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1794.0,1807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphoid fever is a disease caused by consuming food or drink that have a been contaminated with bacteria. It impacts the organs and if treatment is not provided it can be fatal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1963.0,2048.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoel had been taken to Kivioli I. Kivioli [Estonian: Kiviõli] is an industrial town in northeastern Estonia, where a subcamp of the Vaivara Concentration Camp was established in the fall of 1943. Prisoners worked on construction sites for the Baltische Öl GmbH, or Baltöl (Baltic Oil) company. By May 1944, over 1,500 male and female inmates were in Kivioli. Two camps existed—Kivioli I and II. Kivioli I was considered better because inmates received sufficient food and were even able to celebrate Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=1963.0,2048.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of July 1944, a strict selection of the prisoners in Vaivara and its subcamps called the “ten percent selection” occurred. A full ten percent of the prisoners were loaded onto trucks. In several camps, already suspicious inmates asked those selected to information in the trucks. The trucks returned with blood-stained clothes and messages the deportees had been taken to an area near the village of Ereda and shot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2056.0,2099.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn August and September 1944, as the Russians neared the area, the Germans began to retreat from Estonia and the Vaivara camps were evacuated. Some prisoners were put on ships or dumped into the crowded Klooga sub-camp and a makeshift camp in Lagedi, near Tallinn, Estonia to die. During the evacuation, several ships were sunk. Most of the inmates were sent to the Stutthof concentration camp near Danzig and then on to other camps in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2112.0,2138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDanzig is the German name for a Polish port city on the Baltic Sea. Today it is known as Gdansk. Over the centuries, it passed back and forth between Germany and Poland. After World War I, it was designated a “free city” that did not belong to any specific country, however 96 percent of its population was German.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2140.0,2247.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStutthof was established in September 1939 near Danzig (present-day Gdansk (Poland)), on the Baltic Sea. There were a series of sub-camps attached to the main camp, which acted as a reserve for slave labor for the others. By January 1942, Stutthof was designated a concentration camp. The Stutthof prisoners were compelled to work for DAW (German Armament Works), in local brickyards, in agriculture, or in the camp's own workshops. Starting in 1944 the prisoners began to work at Focke-Wulff airplane factory, which was built in Stutthof. In June 1944, during liquidation of the Jewish labor camps throughout the Baltic, those who passed the selection were brought to Stutthof. Those whom the SS guards judged too weak to work were gassed in the camp's gas chamber. There were also transports of Hungarian Jews to Stutthof from Auschwitz and Plaszow. A total of 47,101 Jews, mostly women, arrived between June 29, 1944, and Oct 14, 1944, including 22,268 from Auschwitz, 15,851 from Riga, and 8,982 from Kovno (Kaunas). Designed to hold 20,000 prisoners, by July 1944 Stutthof held over 60,000. Conditions were brutal. Stutthof became the center for approximately 100 subsidiary camps. Of the 115,000 prisoners who passed through, 22,000 were transferred to other camps and 65,000 were murdered. When the Soviet army liberated Stutthof on May 9, 1945, only 200 inmates remained.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2140.0,2247.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn mid-September 1944, the Bromberg-Ost labor camp was opened as a subcamp of Stutthof in the town of Bydgoszcz [German: Bromberg], Poland about 88 miles (140 kilometers) south of Gdansk. Some 300 Jewish women prisoners, including Nora, were put to work on the railway, laying and repairing rails, digging trenches, loading and unloading railway ties and rocks, as well as removing snow from tracks. The women were housed in two barracks. The prisoners were taken to work early in the morning in an open train along a 25-mile (40 kilometer) route.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2346.0,2440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Russian army drew near the extermination and slave labor camps in the East, the Germans marched the prisoners on foot out of the camps to the West, usually back into Germany where they were often abandoned in camps such as Bergen-Belsen and Buchenwald. These marches could last for weeks, without food or water, during which time many of the prisoners died and were left along the side of the road. The Bromberg-Ost labor camp was evacuated in January 1945. In another interview, Nora explains she was liberated near Bromberg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2509.0,2635.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz is a city in central Poland and a former industrial center. Under the German occupation during World War II, the city's population was persecuted, and its large Jewish minority was forced into a walled zone known as the Lodz Ghetto. It was the second-largest ghetto in occupied Europe, and the last major ghetto to be liquidated, in August 1944. Following liberation by Soviet forces on January 19, 1945, many newly liberated Jews gathered in Lodz. More than 50,000 Jews had settled in Lodz by the end of 1946. Within two years after the end of German occupation in Lodz, the Jewish community was rebuilt to be the second largest in Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=2697.0,2895.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945, when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.” The war in the Pacific Theater did not end until August 15, 1945, when Japan officially surrendered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3235.0,3244.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) is a Jewish American non-profit that aids refugees. Founded in 1881, its original purpose was the help the flow of Jewish immigrants from Russia in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. In 1975, the US State Department asked the organization to assist the incoming Vietnam refugees. Today, the organization continues to provide support to refugees and immigrates of all nationalities, ethnicities, and religions. The organization also works with people whose lives and freedom are at risk due to war, persecution, or violence. HIAS has offices in the United States and across Latin America, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Since its inception, it has helped resettle more than 4.5 million people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3247.0,3417.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDespite their wartime alliance, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States and Great Britain intensified rapidly as the World War II ended. After Germany’s surrender in 1945, Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe. As Soviet power and influence expanded, a communist dictatorship was established under Josef Stalin, who led the Soviet Union from the mid–1920s until 1953. Several countries in Eastern Europe—Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany—operated as Soviet satellite states. These countries were not officially part of the USSR, but their governments were loyal Stalinists, and therefore looked to and aligned themselves with the Soviet Union politically and militarily via the Warsaw Pact. After liberation, many Eastern European Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In 1946, a surge of Jewish survivors and refugees from the Soviet Union flooded into the western Allies’ zones, hoping to escape the anti-Jewish violence and further persecution from Stalin’s regime. By that time, escalating tensions between the Soviet Union and the western European countries that were allied to the United States had created a political, military, and ideological barrier that divided Europe. To curb a concentration of anti-communist political expatriates in the West, the Soviet Union began closing borders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3247.0,3417.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. The American occupied zone was in the southern portion of Germany and included the cities of Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, Nürnberg, and the southern part of the city of Berlin. The British zone was in northeastern Germany and included the cities of Hannover, Bremen, and Hamburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3430.0,3542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommonly referred to as the Nuremberg Trials, the Trial of Major War Criminals was held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 in Nuremberg, Germany and was widely covered by the media. An international military tribunal tried 22 leading German officials for war crimes. Twelve were sentenced to death. There were twelve additional tribunals that tried Nazi doctors, judges, industrialists, and leaders of the Einsatzgruppen [German: mobile killing squads]. In the decades following World War II, many war crime trials of former Nazis and collaborators occurred throughout Europe, both in the Soviet Union and in the West. In 1966, Ernst Runde, an SS medic who had been at numerous Vaivara subcamps (including as deputy commander of Kivioli) was indicted in Germany for war crimes. He committed suicide in prison in 1967. In another interview, Nora recalls that she and her husband traveled to Germany in the 1960s to testify against various indicted guards, including Runde.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3430.0,3542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Jewish Appeal (UJA) was a Jewish philanthropic umbrella organization that collected and distributed funds to Jewish organizations in their community and around the country. UJA existed from 1939 until it was folded into the United Jewish Communities, which was formed from the 1999 merger of United Jewish Appeal (UJA), Council of Jewish Federations, and United Israel Appeal, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3544.0,3605.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945, in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3607.0,3627.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLandsberg am Lech (or simply “Landsberg”) is a town in southwest Bavaria, Germany, about 40 miles (65 km) west of Munich. It housed the second largest displaced persons camp in the American Zone. It was founded in April 1945 in former military barracks. From October 1945, Landsberg functioned as an exclusively Jewish Camp. The population of 5,000 Jewish DPs was chiefly comprised of Russian, Latvian, and Lithuanian survivors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3627.0,3627.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFeldafing was the first all-Jewish displaced persons camp and hosted a large and important community of survivors. It was originally a summer camp for Hitler Youth, and was located 20 miles southwest of Munich, Germany in the American zone of occupation. The camp was originally opened on May 1, 1945 to house 3,000 Hungarian Jews, and it housed many non-Jewish concentration camp survivors until July 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3631.0,3631.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Sankt Ottilien [German: Saint Ottilien] Archabbey is a Benedictine monastery built in the nineteenth century in Emming, a small village in southern Germany. The extensive complex included agricultural facilities, a printing press, guesthouse, and an infirmary with an X-ray machine and other state-of-the art equipment. In 1941, German authorities requisitioned the monastery and turned the infirmary into a military hospital. When the war ended, it became an Allied-occupied displaced persons camp. Between 1945 and 1948, it welcomed some 5,000 Jewish refugees. On top of a functioning hospital, mostly managed by Jewish doctors, it also had a school, a police force and a maternity ward. Some 450 babies were born at the monastery in the years following the end of the war. Though the camp was overseen by the U.S. Army and later the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, Jewish survivors assumed key roles as teachers, physicians and members of a police force tasked with keeping the uneasy peace among the Jews, Germans and monks occupying the space.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3631.0,3635.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLithuanian President Valdas Adamkus visited Israel in 2005 and received a visit from his Israeli counterpart in the same year. While Lithuania has a claims program that has been modified many times since the 1990s, however, it is based on citizenship, which excludes Jews who immigrated to Israeli.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3768.0,3867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3867.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Immigration Act set annual quotas based on a prospective immigrant's country of birth, which were still in place at the end of World War II. After the war ended, President Harry S. Truman favored efforts to ease US immigration restrictions for Jewish displaced persons but existing laws had no provisions for displaced persons until Truman issued a directive on December 22, 1945, ordering the State Department to fill existing quotas and give first preference to displaced persons. Still, of the 40,000 visas issued under the program, only about 28,000 went to Jews and between 1946 and 1948, only 16,000 Jewish refugees entered the United States. In 1948, Congress passed legislation to admit more DPs to the United States. The 1948 Displaced Persons Act authorized the entry of 202,000 displaced persons over the next two years but within the quota system. When the act was extended for two more years in 1950, it increased displaced-person admissions to 415,000, but Jewish DPs only received 80,000 of these visas, making them only 16 percent of the immigrants admitted. The law stipulated that only DPs who had been in camps by the end of 1945 were eligible and gave preference to relatives of American citizens who could be guaranteed housing and employment. Finally, in 1952, Congress revised the Immigration Act. However, the 1952 Act really only revised the 1924 system to allow for national quotas at a rate of one-sixth of one percent of each nationality’s population in the United States in 1920. By 1952, only 137,450 Jewish refugees (including close to 100,000 DPs) had settled in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=3867.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4248.0,4309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Sisterhood is a group of women in a synagogue congregation who join to offer social, cultural, educational, and volunteer service opportunities. Its male counterpart is called either a \"Brotherhood\" or a \"Men's Club.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4312.0,4449.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of World War II. FDR’s legacy regarding the Holocaust remains controversial. When World War II began in September 1939, most Americans hoped the United States would remain neutral. Although Americans had access to reliable information about the persecution of European Jews as it happened throughout the 1930s and many were sympathetic, most could not imagine the mass murders of the Holocaust could happen. Domestic concerns about the economy and national security further combined with prevalent antisemitism and racism in the United States to make any efforts to assist refugees or rescue victims of Nazism unlikely. By 1942, information regarding the mass murders of Jews had begun to reach the Allies. As a result, FDR established the War Refugee Board (WRB) to coordinate governmental and private rescue efforts. The Board is credited with saving at least 200,000 Jews, but critics argue that if FDR had acted earlier, and more boldly, even more lives could have been saved.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4465.0,4668.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSteven Allan Spielberg (1946- ) is a Jewish American director, producer, and screenwriter. In 1993, Spielberg directed and co-produced Schindler’s List. The film is based on a non-fiction book, Schindler’s Ark by Thomas Keneally, which had been a hit in the early 1980s. The wildly successful film premiered at a time of increased Holocaust awareness and remembrance in the United States. Public interest in the Holocaust had been increasing since the 1960s. By the mid-1970s, public schools were implementing Holocaust education. Other successful films, television series, and books, such as “Sophie’s Choice” and “The Holocaust,” made the Holocaust part of public consciousness. A decade in the making, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum opened in early 1993. As popular as Schindler’s List was, Spielberg’s significance to Holocaust awareness and remembrance is more related to his foundation of the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation (now the USC Shoah Foundation) in 1994. Created to document and preserve the testimonies of survivors and witnesses for future generations, it was an unprecedented effort that encouraged many survivors to finally share their stories after years of silence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=4465.0,4668.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (b. Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili, 1878-1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920’s until his death. He is considered one of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5143.0,5145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kohlkoz is a large collective farming commune. In the late 1920s, Stalin’s regime had begun implemented plans for transforming Soviet agriculture from predominantly individual farms into a system of large state collective farms. The Communist regime believed that collectivization would improve agricultural productivity and would produce grain reserves sufficiently large to feed the growing urban labor force. The anticipated surplus was to pay for industrialization. Collectivization was further expected to free many peasants for industrial work in the cities and to enable the party to extend its political dominance over the remaining peasantry. Kohlkoz were created after individual farmers were forced off their land and the state appropriated it. Thereafter, the farmers lived in the commune and got paid a share of the farm’s product and profit according to how many days they worked. The peasant could have a garden on about one acre of land to feed him family, although it was inadequate. The rest of the product was sold to the government for very low prices. Kohlkohzes were disbanded after 1991 and people were allowed to own their own land again although state farms still exist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5153.0,5157.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Epstein School (also known as the Solomon Shechter School of Atlanta) is a private Jewish day school in the Atlanta area located in Sandy Springs. In 1973, Rabbi Harry H. Epstein and the leaders of Ahavath Achim synagogue wanted to create a Conservative Jewish day school. The first campus was housed at the synagogue. In 1987, the school moved to Sandy Springs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5264.0,5369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5376.0,5546.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith international pressure mounting, in 1945, Britain, unable to find a practical solution, referred the problem to the United Nations, which in November 1947 voted to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states in May 1948 when the British mandate was scheduled to end. After the British began the withdrawal of their military forces from Palestine in early April 1948, Zionist leaders moved to establish a modern Jewish state. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many survivors felt there was no future for Jews in Europe. Israeli statehood represented hope to survivors who longed for a homeland where Jews would not be a vulnerable minority. On May 14, 1948—the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired—David Ben-Gurion, the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, announced the formation of the state of Israel. The next day, forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq invaded and war began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5376.0,5546.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe post-Soviet aliyah was a wave of immigration from Jews in the Soviet diaspora immigrating to Israel. The prior wave came following the Six-Day War in 1967, when many Soviet Jews began applying for exit visas. This was accompanied by a worldwide campaign calling on the Soviet government to allow Jews to emigrate. The ban on Jewish immigration to Israel was lifted in 1971, leading to the 1970’s Soviet Union aliyah. In the years leading up to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and for over a decade thereafter, a particularly large number of Jews emigrated from the Soviet Union and the post-Soviet countries. Many of these emigrants made aliyah, while a sizable amount immigrated to various Western countries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5376.0,5546.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\").\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5997.0,6069.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the Havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=5997.0,6069.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cheder is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=6224.0,6362.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434/annotation_set/1727/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the barmitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137223/file/254434#t=6224.0,6362.0"}]}]}]}