{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/dn3zs2mk09/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Goldsmith, Theresa"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2008-06-20 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Theresa Goldsmith (Interviewee)","John Kent (Interviewer)","Ruth Einstein (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Legacy Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eTheresa Goldsmith is interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia on June 20, 2008.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eTheresa Goldsmith was born Therese Hirsch in Frankfurt am Main, Germany on January 1, 1923. Theresa was one of three children born to a wealthy Orthodox Jewish family. Her father, Hermann, owned a shoe factory. Theresa attended a Jewish school.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThe Nazi party came to power in 1933, when Theresa was ten years old. The family’s life began to change rapidly. Her father was forced to sell his factory and immigrate to Paris, France. Her older sister, Lotte, immigrated to Palestine. Realizing the dire situation Jews in Germany faced, the family decided to immigrate to Palestine. In 1936, Theresa, her younger brother, and her mother, Selma, set sail from Trieste, Italy and reunited with her father in Haifa.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThe family settled in Tel Aviv, where Theresa lived with an aunt. She joined the Scouts, played sports, and attended private school for two years before leaving school to help support the family. Theresa worked as a maid, a babysitter, and an apprentice. She then moved to Jerusalem. In 1942, Theresa enlisted in the Royal Air Force. She rose to the rank of corporal and spent the next three years working at the headquarters in Cairo, Egypt.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAfter the war, Theresa decided to leave Palestine. She immigrated to the United States in 1947, just one year before Israel became a state. An aunt in New York greeted Theresa and a cousin provided her an affidavit of support. On vacation in the Catskills, Theresa met another German Jewish immigrant, Harry Goldsmith (1921-2010). The couple married in 1948. Harry soon accepted an offer to open a factory in Colbert, Georgia. Harry and Therese bought a house in nearby Athens, Georgia, where they raised two children. After Harry retired, they moved to Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eTheresa introduces her family and describes her early years in Frankfurt, Germany. She recalls how life changed after the Nazis came to power. Theresa explains why her family left Germany for Palestine. Theresa remembers the cultural and financial challenges of life in Palestine. She talks about enlisting in the Royal Air Force during the war. Theresa recalls the amicable relationships between Jews and Arabs before Israel achieved statehood. She recounts illegal immigrants coming to Palestine after the war. Theresa explains why she decided to leave Palestine. She briefly explains how she came to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29070"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Frankfurt, Germany (geographic term)","Paris, France (geographic term)","Palestine (geographic term)","Haifa (geographic term)","Tel Aviv (geographic term)","Jerusalem (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Cairo, Egypt (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Erwin Rommel (personal name)","British (corporate name)","Royal Air Force (corporate name)","Trieste, Italy (geographic term)","Scouts (corporate name)","Selma Gruenebaum (personal name)","Herman Hirsch (personal name)","Therese Hirsch (personal name)","Lotte Hirsch (personal name)","Theresa Goldsmith (personal name)","Harry Goldsmith (personal name)","Samson Raphael Hirsch (personal name)","Samson Raphael Hirsch School (corporate name)","Palestine Symphony Orchestra (corporate name)","Israel Philharmonic Orchestra (corporate name)","Maccabiah Games (corporate name)","Yekke (other)","Palestine Broadcasting Service (corporate name)","Sabra (other)","Zionism (other)","Orthodox Judaism (other)","Arab (other)","British Mandate (corporate name)","Christian (other)","kibbutz (corporate name)","immigration (topical term)","World War II (named event)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eTheresa Goldsmith is interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia on June 20, 2008.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTheresa Goldsmith was born Therese Hirsch in Frankfurt am Main, Germany on January 1, 1923. Theresa was one of three children born to a wealthy Orthodox Jewish family. Her father, Hermann, owned a shoe factory. Theresa attended a Jewish school.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eThe Nazi party came to power in 1933, when Theresa was ten years old. The family\u0026rsquo;s life began to change rapidly. Her father was forced to sell his factory and immigrate to Paris, France. Her older sister, Lotte, immigrated to Palestine. Realizing the dire situation Jews in Germany faced, the family decided to immigrate to Palestine. In 1936, Theresa, her younger brother, and her mother, Selma, set sail from Trieste, Italy and reunited with her father in Haifa.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eThe family settled in Tel Aviv, where Theresa lived with an aunt. She joined the Scouts, played sports, and attended private school for two years before leaving school to help support the family. Theresa worked as a maid, a babysitter, and an apprentice. She then moved to Jerusalem. In 1942, Theresa enlisted in the Royal Air Force. She rose to the rank of corporal and spent the next three years working at the headquarters in Cairo, Egypt.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAfter the war, Theresa decided to leave Palestine. She immigrated to the United States in 1947, just one year before Israel became a state. An aunt in New York greeted Theresa and a cousin provided her an affidavit of support. On vacation in the Catskills, Theresa met another German Jewish immigrant, Harry Goldsmith (1921-2010). The couple married in 1948. Harry soon accepted an offer to open a factory in Colbert, Georgia. Harry and Therese bought a house in nearby Athens, Georgia, where they raised two children. After Harry retired, they moved to Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTheresa introduces her family and describes her early years in Frankfurt, Germany. She recalls how life changed after the Nazis came to power. Theresa explains why her family left Germany for Palestine. Theresa remembers the cultural and financial challenges of life in Palestine. She talks about enlisting in the Royal Air Force during the war. Theresa recalls the amicable relationships between Jews and Arabs before Israel achieved statehood. She recounts illegal immigrants coming to Palestine after the war. Theresa explains why she decided to leave Palestine. She briefly explains how she came to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/180/276/small/Goldsmith_Theresa.m4v_1678473920.jpg?1678473921","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Goldsmith_Theresa.m4v"]},"duration":1662.495,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/180/276/small/Goldsmith_Theresa.m4v_1678473920.jpg?1678473921","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/180/276/original/Goldsmith_Theresa.m4v?1678473918","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1662.495,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Theresa Goldsmith [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"John: It is June 20, 2008. This is John Kent in Atlanta.\n\nTherese: You have to talk a little louder.\n\nJohn: Okay. Let us start with your name, birthdate, and where you are from.\n\nTherese: My name is Theresa Goldsmith.\n\nJohn: Spell it.\n\nTherese: T-H-E-R-E-S-E Goldsmith. You know how to spell Goldsmith. I was born in\nFrankfurt, Germany--Frankfurt am Main; ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not on the Oder [River].\n\nJohn: When?\n\nTherese: When? January 1, 1923.\n\nJohn: What was your original name, your family name?\n\nTherese: Hirsch, Therese Hirsch, H-I-R-S-C-H.\n\nJohn: What are your earlier memories of what your family situation was?\n\nTherese: I come from a very well-to-do family. My mother was an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only child and\nmy father -- I do not know how they met. My father had a factory in\nSachsenhausen, which was on the other side of the Main, [making] bedroom\nslippers and inlay soles. His associate was a German that he met during ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World\nWar One.\n\nJohn: Your parents' names?\n\nTherese: My parents named Selma and my father, Hermann. My mother's maiden name\nwas Selma Gruenebaum, but my grandmother remarried because her father died when\nshe was just one year old. Her grandmother remarried Daniel Warmth.\n\nJohn: Any brothers and sisters?\n\nTherese: No, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have brothers and sisters. I had an older sister, Lotte, and I\nhad a brother, Ludger. They both died of cancer in the United States.\n\nJohn: Describe your early years as a child. What was it like?\n\nTherese: I cannot. It is not much to describe. I had a very happy childhood and\nthere is not much -- That is what I keep telling you. There is not much to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say.\n\nJohn: How much was the Jewishness a part of your faith?\n\nTherese: I went to -- I do not know whether you ever heard of Samson Raphael\nHirsch. Have you heard of Samson Raphael Hirsch? You did. [He was a] very\nwell-known Orthodox rabbi. There was a school by his name and I went to that\nschool. I come from an Orthodox background. As a matter of fact, two of his\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"granddaughters went to the same class at that school.\n\nJohn: Before [Adolf] Hitler took over, you were about ten years old?\n\nTherese: I left Germany at 13. I was 13.\n\nJohn: Before 1933, how were the relationships between Jewish people and\neverybody else before Hitler's influence started?\n\nTherese: I do not know because we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only associated with Jews. In Frankfurt, it\nwas Jews. I went to -- Relationship? As I told you, my father had a partner. In\nChristmas time, we went over and looked at his -- We were invited over there,\nbut otherwise I had no relation with non-Jewish people.\n\nJohn: Did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your parents ever talk about that topic?\n\nTherese: Of having, of being --\n\nJohn: Yes, maybe that it affected them as adults. Did they ever talk about it?\n\nTherese: No, not that I remember. Even so, I do not think they would have\ndiscussed it in front of us as children.\n\nJohn: What are your first memories of when things started to change in the early\n1930s? What were you aware of?\n\nTherese: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Really--I keep telling you--I was not really affected by it. Of course,\nI knew something was going on -- A lot of people left.\n\nJohn: Maybe starting in around 1933, you were about ten or so years old?\n\nTherese: [In]1933, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ten years old, yes.\n\nJohn: Maybe talk about what started to change around you at the time.\n\nTherese: As I said, girlfriends started to leave--that is the only\nthing--different places, England, Holland.\n\nJohn: Did your parents' situation change at all, in terms of business or anything?\n\nTherese: No. Now, wait a minute. Our parents' situation changed because my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father did not stay with -- That man that he was associated with had a Nazi son.\nHe told his father, \"You have to get rid of that Jew,\" so my father left for\nParis [France]. He was in Paris and we stayed home. That was, of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, a big\nchange. He came to visit once in a while, which really was not allowed. Once you\nhad left, you were not supposed to return. My mother used to go and visit him in\nParis and we stayed--all three of us--with different relatives. I stayed with an\nuncle and aunt. That was it. Then, we left in 1936.\n\nJohn: You still stayed in school throughout?\n\nTherese: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. Jewish schools were open until late. There was no change in the\nschool or nothing.\n\nJohn: How did it come about that you left finally? How did that get organized?\n\nTherese: My parents wanted to be together again, number one, and number two, my\nsister had left. My sister was ten years older than I. She had left for [what\nwas] then Palestine. She realized -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Outside of Germany, it was much more\nobvious what was going on. She came back, and came to visit my father, and came\nto visit us in Germany, and told us, \"You have to get out.\" We left and went to Palestine.\n\nJohn: The whole family left at the same time?\n\nTherese: Yes. My father left from Paris and we left from Frankfurt and met again\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine.\n\nJohn: What was it like to leave your home?\n\nTherese: I did not mind. It was exciting to leave. I was a child with no\nexperience. I did not realize what was involved. Once I was there, I realized\nwith school, and different languages, and the whole big deal.\n\nJohn: How did your parents explain to you why you were leaving?\n\nTherese: I do not think it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needed explanation. I knew there was a Hitler and he\ndid not like Jews. I do not think -- It was not really explained to me, no.\n\nJohn: Did they tell you anything about how they made the arrangements to get out\nand to get to Palestine? Did they tell you anything about that?\n\nTherese: My sister did the thing, the arrangements.\n\nJohn: What do you remember about getting to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine? What are your memories\nstarting that part of the story?\n\nTherese: First, we were on the first Jewish ship that existed that left from\nTrieste [Italy] to Haifa. It was the Tel Aviv, the ship's name. My brother and I\nhad a ball on the ship. Of course, it was hard for my mother. I still see her\nsitting in the deck ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chair. We left with very little money. Only ten marks a\nperson was allowed. Then, of course, in Haifa, lo and behold, there was my\nfather at the pier and that was wonderful. What else do you want me to --\n\nJohn: What was the date when you got there?\n\nTherese: I do not remember the date, but I think it was --\n\nJohn: The season?\n\nTherese: It must have been April.\n\nJohn: Nineteen thirty-six?\n\nTherese: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1936, right. I still remember my first hamsin [Arabic: sandstorm].\nYou know what a hamsin is? That is the hot sandstorms. They are sandstorms. It\ngets very hot. Of course, it was shortly before Pesach. I remember that. We all\nwent to my sister's house, but there was not enough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room for me, so I stayed\nwith an aunt, who was the sister of my father. Of all times, that very same day,\nthat was the first night of the Jewish radio program. [It] had not been there\nbefore. They all stayed up, all her children. I was so tired. I remember that\nnight that they all were there. She lived in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pension, my favorite aunt. [She]\nwas a wonderful woman. There were a number of firsts. Also, the first in Tel\nAviv -- The first performance of the Israeli Philharmonic was during 1936. That\nwas a first and the radio was the first. I joined--I was always athletic--I\njoined the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maccabi. Those were firsts.\n\nJohn: What language were you speaking?\n\nTherese: I was speaking with a lot of German refugees as well. [I spoke] German,\nbut of course, in school I had to learn Hebrew. But since I went to a parochial\nschool [in Germany], I knew how to read and write Hebrew, but, of course, I\ncould not speak it. I had some private lessons. My parents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sent me to a young\nman that wanted to make himself some money. I had Hebrew, but I also had to -- I\nnever had English and I had to catch up--I do not know how many years of\nEnglish--and two years of Arabic I had to catch up. In Germany, all I had was\nFrench, so everything was in Hebrew, whether it was math, or history, or\nwhatever. That was very difficult. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Plus, the Russians and Polish kids called me\n'yekke.' That was not --\n\nJohn: What does that mean?\n\nTherese: Yekke was German. [It meant] you are a German.\n\nJohn: Did it have a negative meaning?\n\nTherese: To them? Yes. To me, the way it was done had a negative meaning. That\nwas rough. As I said, the adjustment in Palestine was rough; not the leaving as\nmuch ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the adjustment.\n\nJohn: Did you notice --\n\nTherese: Making new friends, all this, yes.\n\nJohn: Was there any difference between the Jews of Israel and the Jews of\nGermany in terms of how they were?\n\nTherese: No, the Jews of Germany were not liked because in Germany, the Eastern\nEuropean Jew was looked down upon, not in my family, but a lot of German Jews\nlooked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down on [them], especially the Polish Jews. My memory is that the Russian\nkids were the brightest of the bright in my class, the Russians. But these were\nkids that were already born in Palestine. [They were] different. They were\nSabras. You know what a Sabra is?\n\nJohn: [Yes.] How come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Jewish people in Palestine had a bad feeling about Germans?\n\nTherese: Maybe carried over from being--I do not know--carried over from\nGermany, where the Germans -- Tit for tat. Who knows?\n\nJohn: Then talk about how your parents established a new life there.\n\nTherese: [It was] very difficult. You come without money, and you always had a\nmaid in a big apartment or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home, and there you are down. Are you kidding? It\nmust have been very hard, the whole thing, cooking facilities, everything. They\ncooked with little neft stoves. She did not have a gas stove or an electric\nstove. There was no such thing. There was no such thing as a refrigerator. They\nhad an icebox. They bought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ice--like we have ice here--that they bought to keep\nyour food fresh.\n\nJohn: Did your parents have much of a Zionist attitude earlier on?\n\nTherese: No, my parents were not Zionist. This aunt where I stayed with, she\nwas. Her children left Germany already the early 1920s. They were Zionists, but\nnot my parents. No, they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox, but not Zionist.\n\nJohn: Throughout those early years, how much information were you getting about\nwhat was happening in Germany?\n\nTherese: People disappeared. We heard that this one or that one ended up in the\nconcentration camp. Later on, a couple of my girlfriends from Germany told us\nabout it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We heard about concentration camps, but not details. As I said, my\nparents were very beshuetz [German: protect]-- They did not want us to -- What\nis the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"word? Anyhow --\n\nRuth: Was it overprotective?\n\nJohn: Try it in German. Maybe Harry knows.\n\nTherese: \u003cSpeaks to Harry in German\u003e\n\nHarry: \u003cOff Camera\u003e I cannot hear you.\n\nTherese: Never mind. They just did not want to -- the information --\n\nJohn: They were just private or protective?\n\nTherese: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Protective, yes. They were very protective.\n\nJohn: You could not get much from radio and newspapers? It was more --\n\nTherese: Who had a radio? Who could afford a radio? We did not have a telephone.\nWe had nothing. You have no idea what it is like to go from one place to\nanother--never mind from a lot of things and being very well to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do to having\nnothing. When we had three meals a day, that was good.\n\nJohn: Talk about how you went about your own little life, never mind the politics.\n\nTherese: [In] my own life, I tried to make friends. I joined the Scouts, an\nOrthodox Scout group. That was really what I -- First, I went to one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school, a\nsmaller school in our neighborhood. Then, I went into a bigger school. But [they\nwere] all private schools, which my parents thought, after Germany, they did not\nwant me to go to a public school, so they sent me to private schools. I guess my\nsister paid for it because they could not really afford it.\n\nJohn: Can you describe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yourself? What kind of a young lady were you growing up?\nCan you describe yourself?\n\nTherese: Look, at 15, I worked. I went to school for two years in Palestine.\nThat was it. It was not [like] the American teenager, believe me. You had to\nmake money. You had to earn a living without education, really. I only had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seven\nyears of schooling. I do not know what to tell you.\n\nJohn: Did you have any particular expectations for your future? Were you working\ntowards something?\n\nTherese: I would have loved to have become a gym teacher. I would have loved to\nhave gone to college and really, to have a decent education. I really would have\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liked that, but I knew it was not -- I did not even think about it.\n\nJohn: Once the war actually started --\n\nTherese: In 1939, the war in Europe started. I joined the British Air Force.\nPalestine was under the British Mandate. You could not join unless your parents\ngave permission. Once I was 19, I joined the Air ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Force and I served in Egypt.\n\nJohn: Why did you make that decision?\n\nTherese: Rommel was coming. You remember good old Rommel in the African\ncampaign? He was coming. I felt that now is the time to pay back, so I joined.\nIt was really altruistic.\n\nJohn: What were you doing in the military?\n\nTherese: Nothing much. Just, I was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the accounts headquarters of the Air Force\nin Cairo [Egypt]. I was a bookkeeper and so on. I started off as, here you would\nsay, an LCW, which is a lance corporal, and then I became a corporal. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Documents\nmostly, filing, typing -- I knew how to type.\n\nJohn: How long did that period last?\n\nTherese: Almost three years, from 1943 until 1946. I looked up my -- Whatever it\nis called. My --\n\nJohn: Your records?\n\nTherese: My records, yes. No, it has a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"term -- Where you enlist and where you --\nYes, I looked it up yesterday.\n\nJohn: From 1939 until you got into the military in 1943 --\n\nTherese: In 1943, yes.\n\nJohn: During those four years --\n\nTherese: In 1939, I was not old enough.\n\nJohn: During those four years, you were still in school and working?\n\nTherese: Working, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes. First, I was a housemaid, a babysitter. Then, I worked\nfor a store as an apprentice. Then, I moved to Jerusalem. I said I was in Tel\nAviv for four years and then in Jerusalem. I lived [in] Jerusalem. I lived on my\nown. My brother was there. My brother went to the beit sefer [Hebrew: school]\nschool. You are probably familiar with that. He got a scholarship ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for\n[unintelligible; 22:01].\n\nJohn: How much interaction did you have with the Arab population during those years?\n\nTherese: Frankly, we did -- It was completely different then. Now, do not\nforget--I am trying to tell people--there were a lot of Christian Arabs. They\nwere not all Mohammedans. They were friends of ours. We had one guy that dated a\nJewish girl and he was completely accepted. [He] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"showed us -- We went to his\nhome once and everything. No, there was no animosity as far as I remember in my circle.\n\nJohn: Not with the Islamic population either?\n\nTherese: I said -- In Egypt -- I have pictures of the guy that we worked with in\nEgypt, a couple of guys. One was very anti-British; not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anti-Jewish. Another\none, again, invited us to his home. This is Egypt. It is not nowadays Egypt. He\ntook us to the pyramids. It was a different time. This is now. I think things\nchanged after 1948 when Israel became independent. That they probably did not\nlike, but before then, they were in the same boat as we. The British were the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enemy.\n\nJohn: When the war ended, what was your what kind of thoughts did you have about\nthe whole thing?\n\nTherese: About the war?\n\nJohn: Yes. By then, I assume a lot of information was out.\n\nTherese: We were happy it was ended well. I should tell you that I lived in Tel\nAviv during the time where they brought the illegal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boats to Tel Aviv, at the\nocean. My brother-in-law, who had a driving school, he used to get calls in the\nmiddle of the night, and he used to pick up illegal immigrants, and bring them\nto kibbutzim. That that was an exciting time. Some of the boats, they left the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boats. They were not really -- They were junk. They left them right in the\nwater. But Tel Aviv was not the only one -- in Haifa and Jaffa.\n\nJohn: Did you meet any people at that time who came?\n\nTherese: No, I did not because they came, they took them to kibbutzim, and so\non. They distributed them around the country, I assume. I have no idea.\n\nJohn: How did life in Palestine change ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the war when a lot of people did\nstart coming in?\n\nTherese: After the war?\n\nJohn: Were you aware of anything?\n\nTherese: No, it did not affect the life. Our life continued the way we were used\nto, except, again, people left. A lot of friends of ours left. I was one of\nthem. I left before Israel became independent. I left in 1947.\n\nJohn: Had you met your husband already by that point?\n\nTherese: No, my husband ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never was in Palestine. My husband, he will tell you\nwhen he came to this country by himself. He has a much more interesting story.\n\nJohn: How did you go about your family leaving in 1947? How did that happen?\n\nTherese: My mother was a hero. When I think of people, she was fantastic. She\naccepted the fact. [She said,] \"If ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's better for you. If that's what you\nwant, that's --\" Both my parents, they accepted it. I left my sister, my\nbrother. Everybody was in Israel.\n\nJohn: They stayed behind?\n\nTherese: They stayed. I came here by myself.\n\nJohn: How did you decide that?\n\nTherese: How did I decide it? It was another adventure. I think I was naive even\nat that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"age. I thought it was easier than it really must have been. And my\nboyfriend left -- and others, too. That was one of the reasons.\n\nJohn: Where did you go first in America?\n\nTherese: New York. I went to New York and I --\n\nJohn: You had relatives or something?\n\nTherese: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. My aunt was at the pier, and picked me up, and brought me to the\nones that gave you -- You needed affidavits at that time. My cousin gave me\naffidavit and his parents put me up. I stayed with them, and they told me I can\nstay at their place until I find work and find somewhere to live. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/transcript/42014/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was how\nit is. I think that is it. Come on. Enough.\n\nJohn: Okay.\n\nTherese: Enough about me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1650.0,1680.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrankfurt [German: Frankfurt am Main] is a central German city on the Main River. In 1933, more than 26,000 Jews lived in Frankfurt, making the city the second-largest Jewish community in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSachsenhausen is a neighborhood in the southern end of Frankfurt, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. Some of the first anti-Jewish measures taken in Germany included a series of laws in 1933, which expelled all “non-Aryans” (defined as anyone with a Jewish parent or grandparent) from civil service, barred Jews from practicing as lawyers or physicians, and restricted Jewish enrollment in German high schools. Initially, exceptions were made for German veterans of World War I and their children. An estimated 100,000 German Jews served Germany in the military during World War I. These exceptions reinforced the way many veterans identified themselves—as Germans rather than as Jews—and created a false and short-lived sense of security. Eventually, all German Jews—regardless of their earlier service to their country—were disenfranchised and suffered under the increasing anti-Jewish laws and abuses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamson Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888) was a German Orthodox rabbi and scholar. Hirsch is best known as the father of a theological system known as “neo-orthodoxy.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Samson Raphael Hirsch School was a Jewish Orthodox school in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It was founded in 1853 by Samson Raphael Hirsch. It was closed by the Nazis in 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn January 1933 there were approximately 523,000 Jews in Germany. Approximately 304,000 German Jews emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship. When the Nazis came to power, there was an initial wave of emigration, mostly to neighboring European countries, which would later be occupied by the Nazis. In 1938—especially after Kristallnacht—Jewish emigration increased dramatically. By May 1939, only about 14,000 Jews were left in Frankfurt. Only about 202,000 Jews remained in Germany by the end of 1939. By October 1941, when Jewish emigration was officially forbidden, the number of Jews in Germany had declined to 163,000. Until October 1941, German policy officially encouraged Jewish emigration. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration. It was carved out of Ottoman Syria after World War I, and consisted of the territories of modern-day Israel and Jordan. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 to 1948. It was formalized with the League of Nations’s consent in 1923 and contained two administrative areas. The land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British rule until 1948, while the land east of the Jordan was a semi­autonomous region known as Transjordan under the rule of the Hashemite family until 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy the time Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party came into power in Germany, Jewish immigration to Palestine had already been restricted by a series of official reports (known as White Papers) issued in 1922 and 1930 by the British government. Nevertheless, almost a quarter of a millionimmigrants legally arrived in Palestine in the 1930s; nearly half from Europe. Many set sail from Trieste, a city on the northeastern coast of Italy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe cost for Jews to leave Germany was increasingly and prohibitively high in the years leading up to World War II. Most of the German Jews who managed to emigrate after Kristallnacht were completely impoverished by the time they were able to leave. In order to further pay the various taxes and restrictions imposed on Jews leaving Germany and the high cost of emigration, many Jews were forced to sell their real estate, possessions, and other assets for far less than their actual worth. To keep the purchase and sale of Jewish property and assets “legal,” local currency offices policed emigration. German authorities considered Jewish belongings and their financial capital to German property and Jews who emigrated were not allowed to take anything of material value with them. The amount of currency (10 Reichmarks, or about US $4) and assets Jews were allowed to take out of Germany was also highly restricted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn March 30, \u003cbr\u003e1936\u003cbr\u003e, the Palestine Broadcasting Service began \u003cbr\u003eradio\u003cbr\u003e transmissions from Ramallah. It \u003cbr\u003efeatured programs in Arabic, Hebrew and English. Newscasts were subject to political censorship by the British Mandate authorities but music and radio programs were left to the heads of the Arabic and Hebrew sections. The Hebrew name of the station was Kol Yerushalyim [Hebrew: Voice of Jerusalem]. After Israeli independence in 1948, the station became Kol Israel [Hebrew: Voice of Israel] and was operated by the new government.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cbr\u003eIsrael Philharmonic Orchestra\u003cbr\u003e began as the Palestine \u003cbr\u003eSymphony Orchestra\u003cbr\u003e in Tel Aviv in \u003cbr\u003e1936\u003cbr\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Maccabiah Games, first held in 1932, are an international Jewish and Israeli multi-sport event held quadrennially in Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYekke [Hebrew] is an informal slang term used to critique the influx of German Jews who immigrated to Palestine between 1933 and 1941. Unlike earlier immigrants from Eastern Europe, the majority of these German Jews came to Palestine out of necessity, not Zionist convictions. They typically were unprepared and did not speak Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSabra [Hebrew] is an informal slang term that refers to any Israeli Jew born in Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] Neft is heating by burning oil. A small furnace that looks like a fireplace is the source of the heat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “concentration camp” refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. In Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, concentration camps (Konzentrationslager; briefly “KL” or “KZ”) were an integral feature of the regime. Shortly after coming to power in 1933, the Nazis began to set up a series of concentration camps across Germany. Those were mostly local initiatives: facilities that the SA, SS, and police established on an ad hoc basis, where they would detain and abuse real and imagined enemies of the regime. By 1934, there were over 100 of these early camps in operation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Israel Boy and Girl Scouts Federation was first founded as Scout and Guide programs in 1919. The Israeli Scout Movement became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1950 after the statehood of Israel. The federation was created in 1954.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohannes Ewin Eugen Rommel (1891-1944) was a German general. He served as field marshal in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. The success of his North Africa military campaign earned him the nickname \"Desert Fox\" from British journalists. When Rommel was accused as a conspirator in the plot to assassinate Adolph Hitler in 1944, he committed suicide rather than face trial.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith international pressure mounting, in 1945, Britain, unable to find a practical solution, referred the problem to the United Nations, which in November 1947 voted to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states in May 1948 when the British mandate was scheduled to end. After the British began the withdrawal of their military forces from Palestine in early April 1948, Zionist leaders moved to establish a modern Jewish state. On May 14, 1948—the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired—David Ben-Gurion, the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, announced the formation of the state of Israel. The next day, forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq invaded and war began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War I, Britain took over Palestine. Although protested by the Arab states, the League of Nations authorized the British mandate over Palestine, which continued throughout World War II. Beginning in 1929, Arabs and Jews openly fought in Palestine. Britain attempted to limit Jewish immigration as a means of appeasing the Arabs. Jewish immigration had already been restricted by a series of official reports (known as White Papers) issued in 1922 and 1930 by the British government. The Arab Revolt of 1936–1939 further caused Great Britain to dramatically limit the numbers of immigrants allowed into Palestine in subsequent years and throughout the Holocaust. In 1939, a third White Paper was issued, which limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 for the first five years, subject to the country's \"economic absorptive capacity,\" and would later be contingent on Arab consent. At the end of World War II, Britain continued to strictly limit Jewish immigration to Palestine. Jewish resistance organizations managed to smuggle hundreds of thousands of survivors from Europe into Palestine via “illegal” immigrant ships. The British intercepted most ships, however, and began to intern the immigrants they caught in camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kibbutz [Hebrew: gathering, clustering] is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The first kibbutz, established in 1909, was Degania. Today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economic branches, including industrial plants and high-tech enterprises. Kibbutzim began as utopian communities, a combination of socialism and Zionism. In recent decades, some kibbutzim have been privatized and changes have been made in the communal lifestyle. A member of a kibbutz is called a \"kibbutznik.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/annotation_set/1001/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1620.0,1650.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/index/52719","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Theresa Goldsmith [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/index/52719/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=10.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/index/52719/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My name is Theresa Goldsmith.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=10.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/index/52719/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Haifa","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hermann Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sachsenhausen, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Samson Raphael Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Samson Raphael Hirsch Shule","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Selma Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tel Aviv","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Theresa Goldsmith","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therese Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trieste, Italy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=10.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/index/52719/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=570.0,1509.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/index/52719/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I still remember my first hamsin [Arabic: sandstorm]. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=570.0,1509.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/index/52719/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aliyah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arab","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"British","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cairo, Egypt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Erwin Rommel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Girl Scouts","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hamsin","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"illegal immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Independence","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jerusalem","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maccabi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"radio","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Royal Air Force","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sabra","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"statehood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tel Aviv","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yekke","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=570.0,1509.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/index/52719/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaving for America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1509.0,1662.495"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/index/52719/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our life continued the way we were used to, except, again, people left.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1509.0,1662.495"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276/index/52719/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Affidavit of Support","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harry Goldsmith","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York City","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Statehood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87340/file/180276#t=1509.0,1662.495"}]}]}]}