{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/df6k06xc77/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Spiegel, Helen Wasserman (1995)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1995-11-15 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Absence of Humanity Project (AOH)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHelen Wasserman Spiegel was interviewed by Sandra Berman on November 15, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eHelen was born in Nuremberg, Germany on July 19, 1923, the daughter of Hans and Selma Wasserman. In 1938, Helen, her younger sister, and their parents immigrated to the United States and settled in Boston, Massachusetts. After finishing high school, Helen went to work in Galveston, Texas for a family friend. There she met another German immigrant, Frank Spiegel. Frank and Helen married in 1946 and moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where they lived with Frank’s parents and raised three children. Helen was active in the Atlanta Jewish community, where her activities ranged from an early supporter of the Hebrew Academy; founding member of a new synagogue, Beth El; chapter and regional president of Hadassah; board member of the Jewish Home; and organizer of a homeless shelter for women. Helen eagerly shared her story with school groups all over Atlanta. In 1996, Helen was honored for her services to the community as a runner for the Olympic torch. Helen died in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eHelen introduces her family and explains how their lives began to change when Hitler came to power in the 1930’s. She recollects how Jews in her hometown of Nuremberg bore the initial brunt of the Nazi party’s antisemitism. Helen recalls the philanthropic family that helped her family immigrate to the United States. She recounts the events of Kristallnacht and the difficulty her entire family faced as they tried to leave Germany. Helen describes how her family settled into their new lives in America, how she ended up in Galveston, Texas, and met her husband. She details her involvement in various Jewish organizations in Atlanta, Georgia and interactions with other leaders of the Jewish community. Helen describes her family life, social activities, and the neighborhood she raised her children in. She reflects on the racism she encountered in the South. Helen talks about how politics, demographics, and social organizations changed over time. The interview concludes with Helen’s descriptions of Galveston, Texas in the 1940s.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28036"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Helen Wasserman Spiegel (personal name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","Nuremberg, Germany (geographic term)","Fuerth, Germany (geographic term)","Munich, Germany (geographic term)","Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (geographic term)","Boston, Massachusetts  (geographic term)","Galveston, Texas (geographic term)","Dachau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Julius Streicher (personal name)","Anne Frank (personal name)","Hitler Youth (topical term)","Sturmabteilung - SA (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Blood Flag (topical term)","Kristallnacht (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Nuremberg Laws (topical term)","Nuremberg Trials (topical term)","Juden Tax (topical term)","Der Sturmer (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHelen Wasserman Spiegel was interviewed by Sandra Berman on November 15, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHelen was born in Nuremberg, Germany on July 19, 1923, the daughter of Hans and Selma Wasserman. In 1938, Helen, her younger sister, and their parents immigrated to the United States and settled in Boston, Massachusetts. After finishing high school, Helen went to work in Galveston, Texas for a family friend. There she met another German immigrant, Frank Spiegel. Frank and Helen married in 1946 and moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where they lived with Frank’s parents and raised three children. Helen was active in the Atlanta Jewish community, where her activities ranged from an early supporter of the Hebrew Academy; founding member of a new synagogue, Beth El; chapter and regional president of Hadassah; board member of the Jewish Home; and organizer of a homeless shelter for women. Helen eagerly shared her story with school groups all over Atlanta. In 1996, Helen was honored for her services to the community as a runner for the Olympic torch. Helen died in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHelen introduces her family and explains how their lives began to change when Hitler came to power in the 1930’s. She recollects how Jews in her hometown of Nuremberg bore the initial brunt of the Nazi party’s antisemitism. Helen recalls the philanthropic family that helped her family immigrate to the United States. She recounts the events of Kristallnacht and the difficulty her entire family faced as they tried to leave Germany. Helen describes how her family settled into their new lives in America, how she ended up in Galveston, Texas, and met her husband. She details her involvement in various Jewish organizations in Atlanta, Georgia and interactions with other leaders of the Jewish community. Helen describes her family life, social activities, and the neighborhood she raised her children in. She reflects on the racism she encountered in the South. Helen talks about how politics, demographics, and social organizations changed over time. The interview concludes with Helen’s descriptions of Galveston, Texas in the 1940s.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/550/small/Helen_Spiegel.png?1619303851","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Spiegel_Helen_1995.mp4"]},"duration":2284.395,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/550/small/Helen_Spiegel.png?1619303851","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/100/550/original/Spiegel_Helen_1995.mp4?1604394510","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2284.395,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Spiegel, Helen [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What's your name?\n\nSPIEGEL: My name is Helen Spiegel.\n\nBERMAN: Could you tell us a little bit about initially your life . . . pre-war\nor pre-Hitler life in Germany, where you were from, where you were born, a\nlittle bit about your family, what your father did for a living . . . things\nlike that to begin with?\n\nSPIEGEL: I was born in 1923 in Nuremberg, Germany. Before Hitler appeared in\n1933 in full force, I led ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a wonderful life. My parents were very comfortable\noff. I went to public school. I was brought up partly by a Kinderfraulein, which\nis a governess. I enjoyed everything that a typical young kid enjoys. I had lots\nof friends, both Jewish and otherwise. As I said, I went to public school and\nuntil 1933 I was one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bunch. Then 1933 came and slowly these laws and\nthese hate practices appeared. Some of the kids sort of separated themselves\nfrom me. I wasn't invited to birthday parties any more. What was worse for me\nwas the fact that the teachers wouldn't call on me anymore, or if they did call\non me, I would never hear a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"word of praise, no matter how hard I worked to\ndeliver this homework. In Europe, you work for the teacher. You didn't really\nwork to study. You had to please the teacher and to be so totally ignored was a\nhorrible experience. Slowly we became more and more separated. Then came the\ntime when I had to go to high school. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany, high schools are private. You\npay for them. You have to pass a test. You have to come to the administration to\npass. In Nuremberg starting almost in 1935, the high schools wouldn't take you\nany more as a Jew. At first, for a few years, they would take you if your father\nwas a Frontsoldat, which was a soldier in the First World War at the front. But\nthat stopped too and you had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to a Jewish school. In our town, there were\nno Jewish schools. We had to go the Fuerth, which was about a half hour away\nfrom Nuremberg . . . sort of like Atlanta and Decatur. You rode the streetcar.\nIt was a great shock because we were always part and parcel of the whole secular\ncommunity, then all of a sudden we had to go to this quite ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Hebrew\nschool. Incidentally, it's the same school that Henry Kissinger went to and\ngraduated from. He did a little better than most of us, but nevertheless it was\nan excellent school. On the other hand, you led then a very segregated life. My\nfather, who had a first a factory, gave up that . . . business became bad. He\nthen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"traveled in the shoe industry because he had a shoe factory before. I\nremember then the non-Jewish stores were not allowed to have Jewish salesman\ncome to their stores to sell because it was degrading to be solicited by a Jew.\nSeveral of my father's good customers would come at night to our house. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\nparadox thing was that they would come in their SA uniform with candy for us and\nthe order for my father. Then they would leave again and they would be 100\npercent 'Hitlerized'. Slowly, life became intolerable. Everybody tried\ndesperately to get papers to come to America. It wasn't that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"easy to say, \"Here\nI am, please take me.\" You had to get a relative to give you an affidavit. The\naffidavit said that they were responsible for the whole family. That was before\n. . . there was no welfare. There was no Medicare or any of these things. It's\nreally quite a responsibility if you think of it, that somebody . . . that here\nwe are, we were two children and a husband ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a wife. We finally discovered a\ndistant, distant, distant relative who gave us the papers to come.\n\nBERMAN: One moment . . . just going back to your pre-Hitler life?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Your family had Christian friends. They were part of the community as a whole?\n\nSPIEGEL: Right. Just to show you what Hitler did to a non-Jewish family: we\nlived in a house with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four families . . . Over us was a man who had a big job\nwith the police department. He had two sons. They were very devout Catholics.\nThe older one was a very religious boy my age. He went every Sunday . . . every\nday practically . . . to Mass. The younger one was as old as my sister, four\nyears younger. He embraced the Hitler ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Youth . . . he couldn't get enough of it.\nThe older one wouldn't join it. It got to the point where the parents had to\nsend the solder son to Austria where they had an uncle who was a priest because\nhe wouldn't have been safe. The way we were treated by this family really shows\nthe influence of Hitler. The young one . . . the minute he saw us he would spit\nat us and call us \"Dirty Jews,\" \"pigs,\" and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things like this. Herman would just\nlook at us, and smile, and go upstairs. This is how your social life became involved.\n\nBERMAN: Your father's business . . . was he able to have contacts in the\nnon-Jewish community?\n\nSPIEGEL: He still was able to call on some of the customers in the smaller\ntowns. Later on, many of them mailed the orders in . . . but this was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only until\n1938. After 1938, all this stopped. You just couldn't work anymore. Besides, if\nyou owned your own business the Nazis would march in and they would appoint\nlet's say your head bookkeeper and say, \"You are selling for 200 this factory,\"\nand they sign the papers. It was all legal and everything else. A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factory that\nwas worth a great deal of money went for 200 Marks, but it was a legal deal. The\nowner of the business who was Jewish wasn't allowed in any more. This went\nthrough the lines. Then in 1933, 1934 and 1935 when these Nuremberg Laws came,\npeople who had . . . you couldn't hold a government job any more . . . so\nlawyers and judges . . . the lawyers couldn't appear before ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the court any more.\nThe judges lost their jobs. The teachers and the professors at the universities\nlost their jobs as the years went on. From 1935 to 1938, everybody was out of a\njob then. The doctors couldn't practice in the public hospitals any more. They\ncould only practice in Jewish hospitals and very few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"towns had Jewish hospitals.\nYour livelihood was almost completely destroyed.\n\nBERMAN: What about Kristallnacht? What is your memory of that?\n\nSPIEGEL: First of all, I remember when the law came out that Jews were not\nallowed to have any weapons. I remember this very distinctly. My father had a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saber . . . from the First World War. It had to be done away with, so to speak.\nOne night, my mother, and I, and the Kinderfraulein went spazieren . . . we went\nfor a walk late in the evening when it was dark. We went along the river bank\nthat flowed through Nuremberg. When we looked around and saw nobody was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there,\nwe dropped the saber, which was carefully wrapped, into the water . . . so that\nhe wouldn't be caught. Nuremberg was known as the city of the Reichsparteitag.\nThat was the men's rallies that they had where there were thousands and\nthousands of Nazis getting together and marching. They had two favorite songs.\nOne of them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was \"Heute gehört uns Deutschland und morgen die ganze Welt\", which\nmeans, \"Today Germany belongs to us and tomorrow the whole world.\" As the war\ndeveloped, it almost looked like that. The other song was, \"When the Jews' blood\nspews from the knife, our hearts will sing with joy.\" Those were some of the\nsongs that they would parade around town. The Jews of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg always tried to\nbe out of town as much as possible during those five days. I remember one night,\none year, my father for some reason or the other couldn't leave. We were in\ntown. We stayed in Nuremberg. He had to go on business to town. He was caught by\nthe parade. The parade was always led by a Nazi carrying a blood flag. The\nreason it got this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fantastic name was basically because Nazism was a patron\nfaith because Hitler was G-d. They stood around this flag and men cut themselves\na little on the wrist and dropped a few drops of blood and that sanctified or\nmade the flag a \"holy blood flag.\" The rule was that when this parade goes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by\nwith this flag, you had to stay at attention and say, \"Heil Hitler!\" My father\nhad a problem . . . as a Jew, if he saluted the flag, they could pounce on him\nand say, \"How dare you, you dirty Jew, salute our holy flag!\" The other way, if\nyou didn't salute, they'd say, \"How dare you not show the respect this flag is\ndue!\" He thought he did the smart thing. He ducked into a doorway and waited\nuntil everything was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone. Then he came out again. What he didn't know was that\ntwo SA men had watched him and followed him home. We had the only Jewish name in\nthis house, so it wasn't hard for them to figure it out. That night we heard the\nclobbering of boots and they banged on the door. They wanted to see the Jew . .\n. 'Big Wasserman.' My father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came. They said very politely, \"Take your glasses\noff.\" My father did. Then they systematically beat him bloody. We screamed and\nwe cried. The whole house heard it but nobody dared to help. We left that night.\nWe drove to Fuerth, which had the only Jewish hospital, to get him patched up.\nThen we went to visit my grandparents who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived about an hour-and-a-half in\nanother town.\n\nBERMAN: Did you go back to Nuremberg after that?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes, because . . .\n\nBERMAN: You didn't have your papers?\n\nSPIEGEL: We didn't have the papers. That was in 1935. I think it finally brought\nover to my father the necessity that we had to do everything to get out. My\nfather was an optimist who for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many . . . always said, \"We'll get the papers,\nbut the German people will wake up. This isn't going to last forever.\" After the\nsevere beating, he decided that he better not take his changes with it.\n\nBERMAN: How long had your family lived in Germany?\n\nSPIEGEL: My family had lived in Germany since . . . I think my father said one\ntime his family lived in Nuremberg since 1700. To show you, Hitler ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always said\nthat, \"The Jews were a foreign body on the healthy tree of German life.\" My\nhusband had a family tree on his mother's side that goes back to 1595. It's a\ntree and then there are branches going out. It's really a microcosm of Jewish\nlife in Germany ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because before Hitler all of these different branches about two\nto four hours away . . . Germany is about the size of Georgia . . . they saw\neach other for joyful occasions or for funerals. After Hitler, the branches go\nall over the globe: they are in England, in Israel, in South America, and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America. Then there are some branches that are totally cutoff. Those are the\nones that never had children or never got out. It shows really the effect that\none man has one family. This you can multiple really by the whole Jewish history\nof Europe.\n\nBERMAN: It was in 1935 that your father . . . after the beating . . .\n\nSPIEGEL: . . . that he really wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get away.\n\nBERMAN: How did he go about it?\n\nSPIEGEL: You tried to find out which of your relatives way back went to America\nor to other countries. The interesting thing is that many of the people who\nimmigrated in the 1800's . . . and later, either did because they . . .\nespecially in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia because they didn't want to be conscripted to the Army in\nthat case . . . In Germany, you usually sent the black sheep to America. You\ngave them a little bit of money and said, \"Goodbye. Don't bother me anymore. Go\nto America and see what you can do.\" It was sort of difficult to find all these\nblack sheep again and now prevail upon them to help you. I think most of them\ndid forgive and forget and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did furnish those papers. My mother found a long-lost\ncousin that had children in Philadelphia. They gave us the papers.\n\nBERMAN: As far as some of the other freedoms and socialization that were taken\naway from you . . . some of the other laws were to make all women have the\nmiddle name of \"Sara\"?\n\nSPIEGEL: That's right . . . and the men ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Israel.\" Nuremberg was the town where\nthey tried all the new laws. If it played well in Nuremberg, so to speak, then\nit was imported to other cities. The reason Nuremberg was picked for this is:\nnumber one, it was the town of the rallies; and number two, the governor of this\nwhole district was a man by the name of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Streicher, who edited a newspaper\ncalled \"Der Sturmer\" that came out weekly. It had the most horrible caricatures\nof the Jews. Practically every week it repeated things like, \"The Jews killed\ninnocent German babies for Passover to draw their blood.\" If you repeat lies\nover and over and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over and over again, eventually something will stick. This was\nhis thing. He would march through the town of Nuremberg in boots . . . Nazis\nalways wore boots. They had a great fascination for boots. When I came to\nAmerica . . . for the first five years boots were very fashionable. I had this\nFreudian thing that boots and Nazis were one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing. It took me at least five\nyears to buy myself the first pair of boots. To get back to Streicher: He would\nmarch through town with his boots and a riding crop. If you, as a Jew, would\nhave the misfortune to come the same way . . . you would have to go down on the\nstreet because you were not allowed to walk with the illustrious person on the\nsame ground or else you felt the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whip. Streicher got his justice served during\nthe Nuremberg Trial. He was one of the people who were hung. We in Nuremberg\nfelt the brunt of the Nazi laws before anybody else really did. We couldn't go\nto a theater. We wouldn't go to public bath. All these things were tried on with\nus. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You were strictly dependent on your own people and your own people didn't\nhave too much power . . . so it was a very precarious, terrible life. After 1938\nand 1939 . . . when we left at the end of 1938, life became more and more difficult.\n\nBERMAN: Was your entire family able to get out at one time?\n\nSPIEGEL: My close family: my mother, my father, my sister and I, yes. But my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandmother, and my uncle, and aunt had gone to Belgium because my uncle had\ndone business in Belgium. Then they were caught by the Germans. They fled to\nFrance and they were imprisoned in France because they didn't have any papers.\nIt was really only the end of the war that saved them because there were on the\nlist of being transported from France to Poland, which would have been certain\ndeath. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we came to America, we had to try to get them out, so it was . . .\n\nBERMAN: Would you want to compare . . .\n\nSPIEGEL: One of the things that I do because I fell I have an obligation: I talk\nin schools about what it is like for a youngster to grow up in a dictatorial\nsociety and the great importance of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tolerance. Somebody sent me this paper,\nwhich shows the picture of this horrible man. He doesn't really look like a\nTeutonic. He is dark and no blond, blue-eyed beauty. He was short and fat.\nInside it . . . exactly translated what he said about the Jews murdering\nchildren for ritual ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"purposes. There is also, in this newspaper . . . an article\nthat this man was sacrificed on the altar of 'International Jewry' and Zionism.\nIt goes on that he really is a martyr to the cause and he should be revered. I\nwould ask the children then, \"Where do you think I got this newspaper from?\"\nThey invariably say, \"It comes from Austria or Germany.\" They are shocked to\nfind out that it was printed in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Louisiana by the Christian Vanguard. I am trying\nto bring out to them that what I am talking about my past for them, but\nunfortunately the seeds of these people go on and on and on and are with us now.\nThey are quite shocked.\n\nBERMAN: If we can backtrack for just a moment. Was their much socialization? You\nmentioned how you got assistance from the Jewish community. What about from the\nnon-Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community?\n\nSPIEGEL: There was some, but very, very little because they were afraid. I must\nsay though: we were in Germany during Kristallnacht. My father was in Munich at\nthat time on business. He had stayed for many, many years in a small hotel. He\nwas very friendly with the owner. The owner came to him and said, \"Mr.\nWasserman, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"advise you not to take the train. I hear that they are arresting\nall the Jews, or people who look Jewish, on the trains and that they are being\nput into concentration camps.\" Dachau is only a half an hour from Munich. The\nhotel owner said, \"I would suggest that you stay here. I'll call your family. I\nhave a room up in the attic. I will bring you the food at night. I'll let you\nknow when it's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"passed . . . when it's safe to leave.\" When Kristallnacht . . .\nmy father was in Munich. We were, my mother and sister and I . . . the\nKinderfraulein stayed with us . . . we weren't so little any more but she was\nreally very, very good. She was one of the . . . all who helped us getting food\nand things like this. The interesting thing is that . . . there was also a law\nthat Jews couldn't have any Christian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"domestic help under the age of 45 because\nall Jews raped Christian women. They figured after 45 the non-Jewish women were\nsafe. She was with us. We had our papers to come to America and everything was\nready to be packed. It was waiting for the tax inspector. When you left Germany\nyou had to pay a Juden tax, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Jew tax, for everything that you took out. Every\nloose handkerchief had a nickel tax for the privilege of taking it out. By the\ntime you got through, you didn't have any money left. The inspector would come\nand check everything. Then he would assess the value and then you paid. We had\nit all sitting out on the floor: the china, the crystal, the pots and pans . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever was breakable. That night we heard the clatter of the boots again up\nthe steps and the banging against the door. By that time, we knew it was a\nterrible night because we heard screaming and crying all along the street. My\nmother opened the door and they came in. They came in and they walked through\nthe apartment. The doors were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opened and they saw all the china and the crystal\nand everything. They said, \"Ah, this Jew pig made it really easy for us. We\ndon't even have to pull it out of the cabinets. We can just trample it on the\nfloor.\" My mother really was a very nervous woman. Where she got the presence of\nmind I will never know. She said, \"Wait a minute, you can't do this.\" Then she\nran and got the affidavits that we had which were very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"official looking\ndocuments with red seals and all that. She told these half-drunk guys . . .\nthere were eight of them . . . \"We are under the protection of the United States\ngovernment. All this on the floor belongs now to America. If you mess it up, if\nyou break it, you are really going to be in trouble with the American\ngovernment.\" The guys, thank G-d, didn't know how to read English and were too\ndrunk really to reason ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with or even to know. They whispered among each other.\nThen they said, \"Well, there are other houses to smash up. Let's leave this one\nalone.\" We were one of the few houses in the whole city of Nuremberg that had\nall their china and the crystal and nothing damaged. I have this Rosenfeld china\nand whenever I use it I think of my mother . . . it was really a tremendous\npresence of mind to come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up with this idea. I don't think the American\ngovernment would have lifted a finger if our Rosenfeld china had been destroyed,\nbut it did the trick.\n\nBERMAN: You were able to bring out much of your belongings?\n\nSPIEGEL: The whole thing. We could bring our whole household, so to speak, after\nwe divested ourselves of all the money we had still left. You could leave with\n10 Marks for each person.\n\nBERMAN: Jewelry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also?\n\nSPIEGEL: The jewelry . . . you had to give up the jewelry. You had to give up\nthe cameras and the silver. But the silver . . . we were very lucky. We had a\nwonderful inspector. He says, \"You can take this and you can take this.\" We got\nsome of the jewelry we could take out. Then some of the jewelry we put in the\ntoothpaste and things like that. The ironic thing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that my mother hid it so\nwell that when we unpacked in Boston, some of the rings were never found.\nCertain stories are so unique that they stick in your mind. For example, we had\na neighbor in our house who was not Jewish . . . the Nuremberg Laws said that if\nyou had a Jewish partner, the non-Jewish partner have to divorce . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this was\neither the wife or husband . . . or else he would have to . . . he or she . . .\nwould have to share the same fate. This couple had no children. They were both\nmusicians and were in the orchestra of the Staats Opera of Nuremberg. She was\nJewish and he wasn't. He would also have lost his job if he wouldn't divorce\nthis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woman. One day, there was a big crying and big commotion. He told everybody\nhe found a note from his wife. She had thrown herself . . . she was going to\ndrive . . . she took the car and she was drowning herself. They looked and they\nlooked in the Pignitz, which was the river. They couldn't find her, but she was\ngone. She had killed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"herself. He went around saying, \"Well, it was really for\nthe best.\" He would have lost his job and now he can mix with his non-Jewish\nfriends. He dated and he was very happy to have lost his Jewish wife. \"She did\nme a big favor.\" Lo and behold, after the war, Mrs. Scheffler appeared. He had\nhidden her just like Anne Frank . . . without knowing about Anne ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frank . . . in\na closet and fed her and did everything else. He lived a total lie and managed\nto save her . . . One of the stories about how these laws can work and destroy\nfamily life, but also if there is a will and a way to do this . . . to defeat it\n. . . is a story that happened in our house. Hitler decreed that if you had a\nJewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partner you had to divorce this partner or else you will have the same\nfate. If you go in a concentration camp, you go with them. You also lose your\njob and you will be treated as a Jew. This family . . . they had no children.\nThey were both musicians and they worked for the Staats Opera in Nuremberg. All\nof a sudden he came and he told everybody something terrible happened. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His wife\nhad taken the car and had left a note that she couldn't live like this anymore.\nShe was going to kill herself, drown herself. They looked for her in the\nPignitz, which was the river that went through Nuremberg, but they couldn't find\nher so they decided she must have gone some other place. He then said in a way\nit was a wonderful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing that this happened because he would lost his job and\nbesides it took the decision away from hit what to do. He was really glad to get\nrid of his Jewish wife. Now he can live freely as he wants to. He dated and he\nwas very, very happy being a good German and being rid of his Jewish\nconnections. Lo and behold after the war, Mrs. Scheffler appeared. She had been\nhidden in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the apartment and he had taken care of her and everything was a sham\nin order to save her. It really saved her life. She was able to exist until the\nwar and they came then to America. He played for the Metropolitan Opera. I saw\nthem here when they came one time. But some people really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did the decent things,\nbut unfortunately not enough to defeat this man. As I said, in Nuremberg\neverybody lived in a much greater fear because Streicher had such a tremendous\npower. For example, my husband's uncle was a very prominent lawyer and Social\nDemocrat . . . a Social Democrat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were the people in power before Hitler came . .\n. the Weimar Republic and all of that . . . he was very active in all political\nthings. He had sued Streicher one time and won the suit against him. That was\npre-Hitler. When Streicher came to power, one of the first things he did was\ntake revenge on his Jewish enemies. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This man was the first to go the Dachau in\nthe Nuremberg/Furth. He was killed almost immediately. Now they have . . . my\nhusband has received documents from other people who have said he was a very\nshort, skinny little fellow, not the figure of a hero at all, but how wonderful\nhe was in Dachau even comforting other people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and speaking up. It wasn't much\nhelp, but nevertheless he sort of helped the others to keep up their courage and\nto live through this.\n\nBERMAN: Your Kinderfraulein . . . what became of her?\n\nSPIEGEL: The Kinderfraulein married, believe it or not, at the age of 55, a\nretired postman and still kept in touch until we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left. She was always in touch\nwith us. After we came to American and things were very rough for the Germans as\nfar as food and all is concerned after the war . . . we would send them food\npackages. The first time my parents went back to Germany, they had a great\nreunion with Fraulein Rosa. Also my grandparents had helped. They lived in the\nhouse and they were part of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family. The last thing my uncle did was he paid\ndown money so that the cook for my grandparents would be brought into an old age\nhome. They also sent stuff afterwards . . . when the war was over in Germany.\n\nBERMAN: How did you end up in Atlanta?\n\nSPIEGEL: We came first to . . . we lived in Boston. Then I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some non-Jewish .\n. . my parents had non-Jewish friends . . . also German people who had gone to\nAmerica because he was . . . he had too many Jewish friends. He was a brew\nmaster. Also he spoke out against the government. He lived in Hamburg at that\ntime. One of his friends told him he better get out of town or out of the\ncountry as fast as possible because, \"They will get you,\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because he said he\nwouldn't hoist a Nazi flag over his brewery. In Hamburg, he always had papers.\nHe and his wife took . . . they had no children. They took the first boat and\nwent first to South America and then to Galveston, Texas. They were in touch\nwith my parents. They also helped us get my uncle and aunt and grandmother then\nlater on from France to America. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They asked me if I wanted to . . . I only went\na year-and-a-half to school here . . . I was looking for a job. They said, \"You\ncan work in an office in Galveston, Texas as well as in Boston, Massachusetts.\"\nI went to Galveston, Texas. I was in touch with my husband's sister. At that\ntime he wasn't . . . She wrote me one day--the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war was over by this time--that\nher brother was stationed in Texas. \"Texas is a big country, but he is stationed\nat Camp Wallace. How far is this from Galveston?\" I said, \"It is a half hour.\"\nHe came to visit and we had very nice food. He came to visit some more. Then we\ngot engaged eventually. He lived in Atlanta and that is how I got to Atlanta. I\nhaven't regretted it at all. I love it here.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/transcript/20667/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much. It was wonderful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2250.0,2280.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNuremberg [German: Nürnberg] is a city in Bavaria, Germany on the Pegnitz River and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal. It is distinguished by its medieval architecture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmid an economic depression and increasing political instability in Germany, Adolf Hitler and his party, the National Socialist German Workers' Party [German: \u003cem\u003eNationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei\u003c/em\u003e; also known as the NSDAP or Nazi Party) rapidly rose to power. In 1932, the Nazi party was elected to fill more seats in the \u003cem\u003eReichstag\u003c/em\u003e (parliament) than any other party. In 1933, democratically elected President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany, a position responsible for leading the \u003cem\u003eReichstag\u003c/em\u003e. As Chancellor, he began transforming his position into a dictatorial one. When the President died in 1934, Hitler declared himself head of state and effectively became absolute dictator of Germany under the title of \u003cem\u003eFuhrer\u003c/em\u003e (German: \u003cem\u003eFührer\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years between 1933 and 1939, Nazi Party leaders began to persecute Jews through a series of antisemitic legislation that included more than 400 decrees and regulations restricting all aspects of their public and private lives. The anti-Jewish policies brought radical and daunting social, economic, and communal change to the German Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 25, 1933, the German government issued the Law against Overcrowding in Schools and Universities, dramatically limiting the number of Jewish students allowed to attend public schools. No more than 5 percent of the total student population could be Jewish. According to the census of June 16, 1933, the Jewish population of Germany was about 500,000 people out of a total population of 67 million or less than 0.8 percent of the total, 75 percent of whom attended public schools. Public schools increasingly played an important role in spreading Nazi ideas to German youth. Educators taught students love for Hitler, obedience to state authority, militarism, racism, and antisemitism. In 1933, all Jewish teachers were also dismissed from German schools and universities. In the face of increasing persecution at public schools, Jews in Germany turned increasingly to private schools for their children. After \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e, all Jews were barred from all public schools and universities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInitially, exceptions to the increasingly prevalent anti-Jewish policies and laws were made for German veterans of World War I and their children. These exceptions reinforced the way many veterans identified themselves—as Germans rather than as Jews—and created a false and short-lived sense of security. Eventually, all German Jews—regardless of their earlier service to their country—were disenfranchised and suffered under the increasing anti-Jewish laws and abuses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFuerth [German: Fürth] is a city located in northern Bavaria, Germany, just outside the city of Nuremberg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDecatur is a city in Georgia, approximately 6 miles (10 kilometers) northeast of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Alfred Kissinger was born Heinz Alfred Kissinger in 1923 in Furth, Germany. His family fled Nazi persecution and immigrated to the United States in 1938. They settled in New York. Kissinger eventually became a political scientist, diplomat, and political advisor. He served as National Security Advisor and then as Secretary of State in the administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.He played a prominent role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977, especially in regard to the Vietnam War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSturmabteilung\u003c/em\u003e, also known as the “Storm Troopers,” “Brown Shirts,” or “SA,” was the paramilitary of the Nazi Party commanded by Ernst Rohm [German: Röhm] and responsible for helping Adolf Hitler rise to power in Germany in the 1920’s and early 1930’s. By 1934, tensions within the party saw Heinrich Himmler and the SS (\u003cem\u003eSchutzstaffel\u003c/em\u003e) replace Rohm and the \u003cem\u003eSturmabteilung’s\u003c/em\u003e position as the dominant organization within the Nazi Party.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eImmigration to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hitler Youth [German: \u003cem\u003eHitlerjugend\u003c/em\u003e] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. It existed from 1922 to 1945. It was modeled after its adult counterpart, the \u003cem\u003eSturmabteilung\u003c/em\u003e (SA), and was paramilitary in organization. It was for males 14 to 18 years of age. There was another section for young boys called \u003cem\u003eDeutsches Jungvolk\u003c/em\u003e and a girls’ section called \u003cem\u003eBund Deutscher Madel\u003c/em\u003e [German: Association of German Girls]. The Hitler Youth were viewed as future “Aryan supermen” and were indoctrinated as such. The Hitler Youth put emphasis on physical and military training. The Hitler Youth emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the SS. They had uniforms like the SA with similar ranks and insignia. It also served to indoctrinate students with the National Socialist worldview.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt first, the confiscation of Jewish businesses and property was, according to the Nazis, “voluntary.” Especially after 1935, Jewish property was forcibly transferred to so-called “Aryans” (non-Jews) in a process known as \u003cem\u003eArisierung\u003c/em\u003e [German: Aryanization]. \"Aryanization\" meant the dismissal of Jewish workers and managers of a company and/or the takeover of Jewish-owned businesses by non-Jewish Germans who bought them at bargain prices fixed by government or Nazi party officials. In 1937 and 1938, German authorities again stepped up legislative persecution of German Jews. Following \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e, Nazi leaders stepped up \"Aryanization\" efforts. After November 1938, Jews were forbidden to do business and had to liquidate their property under the supervision of a governmental trustee or \u003cem\u003eTreuhänder\u003c/em\u003e [German: trustee]. The trustee would arrange for the Jewish owner to receive a nominal payment for the enterprise that was generally paid into a blocked account and then sell the very same business to an Aryan for market value thereby turning a sizeable profit for the Reich. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nuremberg Laws were passed on November 15, 1935. They formed the cornerstone of the German Nazi Party’s racial policy and heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation. They were based on the Nazi’s racial laws, which asserted the superiority of the “Aryan race,” and based on a specific racist doctrine, which claimed scientific legitimacy. These policies targeted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped people, and others who were labeled as inferior in a racial hierarchy to the “master race” of Germans. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSome of the first anti-Jewish measures taken in Germany included a series of laws in 1933, which included the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service in April 1933 that expelled all “non-Aryans” (defined as anyone with a Jewish parent or grandparent) from civil service. The Germans also began boycotting Jewish businesses in 1933 and Jews were soon effectively expelled from almost all professions and commercial life. Jews were barred from practicing as lawyers or physicians. Jews were gradually removed from German economic life. teachers\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called ‘\u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e,’ which means ‘Night of Broken Glass,’ because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi Party held its massive annual rallies in Nuremberg from 1927 to 1938.  The rallies were held at the Nazi party rally grounds, which covered about 11 square kilometers (4.25 square miles) in the southeast of Nuremberg, and served as spectacular propaganda events to showcase the power of National Socialism to the rest of Germany and the world. The rallies usually were held in August or September, lasted several days to a week, and drew hundreds of thousands of Party members and spectators, including hundreds of foreign journalists. The rallies included rousing speeches by the \u003cem\u003eFührer \u003c/em\u003e(Hitler) that were often the occasion for the announcement of new Nazi directions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Es zittern die morschen Knochen\u003c/em\u003e\" [German: the rotten bones are trembling] by Hans Baumann was, after the \u003cem\u003eHorst Wessel Lied\u003c/em\u003e, one of the most famous of the NSDAP's (Nazi Party) songs. It was also the official song of the Hitler Youth. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\"\u003cem\u003eUnd wenn das Judenblut vom Messer spritzt\u003c/em\u003e” [German: When Jewish Blood Spurts from My Knife] was a popular antisemitic song sung to a cheerful, fast-paced march. It was heard throughout Germany in the early 1930’s, often sung by the Hitler Youth and other antisemitic organizations or individuals during public gatherings and demonstrations. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe blood flag [German: Blutfahne] was a flag that was carried during the failed Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, Germany in 1923, during which it became soaked with the blood of one of the fallen Nazi party members. Restored to Hitler upon his release from prison in 1925, the \u003cem\u003eBlutfahne\u003c/em\u003e quickly became the centerpiece of Nazi ceremonies, where it was used to consecrate all new Nazi banners and flags. As one of the most revered relics of the Nazi party, the flag was accorded its own attendant, SS-\u003cem\u003eSturmbannführer\u003c/em\u003e Jakob Grimminger.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany nations in which German Jews sought asylum imposed significant obstacles to immigration. Application processes for entry visas were elaborate and demanding, requiring prospective immigrants to provide information about themselves and their family members from banks, doctors, and the German police. In the case of the United States, isolationism and xenophobic sentiments allowed a restrictive immigration policy to prevail. Applicants were required to provide affidavits from multiple sponsors and to have secured a waiting number within a quota established for their country of birth, which severely limited their chances to emigrate. The quota for German immigrants (all Germans, not just Jews) was only 26,000 per year. Although finding a destination proved difficult, about 36,000 Jews left Germany and Austria in 1938 and 77,000 in 1939. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhiladelphia is the largest city in the northeastern state of Pennsylvania in the United States. It is located along the Delaware River, which forms the state’s eastern border with New Jersey.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn August 17, 1938, the German government issued the Executive Order on the Law on the Alteration of Family and Personal Names. The law required German Jews to identify themselves in ways that would permanently separate them from the rest of the German population. All German Jews were obliged to carry identity cards that indicated their heritage and all Jewish passports were stamped with an identifying red letter “J”. By January 1, 1939, Jewish men and women bearing first names of “non-Jewish” origin had to add “Israel” and “Sara,” respectively, to their given names.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulius Streicher (1885-1946) was born in Nuremberg, Germany and was an early member of the Nazi party. He was the founder and publisher of the newspaper, \u003cem\u003eDer Sturmer\u003c/em\u003e, and other antisemitic books. Before Hitler came to power \u003cem\u003eGauleiters\u003c/em\u003e were just party functionaries and had no real power, but after Hitler came to power that all changed. They began to wield immense power. Streicher would stride through the streets of Nuremberg cracking a bullwhip. In 1938 Streicher’s favor with the Nazi party began to unravel when he criticized other top Nazi officials and examples of his out of control personal life began to surface. In February 1940 he was stripped of his party offices and withdrew from the public eye, although he continued to publish \u003cem\u003eDer Sturmer\u003c/em\u003e. After the war, Streicher was found guilty of crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial and sentenced to death. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDer Sturmer\u003c/em\u003e, [German: \u003cem\u003eDer Stürmer\u003c/em\u003e] was a \"tabloid style\" newspaper published by Julius Streicher from 1923 almost continuously through to the end of World War II. It was a central element of the Nazi propaganda machine. It was highly anti-Semitic, featuring articles with stereotypical hook-nosed Jews and elaborating on all their nefariousness. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommonly referred to as the Nuremberg Trials, the Trial of Major War Criminals was held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 in Nuremberg, Germany and was widely covered by the media. An international military tribunal tried 22 leading German officials for war crimes. Twelve prominent Nazi Party members were sentenced to death. There were twelve additional tribunals that tried Nazi doctors, judges, industrialists, and leaders of the \u003cem\u003eEinsatzgruppen\u003c/em\u003e [German: mobile killing squads]. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChristian Vanguard \u003c/em\u003ewas a tabloid newspaper founded in the early 1970’s. It was published by the New Christian Crusade Church in Metairie, Louisiana, which belongs to the Christian Identity—a group with a racialized theology. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich is the capital of the German state of Bavaria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Dachau became a model for other concentration camps and was used as a training center for SS guards. Originally, it was a camp for criminals, political prisoners, and other opponents of the Nazi regime. In 1938, in the aftermath of \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e, the Jewish population rose to 10,000, although most were eventually released after agreeing to emigrate from Germany. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and thousands were literally worked to death. Between 1940 and 1945, at least 28,000 died there as a result of the harsh, overcrowded conditions, medical experiments, and executions. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 forbade Jews to employ female German maids under the age of 45, assuming that Jewish men would force such maids into committing race defilement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil October 1941, German policy officially encouraged Jewish emigration. However, the cost for Jews to leave Germany was increasingly and prohibitively high in the years leading up to World War II. In order to pay the various taxes and restrictions imposed on Jews leaving Germany and the high cost of emigration, many Jews were forced to sell their real estate, possessions, and other assets for far less than their actual worth. To keep the purchase and sale of Jewish property and assets “legal,” local currency offices policed emigration. The amount of currency and assets Jews were allowed to take out of Germany was also highly restricted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePart of the Nuremberg Law passed in 1935, the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor banned marriage between Jews and non-Jewish Germans. It also criminalized sexual relations between them. These relationships were labeled as “race defilement” [German: \u003cem\u003eRassenschande\u003c/em\u003e]. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnne Frank was a German-Jewish girl whose family fled to Amsterdam and eventually went into hiding with four others. After almost two years, they were discovered and deported to concentration camps. Anne died in Bergen-Belsen in April 1945, at the age of 15. Anne’s father, Otto Frank, is the only one of the eight people in hiding to survive. After the war, Anne became world famous because of the diary she wrote while in hiding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) [German: \u003cem\u003eSozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands\u003c/em\u003e] is Germany’s oldest political party. It advocates the modernization of the economy but also stresses the need to address the social needs of workers and society’s disadvantaged. During the Weimer Republic, it was part of several coalition governments. The SPD was outlawed soon after the Nazis came to power in 1933, but was revived in 1945. Today, it is one of the country’s two main parties. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoston is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Helen, her father Hans, mother Selma, and younger sister Edith arrived in New York City aboard the SS Washington on December 9, 1938 before settling in Brighton, Massachusetts, a suburb approximately 6 miles (10 kilometers) west of Boston.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHamburg is a major port city in northern Germany, connected to the North Sea by the Elbe River. It is the second-largest city in Germany and the second-largest port in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMost Latin American countries were relatively open to European immigrants until the late 1930’s, when an economic crises brought on by the Great Depression and growing antisemitism led many Latin American countries to tighten immigration laws. In fact, about 75,000 of the approximately 399,000 Jews who had emigrated from Germany and annexed Austria by 1939 had gone to Central and South America, with the largest numbers entering Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Bolivia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGalveston is an island city on the Gulf Coast of Texas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/annotation_set/237/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Wallace was designed as a training center for antiaircraft units in World War II. It was formally opened just outside of Galveston, Texas on February 1, 1941, and named for Col. Elmer J. Wallace. For two years, Camp Wallace served as an antiaircraft replacement-training center. On April 15, 1944, the camp was officially transferred to the United States Navy as a naval training and distribution center and was used as a boot camp. After the war, it became the Naval Personnel Separation Center. It closed in 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2220.0,2250.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Spiegel, Helen [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life before the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=4.0,423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could you tell us a little bit about initially your life . . . pre-war or pre-Hitler life in Germany, where you were from, where you were born, a little bit about your family, what your father did for a living . . . things like that to begin with?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=4.0,423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Affidavit","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fuerth, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler Youth","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kinderfraulien","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=4.0,423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Situations Worsen for the Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=423.0,927.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After 1938, all this stopped. You just couldn't work anymore. Besides, if you owned your own business the Nazis would march in and they would appoint let's say your head bookkeeper and say, \"You are selling for 200 this factory,\" and they sign the papers. It was all legal and everything else.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=423.0,927.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holy Blood Flag","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reichsparteitag","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sturmabteilung - SA","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=423.0,927.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trying to Escape Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=927.0,1004.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was in 1935 that your father . . . after the beating . . .","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=927.0,1004.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conscription","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escape","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=927.0,1004.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg and Restrictive Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1004.0,1180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As far as some of the other freedoms and socialization that were taken away from you . . . some of the other laws were to make all women have the middle name of \"Sara\"?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1004.0,1180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Der Sturmer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Streicher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg Trial","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1004.0,1180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaving Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1180.0,1346.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After 1938 and 1939 . . . when we left at the end of 1938, life became more and more difficult.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1180.0,1346.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Belgium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dictatorial Socieety","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tolerance","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1180.0,1346.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Help from the Non-Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1346.0,1453.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was their much socialization? You mentioned how you got assistance from the Jewish community. What about from the non-Jewish community?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1346.0,1453.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dachau Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kinderfraulein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Non-Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1346.0,1453.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaving Germany with their Valuables","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1453.0,1689.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had our papers to come to America and everything was ready to be packed. It was waiting for the tax inspector. When you left Germany you had to pay a Juden tax, a Jew tax, for everything that you took out.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1453.0,1689.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Affidavits","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewelry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Juden Tax","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosenfeld China","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tax Inspector","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1453.0,1689.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Restrictive Laws on Jewish and Non-Jewish Relationships","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1689.0,2151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certain stories are so unique that they stick in your mind. For example, we had a neighbor in our house who was not Jewish . . . the Nuremberg Laws said that if you had a Jewish partner, the non-Jewish partner have to divorce . . . this was either the wife or husband . . . or else he would have to . . . he or she . . . would have to share the same fate.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1689.0,2151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anne Frank","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Divorce","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marriage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pignitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Staats Opera","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=1689.0,2151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coming to the United States and Ending Up in Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2151.0,2284.395"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did you end up in Atlanta?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2151.0,2284.395"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550/index/47337/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boston, Massachusetts","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Camp Wallace, Texas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Galveston, Texas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hamburg, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31829/file/100550#t=2151.0,2284.395"}]}]}]}