{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/dz02z13943/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Goodfriend, Betty Grossman (1995)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1995-12-15 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBetty Grossman Goodfriend interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 15, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eBetty shares where she grew up and how she came to be in Kovno, Lithuania when the Germans invaded in June 1941. She describes being confined to the Kovno ghetto and the atrocities she witnessed. Betty explains how she was sent to work at a hospital outside the ghetto, where she managed to smuggle guns to the underground. She recalls being transferred by train to Stutthof when the ghetto was liquidated. In Stutthof, Betty recounts the living conditions and how she was put to work digging trenches. She remembers the death march she and her sister were sent on. She explains how they managed to escape from the death march. Betty describes how she spent the final weeks of the war travelling with Russian troops, working in a field hospital. She discusses why she decided to escape from the Russians and went to Berlin, where met husband. Betty closes by counseling future generations to be kind to one another and never forget. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28423"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBetty Grossman Goodfriend interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 15, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBetty shares where she grew up and how she came to be in Kovno, Lithuania when the Germans invaded in June 1941. She describes being confined to the Kovno ghetto and the atrocities she witnessed. Betty explains how she was sent to work at a hospital outside the ghetto, where she managed to smuggle guns to the underground. She recalls being transferred by train to Stutthof when the ghetto was liquidated. In Stutthof, Betty recounts the living conditions and how she was put to work digging trenches. She remembers the death march she and her sister were sent on. She explains how they managed to escape from the death march. Betty describes how she spent the final weeks of the war travelling with Russian troops, working in a field hospital. She discusses why she decided to escape from the Russians and went to Berlin, where met husband. Betty closes by counseling future generations to be kind to one another and never forget. \u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/543/small/Goodfriend_Betty.mp4_1618695781.jpg?1618681382","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Goodfriend_Betty.mp4"]},"duration":3432.122,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/543/small/Goodfriend_Betty.mp4_1618695781.jpg?1618681382","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/111/543/original/Goodfriend_Betty.mp4?1618681380","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3432.122,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Betty Goodfriend [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jane: What is your name?\n\nGOODFRIEND: My name is Betty Grossman Goodfriend. I was born in a small town in\nLithuania called Vileyka. In Jewish or in Yiddish, we used to call it 'Vilki.'\nIt is approximately 30 kilometers [18 miles] from Kaunas or 'Kovno' as it is\nknown among the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. I am one of nine children. Now I am the last one\nof my family. When I was a baby, my parents moved from this small town to\nanother city, at that time Lithuania and the border of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany. The city is\nknown as 'Memelstadt' in German, in Prussia. It is known now 'Klaipeda.' It\n[Klaipeda] is the Lithuanian name. It's still Lithuania and it is still on the\nGerman border, but it's definitely different than I remember it as a child.\nThere I lived until ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939. In 1939, was the first time that we ran away from the\nNazis. At this point, we realized that if we stayed on the German border for\nsure the Nazis will be there in no time. To save ourselves, we went back to the\nshtetl [Yiddish: town], the small town or the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"village, where we were born. In\n[1939], the Russians took over Lithuania. They just plain marched in one day.\nOnce the Russians marched in, everything has changed. All the Hebrew day\nschools, all the yeshiva schools--high schools in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew--everything was closed.\nAt this point I was old enough to start high school, which we called gymnasium,\nwhich is not to be confused with 'gymnasium' [in the United States, generally a\nsports facility]. It definitely is different. They [the Germans] came in on June\n21, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1941. Being that I did not have a place where to continue my Hebrew\neducation, the Russians left one school open in Kaunas, in Kovno, and a Yiddish\nhigh school, the Shalom Aleichem Gymnasium . . . High School. My mother felt\nthat I would be happier ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. Being that my oldest brother, who was married and\nlived in Kaunas, [and] also a sister, an older sister who had a job, found a job\nin Kaunas, they lived there. My mother felt maybe I should go and sign up in the\nShalom Aleichem Gymnasium in Kovno, in Kaunas. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was in June 1941. The\nRussians came in 1940. [When the Germans came] in 1941, I was there. I was\ngetting ready to go with my brother and do all the papers that have to be signed\nand written . . . I was supposed to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back home and that was on a Sunday\nmorning. Saturday night we heard unusual noises, which we took for what they\ncalled 'exercise-flying'--maneuvers from the Russian Army--so we didn't pay\nattention. By the time I got to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"steamboat, which was not a train, but a\nsteamboat . . . All throughout Lithuania there is one big river. It's called\nDenyemen or Nemunas in Lithuanian and it starts in the Urals in Russia and falls\ninto the Baltic Sea and it goes like a vein all throughout Lithuania. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being that\nKaunas and the village where I lived is on that same river, there was in the\nsummertime a steamboat. As we got to the steamboat, the Russians said, in\nRussian, \"Today the boat will not move.\" When we asked, of course, you didn't\nget an answer. There is no answer for questions ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a private citizen. When I\nthink back about it, I was so lucky that my brother was with me because, when we\ndecided we have to go back and as we started to go back to the apartment to the\nhome where my brother lived, the bombs were already falling and we came back to\nthe apartment. [It] took us hours. A distance for a half-an-hour ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walk took us\nhours to get there. Once we got there, everything was in chaos. The war [had\nbegun]. We found out [at] four o'clock in the afternoon--an historic happening\nthat I remember then, being a young girl. When [Vyacheslav] Molotov--at that\ntime, the Foreign Minister of Russia--got on the radio and he said, \"The war\nwith Germany broke out. They attacked us. But of course we are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to destroy\nthem in no time.\" That 'no time' took almost five years and almost all of the\nJews of Lithuania. We didn't have another choice, but to decide: Are we staying\nand waiting for the Germans to come in--the Russians were already on the run--or\nshould we try to get closer to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Russian border to smuggle into Russia? Russia\nlet in anybody who wanted to come in. Many Jews saved their lives, were saved by\nthe Russians, coming into Russia. We decided, \"We are all young. We are going to\nwalk. We'll go and try to get into Russia.\" Kaunas is smack in the center of the\ncountry. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With a car, of course in our day and age to get to the border would be\nabout two hours maybe. Walking . . . once we started to march thousands of\npeople marching with us and Russians soldiers trying to run away from the front\nline, which there was really no front line. We were all caught like fish in a\nbarrel and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Messerschmitt, the airplanes, came down so low and when\nthey saw the Russian soldiers they started to bomb on all the refugees, on\neverybody. This was the beginning of the nightmare. When we got to a city about\n60 kilometers from Vilnius--Vilnius was the Polish and Russian border--we\ncouldn't get any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"further because people were running back already telling us\nthat the Germans are at the Russian border before they came to the center of the\ncountry, so we all returned. That was in June 22, 1941. We came back. [It] was\nthe end of the month. When we got into Kaunas, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we found out that new laws were\nbeing laid down by the Nazis. We failed [to recognize] the scale [of the\nhatred]--not just from the Germans but from our neighbors, the Lithuanians, who\nwe lived with about six or seven hundred years as neighbors, one next door to\nthe other. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The law was the new notice on the walls. [It said that] within four\nweeks all the Jews from Kaunas, from Kovno, are to be moving into a ghetto. The\nghetto was to Slobodka. Slobodka is world famous among the Jewish people as one\nthat had the best yeshivas, the most famous scholars, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Jewish world. Being\nthat I was with my sister, and brother, my sister-in-law, we had to go and find\na place where to move in. This was a small old suburb, not a wealthy place, not\na big place. Kovno, Kaunas with its ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refugees who came in from Poland in 1939,\nfrom Germany in 1939, from smaller towns, students who were in colleges . . .\ncame up to approximately 55,000 Jews. How do you take 55,000 people fit into an\narea where there were maybe 4,000 or 5,000 people? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But when the gun is in your\nback and in your front, you find a space. Like a house or an apartment that had\nthree rooms, three families moved in together. We were all pushed in into small\nareas. Nobody thought about food, sleeping. It didn't matter as long as you were\nout on time. You took whatever you could carry. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The rest was plundered by the\nLithuanians and by the Germans. We got out with nothing, barely the clothes that\nwe had on our backs and what we could carry in our hands. The shock of a normal\nsociety to get into such a situation and try to get used to it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every day there\nwere new laws, different ideas, different news, five were killed here, 100 were\nkilled there, and then the ghetto was closed. The atrocities of the Lithuanians\nbefore the ghetto was closed is beyond ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"description. On one of the streets they\ncaught a rabbi from Kovno. They chopped off his head and put him with a long\nbeard full of blood in a window of a butcher and made the Jews go by to watch\nwhat's going on and being proud of their murderous acts. Now they are coming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in\nas part of humanity, in the United Nations and everywhere and they say, \"We are\na democracy and we cannot answer for those days.\" No, murders will always be\nmurders in my book. With this in front of us, we marched as we were told. We got\ninto the ghetto in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slobodka. We settled in. We got a leadership, the Yiddish\nGemeinde [German: municipality; Yiddish: congregation], in other words, the\nleadership for the ghetto. We got police, we got a prison in the ghetto. We got\nlittle tickets or cards or stamps for 100 grams of bread. We had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"provide for\nourselves. How do you survive? One thing that I will say about our people:\nnobody became depressed enough to commit suicide and nobody came down to a level\nof robbing your neighbor or taking from the next person. I am very proud of that\nfact, that we had such dignity and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pride, and to live and die as a human being\nshould, as a civilized G-d-fearing, G-d believing person as we were brought up\nto be. At that point in the ghetto, every day there was a new notice on the\nwall. One day they came [and said], \"We need ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"500 men educated in this field, in\nthat field (trickery, trickery) to do special work in . . . highly educated\npeople, only they can do it.\" Five hundred and twelve men, the best and finest\nof the intelligentsia of Kovno, of Kaunas . . . young people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably the\noldest in his forties. They were all taken away and we never saw them again.\nThat was the first shock of German barbarism. From that day on we knew that\nthere is only one hope or a miracle from heaven, self-defense, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or try to\nsurvive. How do you try to survive when you are surrounded by beasts on two feet\nand with guns, no mercy, no heart, and no soul? They started to ask, to catch,\npeople to go out of the ghetto to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work. They wanted to build a new airport in\nKaunas. Of course, slave labor doesn't cost you anything. It was a curse and a\nblessing in the same time. First of all, when you got out of the ghetto,\nLithuanian Christians would stand on both sides and they would say, \"I'll give\nyou a slice of bread, if you give me your coat. I'll give you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two eggs, if you\ngive me your shoes.\" When you are hungry you don't care about the shoes, you\ndon't care about the coat. When you have children waiting home and starving, you\ngive away anything. We learned one thing: if you had an extra piece of clothing\nyou might get a piece of bread for it, you might get an egg, you might get a\nvegetable for it--a potato. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So whoever was able to work, went to work. They\nbuild roads; they build the airport; they worked in factories; they build roads,\nmixed cement, all kinds of work that it's even hard to describe. Many times I\nwondered how did we do it. We didn't eat. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We didn't really rest, because when\nyou have people squished together in one room . . . how did you accomplish? But\nyou accomplish. The will of life is stronger than anything else. You worked\nhard. You did it. As we walked and on the walking places, wherever one went to\ndo to work, many people got killed. If you didn't do it the way they wanted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you\nto do it, they killed you and that was the end of that. Slowly, little by little\nthe population in the ghetto shrunk. In 1941 in November, in the end of October,\nin November I think it was, they told us to all come out in this area . . . in\nGerman, they called it a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sammelplatz [German: rallying point], the square where\nyou gather, and that tall Nazi . . . I'll never forget. We were standing\nfamilies together and the tall Nazi with this whip in his hand and Lithuanian\npeople who aided them with German soldiers all around us and he stood and he\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Right and left, right and left.\" By the time the day was over, 12,000\nJews from Kovno were deported to die. Not far from the ghetto, outside there is\na place it's called the Ninth Fort. It was a military fort. There is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one at\nSeventh Fort and a Ninth Fort. They took them up there and three days and three\nnights we heard machine guns until they were all machine gunned down. We don't\nknow if all of them were buried dead. Mostly, many, many of them were buried\nalive. For three days, the earth was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shaking and blood was running out from on\ntop of the soil. That means that people were still alive. The Lithuanians and\nthe Germans were happy about it. Now it's 1943. Less than half of us are left.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Jews in Estonia were killed, all of them. The Jews in Latvia were killed,\nall of them. They started to take people from Kaunas and from Vilnius and send\nthem to Riga [Latvia], and to Estonia, to Latvia . . . From our ghetto, they\nstarted to take people to send ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in forced labor camps, outside in small towns 60\nto 80 kilometers outside of Kaunas. Lithuania had three ghettos: in Siauliai, in\nKovno, and in Vilna . . . in Vilnius and in Kaunas. In 1943, the ghetto of Vilna\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was closed. Everybody was gone, or in concentration camps, or in Ponar--in that\nhorrible place where tens of thousands of Jews were killed and children. In\n1943, I volunteered to go to work. I came back to the ghetto. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My brother, my\nsister, my sister-in-law were caught. I didn't find anybody. The neighbors told\nme that they were grabbed to be sent away in Keidan [Yiddish], Kedainiai\n[Lithuanian] in Lithuania. When I went to the leadership of the ghetto to\nvolunteer that they should send me there because I was afraid as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teenager to\nbe by myself in the ghetto. I would have been sent away as a lowly person, a\nchild, together with the children. They gave me permission to--I wasn't the only\none--to go where my family was. I was separated from them anyway because they\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needed young girls to work in the laundry of a German hospital and that was in\nKeidan. They took over a school, a high school, and turned it into a hospital.\nAs I worked there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being that in the hospital it was always food, there were\nother workers. There were Ukrainians, and Polacks, and Russian prisoners, and\nus. There was more food. We worked hard. Until this very day, I look at my hands\nmany times and I wonder that they are not cut any more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not chopped from the\nwater and the strong chemicals that we had to use to wash the hospital laundry.\nHospital laundry to wash by hand is a story by itself, a gruesome one. You find\npieces of flesh, and pieces of blood, and pieces of brain, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and bones, and\nfingers. You get used to that as a young girl. You say to yourself, \"Well, they\ndid wrong; they did more to my people.\" At that point . . . no Jewish person was\nalive in any of the villages of Lithuania. Six weeks after the Nazis took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over,\nthe Lithuanians with some of the Germans, our neighbors, killed the Jewish\npopulation. I knew that my family is gone and everybody in the shtetl with them.\nThe horror of getting together two, three villages . . . they had to dig their\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own graves, get undressed. The clothes was gathered and sold. They were\nbusinessmen. It became a business. There were businessmen from Lithuania and\nGermany who used to buy this clothes that were taken off of the people who were\ngoing to be killed. Every time when I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my mother, who was such a religious\nlady, to stand naked in front of men with so many others, it absolutely kills\nme. It's one of the most horrible thoughts that stayed with me. This is what was\nleft ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to wait what will happen. We knew the news from the front line. We had\nhoped it would move faster. We were very disappointed in their help that we\ndidn't get, which we expected. We expected help from America. We expected help\nfrom England, that they should come and bomb the concentration camps, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and teach\nthe Germans a lesson, and help us live, to survive. Nobody did anything. We knew\nthe politics. We read papers. We used to get papers from the Germans who were in\nthe hospital. We used to get Lithuanian papers from the people who worked with\nus. Then one day, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my brother told me that a group of people got together and\nmade contact with partisans outside the camps in Keidan in the forest but they\nneed weapons. Being that I was sent many times ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to gather the dirty clothes from\nthe soldiers who came in from the Ost [German: Eastern] front--in other words,\nfrom the Russian front line . . . The day my brother told me that was the day\nwhen I came back and didn't find one child in the camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I asked, \"Where are the\nchildren?\" They said, \"Didn't you hear? All the children were gathered and\ndeported to be killed--all the children from the Kovno ghetto, all the children\nfrom our camp.\" I had to make a decision. I had a way to get weapons from the\nGermans. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was trusted. Many of them didn't know that I was not part of the\nworking group because we did not have to wear, in this particular hospital,\nnobody asked us to wear the yellow star. We just simply didn't wear it. We\nwore--everybody in the ghetto--a yellow star on our left shoulder in the front\nand the back. We didn't wear the yellow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"star and I used to speak to the Germans\nwho worked in those places where we went in to gather the dirty uniforms or\ndirty clothes. Young men talked about different things like young people talk,\nwhere were you from and so on and so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forth and they started to trust me. They\ndid not watch me what I'm doing. I found an opportunity to get a few revolvers,\na few guns. Once I smuggled it out, I didn't tell anybody. One girl, the leader\nfrom our group, we were 20 girls working in that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place, she knew about it and\nfor that I asked when they are going to go to the Partisans, I want to be with\nthem and this friend too. They promised they'll do it. I smuggled the guns in to\nthe large camp and it is buried or hidden there. Somebody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a group from that\ngroup found out about it. The guns were given to the partisans, but the group\nnever got away. They were watched. It was somebody who couldn't keep his mouth\nshut, who spoke up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or told somebody and couldn't get away and that was the end\nof that. I'm very happy to say that we met a man in Israel who thanked me for\nbeing saved by the gun that I took out from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans that he got. The other\none, I don't know who got it, but it ended up in the right hands. That's a great\nsatisfaction to me. That was already towards the end in 1943. From the beginning\nof 1944, we knew that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nobody will survive. They are going to send us away from\nLithuania. As the Russians get closer, the Germans killed more Jews. Lithuania\nlost about 98 to 99 percent of its [Jewish] population. I blame the Lithuanians\nfor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it because in the countries where the Nazis took over, if the Christian\npopulation was friendly to their Jewish neighbors, more Jews survived. [In] 1944\nin the end of June beginning July, we were all gathered and sent back to the\nghetto. From there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were pushed and shoved and beaten and gunned to go to the\ntrains in the box cars. We were loaded in. We couldn't stand, we couldn't sit.\nMany times I think about the horror of having to use the facility. There were no\nfacilities. Everybody did what he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could right there and then until we got to the\nconcentration camp. When I looked around, when I think back about the masses of\npeople who walked in through the gates of the ghetto and the group of people who\nwalked out from the gates of the ghetto the last time, there was nothing. Nobody\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left, maybe 2,000 people. The ghetto was on fire. We could hear shooting and\npeople running in the streets and screaming because the Lithuanians came in\nagain to plunder the ghetto. When we arrived in the concentration camp in\nStutthof, which is outside of Danzig (or in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish, Gdansk), we didn't know what\nto expect. We didn't know that it was a concentration camp. We only saw a big\nchimney and big burning pieces flying from the chimney, barbed wire everywhere,\nsmall squares of yard all surrounded with barbed wire, and you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pushed in to\nsuch a square, and that's where you stayed. Across the wires, I saw for the\nfirst time, women with shaved off heads and striped clothing. We all decided\nthat this must be a part where the people are not normal. The crazy people must\nbe like that. In ten hours, not even, we all looked like the crazy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. We\nwere taken to showers. We were undressed. A doctor with a white robe was\nstanding there watching all the girls undressed taking the showers. Many of us\nwere taken out. I was sent to the other group that got the striped clothes. We\nwere told to stand. At that point we didn't eat for three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days and didn't even\nhave any water. I think many times when people say, \"I'm starved,\" how ironic\nthis sounds. Starved? Nobody should know the feeling of being starved. We were\nput in barracks, five ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, five women in the . . . I don't know, cannot call\nit a bed. I forget what you call it in English. We were not fed, of course, and\neverybody wanted to know what will be the end . . . On one side, was a huge\nmountain of shoes. On the other side was a huge mountain of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hair, of suitcases,\nand we were just there. Every few hours, we were told to go and just stand in\nline to be counted. Can you picture a skinny girl of 15 with a pair of pants\nthat fall down? There was nothing to hold it. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the third day they fed us.\nThey brought in long wooden--I don't know what you call it, like horses used to\ndrink from them--and that was with a red jittery thing looking food. I said to\nmy girlfriend, \"I'm not going to eat it. These are boiled people. They cooked\nour people.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said, \"You are crazy. You are going to die if you don't eat.\" I\nsaid, \"I'm going to die. I'm not going to eat that.\" I'm sure they cooked our\npeople. That's how it looked. It looked liked cooked flesh. I saw raw flesh\nbefore. It looked like cooked flesh. I didn't eat until I couldn't stand up any\nmore. We got water and then she said, \"You must eat. If not, you'll die.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She\nsays, \"Close your eyes and just swallow.\" That's what I did. A week or two\nlater, I don't even think it was two weeks, it must have been a week later and\nacross from where we were, there were children, so I used to go in every day to\nplay with the children and one morning they weren't there anymore. They were\ngone. People disappeared left and right. One day, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they took a group of us and\ntold us to go in in this and this room and we will find civilian clothes. We\nshould pick up a dress, we should pick up shoes, and we should put it on. Over\nthere stood a tall, strong Ukrainian woman with a big whip. Every time we bent\ndown to pick up something to put on, she would whip us. We didn't have a choice.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We didn't have what [anything] to wear. We couldn't walk out naked. So you got\nthe whip and you picked up some clothes. They took that group that put on the\ncivilian clothes and they sent us to another gate. They took us out from the\nconcentration camp. There were 350 young woman, the girls, all from Lithuania,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that was a blessing by itself because in the concentration camp, when they\nbrought us, we found tens of thousands of Hungarian women. Unfortunately, we\ncouldn't communicate with them and they, too, those poor girls disappeared\none-by-one. There was a group here. The next day they weren't there. Thousands\nupon thousands of Hungarian women. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were sent to dig trenches, trenches for\nthe German soldiers to dig in against the Russian approach, the Russian Army.\nThree meters down. I don't know what it would be in feet. It doesn't matter. We\nhad to stand from there, dig it, and throw the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soil on top. How I did it, I\ndon't know. I weighed maybe 55 or 60 pounds. I wasn't the only one. We still had\nto do it. If not, you were shot. If you stayed behind, you were killed. We got a\ndish of hot water and a slice of bread every day. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was our food. We slept in\na tent, 50 fifty woman in a circle. If one turned, I think everybody had to\nturn. It was winter. In December [or] November in Poland, it's very cold already\nat that time of the year. The shoes I had tore. I had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dress. I got a cold, so\nI cut off a piece of my dress, which was like rough material. I took one piece\nand made a handkerchief. I think I tore off the flesh of my nose from that\nhandkerchief. Still remember it. Another piece I tore off and I made a pair of\nshoes. In other words, I wrapped my feet. It was December, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"full of snow and\nNovember and January. One night they woke us up, 1945, January. They said, \"You\nall get together. Stand up we are going to march.\" As you can imagine, we didn't\nhave anything to carry, so it didn't matter. We slept in our clothes anyways. We\nstood up. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got five in a row one after the other and we marched. A lot of\ngirls were dead. They were whipped to death. A lot were shot. We started to\nmarch in the deep snow. The further we went, the more bodies of Jewish women on\nboth sides of the road. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you stayed behind, you were killed. You had to hold a\ncertain step. If you didn't have somebody on both sides to hold each other to go\non, you were lost. On both sides of the road--I still see it--were mountains of\ndead bodies of our women, Jewish women who were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"driven by the SS with the black\nuniforms like terrible black devils, deeper and deeper into Germany to save\ntheir slave work. We walked. We had to cross a frozen river. I don't remember\nany more the name of the river. Many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"girls slipped and they were killed right\nthere and then. The blood on the ice and the white snow, you never forget that.\nThat, you see all your life. White and red isn't always a great color, not to\npeople who saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blood flowing on ice and snow. We got to one place. That place\nthey told us, here, we are going to stay overnight. I had my sister with me and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another friend. We said, \"Look, we are going to stay overnight. Let's go out.\nThere is a village. We can see the lights of the village and we'll go and ask\nfor food. What can you lose? We'll die anyway. It doesn't matter.\" The only\nthing, the only sustenance we had was snow. It's interesting that my sister, who\nalso ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived, she used to say to me, \"Don't complain about snow.\" I used to\nsay, \"Oh, it's terrible, it's cold, so much snow.\" She used to say after the\nwar, \"Don't complain about snow. If it wouldn't have been for the snow, we\nwouldn't have had what to eat.\" Many times I think about it. Would not have had\nwhat to eat. We ate snow. We went into the village and we came back. There, the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people . . . one gave us a potato, an onion, something to eat. We came back, the\ncamp was gone, the people were gone. I wasn't the only one who went out. The\ndeath march was one of the most horrible tortures that a human being can take,\nhungry and half naked, half starved, in bitter cold, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"driven with whips like\nanimals. I stood there and I said if it was beshert [Yiddish: destiny, fate], if\nit was my destiny to be separated from the camp, I am not going to run after it.\nAt a very ripe old age of almost 17, I made that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decision, and I didn't. I\ndidn't go. Three other girls, five, said they don't have anything to lose. They\nare not going to run after the camp. We went into the village again afterwards.\nSomething else happened, but I am not going to . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went into . . . the\nvillage and we went from door to door and we decided we are going to tell the\npeople we are Russian girls--we all spoke Russian--and would they please let us\nstay with them. Finally we found one Polish Russian lady. She said her sons, two\nof her sons were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taken to a labor camp by the Germans and she needs help on the\nfarm. We were such great helpers. She took us in. She gave us clothes. She let\nus bathe. By then, some of my hair came back. We stayed with her for almost a\nmonth until the Russians came in. The Russian came in. We had to hide from the\nRussians. Russians ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldiers don't care if you are half sick, half dead. [If] you\nare a woman, you have to hide. One morning we gathered ourselves and we walked\ninto a village where there was a big sign in Russian. This is the gathering\npoint of Russian citizens and we went in. We signed up and we told them, \"We\ndon't want to go back yet.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was nothing to go back to in Lithuania.\nLithuania was destroyed as far as we were concerned--our Lithuania, the Jewish\nLithuania, Lithuania that gave out the biggest scholars, Jewish scholars in in\nthe world, the finest of Yiddish theaters, the writers, the composers, the\nHebrew high schools . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything was destroyed in our people, in our\nculture. Our civilization of almost 1,000 years was destroyed by Lithuanians who\nworked together with the Nazis. We didn't have anything to go back to. One day,\nan officer came to this gathering point and he was looking for people to work in\nthe Russian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital. I volunteered with five other girls. The war was still on.\nI went there, put on a uniform. We worked very hard. It was harder to work\nsomehow to wash laundry for a Russian hospital less prepared than the Nazis.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They didn't have anything. They had to organize everything until we got into the\nGerman part of Eastern Europe. Then we got an order to go to the German homes\nand organize things for the Russian hospital. By then, I became an interpreter\nin German and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian. I came with the Russians up to 100 kilometers [62 miles]\nto Berlin [Germany]. The city was named Ludwigslust [Germany]. This was the time\nwhen we escaped from the Russians. We knew that this is not our future. Our\nfuture is in the free world that hopefully ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some day we'll be able to reach. So\nmany other things, historic things happened in the meantime, but when I came to\nBerlin I found friends that I met. When the Russians came in where there was a\nconcentration camp, where we met for the first time Jewish men who were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sick.\nWhen they got away to Berlin, they saved our lives from the Russians. I came to\nBerlin a short time later. I met my husband, Isaac Goodfriend. That was October\n1945. Now, we have three sons and two grandchildren. Next month, it will be 50\nyears since we were married ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[o]n January 22, 1946 in Berlin. We had what I would\ncall an international wedding. We had French officers. We had British officers.\nWe had people from the Israeli Brigade. In those days, they were called the\nJewish Brigade, which was part of the British ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Army. We had Red Cross people from\nSweden. We had the mayor of Berlin who came to our wedding. We had Russians. In\nthose days, the Russians still came in to the American Zone. A message to those\nwho might view or listen to me: This is just a very small part of what I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went\nthrough. It is impossible to tell everything or every feeling or every happening\nthat one feels or lives through. Until this very day when we get together--when\nI say \"we,\" I mean survivors--we look at each other, we talk, and we say, \"How\ndid we ever make it?\" I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. It was G-d's hand. I want to tell you: Be\nkind to your human beings around you. Don't follow nastiness, murder, lies,\ndictators. Be yourself and work for a good world for you, for your family, for\nyour future ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generations, and never forget what one human being can turn one\nnation into--into animals, into beasts, into unbelievable horror that will exist\nforever and ever. I still cry for the destroyed civilization of eastern ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/transcript/24892/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"European\nJews. May G-d help us. Please don't forget. Remember! Remember!\n\n 16","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3420.0,3450.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVileyka or Vilkija [Yiddish: Vileika or Vilki] is a town on the banks of the River Viliya, about 100 kilometers (62 miles) northwest of Minsk and 25 kilometers (16 miles) northwest of Kovno. Originally, the town was part of the Russian Empire. After World War I, the town was part of Poland and known as Wilejka. In 1939, it was annexed back to the Soviet Union during the Soviet invasion of Poland as part of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. From June 1941 until 1944, it was occupied by Germany. Today, Vileyka is in Belarus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaunas is the second-largest city in Lithuania, generally known in English as Kovno, the traditional Slavicized form of its name. The city is currently part of Lithuania. Other names for Kovno are Kowno (Polish), Kowna (Belarusian), Kovne (Yiddish), Kaunas, and Kauen (German). Kovno is located at the confluence of the two largest Lithuanian rivers, the Nemunas and the Neris, and near the Kaunas Reservoir, the largest body of water entirely in Lithuania.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] Klaipeda [Lithuanian: Klaipėda], historically also known as Memel [German], is a city in Lithuania on the Baltic Sea coast. It is the third largest city in Lithuania. It is located to the north of the Neman [German: Memel] River, close to the border of Poland. It is approximately 220 kilometers (136 miles) northwest of Kovno. Before World War I, the city belonged to Prussia. Betty refers to the city as Memelstadt. “Stadt” is simply German for “city.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKlaipeda [Lithuanian: Klaipėda], historically also known as Memel [German], is a city in Lithuania on the Baltic Sea coast. It is the third largest city in Lithuania. It is located to the north of the Neman [German: Memel] River, close to the border of Poland. It is approximately 220 kilometers (136 miles) northwest of Kovno. Before World War I, the city belonged to Prussia. Betty refers to the city as Memelstadt. “Stadt” is simply German for “city.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn March 20, 1939, after years of increased tensions between the two nations, Germany issued an ultimatum demanding Lithuania give up the Klaipeda region. Also known as the Memel territory, the region had been detached from Germany following World War I. The demand came just five days after Germany had occupied Czechoslovakia. With no support from other nations and under the threat of German invasion, Lithuania complied with the demand. On March 23, 1939, German warships arrived in the port of the city of Klaipeda, where Adolf Hitler gave a speech to a cheering crowd. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II started on September 1, 1939, Kovno was annexed by the Russians, who then turned it back over to Lithuania. In 1940, the Russians re-occupied the area. They remained in Kovno until June 24, 1941 when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union and occupied the area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva [Hebrew: sitting] is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a Talmudic college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA gymnasium is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to college preparatory high schools in the United States. The gymnasium prepares pupils to enter a university for advanced academic study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLithuania was an independent country from the end of World War I until 1940. On January 16, 1939, Lithuania and Germany signed a nonaggression pact. Nevertheless, in March of that year Germany annexed the Lithuanian territory of Memel-Klaipeda, a region with an ethnic German majority. The Soviet Union occupied Lithuania in June 1940 and annexed the country in August 1940. On June 22, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. In June and July 1941, the Germans occupied Lithuania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Soviet Union occupied Lithuania in June 1940, Jewish life was disrupted by arrests, confiscations, and the elimination of all free institutions and communal organizations. Before the occupation, Kovno had a rich Jewish culture with almost 100 Jewish organizations, 40 synagogues, many Yiddish schools, 4 Hebrew high schools, a Jewish hospital, and scores of Jewish-owned businesses. During the Soviet occupation of 1940-1941, the Jewish educational institutions were closed down.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nemunas River is also known as the Neman, Nyoman, Niemen or Memel. Denyemen may be another locally known name for the river. It is a major Eastern European river that rises in Belarus and flows through Lithuania before draining into the Curonian Lagoon, and then into the Baltic Sea at Klaipėda.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (1890-1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1939 to 1949. As foreign minister, he concluded a secret agreement known as the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact with Hitler and Germany in 1939. Although Russia had a treaty with Poland to go to war to defend them if they were invaded by Germany, Russia betrayed Poland and agreed not to go to war against Germany when they invaded Poland if, after it was all over, Germany would give them the eastern half of Poland. The war started a week after the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact was concluded. Betty is paraphrasing a speech broadcast to the Soviet people on June 22, 1941. The full speech can be read at \u0026lt;http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1941molotov.html\u0026gt;. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the German army invaded the Soviet Union and its territories in June 1941, hundreds of thousands of Jewish and non-Jewish refugees fled eastward, along with retreating Soviet forces. The German army occupied Kovno and Vilna on June 24, 1941, the third day after the invasion, and, within weeks, the Baltic States were occupied. More than one million Jews from the former Soviet Union, Eastern Poland, the Baltic countries, Bessarabia, and northern Bukovina managed to escape before German troops marched into their towns and villages, but the rapid advance of the German army prevented many more from escaping.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn July 1941, German authorities ordered the Jews in Kovno to relocate to a designated area in the northern part of the city by August 15. A poorer section of the city known as Slobodka in Yiddish or Vilijampolė in Lithuanian that had previously housed only 8,000 people would now house approximately 35,000. For the first two months, the ghetto consisted of two separate areas: a “large” ghetto along the Neris River and a “small” ghetto to the west, connected by a wooden footbridge.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, the Lithuanian Jewish population was some 160,000, about 7 percent of the total population. By 1941, the Jewish population of Lithuania swelled by an influx of refugees from German-occupied Poland to reach about 250,000, or 10 percent of the population. Prior to the Second World War, Kovno had a significant Jewish population. Kovno had a Jewish population of 35,000-40,000, about one-fourth of the city's total population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eImmediately before and following the German occupation of the city on June 24, 1941, bands of Lithuanians went on bloody rampages against the Jews, murdering many hundreds in brutal pogroms. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLithuania joined the United Nations in September 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Judenrat or Ältestenrat was a Council of Jewish leaders established on Germans orders in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. Kovno’s Altestenrat was formed on August 8, 1941. They soon organized a ghetto police force and offices for health, labor, economics, food supply, housing, and welfare. There was also a fire brigade, paint and sign workshop, pharmacy, hospital, court, and education and residents’ records office. Although they were also given the responsibility of implementing the Nazis' policies regarding the Jews, the Kovno Altestenrat actively worked to support the underground’s resistance activities inside and outside the ghetto, documented the ghetto’s history, and compiled evidence of German atrocities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn August 18, 1941—three days after the ghetto was enclosed—somewhere between 500 and 700 young Jewish men were murdered in the “Intellectuals Action.” \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the ghetto, all men aged 16 to 57 and women aged 17 to 46 performed forced labor in workshops established inside the ghetto or in construction sites outside the ghetto. One of the most notorious assignments was the Aleksotas airfield construction site, with almost 3,500 laborers in the spring of 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the “Great Aktion” on October 28, 1941, the entire ghetto population was assembled in Demokratu Square, the central square of the ghetto. There, the Germans separated them. By the end of the day, 9,200 Jews, about 30 percent of the ghetto—almost half of whom were children—were selected as “unfit” for work, taken to the Ninth Fort, and shot into mass graves.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn early July 1941, German Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing unit) detachments and their Lithuanian auxiliaries began systematic massacres of Jews in several of the forts around Kovno that had been constructed by the Russian tsars in the nineteenth century for the defense of the city. Thousands of Jewish men, women, and children were shot, primarily in the Ninth Fort, but also in the Fourth and Seventh forts. Within six months of the German occupation of the city, the Germans and their Lithuanian collaborators had murdered half of all Jews in Kovno.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, the Jewish population of Lithuania was 160,000, about 7 percent of the total population. The Lithuanians carried out violent riots against the Jews both shortly before and immediately after the arrival of German forces in June 1941. In June and July 1941, detachments of German Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units), together with Lithuanian auxiliaries, began murdering the Jews of Lithuania. By the end of August 1941, most Jews in rural Lithuania had been shot. By November 1941, the Germans also massacred most of the Jews who had been concentrated in ghettos in the larger cities. The surviving 40,000 Jews were concentrated in the Vilna, Kovno, Siauliai, and Svencionys ghettos. In 1943, the Vilna and Svencionys ghettos were destroyed and the Kovno and Siauliai ghettos were converted into concentration camps. Some 15,000 Lithuanian Jews were deported to labor camps in Latvia and Estonia and about 5,000 were deported to extermination camps in Poland. Shortly before their withdrawal from Lithuania in the fall of 1944, the Germans deported another 10,000 to concentration camps in Germany. It is estimated that of the roughly 35,000 Jews in Kovno, only 2,000 survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstonia is the northernmost and smallest of the Baltic States. In 1939, the Jewish population of Estonia numbered about 4,500, a tiny percentage of the country's population. German SS and police units, together with Estonian auxiliaries, massacred the Jews of Estonia by the end of 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLatvia is one of the Baltic States, situated between Estonia and Lithuania. In 1935, 94,000 Jews, or about 5 percent of the population, lived in Latvia. By the beginning of 1943, only about 5,000 Jews remained. By the time the Russian Army liberated Latvia in 1944, only a few hundred Jews remained in Latvia. After the war ended, about 1,000 Latvian Jews returned from concentration camps; several thousand others who had escaped to the Soviet Union during the war also survived.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans established a ghetto in Riga, Latvia’s capital and largest city, in August 1941. When it was sealed in October, it contained around 30,000 Jews from Riga and the surrounding area. All but about 5,000—mostly young men and women healthy enough to work—were killed in series of actions in November and early December 1941. Survivors were confined to a separate part of the ghetto known as the “Latvian ghetto.” From November 1941 until mid-1942, more than 22,000 German, Austrian and Czech Jews were brought to Riga and housed in what was known as the “German ghetto.” Jews in Riga’s Latvian and German ghettos were used for forced labor. The liquidation of the Riga ghetto occurred incrementally in the fall of 1943. Those who were deemed fit for work were gradually transferred to the Kaiserwald concentration camp and its sub-camps. Others were transferred to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The Soviets liberated Riga in October 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Kovno ghetto was converted into the Kauen concentration camp in the fall of 1943, its territory and population were reduced. More than 3,500 were sent to subcamps in Aleksotas, Mariampolė (Kapsukas), Keidan, and Shanciai. On October 26, 1943, some 2,800 were sent to labor camps in Estonia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiauliai [Lithuanian: Šiauliai], also known as Shavli [Yiddish], was the second largest city in Lithuanian with a Jewish population of around 8,000 in 1939. After the German occupation of the city in June 1941, several thousand Jews were murdered in mass shootings in the nearby forest. The Siauliai ghetto was established in July 1941. Between 4,000 and 5,000 Jews were forced into two ghettos surrounded by barbed wire fences. In September or October 1943, the SS assumed jurisdiction of the ghetto, which became a subcamp of the Kauen concentration camp. The two ghettos or camps were liquidated in July 1944 and survivors were transferred to other concentration camps. Only around 500 of Siauliai’s pre-war Jewish population survived the war.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePonar’ or ‘Ponary’ was a wooded area approximately seven miles from Vilna where the Soviets had dug large pits for fuel storage tanks, but the project was incomplete when the Germans invaded. The Germans and their Lithuanian auxiliaries used the site for mass executions from early summer 1941 to July 1944 when 70,000-100,000 people—nearly all of them Jews—were brought to Ponar by foot, truck, and train and murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn November 1943, the Kovno ghetto was turned into a labor camp with a string of smaller camps attached to it, among them one at Kedainiai in Lithuania. Keidainiai [Lithuanian: Kėdainiai], also known as Keydan or Keidan [Yiddish] is one of the oldest cities in Lithuania. It is located 51 km (32 mi) north of Kovno, on the banks of the Neman River. The area was the site of a labor camp attached to the Kovno labor camp system, from which its workers were drawn. The camp appears to have opened around August 1943. At first the Jews from the Kovno ghetto rotated through it and returned to the ghetto after a few weeks, but later the SS took it over and made it into its own fortified site. The camp apparently closed in 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish population in Vileyka in 1940 was about 500. When the Germans occupied the town in June 1941, the Jews were pushed into a ghetto and put to forced labor. On August 28, 1941 all of Vileyka’s Jews were taken to the Pakarkle forest and shot. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eResistance in the Kovno ghetto focused less on preparing an uprising than on preparing the way into hiding for as many Jews as possible. In the summer of 1943, the underground established close ties with the resistance groups outside the ghetto, especially in the forests. Their network managed to help hundreds of Jews escape the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn March 27, 1944, in the Children’s Aktion, the ghetto’s remaining children under the age of 12 were rounded up. During the two-day action, German troops and Ukrainian auxiliaries went from house to house tearing the children from their parent’s arms. The 1,300 victims of the \"Children's Action\" were either shot at the Ninth Fort or deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were gassed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring German Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy the time Lithuania was liberated, about 90 percent of Lithuanian Jews had been murdered—one of the highest victim rates in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn July 8, 1944, the Germans evacuated the Kauen concentration camp. Most of the remaining Jews were sent to the Dachau concentration camp in Germany or to Stutthof, on the Baltic coast. The former Kovno ghetto was then razed to the ground with grenades and dynamite. As many as 2,000 people burned to death or were shot while trying to escape.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStutthof was established in 1939 near Danzig (present-day Gdansk, Poland), on the Baltic Sea. There were a series of sub-camps attached to the main camp, which acted as a reserve for slave labor for the others. Conditions in the camp were brutal and more than 60,000 people died there. Throughout the summer and fall of 1944, Stutthof received wave after wave of prisoners evacuated from other camps in the East that were about to be overrun by the Russians. Some 25,000 Jews from the final liquidation of the Kovno, Vilna, and Riga work camps, and some Hungarian Jews arrived in waves. Some were dumped there while others were sent on to other camps, usually by ship. Those who remained lived in tents and were essentially abandoned, without food or water, during the last days of the war. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans began evacuating Stutthof as the Russians neared in the fall and winter of 1944. The evacuations took place in a blinding snowstorm and frigid temperatures. Of the 11,000 prisoners driven out on the death march, nearly 7,000 died on the way. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party. Under the leadership of Heinrich Himmler, it grew to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich and was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLudwigslust is a town approximately 100 kilometers (62 miles) southeast of Hamburg, Germany and 170 kilometers (105 miles) northwest of Berlin. The city was initially captured by British and American troops but turned over to the Soviets after a few months.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetty may be referring to the Wobbelin [German: Wöbbelin] camp, a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp. It was established near the city of Ludwigslust, Germany at the end of 1944 to house prisoners of war and then concentration camp prisoners whom the SS had evacuated ahead of the Allies advance. At its height, Wobbelin held some 5,000 inmates, most of whom died from starvation and disease. The camp was freed on May 2, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCantor Isaac Goodfriend (1924-2009) served at Ahavath Achim in Atlanta from 1966 until his retirement in 1995 as Cantor Emeritus. Cantor Goodfriend was born into a Hassidic family in Poland. At the age of 16, he was interned in a German labor camp in Piotrkow, Poland. Escaping in 1944, he was hidden by a Polish farmer and was the only member of his family to survive the war. After the war, he attended the Berlin Conservatory of Music, McGill Conservatory of Music in Montreal, Conservatoire Provincial de Quebec, and later in Ohio at the Music School Settlement and Baldwin Wallace College. Before coming to Atlanta he served as cantor at Shaare Zion in Montreal, Canada in 1952, and later at Cleveland, Ohio’s Community Temple.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish battalions from the British Mandate of Palestine began fighting with the British Army as early as 1940, but it wasn’t until September 1944 that the Jewish Brigade Group (also known as the Jewish Brigade or Israeli Brigade) was formally established. The Jewish Brigade fought under the Zionist flag and served in Italy in 1945. After the war, Brigade members helped establish displaced persons camps in Europe and became active in organizing the emigration of Holocaust survivors to Palestine. The Jewish Brigade was disbanded in the summer of 1946. Many Brigade members joined the Haganah, a paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/annotation_set/481/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter Germany's defeat in the Second World War, the four main allies in Europe—the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France—took part in a joint occupation of the German state. The Allies agreed to a joint occupation of the nation's capital, Berlin, with each country taking charge of a sector. Upon British insistence, France joined Great Britain and the United States in the occupation of West Germany and West Berlin, while the Soviet Union managed the affairs of East Germany and East Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3300.0,3330.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Betty Goodfriend [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2.0,91.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was born in a small town in Lithuania called Vileyka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2.0,91.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memelstadt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vileyka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2.0,91.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians invading Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=91.0,432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1939, was the first time that we ran away from the Nazis. At this point, we realized that if we stayed on the German border for sure the Nazis will be there in no time.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=91.0,432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaunas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kovno","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shalom Aleichem Gymnasium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shtetl","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=91.0,432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Attempting to flee Lithuania to Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=432.0,563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We didn't have another choice, but to decide: Are we staying and waiting for the Germans to come in—the Russians were already on the run—or should we try to get closer to the Russian border to smuggle into Russia? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=432.0,563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fleeing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaunas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Messerschmitt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilnius","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=432.0,563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Returning Back to German-controlled Kaunas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=563.0,824.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was in June 22, 1941. We came back. [It] was the end of the month. When we got into Kaunas, we found out that new laws were being laid down by the Nazis. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=563.0,824.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaunas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refugee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slobodka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=563.0,824.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marching to the Slobodka Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=824.0,1397.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, murders will always be murders in my book. With this in front of us, we marched as we were told. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=824.0,1397.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gemeinde","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaunas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuanian Christians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"march","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ninth Fort","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sammelplatz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Seventh Fort","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slobodka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slobodka Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=824.0,1397.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working in an German-Occupied Hospital in Keidan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1397.0,1999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I went to the leadership of the ghetto to volunteer that they should send me there because I was afraid as a teenager to be by myself in the ghetto.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1397.0,1999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital laundry memories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Keidan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shtetl","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1397.0,1999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marching to a Concentration Camp in Stutthof","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1999.0,2646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was already towards the end in 1943. From the beginning of 1944, we knew that nobody will survive.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1999.0,2646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Danzig","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"making shoes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stutthof","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=1999.0,2646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping from a Death March","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2646.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One night they woke us up, 1945, January. They said, \"You all get together. Stand up we are going to march.\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2646.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1945","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"death march","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian village","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutzstaffel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"snow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=2646.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working in a Hospital in Ludwigslust, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543#t=3110.0,3319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39919/file/111543/index/47829/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One day, an officer came to this gathering point and he was looking for people to work in the Russian hospital. I volunteered with five other girls. 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