{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/df6k06zf43/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Cohen, Joseph"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1976-02-12 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Bogart, Larry (Interviewer)","Cohen, Joseph (Interviewee)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRabbi Joseph Cohen was interviewed by Larry Bogart on February 12, 1976 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRabbi Joseph Cohen was born to his parents, Heine and Suzannah Cohen, on February 10, 1896, in modern day Istanbul, Turkey. There, he studied for Rabbinical school and was drafted into the Turkish Army to fight against Britain and France in Palestine. After the conflict, he stayed in Jerusalem as a civilian and briefly worked in a British insurance agency until he decided to move closer to his uncle in Havana, Cuba in 1920. He became the rabbi of congregation Shevet Ahim Union Hebrea. Rabbi Joseph Cohen helped foster the Jewish community in the area by starting the school Colegio Herzl, the Jewish National Fund of Cuba, and hosting political discussions surrounding the rising antisemitism of the time. While in Cuba, he married his wife, Louisa Cohen.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe couple decided to leave for Atlanta, Georgia when the Cuban Revolutionist Movement became more prevalent in Havana. Rabbi Cohen was set to lead the Sephardic congregation Or VeShalom upon his arrival in 1934. His passion for community involvement continued in Atlanta, demonstrated by how he connected the local Jewish community to larger international programs, such as the Zionist Organization of America. Fearing judgment for being Sephardic, Rabbi Cohen thought it was important to show how they belong in the Jewish narrative. He created a space to connect with the teenagers of the congregation and worked with other rabbis in the area to create a safe spiritual environment for the youth. His involvement on community boards was never ending; even beyond his retirement in 1969, he was actively involved with the community until his death in 1985.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview begins with Rabbi Joseph Cohen recounting how his family fled from Spain to Turkey due to the Edict of Expulsion in 1492. The memoirist lists the names of his parents and grandparents before giving a brief timeline of his journey to Atlanta, moving from rabbinical school in Turkey, fighting in the military in Palestine, and moving to Havana, Cuba to be a rabbi before fleeing the Cuban Revolution to finally settle in Georgia in 1934.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the interview moves between a few themes repeatedly, often comparing the interviewee’s and his wife’s experiences in Havana to Atlanta. One of these themes surrounds the memoirist’s first impressions of the congregations he interacted with. Rabbi Cohen discusses how he felt that the greater Jewish community at large viewed Sephardic Jews due to their customs, language, and other identifiers that separated them from the rest of the community. The memoirist provides his understanding of the history of the congregations before his arrival, including the creation of the congregation Or VeShalom, which was a combination of two previous smaller Sephardic congregations. He also reflects on the  Americanization of his congregation by discussing tradition, intermarriage, and his fear of assimilation.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAnother major theme covered in the interview revolves around Jewish community organizations. In his time in Havana, Rabbi Joseph Cohen helped found a congregation and synagogue and develop supporting schooling, helping foster community for the new and growing population of Eastern European Jews immigrating to Latin America. The memoirist discusses the organizations that he joined or helped found once he moved to Atlanta to become the rabbi of the congregation Or VeShalom. Much of the conversation surrounds why these organizations were founded and what activities they held for the local and international community.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe interviewer prompts the third theme throughout the interview, which covers the most influential and wealthy figures in the Atlanta Jewish community. They discuss the founders of the previously mentioned organizations and their biggest supporters. The memoirist speaks on the daily lives of his community and its elders, what activities families might have partaken in, and what downtown life was like at the time for them.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe last theme of the interview covers social movements, mostly surrounding antisemitism and racism. Rabbi Joseph Cohen and his wife, Louisa Cohen, often remark throughout the interview on the shocking nature of racism and segregation in the United States, having just come from the non-segregated nation of Cuba. Although the memoirists recall  protesting Hitler ideology since before his chancellorship in 1933, Rabbi Cohen and his wife did not recollect seeing as much awareness or concern over antisemitism in the United States upon their arrival. They briefly discuss memories of race relations within the congregations, the Anti-Defamation League, and Leo Frank. The interview, overall, reflects on the changes in the Jewish community before, during, and after the time of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29259"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Bogart, Larry Ivan (1932-) (personal name)","Bogart, Larry (personal name)","Cohen, Rabbi Joseph Isaac (1896-1985) (personal name)","Cohen, Joseph (personal name)","Cohen, Louisa (personal name)","Constantinople (geographic)","Turkey (geographic)","Istanbul (geographic)","Sephardic Judaism (topical)","Spain (geographic)","Mediterranean (geographic)","Joseph, Isaac (personal name)","World War I (named event)","Military (topical)","Jewish Community (topical)","Palestine (geographic)","Weizmann, Chaim Azriel (1874-1952) (personal name)","Allenby, Edmund Henry Hynman (1861-1936) (personal name)","Zionism (topical)","Jerusalem (geographic)","Palestine (geographic)","Havana, Cuba (geographic)","Cuba (geographic)","Cuban Revolution Movement (topical)","Machado y Morales, Gerardo (1869-1939) (personal name)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic)","Marriage (topical)","Immigration (topical)","The Temple (topical)","Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (topical)","Epstein, Rabbi Harry Hyman (1903-2003) (personal name)","Geffen, Rabbi Tobias (1870-1970) (personal name)","Geffen, Tobias (1870-1970) (personal name)","Epstein, Harry Hyman (1903-2003) (personal name)","Isle of Rhodes (geographic)","Yiddish (topical)","Hebrew (topical)","Ladino (topical)","Judeo-Spanish (topical)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (topical)","Frank, Leo Max (1884-1915) (personal name)","Frank, Leo (1884-1915) (personal name)","Ku Klux Klan (topical)","Slaton, John Marshall \"Jack\" (1866-1955) (personal name)","Marietta, Georgia (geographic)","Antisemitism (topical)","Jews, Ashkenazi (topical)","Gershon, Oscar (1880-1945) (personal name)","Oberdorfer, Donald (1901-1945) (personal name)","Goldstein, Samuel Jacob (1858-1951) (personal name)","Goldstein, Dr. Marvin Clarence (1917-1997) (geographic)","Shearith Israel (topical)","Goldstein, Abraham \"Avrum\" Meyer (1874-1947) (personal name)","Reform Judaism (topical)","Orthodox Judaism (topical)","Conservative Judaism (topical)","Racism (topical)","Rich, Morris (1874-1928) (personal name)","Hirsch, Harold D. (1881-1930) (personal name)","Alexander, Sr., Henry Aaron “Harry” (1874-1967) (personal name)","Alexander, Jr., Cecil Abraham (1918-2013) (personal name)","Haas, Herbert (1884-1953) (personal name)","Garson, Frank (1886-1955) (personal name)","Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945) (personal name)","Discrimination (topical)","Holocaust (named event)","Hindenburg, Paul von (1847-1934) (personal name)","Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882-1945) (personal name)","Medintz, Barney (1910-1960) (personal name)","Interfaith (topical)","Assimilation (topical)","Culture (topical)","Customs (topical)","Hasidic Judaism (topical)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRabbi Joseph Cohen was interviewed by Larry Bogart on February 12, 1976 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRabbi Joseph Cohen was born to his parents, Heine and Suzannah Cohen, on February 10, 1896, in modern day Istanbul, Turkey. There, he studied for Rabbinical school and was drafted into the Turkish Army to fight against Britain and France in Palestine. After the conflict, he stayed in Jerusalem as a civilian and briefly worked in a British insurance agency until he decided to move closer to his uncle in Havana, Cuba in 1920. He became the rabbi of congregation Shevet Ahim Union Hebrea. Rabbi Joseph Cohen helped foster the Jewish community in the area by starting the school Colegio Herzl, the Jewish National Fund of Cuba, and hosting political discussions surrounding the rising antisemitism of the time. While in Cuba, he married his wife, Louisa Cohen.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe couple decided to leave for Atlanta, Georgia when the Cuban Revolutionist Movement became more prevalent in Havana. Rabbi Cohen was set to lead the Sephardic congregation Or VeShalom upon his arrival in 1934. His passion for community involvement continued in Atlanta, demonstrated by how he connected the local Jewish community to larger international programs, such as the Zionist Organization of America. Fearing judgment for being Sephardic, Rabbi Cohen thought it was important to show how they belong in the Jewish narrative. He created a space to connect with the teenagers of the congregation and worked with other rabbis in the area to create a safe spiritual environment for the youth. His involvement on community boards was never ending; even beyond his retirement in 1969, he was actively involved with the community until his death in 1985.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview begins with Rabbi Joseph Cohen recounting how his family fled from Spain to Turkey due to the Edict of Expulsion in 1492. The memoirist lists the names of his parents and grandparents before giving a brief timeline of his journey to Atlanta, moving from rabbinical school in Turkey, fighting in the military in Palestine, and moving to Havana, Cuba to be a rabbi before fleeing the Cuban Revolution to finally settle in Georgia in 1934.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the interview moves between a few themes repeatedly, often comparing the interviewee\u0026rsquo;s and his wife\u0026rsquo;s experiences in Havana to Atlanta. One of these themes surrounds the memoirist\u0026rsquo;s first impressions of the congregations he interacted with. Rabbi Cohen discusses how he felt that the greater Jewish community at large viewed Sephardic Jews due to their customs, language, and other identifiers that separated them from the rest of the community. The memoirist provides his understanding of the history of the congregations before his arrival, including the creation of the congregation Or VeShalom, which was a combination of two previous smaller Sephardic congregations. He also reflects on the \u0026nbsp;Americanization of his congregation by discussing tradition, intermarriage, and his fear of assimilation.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAnother major theme covered in the interview revolves around Jewish community organizations. In his time in Havana, Rabbi Joseph Cohen helped found a congregation and synagogue and develop supporting schooling, helping foster community for the new and growing population of Eastern European Jews immigrating to Latin America. The memoirist discusses the organizations that he joined or helped found once he moved to Atlanta to become the rabbi of the congregation Or VeShalom. Much of the conversation surrounds why these organizations were founded and what activities they held for the local and international community.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe interviewer prompts the third theme throughout the interview, which covers the most influential and wealthy figures in the Atlanta Jewish community. They discuss the founders of the previously mentioned organizations and their biggest supporters. The memoirist speaks on the daily lives of his community and its elders, what activities families might have partaken in, and what downtown life was like at the time for them.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe last theme of the interview covers social movements, mostly surrounding antisemitism and racism. Rabbi Joseph Cohen and his wife, Louisa Cohen, often remark throughout the interview on the shocking nature of racism and segregation in the United States, having just come from the non-segregated nation of Cuba. Although the memoirists recall \u0026nbsp;protesting Hitler ideology since before his chancellorship in 1933, Rabbi Cohen and his wife did not recollect seeing as much awareness or concern over antisemitism in the United States upon their arrival. They briefly discuss memories of race relations within the congregations, the Anti-Defamation League, and Leo Frank. The interview, overall, reflects on the changes in the Jewish community before, during, and after the time of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Cohen__Joseph.mp3"]},"duration":5106.88653,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/222/011/original/Cohen__Joseph.mp3?1703894796","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":5106.88653,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Cohen_Joseph [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n \n\nBOGART: The date is February the 12th, 1976, and the interviewer is Larry\nBogart. Rabbi Joseph Cohen, tell me where are you from and when you were born?\n\nCOHEN: I was born in Constantinople, the capitol of Turkey, which now is\nIstanbul. From a Sephardic father, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my\nparents and I have been from the descendants of this part of the Jews expelled\nfrom Spain in 1492 who were settled in the Mediterranean, many of them different\ncountries, there's Italy, Greece, and the Levant. My parents are part of those\n[indistinct 1.00] Sephardi centered ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in\n\nTurkey, which used to be [the] Turkish Empire.\n\nBOGART: What year were you born?\n\nCOHEN: In 1986 . . . Excuse me,\n, which . . . the day before yesterday was my 80th birthday.\n\nBOGART: Happy birthday.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: Thank you.\n\nBOGART: My birthday is February 8th, so, we are very close. What were your\nparents’ names, Rabbi Cohen?\n\nCOHEN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Heine\n\nCohen, and my mother, Suzanne Cohen.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: Suzannah.\n\nCOHEN: I do not remember.\n\nBOGART: Do you remember your grandparents’ names?\n\nCOHEN: I do remember my maternal and parental grandparents. My [paternal\ngrandfather’s] name ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\n\nIsaac Joseph. My father's mother, Tovah Cohen, which means “good.” All of them\nCohen origin, both sides. My mother's parents, her father was Behot Chaim ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cohen.\n\nMy mother's mother name was Sarah Cohen.\n\nBOGART: You were raised in Istanbul?\n\nCOHEN: Istanbul. Educated in Istanbul . . . a religious and [indistinct: 2.52].\n\nBOGART: How old were you when you left Istanbul and where did you go?\n\nCOHEN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\n\nleft Istanbul for the reason that was the beginning of the First World War while\nI was studying to be in college, the Royal School. I was 17 and a half years\nold, recruited to the army for the purpose to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become\n\nan officer in the Turkish Army. [We were] to correct those of their officers in\nthe bottom field of their demands, which was the Turkish [indistinct: 3.45].\nUnfortunately, we had to leave the school.\n\nBOGART: Did your whole family leave Istanbul? Where did you go?\n\nCOHEN: No, I had been taking all the military ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"training\n\nand for the officer from Istanbul. I had to go to Dardanelles, which was one of\nthe frontiers against [the French] and the British Army. Until 1917, I had been\ntransferred to Palestine in the Turkish Army. Until the end of the war, which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=240.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\n\nOctober 1918.\n\nBOGART: You left Palestine in 1918?\n\nCOHEN: No, after I had been released as not being prisoner, being a Jew. It was\nthe agreement between Weizmann and General Allenby, the commander of the\nPalestine Army. I had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live\n\nas a civilian in Jerusalem and join into the [indistinct: 5.15] out of Israel,\nwhich was the body of the representative of the Zionist in Palestine, and I had\nbeen working ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until\n\nthe holiday of Shavuot in 1919 which on the following day I left Jerusalem to go\nhome to Istanbul. I had been living for a year almost and working ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"temporarily\n\nin the British insurance company. Then I had been called by my uncle who was\nliving in Havana, Cuba. I left Istanbul for Cuba and arrived there in July 1920 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\n\n[lived] 14 years in Cuba. There in Cuba, I developed for myself a very, very\ntedious social and communal work where I was co-founder of the Zionist\nOrganization, The Karim Climate Yisrael. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\n\nhad been working to create a daily school. The name was called Colegio Herzl.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOGART:\n\nDid you study to be a Rabbi in Cuba?\n\nCOHEN: No, I already was. I did part of my Rabbinical study in Istanbul and part\nin Palestine. I practiced my profession in Cuba. I became a Rabbi of the [Shevet\nAchim] Union ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrea\n\nde Cuba, which means the Hebrew Union of Cuba.\n\nBOGART: What brought you to the United States?\n\nCOHEN: I was there with all these activities and welfare, and then, a cultural\nmovement. It was during the Cuban Revolution Movement. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\n\nregime of General President Machado. That was in 1934. I received an invitation\nand an offer from the congregation Or VeShalom to take the spiritual guidance of\nthis congregation. After a process of time, I arrived here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on\n\nApril 18, 1934. Taking position, I think, in the pulpit.\n\nBOGART: How big was the congregation then?\n\nCOHEN: The congregation then was, I presume, around 55 or 60 families. With a\npopulation [of], more or less, 180 or close to 200.\n\nBOGART: When did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meet\n\nyour wife and when did you get married?\n\nCOHEN: I met my wife in 1924. Coincidentally, she was living there with her\nfamily in Havana. It was a coincidence similar to Jacob meeting Rachel. That was\nthe first meeting was my first decision of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having\n\n her.\n\nBOGART: Okay, and you were married. When were you married?\n\nCOHEN: I married on March the 29th of 1925.\n\nBOGART: Then you arrived here in Atlanta [Georgia] with Mrs. Cohen?\n\nCOHEN: We celebrated the 50th anniversary last . . . March 1975.\n\nBOGART: I was at the synagogue.\n\nCOHEN: You remember.\n\nBOGART: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.\n\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: March 29th.\n\nCOHEN: We met in the year 1925, is it?\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: We got married before 1925.\n\nBOGART: If you can describe it for me, what were some of your early impressions\nwhen you arrived in Atlanta? I bet you came by train.\n\nCOHEN: I came from, first by boat, from Havana to Key West [Florida] and from\nKey West by train to Atlanta.\n\nBOGART: Who met you at the station in Atlanta?\n\nCOHEN: It was [indistinct: 11.0] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\n\nwere acquainted that I was coming. A committee of the Or VeShalom, composed of\nmen and woman, met us at the . . . terminal station.\n\nBOGART: Yes. Who was the committee?\n\nCOHEN: The committee, to my recollection, was . . . Mr. [indistinct: 11.21\npossibly ‘Rabeno’] Galanti . . . Victor Benveniste. David Ajuelo. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Isaac\n\nBenveniste. [indistinct: 11.34] and from the ladies . . .\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: Mrs. [indistinct: 11.41] and Mrs. Isaac Benveniste and Mrs. Louisa Galanti.\n\nCOHEN: And who else?\n\nBOGART: Where was your first home? What was the first address in Atlanta, Rabbi Cohen?\n\nCOHEN: . . . On Washington Street.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOGART:\n\nAnd the congregation had its synagogue where?\n\nCOHEN: . . . On Central [Avenue] and Woodward [Avenue].\n\nBOGART: Yes, what was your congregation like when you first came? Was it\ncomposed of many professional people, or tradespeople, or . . . ?\n\nCOHEN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tradespeople,\n\ndelicatessens, and shoe repair.\n\nBOGART: Did your congregation live close by to the synagogue?\n\nCOHEN: Yes, most of them did.\n\nBOGART: Was it in Atlanta that the Sephardic community had perhaps, were in one\narea where they lived close to each other, or was it the Jewish community sort\nof mixed up at that time?\n\nCOHEN: The majority of the members ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used\n\nto live on Central Avenue or Pryor Street . . . and Washington and Capitol\nAvenue and Richardson Street.\n\nBOGART: What were the other congregations in Atlanta when you first arrived?\n\nCOHEN: I founded the Ahavath Achim, Shearith Israel, and The Temple.\n\nBOGART: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who\n\nwas the Rabbi?\n\nCOHEN: Then, [Rabbi] Eleyahsworth, respectively, Rabbi Epstein, Rabbi Geffen,\nthen Rabbi Marx, with whom I had a very close friendship I start. I introduced\nmyself from the first day I arrived here. Because for the idea of introducing my\ncongregation, my group, to the community. It was, since ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then,\n\nthat Jews of Atlanta had been recognizing who the Sephardic are. Because they\nhad a very good conception about this group, to my knowledge.\n\nBOGART: What, in your opinion, was the conception of the greater Jewish\ncommunity, of the Sephardic community, when you came?\n\nCOHEN: Well, in those days, they didn't have this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conception\n\nentirely. Because, as I told you, they still were a new group . . . in the sense\nthat they were . . . 25 years still. Our young people, they came from the\nmajority of them, from the Rhodes Islands, from [indistinct: 14.50 possibly\n“Melas”] from Dardanelles, from Istanbul. They weren't so well ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organized.\n\nI overheard from the research work I made with my congregation, in the\nbeginning, they used to meet in, I think, [indistinct: 15.16] for the High Holy\nDays. But, in a corridor of the synagogue, that having still any relationship\nwith the other community members. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They,\n\nfrankly, didn't believe that still they were Jews.\n\nBOGART: Who didn't believe they were Jews, the rest of the community?\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: The community.\n\nBOGART: In what respect? Their customs were different?\n\nCOHEN: You do respect that, of course. They used to ask, are you Jews?\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: Because you don't speak the Yiddish language.\n\nCOHEN: They didn't speak Yiddish, and they used to speak just Spanish. Very few\nof them start speaking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English.\n\nIt is natural that they had doubts about their origin and even having in their\nhands the prayer book, [indistinct: 16.12 prayer book title in Hebrew] in\nHebrew. Still, they couldn't believe they are Jews. They showed them the traces.\nThey still couldn't believe them.\n\nBOGART: Let me pursue this a minute because this is interesting.\n\nCOHEN: This is what I heard when I came here, because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\n\nwant to discover what was the reason that they hadn't been recognized by the\n[indistinct: 16.39].\n\nBOGART: Was there a feeling among the Sephardic community in Atlanta before you\ncame and perhaps at about the same time that you came that they could not join\nanother congregation?\n\nCOHEN: They didn't join.\n\nBOGART: Didn't join or couldn't join? Or both?\n\nCOHEN: A lot of them, because they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted\n\nto organize their own group and live among themselves, that was the reason . . .\nthough they had a kind of a so-called spiritual leader, with the exception of\ntwo of them, really were one Rabbi, another [indistinct: 17.21], Rabbi Uziel,\nbefore my coming here . . . and Hahan Jabbay, whom Rabbi Epstein ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew\n\n. . . and Rabbi Serfaty. Still, they had been only just one or two years. They\nused to lead the congregation.\n\nBOGART: Let me understand those names again. There was a Rabbi in the Sephardic\ncommunity when you came?\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: No, before.\n\nBOGART: No, before you came?\n\nCOHEN: It was before I came. Yes, Rabbi Uziel.\n\nBOGART: U-Z-I-E-L?\n\nCOHEN: That's right.\n\nBOGART: And who is the other gentleman you mentioned?\n\nCOHEN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hahan\n\nJabbay. J-A-B-B-A-Y.\n\nBOGART: They were not living when you, or had already left . . . ?\n\nCOHEN: No, they left. They went somewhere else. That was the reason the Or\nVeShalom didn't have any leader for a quite long time, for eight to nine months.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: No, more than two or three years.\n\nCOHEN: That was the reason they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking\n\nfor a new Rabbi. It was a coincidence that my ad, I found in the Ladino paper\nfrom New York [City], La Vara, which doesn't exist now, that the Or VeShalom was\nlooking for a Rabbi. That was the beginning of my process in communicating with\nthem and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finally\n\nI came here to Or VeShalom.\n\nBOGART: Rabbi Cohen, tell me, after you came, the first few years, what sorts of\nJewish organizations other than the synagogues existed? What did you see the\nJewish community as being interested in?\n\nCOHEN: The Zionist Organization [of America], [indistinct: 19.21], to which I joined.\n\nBOGART: Well, that's the organization you joined. Was it a large organization in Atlanta?\n\nCOHEN: Comparing to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those\n\nyears, it was more globalized. When we used to meet at the Zionist Organization,\nat the Jewish Progressive [Club] on . . .\n\nBOGART: Pryor Street, yes.\n\nCOHEN: The B'nai B'rith and the Standard Club used to be on Ponce de Leon\n[Avenue]. I went [to] the first meeting I can, so I joined with them.\n\nBOGART: Did you find that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most\n\nJews were Zionist who wanted to see the formation of a Jewish State or was the\nJewish community divided on this issue?\n\nCOHEN: In those days, you couldn't judge who wanted to hold on, but still, being\nthat they were members of the Zionist Organization, the aim was for the future\nof the Zionists were to bring the creation of the state.\n\nBOGART: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What\n\nwas your relationship with Rabbi Marx?\n\nCOHEN: With Rabbi Marx? It was with the occasion [of] my installation ceremony;\nRabbi Epstein, Rabbi Geffen, Rabbi Marx ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had\n\nbeen invited. Though, Rabbi Geffen couldn't come for some reason. I heard that\nhe was out of town . . . Rabbi Epstein . . . and Rabbi Marx . . .\n\nCOHEN: . . . At the ceremony of my installation. That's why, and I appreciate\nthat . . . Though, in English, I did not understand nothing.\n\nBOGART: Your English wasn't so good?\n\nCOHEN: No, not so good. Not nothing. Absolutely.\n\nBOGART: Let me ask you how you communicated with Rabbi Epstein?\n\nCOHEN: I communicated with Rabbi Epstein in Hebrew.\n\nBOGART: And Rabbi Marx? How did you communicate?\n\nCOHEN: Rabbi Marx used to speak ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with\n\nme in English. I understood what he meant to say. I used to answer him in Hebrew.\n\nBOGART: Rabbi Marx didn't understand Hebrew?\n\nCOHEN: No, he didn't, but that's what I remember. I address myself then in\nresponse, installed in Hebrew and Spanish to my congregation.\n\nBOGART: Let me ask you, Rabbi Cohen, in those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days,\n\nin The Thirties, was most of the Jewish families in Atlanta affiliated with the\nsynagogue, would you say?\n\nCOHEN: All of them. Originally, from the research work I made as soon as I came\nhere, because I wanted to explore how this Or VeShalom exists. I knew that there\nused to be two Sephardic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"groups.\n\n\nBOGART: Tell me about those two, what you learned.\n\nCOHEN: One was Ahavath Shalom, and the other, Or Achim.\n\nBOGART: Which means?\n\nCOHEN: Which means a “Lord of Peace.”\n\nBOGART: And the other congregation?\n\nCOHEN: Or Achim, the “Light of Life.” They were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two\n\nsmall segments.\n\nBOGART: Where did they hold services?\n\nCOHEN: They held services in [the home of] one of the only Sephardic [ladies]\nused to live here, Mrs. Amiel.\n\nBOGART: Spell that for me.\n\nCOHEN: A-M-I-E-L.\n\nBOGART: Does she have descendants living in Atlanta now?\n\nCOHEN: Yes, Leo ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amiel\n\n. . . was the son that passed away.\n\nBOGART: What possible explanation could there be for two small Sephardic congregations?\n\nCOHEN: I presume it was . . . for the original cities they came from. Those that\ncame from Rhodas were in one group.\n\nBOGART: In English, we would say the Isle of Rhodes.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COHEN:\n\nThe other ones went from different parts of Turkey. In 1914, it was during the\nbeginning of the First World War. From the impressions I took from the then\nto-be president, Morris Capuano, and Bension Taranto was the father-in-law. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\n\n[indistinct: 24.30] had a meeting and exhorted them that now we must be united\nand so they can merge both together, taking a name of each one, the “Or” from\nthe Or Achim and the “Shalom” from Ahavath Shalom, it became “Or VeShalom.”\n\nBOGART: Rabbi Cohen, this is the sort of information we want to have . . .\n\nCOHEN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This\n\nis the origin of the Or VeShalom, still existing today.\n\nBOGART: In The Thirties, it was not easy in Atlanta. It wasn't easy for the\nJewish community. Was there any effect from the Leo Frank case, whether it was a\nconcern with the Ku Klux Klan in those days? Were you concerned?\n\nCOHEN: I heard about the story, which was very, very sad, from what I heard in\nthose days, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\n\nthat the Governor . . .\n\nBOGART: Governor [John] Slaton.\n\nCOHEN: We tried to make justice for Frank. Finally, they took him from the\nprison and took him to Marietta [Georgia].\n\nBOGART: What residual effect did that have on the Atlanta Jewish community?\n\nCOHEN: From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what\n\nI heard; they were upset. They discovered that Israel was called out of antisemitism.\n\nBOGART: Was this a topic of conversation in The Thirties? It occurred in the\n1920’s, and I was wondering whether anybody still talked about it after you had\narrived here in Atlanta?\n\nCOHEN: No, but they told me the story about it. I think the impression still was\nengraved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in\n\nthe hearts and minds of the Jewish people here. Thereafter, I did not change the\natmosphere of the public sentiment. Probably, the reaction was yet more favored\nafter that execution.\n\nBOGART: Tell me what the Sabbath was like in your neighborhood ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\n\nfew years after you came to Atlanta.\n\nCOHEN: When I came here, I heard that [indistinct: 27.07 possibly ‘Or VeShalom’]\nhad just one Friday night service and that's all.\n\nBOGART: This was your synagogue, your congregation?\n\nCOHEN: My congregation, before when I came here . . . I established the Sabbath\nmorning services. We had a very weak ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attendance.\n\nThey used to attend, almost the whole congregation, on Friday night and in the\nSabbath morning [indistinct: 27.44].\n\nBOGART: What time was your Friday night service?\n\nCOHEN: It was 6:30 [A.M.]. Saturday morning it used to be 8:45 [A.M.]. I used to\ngive my sermons in Spanish, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every\n\nFriday night and Saturday morning.\n\nBOGART: If you gave your sermons in Spanish, I take it you really had no\nAshkenazi members there?\n\nCOHEN: No, all of them were Sephardic.\n\nBOGART: You were telling me your congregation, by and large, were tradespeople?\nI'm sure there were exceptions, but were there shops closed on the Sabbath?\n\nCOHEN: No, unfortunately they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't.\n\nNo, I asked them, as a Rabbi, to [close them], but this couldn't be forced. Yes,\nI had the satisfaction that I could give them the service. I started immediately\nwith the invocation.\n\nBOGART: Rabbi Cohen, who in your memory, say during The Thirties, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did\n\n. . . you consider the leaders of the Jewish community, or those Jews who were\nconsidered leaders in the general community? Tell me what your impressions were.\n\nCOHEN: Well, the leaders in those days of my congregation were David Ajuelo,\nMorris Capuano and Victor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Franco,\n\nand Isaac Benveniste, and Victor Benveniste, Rabeno Galanti, Moreno Benveniste.\n\nBOGART: . . . We'll start with your congregation. How about in the whole Jewish community?\n\nCOHEN: The whole Jewish community? Well, I remember from the Ahavath Achim were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Oscar]\n\nGershon, DeGruttenhaus, [Donald] Oberdorfer, the old men . . . [Samuel Jacob]\nGoldstein . . .\n\nBOGART: Which Goldstein? . . . The grandparents of Dr. Marvin Goldstein?\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: Yes, the father.\n\nCOHEN: Morris Friedman, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1800.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hyman\n\nJacobs. Many others.\n\nBOGART: How about The Temple?\n\nCOHEN: The Shearith Israel . . . the old [indistinct: 30.48] . . . Abraham ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Goldstein\n\n. . .\n\nBOGART: Who was the Rabbi of Shearith Israel?\n\nCOHEN: Rabbi Geffen . . . and Rabbi Epstein, I don't remember the first name,\nTaylor? Many others.\n\nBOGART: How about The Temple?\n\nCOHEN: From The Temple? I don't exactly remember. The only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one\n\nI knew was [indistinct: 31.35], who died just months ago, last year . . . and\n[Rabbi] Frank Frengarson.\n\nBOGART: This is in the 1930’s . . . Let me ask you a question you may not want\nto answer. I would guess that you hadn't had much experience with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberal\n\nJudaism, Reform Judaism, before you came to this country. What were your early\nreactions to The Temple and to some of the customs that had been changed or\ndifferent customs?\n\nCOHEN: No, I didn't know what was existing in Atlanta and I knew from the\nhistory about the reform of Judaism. So, I find out that the temple was Reform. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\n\nhave had very good and friendly relation with Rabbi Marx . . . politically. I\nwasn't so well reacted from their customs, not wearing tallit and yarmulke, not\ncultural, and many other things which I knew by the history. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wear\n\nthem so much because in Germany, which was the cradle of the Reforms, still was\ncomparing today close to the Orthodox because they were like Conservatives. I\nfound that it was very extra Reformed. The other shuls, the Shearith Israel and\nAhavath Achim, were Jew Orthodox.\n\nBOGART: When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did\n\nAhavath Achim change its affiliation from the Orthodox movement to the Conservative?\n\nCOHEN: If I recall, this was in 1940 between 1948 and 1949. I remember all the\nmish-mush was gone when the members . . . they were going to change to\nConservative, and many meetings and the pros and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cons.\n\nThat was around in those days between 1948 and 1949. I remember Julias Tohenbaum\nused to take me to the shul . . .\n\nBOGART: What were the relationships, if any, between the Jewish community and\nthe black community in The Thirties and The Forties? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Any\n\n relationship?\n\nCOHEN: Generally speaking, I don't know about between Jews and black. I say that\nit really wasn't so pleasant. Being that in Cuba, where we had been living for\n14 years [indistinct: 34.52], so the relationship between white and black was\nvery liberal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\n\nthere wasn't such discrimination or segregation. In fact, we used to have a\nblack member, a neighbor.\n\nBOGART: This was in Havana?\n\nCOHEN: That's why . . . my relation wasn't favorable to this attitude of the discrimination.\n\nBOGART: Did you speak about this from the pulpit on any occasion?\n\nCOHEN: No, I never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spoke\n\n[on it]. The only incident I remember happened around 1960 at the New York\nbakery. I remember this young man that came from New ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York\n\n. . . Someone was working with them, a black family. They were Jews.\n\nBOGART: A black Jewish family?\n\nCOHEN: They wanted to register their children in the Hebrew school. They had\nbeen admitted.\n\nBOGART: [Into] your congregation?\n\nCOHEN: No, they had been admitted in Ahavath Achim from Shearith Israel. They\nturned to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me\n\n[to ask] if they would be accepted, so I would accept them. Still, that was\nbefore the [desegregation] and for the fear that there would arise some problem.\nI had to reject [them] after consultation with the Board. They had to leave,\nunfortunately [indistinct: 36.55].\n\nBOGART: They left Atlanta? Do you remember their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"names,\n\nand do you know where they now live?\n\nCOHEN: I don't know.\n\nBOGART: There are black Jewish families in Atlanta now who are accepted in the congregation.\n\nCOHEN: That was the only case.\n\nBOGART: No, there are some now in Atlanta . . . If I understood what you told\nme, the Sephardic community sort of arrived late in relation to other parts of\nthe Jewish community in the early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1900’s\n\n. . . There were Jews already here, then?\n\nCOHEN: There were the Ahavath Achim and the Shearith Israel.\n\nBOGART: The temple on Peachtree, also. Was it your impression that the Sephardic\nfamilies were sort of looked down on as newcomers?\n\nCOHEN: Yes, that was the reason. That was my job to raise them, introduce them\nto the community. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\n\nstarted coming.\n\nBOGART: Did you have the feeling in later years, or even in those years, that\nthere was a feeling of difference between the Polish Jews and the German Jews\nand the Russian Jews? Did you see any of that?\n\nCOHEN: Well, not from the point of view of the nomination of difference. There\nweren't any antagonistic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feeling\n\nbetween the groups. The only reason was, I don't know why . . . Shearith Israel\nand Ahavath Achim, there was some difference between them, though none of them\nwere Orthodox. As for The Temple, I had the impression that they had a tendency\nof amity of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"respect,\n\nyou might say, or consideration toward the Sephardic group from The Temple.\n\nBOGART: You had a feeling of a greater respect, greater feeling from The Temple\ntoward the Sephardic community. What made that so?\n\nCOHEN: I don't know why. Probably because, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with\n\nno [indistinct: 39.32] at all, some of them. And mostly Rabbi Marx is a leader,\nknew the history of the Spanish Jews from the time of Spain, that we had been\nconsidered the instructors of the Jewish people.\n\nBOGART: Knowing the history better, perhaps, they had that respect?\n\nCOHEN: They had their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"consideration\n\nin respect to this probably, though, economically or culturally, wasn't in that\nhigh [of] stakes. With that, we are the descendants of those groups of Spain.\nProbably they had more consideration and respect.\n\nBOGART: Let me ask you to think back a minute and tell me what some of the\nordinary day to day customs ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\n\nin your community, in the Sephardic community. Did the boys and girls date in\nThe Thirties? Were marriages perhaps arranged? Not arranged? Did people meet\neach other? What was the attitude of the Sephardic community to a marriage\nbetween a Sephardic boy, a girl, and an Ashkenazi boy and girl?\n\nCOHEN: Let me explain. This was part of my job. I'm very happy that we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had\n\na good result. As I can hear and see, this isolation of my group and not having\nany connection with the general community.\n\nBOGART: The general Jewish community.\n\nCOHEN: In my sermons, I have been emphasized that they should be working ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together\n\nwith the Ashkenazi community. It was the Jewish community at large. Then, the\n[Jewish Educational] Alliance was on Capitol Avenue. Because I had this\nexperience from Cuba, that's what I did. [indistinct: 41.53].\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COHEN:\n\n. . . I met with them and could talk to them. This was within our group and\nbefore [long] they start little by little going to the Alliance.\n\nBOGART: What year did you begin to talk about this?\n\nCOHEN: Maybe in 1934. We had a good beginning in 1935. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\n\n[started] joining. That's how they developed.\n\nBOGART: They play basketball at the Alliance?\n\nCOHEN: Basketball, everything. Ed Kahn used to be the director of the Alliance.\nMrs. Kahn, then, used to be the secretary. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That\n\ngave it a good result. Through that, also can be intermarriage.\n\nBOGART: Were your adult members happy or unhappy, generally, when their children\ncame home and told their mother and daddy, they wanted to marry someone who\nwasn't Sephardic?\n\nCOHEN: My conception, they were happy. When I spoke, I spoke to general\nmembership, to the parents of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these\n\nteenagers. I had been after them day in, day out, to join them and the reaction\nwas very favorable. That's how the Sephardic community started to be included\nthrough the general Jewish community. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact,\n\nnow [indistinct: 44.01] many years now, so we are happy to have many\nintermarriages, because in those days, not only among the Sephardic community\nand among the Ashkenazi group, there was [a] kind of discrimination. The\nintermarriage would be [indistinct: 44.28], like intermarriage ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with\n\nnon-Jews. These discriminations had been little by little eliminated, been\nrecognized. [indistinct: 44.41] that they are Jews. They had the conception that\nthey had befailed. This is how now we have so many mixed- marriages.\n\nBOGART: From where you sat, when one of your congregants married a congregant\nfrom one of the Ashkenazi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogues,\n\nit may have been that the other family may have been, perhaps, upset at first\nuntil there was a realization these were Jews also.\n\nCOHEN: The old timers didn't have the same conception as they started having\nlater on, the generation brought up here in America. They had been going to the\nsame ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school,\n\nAmerican school, together. So, they were Jews, that's how. They had been mixed\nup. They made a marriage. Still, that was the inner sentiment of the family not\nto be mixed married even from our members. They had the same conception.\n\nBOGART: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do\n\nyou remember any particular marriage where it was the most difficult? Just as an example.\n\nCOHEN: It was the first one . . . before my coming here . . . I heard that as\nthe first case ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of\n\nMorris Cadranel, who's woman was Cadranel. I don't know if you know Nace\nCadranel, his brother married with an Ashkenazi girl.\n\nBOGART: Do you remember that family's name?\n\nCOHEN: No . . .\n\nBOGART: What happened?\n\nCOHEN: . . . I don't know if they could find . . . because one of his daughters ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\n\n[officiated] . . . It was a bit mish-mush, that a Sephardic with Ashkenazi\nmarried together. It was terrible.\n\nBOGART: It was the talk of the community.\n\nCOHEN: Yes, among the families. That was the first case, which was before my\ncoming here. I heard about it.\n\nBOGART: What year do you think that took place?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COHEN:\n\n1931. Yes, this was the first case. Not thereafter, so it was very much.\n\nBOGART: It was accepted. Did you have any congregants who married into the\nReformed temple, do you recall? Way back, not now.\n\nCOHEN: I remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\n\nfirst one was . . . Gerry Weisz with Katy Piha.\n\nBOGART: Did that present any problem?\n\nCOHEN: No. They start taking [it for] granted.\n\nBOGART: How did you get around in The Thirties? Where did you do your shopping?\nWhere did you buy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your\n\nkosher food? How did you go to town? Did you ride the busses? What did you do?\n\nCOHEN: We used to live on Washington Street. We had everything. The grocery at\nthe corner of Washington and Glenn Street. Hoffman [Lane].\n\nBOGART: He sold kosher meat?\n\nCOHEN: Yes, kosher grocery and everything . . . the [indistinct: 48.47] Siegel\nwas the butcher on Washington Street. Richard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stein,\n\nthe butcher. There wasn't any difficulty of having kosher food.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: For transportation, we used to go by streetcar.\n\nCOHEN: A streetcar for many years.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: [We] waited for friends of our community to take them to their car.\n\nCOHEN: I heard they had a hard time.\n\nBOGART: Who were the richest Jews in Atlanta in The Thirties?\n\nCOHEN: I heard the Riches used to live on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pryor\n\n Street.\n\nBOGART: This is Mr. Morris Rich . . . ?\n\nCOHEN: . . . Harold Hirsch.\n\nBOGART: The lawyer?\n\nCOHEN: Yes.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: One of our members, Mr. Harry A. Alexander.\n\nCOHEN: He was originally Spanish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Portuguese.\n\nA member of the temple.\n\nBOGART: The Alexander family that lived where now the Phipps Shopping Center is?\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: That's right and he was the one that [called] to make the affidavit for\nus to come to America.\n\nCOHEN: He helped me a lot. I met him before.\n\nBOGART: His family was Spanish Portuguese with the name Alexander?\n\nCOHEN: Originally from Savannah [Georgia]. He was in [World War I].\n\nBOGART: Now, he made the affidavit. What did the affidavit have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say?\n\nDo you remember?\n\nCOHEN: Well, the memories that I had in the beginning, some difficulty to come\nhere to have the visa. In Cuba, I became a Cuban citizen.\n\nBOGART: You had a Cuban passport?\n\nCOHEN: It was at the time of the Revolutionary period of General Machado and the\ngovernment was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unsettled.\n\nI had been already engaged, they offered me this position so I should have the\nvisa, the passport. Though I had the citizenship I didn't have the paper yet,\nafter three years of work. Finally, by Providence I might say, I had the\npassport. While Harry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alexander\n\nwas working together with David Ajuelo, of my congregation, to see what\narrangements could be done to bring Rabbi Cohen here.\n\nBOGART: Why do you think David Ajuelo went to Mr. Alexander?\n\nCOHEN: [David Ajuelo] had the impression that he had a private teacher, Rabbi\nCohen, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who\n\nimagined that was the one. When I sent my letter and my offer, he took a deep interest.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: He knew that . . . When I came from Turkey with my mother, I was nine\nyears old. We came with the Ajuelo family on the same boat. They came to New\nYork and the destination was Atlanta. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\n\nand my mama went to Cuba because my father was there because he left during the\nwar. Then they knew that I was married to him. Knowing me as a little girl and\nthat I was married to him, all these coincidences together. Mr. Ajuelo had to\ndrive, thinking that he was the teacher of him from Turkey. And me, that I came\non the boat with his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wife.\n\nThey become very interested.\n\nBOGART: How did Mr. Ajuelo come to think to ask Mr. Alexander to help?\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: Mr. Alexander was Spanish, Sephardic, Portuguese and very influential.\n\nCOHEN: Besides that, he was the one together with David ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ajuelo,\n\nthen they were directed to by Rabbi [David] de Sola Pool from New York, who is a\nrecognized Chief Rabbi of the Spanish congregation by the state, to do\nsomething, an affidavit. They did, I already had the visa. So, things work.\n\nBOGART: Things worked out. Mr. Alexander at that time, though, he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\n\nSephardic Jew, a member of the temple. You had a good relationship with him. I\nthink there are still some Alexanders in Atlanta . . . Is Cecil Alexander, the\narchitect . . . ?\n\nCOHEN: A nephew. We used to be in connection, all of us, used to come to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our\n\nSynagogue once in a while.\n\nBOGART: Besides Mr. Alexander, who do you think were the most—not the\nrichest—but the most influential Jews in The Thirties? The ones who could move\nin the whole community, not the Jewish community, but the overall whole community.\n\nCOHEN: [Harold] Hirsch. In fact, he was the one who funded the Jewish Welfare\nFund in 1936.\n\nBOGART: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who\n\nelse besides Mr. Hirsch . . .\n\nCOHEN: Herbert Haas.\n\nBOGART: Mr. Herbert Haas? . . . had to do with the Federation, Welfare Fund, is\nwhat I was asking?\n\nCOHEN: I remember many of them.\n\nBOGART: Why was the Jewish Welfare Fund formed?\n\nCOHEN: Frank Garson and Roger Mott from the Zionist Organization [of America].\n\nBOGART: This was what year [that] the Jewish Welfare Fund was founded?\n\nCOHEN: 1936.\n\nBOGART: Why was it formed?\n\nCOHEN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It\n\nwas the matter that didn't exist in the [indistinct: 55.35] here in the\ncommunity in Atlanta. It was at the time of the pre-Hitler period . . . they\nshould have that kind of moment to help all the people as they united. They used\nto be in New York and other parts and some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other\n\nJewish communities.\n\nBOGART: This was to help the Jews basically go in the United States, immigrants.\n\nCOHEN: Yes, part of it through the islands there. Also, to help Jews with the\n[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee] and the American Jewish\nCommittee, because this American Jewish Committee has been well known by me\nwhile I was in Cuba ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"precisely\n\nat the time that I, with two more friends, Sephardis, that created the first\nHebrew School in Havana [in] 1925 or 1926. We didn't have a means to do that. We\nneeded money and so on. It was . . . at the beginning of the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigration\n\nfrom Eastern European Jews to Cuba. Then . . . we created something that was the\nmost important, the education. Including all the Ashkenazi, not only for the\nSephardi which existed before this. This direction was very favorable from New\nYork. The American Jewish Committee sent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\n\ndelegation to look for what we had been doing. At that time, the chairman of the\ncommittee was Mr. Cohen, the head, the national president of the AJC, he was\nsenator, I think.\n\nBOGART: Do you remember what state he was a senator from?\n\nCOHEN: No, that was in 1925.\n\nBOGART: Did the American Jewish Committee give you money?\n\nCOHEN: They looked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at\n\nthe school. They liked so much. They promised me they were going to send a\nsubsidy. The first subsidy was $600 a month, which thereafter increased to $800.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: He was the founder of that school.\n\nCOHEN: That's how the Sephardic Jews, even in Cuba, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\n\nrecognized as the factor instrumental of introducing the Jewish culture in Cuba,\nwhich didn't exist.\n\nBOGART: I have an impression that even now in Atlanta that not many members of\nthe Sephardic community are members of, or active in, the American Jewish Committee.\n\nCOHEN: I don't think they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are.\n\nThat's how we had that subsidy. They were very well satisfied.\n\nBOGART: That's an interesting connection.\n\nCOHEN: That's how I knew the American Jewish Committee in 1926.\n\nBOGART: Let's jump back to Atlanta in The Thirties for a minute. Was the\nAnti-Defamation League active in The Thirties ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here\n\nin Atlanta? If so, what, if anything, did they do?\n\nCOHEN: I don't remember, but yes, I heard about the Anti-Defamation League as a\npart of the B'nai B'rith and its activities . . . Not as active as it is now. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\n\ndidn't know what was the objective of the Anti-Defamation League until I\ndiscovered what the aim of it [was]. That is, to defend the rights with the\nJewish people, and for the security in the States. That's how I know.\n\nBOGART: Were there any Jewish farmers living near Atlanta who perhaps were\nmembers of any of the congregations?\n\nCOHEN: There was one, you remember the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one\n\nthat used to deliver milk to us . . .\n\nBOGART: [Were they] Sephardic or Ashkenazi?\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: Ashkenazi.\n\nBOGART: Well, the name might come back to you as we talk . . . While I'm\nthinking about it, I'm interviewing you and Mrs. Cohen to a certain extent, now\n[too]. I want you to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think\n\nin terms of who else may be in the Sephardic community, who goes way back in\nAtlanta, who might be good to interview. Can you think of anybody now?\n\nCOHEN: From the older generation is the only ones that remain now are not\navailable. I think the only thing probably, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\n\nI doubt it would be able to furnish you the information if you want, that might\nbe Victor Benveniste.\n\nBOGART: How old is Mr. Benveniste?\n\nCOHEN: I'm not sure, he must be close to 70.\n\nBOGART: Are you talking about Morris' father?\n\nCOHEN: Yes, and insofar as I recall, the only one, because the other ones . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he's\n\nnot of such a great influential . . .\n\nBOGART: There was a Jewish home for orphans on Washington Street. Did you have\nany connection or involvement?\n\nCOHEN: Yes, precisely as I told you, I had been always in connection with the\nolder Jewish community, including Hyman ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jacob.\n\nHe used to be, as I understand, a chairman or part of the Jewish home [that] was\non Washington Street . . . which later years, I don't know what was the reason,\nbut they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had\n\nto close the Jewish home and assign the orphans to foster homes. That's how I\nknew there was a Jewish home here, and Hyman Jacob was one of the instrumental\nof that . . .\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: He was a member of the board then.\n\nCOHEN: Oh, yes . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\n\nhad been a member of the of the [Hebrew Orphans’ Home] board for quite a few years.\n\nBOGART: Let me ask you about The Forties. In my own studies, I'm always amazed\nat what was going on in Europe and how little . . . I, as a 12- or 13-year-old\nboy, knew what was going on. I wonder, even now, if my folks knew what was going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on.\n\nTry to recall for me your awareness or growing awareness of the Holocaust. When\ndid you become aware and what happened in the Jewish community here in Atlanta\nin respect of that?\n\nCOHEN: I [wanted] to go back to Cuba. Precisely, it was at the time that we were\nactive in the Zionist movement that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all\n\nof a sudden, eventually, the Nazis started creating with the Hitler's movement.\nI was very, very interested and daily be reading all about his campaign and I\nfind that would be [indistinct: 1.04.49] for the Jewish future.\n\nBOGART: I didn't understand that word.\n\nCOHEN: What was going to be obscure for the Jewish people.\n\nBOGART: This was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\n\nTwenties before Hitler came to power, you were aware of his movement?\n\nCOHEN: No, no, that was after.\n\nBOGART: It was 1932 when he came to power.\n\nCOHEN: That's right, even before 1932. Before probably even 1928.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: In the 1920's, that's what he said.\n\nBOGART: Even before he became [Chancellor], you were aware of what was going on?\n\nCOHEN: I was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"acquainted\n\nwith all these campaigns in Germany and the 14 points of his program, which was\nto [annihilate] the Jewish people.\n\nBOGART: To annihilate the Jewish people.\n\nCOHEN: In fact, for this purpose . . .\n\nCOHEN: . . . And start gaining strength from day to day, and by the time the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Paul\n\nvon] Hindenburg was the chancellor of Germany, so [he] had to leave his\nchancellorship and give in to Hitler. That was the beginning of the dark days\ncoming to the Jewish people. In fact, we [had] organized a mass community\nmeeting in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cuba\n\n. . . in protestation of [Hitler becoming chancellor], which I was the main\nspeaker in those days at that meeting. It was a big turmoil in Havana, like\neverywhere. Unfortunately, I presaged those things to help. That was going to\nhappen, but exhorting our people not to lose ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faith,\n\nthat we will survive whatever would come. The Holocaust came and it started in\n1932 when [President Franklin Delano] Roosevelt over here took the\nadministration at that time.\n\nBOGART: When you arrived in Atlanta, was there an awareness in Atlanta, like\nthere was in Havana, Cuba, about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler?\n\n. . . I'm saying . . . were we as aware in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1934 and 1935\nwhen you came to Atlanta, as the Jewish people in Havana were aware?\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: Not as much.\n\nCOHEN: Not as much as I think in Havana. Yes. Because they were very strong\nbeliever in that and [indistinct: 1.07.55]. . . and when we came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here,\n\nof course.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: It wasn't nothing. They were not aware . . .\n\nBOGART: Now, tell me, as the war approached in 1939 in Europe, terrible things\nwere happening and 1939, 1938 with Kristallnacht. What awareness was here in\nAtlanta, what were people saying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here?\n\n\nCOHEN: [They were] waking up . . .\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: What was the name of the . . . he died, and he would work so hard. Barney\nMedintz. He was very active.\n\nCOHEN: That was later . . . so, they started [indistinct: 1.08.46], of this\ndanger. We had been reading the daily paper's comment about on what was\nhappening. When I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew\n\nthat, I told you, I read the 14 points in my address in those days in Cuba.\n\nBOGART: In The Forties, in Atlanta . . . were there mass meetings here? Were\nthere protestations to the president . . . ?\n\nCOHEN: Then, the general Jewish communities start rising up and opened up and\nthat in fact, I myself arranged many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mass\n\nmeetings in my congregation with prayer and many things, which was very well\nreacted [indistinct: 1.09.40], in our community. From then, that was the\nconsequence, or the outcome, of all this movement that had at first who realized\nthe necessity of establishing a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fund\n\nto help our brothers overseas, mostly in Europe. The Jewish Welfare Fund was\ncreated and there was such an excitement interest of the whole Jewish community.\n\nBOGART: Who was the first director of the Jewish Welfare Fund, do you recall?\n\nCOHEN: Well, the first chairman was Harold ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Guppens.\n\n\nBOGART: That was the chairman. When did they have a full-time paid employee?\n\nCOHEN: Ed Kahn.\n\nBOGART: He went from the Alliance, and he became the Jewish Welfare Fund [chairman]?\n\nCOHEN: The Alliance and started coming at all this movement and the Welfare Fund\nCampaign Committee started working together with the Alliance . . . should be\ncalled the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish\n\nCouncil of Atlanta.\n\nBOGART: [Are] you talking about the Alliance? Jewish Community Center?\n\nCOHEN: Yes, the Jewish Community Center.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: Yes, the Atlanta community was very much aware of all the happenings in\nthe war, and they were . . . extremely active.\n\nBOGART: I have the impression that the Jewish Welfare Fund and the Jewish\n[Educational] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alliance\n\nwere really the major organizations that brought some unity to the [community] .\n. . is that a correct statement?\n\nCOHEN: One of the outcome of those . . . I mean the consequence . . . that the\nReform Jews were completely almost separated from the Jewish community because,\nfrankly, to tell you, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they\n\npresumed to be as so-called aristocrats of the Jewish community. There wasn't\nany connection whatsoever. Probably individual connections. I remember you\nprobably attributed to business or whatever, you see. Communally, that was the\nbeginning of uniting the whole Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community.\n\nBecause all this slogan, again, this slogan of Hitler. Hitler was persecuting\nthe Jews. The Jews had to be together to be united.\n\nBOGART: You feel that [there] was a good movement in Atlanta?\n\nCOHEN: It was, unfortunately, in a tragic way.\n\nBOGART: Were there any Hebrew papers in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta?\n\nWere there any Yiddish papers, Ladino papers in Atlanta?\n\nCOHEN: Well, to my knowledge, the Yiddish papers were coming from New York. The\nMorning Journal. They asked me for a subscription for The Morning Journal.\n\nBOGART: Do you read Yiddish? Do you speak Yiddish?\n\nCOHEN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No,\n\nbut then, just a little bit. I can read Yiddish. Another one that our\n[indistinct: 1.13.42] existed also. [indistinct: 1.13.46] organization\n[indistinct: 1.13.50] Yiddish-ist.\n\nBOGART: Yiddish-ist?\n\nCOHEN: Yes, Yiddish-ist.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: They want to know the shul, it was the [indistinct: 1.13.57 Sepharad].\n\nBOGART: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How\n\nold is that shul, that congregation?\n\nCOHEN: The [indistinct: 1.14.03] Sepharad was existing since . . .\n\nBOGART: When you arrived?\n\nCOHEN: In 1934. It probably was before.\n\nBOGART: I believe in my mind that it's described as Hasidic.\n\nCOHEN: It used to be Hasidic. Not now, it is so-Hasidic.\n\nBOGART: Say that again?\n\nCOHEN: So-Hasidic. So-called.\n\nBOGART: So-called Hasidic.\n\nCOHEN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But\n\nthey were Hasidic.\n\nBOGART: There were Hasidic families there. How big [of] a congregation in The Thirties?\n\nCOHEN: Very small congregation. Probably they were 60 or 70 or 80 members.\n\nBOGART: What did the Hasidic families do for a living in Atlanta in The Thirties?\n\nCOHEN: Well, I don't know all they did.\n\nBOGART: No, I mean, what things did they do?\n\nCOHEN: Surely their regular jobs.\n\nBOGART: Just like anybody else.\n\nCOHEN: It could be said that.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOGART:\n\nWas there any difference in dress when you arrived in the United States between\nthe way the Sephardi community dressed in the Ashkenazi community dressed,\neverybody looked the same?\n\nCOHEN: No difference.\n\nBOGART: If you wanted to give the flavor of Atlanta during 1935 to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939\n\nwithout my asking you questions, how would you describe the city of Atlanta?\n\nCOHEN: Now, when we came here, we didn't have such a good impression. Looking\nfrom our way in by train coming. In fact, she was afraid, “Is that the kind of\ncity we are going to?”\n\nBOGART: Why? What was it that made you two afraid, or what did it look ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like\n\nwhen you were coming?\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: Well, to my impression, I thought I was coming to a village.\n\nBOGART: You two had just come from a big metropolitan, cosmopolitan city of\nHavana, Cuba, and you're coming to a country town. Is that a fair statement?\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: When I was looking through the window on the train where we were coming,\nI saw nothing but little wooden shacks. I said to my husband, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"“Where\n\nare you bringing me?” To tell you the truth, I cried for a whole year. I want to\ngo back.\n\nCOHEN: Why did she want to go back?\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: I just couldn't stand it.\n\nBOGART: I'm glad to hear this.\n\nCOHEN: This was her first impression from her point of view during our trip.\nWhen we came here, it was at night time. We can see nothing, just people. On the\nfollowing days, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then,\n\nwe started seeing that it is a city.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: It is a city, but it's still wooden shacks. When we came to the\nsynagogue, I thought the end of the world came to be.\n\nCOHEN: The synagogue, the building obviously, it didn't impress me.\n\nBOGART: What was it, a house?\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: It was a terrible wooden old house.\n\nBOGART: The synagogue in Havana that you were at, it was a regular building?\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: As a matter of fact, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all\n\nthe buildings in Havana were very well built.\n\nCOHEN: I don't say that they were a palace, but comparing, you know.\n\nBOGART: They were stone?\n\nCOHEN: Old stone structure. I had heard that in those days the population of\nAtlanta was around 275,000.\n\nBOGART: How big was Havana then?\n\nCOHEN: Havana was then a million and a quarter, almost.\n\nBOGART: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1,250,000.\n\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: Where we lived.\n\nCOHEN: Yes, and you can imagine. Anyway, we saw the evolution of this city. In\nfact, I researched and told my wife that this city of Atlanta, that is where we\nlived in the South Side, someday will be reformed, and will become [the] poorest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city.\n\n\nBOGART: That would become the poor section of the city?\n\nCOHEN: It was originally the richest one, and indeed comes the projects.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: All the expressways.\n\nCOHEN: All these buildings.\n\nBOGART: Now, let me see if I understand. You said that that part of town would\nbecome more beautiful?\n\nCOHEN: Yes . . . in fact, I had the prophecy of that and that did come to happen.\n\nBOGART: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What\n\ndid people do for fun in Atlanta then? Did they go to movies?\n\nCOHEN: Now, among our congregation we have a more social life, within the\nfamilies of the congregation, most of them. Though because we used to go out for\nthe movies and meetings that have been involved in the Zionist [indistinct:\n1.19.29] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meetings,\n\ncommunity . . .\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: But this is a different thing, just for entertainment.\n\nCOHEN: It is for entertainment, so our people used to enjoy, with our own\ncelebrations and bris, weddings, and dancing and all the celebration of the holidays.\n\nBOGART: Did you occasionally go, I'm talking about 1936, 1937, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1938,\n\nyou went downtown sometimes?\n\nCOHEN: Oh, yes.\n\nBOGART: Went shopping downtown.\n\nCOHEN: Yes, I used to go frequently every week to downtown. To Rich's and all\nthose big stores, maybe some [indistinct: 1.20.15] . . . and Mueller's, and we\nhave been acquainted with the whole city.\n\nBOGART: What was the relationship between the Jewish community and the Gentile\ncommunity in the in the late ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thirties?\n\nDid you have the feeling that there was some interfaith or inter-community\nactivities of some sort?\n\nCOHEN: Well, in those days I don't quite remember there was such activity . . .\nthat started later. In fact, in a Brotherhood celebration, I remember we had the\nfirst interfaith ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meeting\n\nand the Greek church. The . . . Methodist Church on Georgia Avenue and Pryor\nStreet, I represented my congregation for some of their pastors. That was the\nfirst interfaith meeting we had.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: I don't recall any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism\n\nin the . . . 1930's when we came.\n\nBOGART: You all did not experience any antisemitism in The Thirties?\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: No, we did not really because we were a very small group. I do not remember.\n\nBOGART: What do you see as the differences in the Jewish community between the\nway it was in The Thirties and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now?\n\nWhat big differences, if any?\n\nCOHEN: Well, the difference is shown by the generation. From the old generation\nto the new ones, the American generation, who were adapting themselves to be a\ndifferent kind of ideal American life and American Jewish life. Being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that\n\nthe children of these, the first comers over here, start being acquainted with\nthe American life in the schools and in the streets and in many other locations.\nIt was . . . changing the mood of people and the attitude . . . which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\n\nquite different from the older generation.\n MRS.\n\nCOHEN: They become more Americanized.\n\nCOHEN: The old generation, they used to live within our own group, within\nthemselves, with the exception of very few groups of people who wish to go and\nthat with the spreading of the Zionist movement and B'nai B'rith, so we've had\nspeakers of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\n\ninterfaith people . . . There is a difference now. [A] completely different way\nof life from the old Jewish people to the actual world. Now, we have a third\ngeneration and a culture and even religion. That's why the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodoxism,\n\nlittle by little, started learning in Atlanta that sanction of Rabbi Jacob,\nShearith Israel liked me. So, too Conservative, and to the Reform, so, that's\nleaving our group.\n\nBOGART: I have the impression as I hear you talk . . . that you don't think it's\neither bad or good, particularly, the Americanization of the various generations.\n\nCOHEN: Somehow not.\n\nBOGART: Not good?\n\nCOHEN: Not good for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\n\nfamily equation. They are unfortunately mix-married with non-Jews. Through this\nmixture, brought these consequences. Because we’ve been gotten away, not 100\npercent, partially, from our home tradition and the old tradition. I hope this\nwill ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not\n\nbecome an epidemic of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=5100.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/transcript/62774/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assimilation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=5100.0,5100.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLarry Ivan Bogart (1932-) is an Atlanta attorney. He was a graduate of University of Georgia and Duke University School of Law. He served as president of Temple Sinai in Sandy Springs, Georgia and Yeshiva High School of Atlanta (now Atlanta Jewish Academy).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Joseph Isaac Cohen (1896-1985) was born in Constantinople (now Istanbul), Turkey. He was trained for the rabbinate in Turkey and accepted his first pulpit in Havana, Cuba in 1920. In 1934 he moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he was installed as the rabbi of Congregation Or VeShalom, a Sephardic synagogue. Rabbi Cohen officially retired in 1969 but remained active at both the synagogue and in the community until his death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConstantinople was the capital of the Roman Empire in modern day Turkey. The capital was renamed to Istanbul in 1930.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa, and the Middle East, and their descendants. The adjective “Sephardic” and corresponding nouns Sephardi (singular) and Sephardim (plural) are derived from the Hebrew word Sepharad, which refers to Spain. Historically, the vernacular language of Sephardic Jews was Ladino, a Romance language derived from Old Spanish, incorporating elements from the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Hebrew, Aramaic, and in the lands receiving those who were exiled, Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian vocabulary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Edict of Expulsion, also known as the Alhambra Decree, was an edict issued on March 31, 1492, by the joint Catholic monarchs of Spain – Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, that ordered the expulsion of practicing Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by July 31 of that year. The primary purpose was to eliminate their influence on Spain's large, converted population (known as “conversos”) and ensure they did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted as a result of the religious persecution and pogroms which occurred in 1391.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Dardanelles Strait, or the Strait of Gallipoli, is a narrow waterway that provides access to the Mediterranean and Turkey.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=240.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChaim Azriel Weizmann (1874 – 1952) was a Jewish biochemist from Belarus. While studying in Germany, he became involved in activity with Zionist intellectuals. Weizmann was the first president of the State of Israel from 1949 until his death in 1952.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdmund Henry Hynman Allenby (1861 – 1936) was a Field Marshal in the British Army from 1880-1925. He served in the Second Boer War, World War I, and the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. Allenby also served as the High Commissioner for the United Kingdom in Egypt from 1919-1925 during Britain’s occupation of the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened, and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShavuot is the Hebrew word for “weeks” and refers to the Jewish festival marking the giving of the Torah by God at Mount Sinai. It occurs at the completion of the seven-week counting period between Passover and Shavuot. Shavuot, like many other Jewish holidays, began as an ancient agricultural festival that marked the end of the spring barley harvest and the beginning of the summer wheat harvest. In ancient times, Shavuot was a pilgrimage festival during which Israelites brought crop offerings to the Temple in Jerusalem. Today, it is a celebration of Torah, education, and actively choosing to participate in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHavana is the capital city of the Caribbean country, Cuba. This ancestral land of the Taino people was colonized by the Spanish in 1519. The city serves as the island’s main port and is home to the largest Jewish population in the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Shevet Achim Hebrew Union (Shevet Achim Union Hebrea de Cuba) was the first Sephardic synagogue in Havana, Cuba. The synagogue operated from 1914-1955.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cuban Revolution of 1933 was a coup d’etat of the Cuban government, overthrowing authoritarian General Gerardo Machado from presidency and replacing him with Carlos Manuel de Cespedes y Quesada. As the new government tried to form, they replaced the new president with a Pentarchy until President Ramon Grau took power. This would influence the political and military management of the country until the Cuban Revolution that would take place 20 years later to put Fidel Castro in power.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerardo Machado y Morales (1869 – 1939) was a general in the Cuban War of Independence in the last decade of the 19th century. After the war, General Machado served as the President of the Republic of Cuba from 1925 – 1933.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Or VeShalom was established in Atlanta, Georgia by refugees of the Ottoman Empire, namely from Turkey and the Isle of Rhodes. The Sephardic congregation began in 1920 and was based at Central and Woodward Avenues until 1948 when it moved to a larger building on North Highland Road. Or VeShalom’s current synagogue is located on North Druid Hills Road. As of 2022, the congregation’s rabbi is Josh Hearshen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA synagogue is a Jewish house of worship where the congregation meets for religious services and instruction.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKey West is an island city off the southernmost tip of the state of Florida. It is approximately 95 miles (153 km) north of Cuba.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington-Rawson was a neighborhood of Atlanta that was an early center of Jewish community in the city. By the mid-1870s, Washington Street was becoming one of the city's finest residential streets. The neighborhood was wealthy at the turn of the twentieth century: Encyclopedia Britannica of 1910 listed Washington Street as one of the finest residential areas of the city. It also included the intersection of the two streets for which it was named. That intersection's location is now the site of the I-20/Downtown Connector interchange. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2022, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Hyman Epstein (1903-2003) served as rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982, when he became rabbi emeritus. Under Rabbi Epstein, the formerly Orthodox congregation began to shift to Conservative Judaism, and officially joined the United Synagogue of America (now the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism), in 1952.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Tobias Geffen (1870-1970) was an Orthodox rabbi and leader of Congregation Shearith Israel in Atlanta from 1910-1970. He is widely known for his 1935 decision that certified Coca-Cola as kosher. He also organized the first Hebrew school in Atlanta, and standardized regulation of kosher supervision in the Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Dr. David Marx (1872-1962) was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia. A native of New Orleans, he led the congregation’s move toward the practices of Reform Judaism. He served as rabbi from 1895 to 1946. When he retired, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild took the pulpit that Rabbi Marx had held for more than half a century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Rhodes was part of Italy during World War II, the 2,000 Jews on the Island were relatively safe until Germans occupied the island in September 1943. On July 20, 1944, the Jews of Rhodes and the neighboring island of Kos were sent by boat to the Greek mainland and eventually deported by train to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Only 151 Jews from Rhodes survived the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe High Holy Days are the two holiest times of the Jewish calendar: Rosh Hashanah (new year) and Yom Kippur (days of atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as \"Judeo-Spanish,\" Ladino is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish originally spoken in the former territories of the Ottoman Empire (the Balkans, Turkey, the Middle East, and North Africa) as well as in France, Italy, the Netherlands, Morocco, and the United Kingdom. Today, Ladino is spoken mainly by Sephardic minorities in more than 30 countries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLa Vara was the longest running Ladino newspaper in the history of the United States. The Judeo-Spanish paper that addressed current events and Sephardic readers was printed weekly from 1922-1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1897, the Zionist Organization of America is the oldest pro-Israel organization in the United States. It is dedicated to educating the public, elected officials, media, and college/high school students about Israel and to promoting strong United States-Israel relations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization in Atlanta, Georgia. It was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first the club was located in a rented house until a new club was built on Pryor Street including a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940 the club opened a larger facility at 1050 Techwood Drive in Midtown with three swimming pools, tennis, and softball. In 1976 the club moved north to 1160 Moore’s Mill Road near Interstate 75. The property was eventually sold to the YMCA as the club faced financial challenges. The Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead, which stands on the former site of the Progressive Club, opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB'nai B'rith International [Hebrew: Children of the Covenant] is the oldest Jewish service organization in the world. B'nai B'rith states that it is committed to the security and continuity of the Jewish people and the State of Israel and combating antisemitism and bigotry. Its mission is to unite persons of the Jewish faith and to enhance Jewish identity through strengthening Jewish family life, to provide broad-based services for the benefit of senior citizens, and to facilitate advocacy and action on behalf of Jews throughout the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Standard Club is a Jewish social club that started as the “Concordia Association” in 1867 in Downtown Atlanta. In 1905, it was reorganized as the “Standard Club” and moved into the former mansion of William C. Sanders near the site of Center Parc Credit Union Stadium (formerly Turner Field). In the late 1920s the club moved to Ponce de Leon Avenue in Midtown Atlanta. Later, the club moved to what is now the Lenox Park business park and was located there until 1983. In the 1980s, the club moved to its present location in Johns Creek in Atlanta’s northern suburbs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePonce de Leon Avenue, often simply called “Ponce,” provides a link between Atlanta, Decatur, Clarkston, and Stone Mountain, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe formation of a Jewish state is an idea that was promoted by Zionist Theodor Herzl’s 1896 pamphlet, “Der Judenstatt,” (German for “The Jewish Place” or “The Jewish State”) which argued that the best way to avoid antisemitism in Europe was to create an independent Jewish state. In the 1930s especially, the Nazi party explored several proposals and plans for establishing a Jewish state where European Jews would be deported, however, these were abandoned as World War II progressed. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Max Frank (1884-1915) was a Jewish factory superintendent in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1913, he was accused of raping and murdering one of his employees, a 13-year-old girl named Mary Phagan, whose body was found on the premises of the National Pencil Company. Frank was arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced to death for her murder. The trial was the catalyst for a great outburst of antisemitism led by the populist Tom Watson and the center of powerful class and political interests. Frank was sent to Milledgeville State Penitentiary to await his execution. Governor John M. Slaton, believing there had been a miscarriage of justice, commuted Frank’s sentence to life in prison. This enraged a group of men who styled themselves the “Knights of Mary Phagan.” They drove to the prison, kidnapped Frank from his cell and drove him to Marietta, Georgia where they lynched him. Many years later, the murderer was revealed to be Jim Conley, who had lied in the trial, pinning it on Frank instead. Frank was pardoned on March 11, 1986, although they stopped short of exonerating him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or “Knights of the Ku Klux Klan” today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods have included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past its members dressed up in white robes and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Marshall “Jack” Slaton (1866-1955) was Georgia's sixtieth governor, serving two terms, in 1911-12 and 1913-15. He was also a state representative and state senator, and practiced law in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarietta is a city located in central Cobb County, Georgia, United States, approximately 18 miles (29 kilometers) northwest of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAshkenazi Jews [also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim] are Jews who originally lived in northern and eastern Europe. They once lived in the area of Rhineland and France and after the crusades they moved to Poland, Lithuania and Russia. In the 17th century, avoiding persecution, many Jews moved to and settled in Western Europe. As of 2018, Ashkenazim account for about 75% of the world's Jewish population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOscar Gershon (1880-1945) was born in Kobryn, Russia. He was an Atlanta printer and president of Ahavath Achim Congregation in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1800.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDonald Oberdorfer (1901-1984) was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Eugene and Daisy Oberdorfer. He founded Oberdorfer Insurance Associates, Inc. in 1921, and served as its president until his retirement in 1969, when he became chairman of its board. He was a graduate of the University of Georgia, where he played center on its football team, and was president of the alumni class in 1921. He was a noted civic leader serving as president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council, president of the Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, president of the Joint Defense League, and civic president of the National Jewish Welfare Board. He was also a longtime director of the Atlanta chapter of the American Red Cross, chairman of the state USO during World War II and co-chairman of the Atlanta Community Chest. He was a president of the Standard Club, a member of the G Club, Phi Epsilon Phi, The Temple and Temple Sinai.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1800.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Jacob Goldstein (1858-1951), also known by his Yiddish name Shmuel Yankel, was born in Lomza, Poland and resided in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a founding member of Ahavath Achim Synagogue and a board member for the United Hebrew School for 40 years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1800.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Marvin Clarence Goldstein (1917-1997) was a prominent dentist and businessman in Atlanta. He was a graduate of Boys’ High School in Atlanta, had with a combined undergraduate and master’s degree in dentistry from Emory University in Atlanta, and trained in orthodontic dentistry at Columbia University and the University of Michigan. He served as a dental surgeon for the United States Army Air Forces in Europe during World War II. He and his brother, Irving Goldstein, also a dentist, built the Atlanta Americana Motor Hotel, Atlanta’s first integrated hotel, which opened in 1961. Marvin was international president of the Alpha Omega Dental Fraternity, editor of the American Journal of Orthodontics, president of the Georgia Society of Orthodontists, trustee for the American Fund for Dental Health, honorary fellow in the American College of Dentists and International College of Dentists, and chief of staff of the Ben Massell Dental Clinic. He was a president of Ahavath Achim Synagogue, Atlanta Jewish Federation, ORT Atlanta men’s chapter, Tichon Atlanta, B’nai Brith’s Atlanta chapter; vice-president of the American Jewish Committee; and a vice-chairman of the board of trustees for the Martin Luther King Center for Non-violent Social Change.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1800.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShearith Israel was established 1891 in Columbus, Georgia. The name was chartered as “Chevro Saris Israel.” In 1950 the name was officially changed to Shearith Israel Synagogue. The original building was on the corner of 7th Street and 1st Avenue in downtown Columbus. In 1951 the congregation moved to a new synagogue on Wynnton Road. In 2007 the building was sold. In 2013 the congregation moved to its current home on River Road. (2021) The rabbi of the Conservative congregation is Brian Glusman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbraham “Avrum” Meyer Goldstein (1874-1947) immigrated from Russia to Atlanta, Georgia, where he was a cotton waste dealer. He was past president of Shearith Israel. He was a member of the Free Loan Association, Fulton Lodge 216 F\u0026amp;AM, B'nai B'rith, Zionists, and the Progressive Club.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of tallit at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of bar mitzvah age and older. In non-Orthodox congregations, women may also wear the tallit if they so choose.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish men cover their heads during prayer with a small skullcap called a yarmulke (Yiddish) or kippah (Hebrew). Orthodox Jewish men wear it at all times to remind themselves of God’s presence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShul is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew school can be either the Jewish equivalent of Sunday school (an educational regimen separate from secular education, focusing on topics of Jewish history and learning the Hebrew language), or a primary, secondary, or college level educational institution where some or all of the classes are taught in Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter years of persecution, in 1492, the Catholic monarchs of Spain issued a decree, known as the Alhambra Decree, that all Jews must either convert to Catholicism, leave Spain, or die. While thousands did convert, between 100,000 and 300,000 Jews left Spain. went to Portugal and Turkey, while other travelled to North Africa, Italy, and Western Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShidduch is a system of matchmaking in which Jewish singles are introduced to each other in Orthodox Jewish communities for the purpose of marriage. A shidduch often begins with a recommendation from family members, friends, or others who see matchmaking as a mitzvah, or commandment.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIntermarriage is marriage between people of different races, castes, or religions. In this case, a marriage between a Sephardic Jew and an Ashkenazi Jew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) operated from 1910 to 1948 on the site where the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium was later located. The JEA was once the hub of Jewish life in Atlanta. Families congregated there for social, educational, sports and cultural programs. The JEA ran camps and held classes to help some new residents learn to read and write English. For newcomers, it became a refuge, with programs to help them acclimate to a new home. The JEA stayed at that site until the late 1940s, when it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold, and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] Edward M. Kahn (1895-1984) was an immigrant from Bialystok, Poland. He became a leader in Atlanta’s Jewish community and served as executive director of several organizations including the Jewish Educational Alliance (presently, Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta), the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund, and the Atlanta Federation of Jewish Social Service (presently, Atlanta Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta), an earlier incarnation of the current Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and the Morris Hirsch Clinic (presently, Ben Massell Dental Clinic). Mr. Kahn also became Executive Secretary of the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund and of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council. He held these various positions until his retirement in 1964. Kahn was prominent in both local and national social work organizations as well as in Jewish organizations such as B’nai B’rith, the Jewish Children’s Bureau, the Jewish Home, and the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. He also worked with the Southern Israelite newspaper as a writer and adviser.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Rich (1847-1928) was the anglicized name of Mauritius Reich, a native of Hungary. He was the founder of Rich's, a department store retail chain headquartered in Atlanta that operated in the southern United States from 1867 until 2005. The store was founded on May 28, 1867, as M. Rich Dry Goods by the 20-year-old Morris Rich with only $500 in capital. In 1877 Morris’ brother Emanuel entered the business and the name of the store was changed to M. Rich and Brother, followed by Daniel in 1884, when the store was again renamed as M. Rich and Brothers. On January 12, 1901, a charter for incorporation was granted, and the firm became M. Rich and Brothers Company. Morris Rich was elected president at a meeting of stockholders on January 18, 1901. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold D. Hirsch (1881-1930) was a well-known attorney who was active in philanthropic organizations in the Atlanta area. He received his undergraduate degree in 1901 from the University of Georgia, where he also played football. He later earned a law degree from Columbia University and became one of Atlanta's most prominent lawyers, helping Coca-Cola trademark its signature logo and bottle design in a number of copyright infringement cases. He was also involved in the creation of the law school at Emory University and one of the founding members of the faculty. Hirsch was very involved in philanthropic endeavors, particularly those in the Jewish community. He was a member of the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (the Temple), the Federation of Jewish Charities, the United Jewish Charities, and the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith. He helped found The Atlanta Committee for German-Jewish Relief and served as chairman of the organization.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Aaron “Harry” Alexander, Sr. (1874-1967) was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Julius Mortimer Alexander and Rebecca Ella Solomons Alexander. His grandfather, Aaron Alexander, was the first Jew of American birth to settle in Atlanta. He was a prominent attorney, scholar, and religious leader. Alexander served in the Georgia State House of Representatives and was a veteran of World War I. He was also a president of the Atlanta Historical Society and a prominent Atlanta attorney. He was a member of the defense team in the trial of Leo Frank. In 1930 he and his wife, Marion Kline Alexander, built one of the largest homes in Atlanta on Peachtree Road. The Alexander family sold part of their land for development of the Phipps Plaza mall, which opened in 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhipps Plaza is an upscale shopping mall on Peachtree Road in Atlanta’s Buckhead neighborhood. In 1969, Phipps Plaza opened as the first multi-level mall in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSavannah is a city on the eastern coast of Georgia. It rests on the Savannah River, separating the state of Georgia from South Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid de Sola Pool (1885-1970) was born in London, England and ordained as a rabbi at the Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary in Berlin, Germany. He was a leading American rabbi, scholar, author, and civic leader. He is considered the most prominent Sephardic rabbi in America during the mid-twentieth century. For 50 years, beginning in 1907, he was rabbi for the oldest Jewish congregation in the United States, Congregation Shearith Israel, which is located in New York City and also known as the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue. Pool translated and edited the Sephardic prayer book for the Union of Sephardic Congregations, Book of Prayer According to the Custom of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews, and the Ashkenazic prayer book for the Rabbinical Council of America, The Traditional Prayer Book for Sabbath and Festivals. He was author of the books, The Kaddish and Why I am a Jew. He was a president of the American Jewish Historical Society, and wrote several works about colonial Jewish history , including Portraits Etched in Stone and together with his wife, Tamar de Sola Pool, An Old Faith in a New World.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCecil Abraham Alexander, Jr. (born Henry Alexander II, 1918-2013) was an American architect, principally a designer of commercial architecture, best known for his work in Atlanta, Georgia. He worked with the firm FABRAP, which, in 1985, became Rosser FABRAP International and later Rosser International. Together with other architects of the firm, he \"shaped the skyline of Atlanta.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community. Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities. It is an affiliate of the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerbert Haas (1884-1953) was born in Atlanta and was a graduate of Columbia University in New York. Haas worked as a defense attorney for Leo Frank along with Luther Zeigler Rosser and others. He also worked as a special counsel for the City of Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrank Garson (1886-1955) was an Atlanta businessman and philanthropist. He founded the Lovable Company, manufacturing lingerie and brassieres. He was born Frank Gottesman and later changed his name to Garson. Garson was active in the United Palestine Appeal, the Jewish National Fund, the Jewish Welfare Board and the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler applied for entrance into the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Austria twice and was twice rejected, once in 1907 and again in 1908. For the next five years, Hitler struggled to earn money by selling small paintings, mostly images of buildings and other landmarks in Vienna that he copied from postcards. By 1914, Hitler was serving in World War I and would later enter politics. In his autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf, Hitler claimed that his antisemitic views formed during his time as a struggling artist in Vienna. His frustrated art career became part of the myth making—by Hitler himself and by his followers—that helped drive his fateful rise to power in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHitler was drafted for Austrian military service at the beginning of World War I but turned down due to lack of fitness. After moving to Germany, he enlisted as a German soldier in the summer of 1914 and was deployed to Belgium in October. Over the next two years, Hitler served first as an infantryman and then as a private. He won two decorations for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class and was wounded twice. He was recovering from his second injury when the war ended.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania. Long: A worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. Before World War II, it sent funds to subsidize medical care, schools, vocational training, welfare programs and emigration efforts to beleaguered Jews in Europe. During the Nazi era they tried to get Jewish refugees out to anywhere that would have them including the United States, Palestine, and Latin America. When war broke out, they helped thousands of Jews in Poland with shelters and soup kitchens, hospitals, and educational and cultural programs. When the United States entered the war in 1941, the Joint shifted gears since it was not allowed to operate legally in enemy countries. They used international connections to channel aid to Jews in conquered Europe. Wartime headquarters were set up in Lisbon, Portugal from which the Joint mounted rescue operations for desperate refugees including sponsoring a program to get 15,000 Jews from Europe to Shanghai, China. After the war, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors. More than 227 million pounds of food, medicine, clothing and other supplies were shipped to Europe to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Committee (AJC) was founded in 1906 to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews worldwide. It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy September 1939, approximately 282,000 Jews had left Germany and 117,000 from annexed Austria. Of these, about 75,000 emigrated to Central and South America, with the largest numbers entering Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Bolivia. Most Latin American nations were relatively open to immigrants until 1933. In the late 1930s, economic crises brought on by the Great Depression and growing antisemitism led many Latin American countries to tighten immigration laws (Mexico in 1937; Argentina in 1938; Cuba, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Paraguay, and Uruguay in 1939). Latin American governments officially permitted only about 84,000 Jewish refugees to immigrate between 1933 and 1945, less than half the number admitted during the previous fifteen years. Others entered these countries through illegal channels. Between 1933 and 1939, between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia took advantage of Paraguay's liberal immigration laws to escape from Nazi-occupied Europe. Argentina, which had admitted 79,000 Jewish immigrants between 1918 and 1933, officially admitted only 24,000 between 1933 and 1943.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Anti-Defamation League (ADL) was founded in 1913 “to stop the defamation of the Jewish people and to secure justice and fair treatment to all.” ADL fights antisemitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals, and protects civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Orphans’ Home was located at 478 Washington Street in Atlanta, Georgia. The residence facility was open from 1876 to 1930. It was originally called the Hebrew Orphans’ Asylum and was originally an actual orphanage. In 1901, the name was changed to the Hebrew Orphans’ Home. Then its services phased into placing children in foster home care and helping with adoptions instead of an actual orphans' home, during which time it was called the Jewish Family and Children's Bureau (and another variation—Jewish Children's Services). Finally, it got out of the children's institutional care business entirely. In 1988, the organization’s mission changed, and it became the Jewish Educational Loan Fund (JELF) with the goal of providing low-interest post-secondary education loans for Jewish students.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul von Hindenburg (1847-1934) was a German military field marshal during World War I and later Chancellor of Germany from 1925 to 1934. He opposed the Nazi party during his ruling, but ultimately, Hindenburg’s chancellorship was succeeded by Adolf Hitler.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of World War II. He was a Democrat. FDR was an avid horseback rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who are trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms. On November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called “Kristallnacht,” which means “Night of Broken Glass,” because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] Barney Medintz (1910-1960) was a Jewish leader both nationally and locally in Atlanta. He was one of the national leaders of the United Jewish Appeal and the Israel Bond Organization. He was also vice-president of the National Community Relations Advisory Council, vice-president of the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds and a former member of the executive committee of the American Jewish Committee. Locally, he was president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and past president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council and the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. He was also president of the Southeast Regional Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. Medintz graduated from Northwestern University at Evanston, Illinois where he was a star basketball player. He came to Atlanta after he graduated to become a recreation director at the Jewish Educational Alliance. In 1936, Barney married Dorothy Davis. Camp Barney Medintz, a Jewish camp in Cleveland, Georgia, is named in his honor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940s it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold, and the center moved to the suburb of Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) operated from 1910 to 1948 on the site where the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium was later located. The JEA was once the hub of Jewish life in Atlanta. Families congregated there for social, educational, sports and cultural programs. The JEA ran camps and held classes to help some new residents learn to read and write English. For newcomers, it became a refuge, with programs to help them acclimate to a new home. The JEA stayed at that site until the late 1940s, when it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold, and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Tog-Morgn Zshurnal [Yiddish: Day-Morning Journal] was a Yiddish daily published in New York from 1953 until 1971. It was formed through the merger of Der Tog [Yiddish: The Day] and the Morgn Zshurnal [Yiddish: Morning Journal]. Der Tog was a Yiddish daily was founded in 1914 by a group of New York intellectuals and businessmen. Its peak circulation was 81,000 in 1916. The Morgn Zshurnal l was a Yiddish daily founded in New York in 1901 by the Orthodox publisher Jacob Saperstein. Its peak circulation was 111,000 in 1916. As was the case with most Yiddish newspapers, readership steadily declined after World War I and by 1970, the merged papers had a circulation of only 50,000. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism [also sometimes called Chasidim (from the Hebrew word \"Chasid\" meaning \"pious”)] is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith. Hasidic Judaism refers to a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bris, formally known as the “brit milah” [Hebrew: Covenant of Circumcision] involves surgically removing the foreskin of the penis. Circumcision is performed only on males on the eighth day of the child's life. The brit milah is usually followed by a celebratory meal. It is a tradition that dates back the biblical patriarch Abraham. For Jews, circumcision is a sign of the Jewish people’s covenant with G-d. Even during the Holocaust, Jews tried to observe this practice. Because non-Jews in continental Europe generally were not circumcised, German and collaborationist police commonly checked males apprehended in raids. For boys attempting to hide their Jewish identity, using a public restroom or participating in sports could lead to their discovery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRich's was a department store retail chain, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, which operated in the southern U.S. from 1867 until March 6, 2005, when the nameplate was eliminated and replaced by Macy's. It was founded by Hungarian Jewish immigrant Morris Rich (born Mauritius Reich) in Atlanta in 1867 as \"M. Rich \u0026amp; Co. Dry Goods\" Many of the former Rich's stores today form the core of Macy's Central, an Atlanta-based division of Macy's, Inc., which formerly operated as Federated Department Stores, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/annotation_set/1269/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA group of men in a synagogue congregation who join together to offer social, cultural, educational, and volunteer service opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4830.0,4860.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Cohen_Joseph [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Journey to Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=11.0,638.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Cohen discusses his parents and grandparent's names and origins, as well as his background that led him to Atlanta. He speaks briefly about his schooling in Turkey, military service in Palestine, and moving to Cuba. 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","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=638.0,1145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish organizations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"identity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=638.0,1145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Congregations and Organizations in Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1145.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In this section, Rabbi Joseph Cohen briefly begins speaking on the Jewish organizations present in Atlanta and Zionism. 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","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1145.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish organizations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"elders","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newspaper","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1145.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta Jewish Congregations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1230.0,1617.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Joseph Cohen describes his understanding of the history of the congregation Or VeShalom and others in the Atlanta area. 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It was with the occasion [of] my installation ceremony; Rabbi Epstein, Rabbi Geffen, Rabbi Marx had been invited.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1230.0,1617.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"history","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"influential leaders","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1230.0,1617.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leading a Congregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=1617.0,2059.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In this segment, the memoirist discusses leading his congregation, strengthening it, and starting new programming. 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They compare their experience of living in Cuba to a segregated Atlanta.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2059.0,2264.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What were the relationships, if any, between the Jewish community and the black community in The Thirties and The Forties?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2059.0,2264.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"segregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"racism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"desegregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"race relations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conservative","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2059.0,2264.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being Sephardic in Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2264.0,2905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The memoirist expands on being Sephardic in this section. As mentioned previously in the interview, Rabbi Cohen recollects feeling judgment from the rest of the Jewish community in Atlanta because he is Sephardic. They discuss the Sephardic community's history and involvement in the area as well as intermarriage.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2264.0,2905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The temple on Peachtree, also. Was it your impression that the Sephardic families were sort of looked down on as newcomers?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2264.0,2905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discrimination","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"custom","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"history","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marriage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2264.0,2905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Affidavit to Come to Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2905.0,3818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Joseph Cohen tells the story of how he came to Atlanta. 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Hoffman [Lane].","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2905.0,3818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newspaper","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pulpit","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wealth","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shopping","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entertainment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=2905.0,3818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Awareness of the Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3818.0,4223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The memoirist and his wife recall the effects of the Holocaust before, during, and after its occurrence. They compare their experiences and the awareness of the Jewish community between Havana and Atlanta.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3818.0,4223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Try to recall for me your awareness or growing awareness of the Holocaust.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3818.0,4223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trauma","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aware","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"current event","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"news","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler, Adolf","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=3818.0,4223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Community Activity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4223.0,4912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In this segment, the memoirist provides more names of leaders involved with the Jewish organizations in the community. He discusses the recreational community he helped foster for younger members of the congregation as well.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4223.0,4912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the first chairman was Harold Guppens.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4223.0,4912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish organizations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fundraising","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recreation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entertainment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4223.0,4912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Interfaith and Americanization","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4912.0,5106.88653"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lastly, Rabbi Joseph Cohen discusses his current impressions of the Jewish community and where it is heading. He discusses the Americanization and possible assimilation of Jews in America.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4912.0,5106.88653"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What do you see as the differences in the Jewish community between the way it was in The Thirties and now?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4912.0,5106.88653"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011/index/81643/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interfaith","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marriage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americanization","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assimilation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"history","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/117295/file/222011#t=4912.0,5106.88653"}]}]}]}