{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/df6k06xc5m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Lansky, Rubin (1989)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1989-02-16 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Children of Holocaust Survivors Project (CHS)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRubin Lansky was interviewed by Erna Martino on February 16, 1989 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRubin Lansky was born in 1922 in Ozorkow, Poland. He was the second of four children born to Mojsze and Leia Zychlinksi. His father owned a clothing store. When the war started, Rubin was sent to a forced labor squad and was sent to work on the German Autobahn (highway system), where he lived in \"camps,\" which were moved periodically as the road grew in length.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, Rubin's work squad was disbanded and he was sent to camps in Latvia and Estonia where he worked on the railroad system. Eventually Rubin ended up Riga-Kaiswerwald, the main camp for Latvia. Rubin was sent to Danzig via ship in September 1944. From Danzig he was sent to Buchenwald and then to Bochumer Verein, a steel plant/labor camp. When the Allies began heavily bombing the area, he volunteered for a job locating and digging up unexploded bombs until he was shipped out on an open-air railcar that wandered aimlessly before stopping in Czechoslovakia. There, Rubin said he was a non-Jewish Czech and became part of a group of prisoners ransomed by the Czech-government-in-exile. Rubin was taken to a hospital, from which a Czech man rescued him, took him home to his family and nursed him back to health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Rubin returned to Ozorkow and learned that his parents, older brother, Abram, and younger sister and brother, Fajga and Icek, had not survived. He then ended up in Bamberg, Germany where he got an apartment and a job. There, he located a second cousin, Lola Borkowska, who was in a nearby DP camp.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRubin immigrated to the United States in 1947, where he soon married Lola, who had come before him. The couple had two children. In 1953, the Lansky's moved to Atlanta, Georgia where they opened a grocery store. A few years later, Rubin began a successful career in the Real Estate management business. Rubin and Lola were members of Ahavath Achhim Synagogue and founding members of Eternal-Life Hemshech, which constructed the Memorial to the Six Million. Lola passed away in 1999 and Rubin died on March 19, 2005.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eRubin recounts how he began working for the Germans as a forced laborer soon after Poland was occupied. He recalls working on the Autobahn and staying in Organization Todt labor camps in the Baltic States. Rubin explains how he was sent by boat from Riga-Kaiswerwald to Germany near the end of the war. He recalls his time in Buchenwald and working at the Bochumer Verein steel plant/labor camp. He describes the destruction of Allied bombing campaigns and his decision to volunteer for clearing bombs. Rubin traces his journey from Buchenwald to Czechoslovakia, where he passed as a non-Jewish Czech and was taken to a Red Cross hospital. Rubin shares how he travelled back to Poland after the war, where he learned his family had not survived, and participated in retaliation against Germans that had been captured by the Soviets. Rubin describes returning to Germany and meeting his wife. He outlines his immigration to the United States, working at a factory in New York, and finally moving to Atlanta, Georgia. He discusses his early ventures as a grocery store owner before moving into real estate. Rubin reflects on adjusting to life in America, raising his children, and he and his wife’s involvement in the Atlanta survivor community. Rubin offers his perspective of surviving the Holocaust, religion, and life in America.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28019"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Rubin Lansky (personal name)","Lola Borkowska Lansky (personal name)","Ozorkow, Poland (geographic term)","Ozorkow Ghetto (geographic term)","Lodz, Poland (geographic term)","Lodz Ghetto (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Dzierzgon, Poland (geographic term)","Bamberg, Germany (geographic term)","Chemnitz, Germany (geographic term)","Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Pilsen, Czech Republic (geographic term)","Libau, Latvia (geographic term)","Stutthof Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Kaiserwald Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Buchenwald Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Feldafing Displaced Persons Camp (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Gestapo (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Wehrmacht (topical term)","Autobahn (topical term)","Sicherheitsdienst- SD (topical term)","Schutzstaffel - SS (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Organisation Todt (corporate name)","Bochum-Verein (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRubin Lansky was interviewed by Erna Martino on February 16, 1989 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRubin Lansky was born in 1922 in Ozorkow, Poland. He was the second of four children born to Mojsze and Leia Zychlinksi. His father owned a clothing store. When the war started, Rubin was sent to a forced labor squad and was sent to work on the German Autobahn (highway system), where he lived in \"camps,\" which were moved periodically as the road grew in length.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, Rubin's work squad was disbanded and he was sent to camps in Latvia and Estonia where he worked on the railroad system. Eventually Rubin ended up Riga-Kaiswerwald, the main camp for Latvia. Rubin was sent to Danzig via ship in September 1944. From Danzig he was sent to Buchenwald and then to Bochumer Verein, a steel plant/labor camp. When the Allies began heavily bombing the area, he volunteered for a job locating and digging up unexploded bombs until he was shipped out on an open-air railcar that wandered aimlessly before stopping in Czechoslovakia. There, Rubin said he was a non-Jewish Czech and became part of a group of prisoners ransomed by the Czech-government-in-exile. Rubin was taken to a hospital, from which a Czech man rescued him, took him home to his family and nursed him back to health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Rubin returned to Ozorkow and learned that his parents, older brother, Abram, and younger sister and brother, Fajga and Icek, had not survived. He then ended up in Bamberg, Germany where he got an apartment and a job. There, he located a second cousin, Lola Borkowska, who was in a nearby DP camp.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRubin immigrated to the United States in 1947, where he soon married Lola, who had come before him. The couple had two children. In 1953, the Lansky's moved to Atlanta, Georgia where they opened a grocery store. A few years later, Rubin began a successful career in the Real Estate management business. Rubin and Lola were members of Ahavath Achhim Synagogue and founding members of Eternal-Life Hemshech, which constructed the Memorial to the Six Million. Lola passed away in 1999 and Rubin died on March 19, 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRubin recounts how he began working for the Germans as a forced laborer soon after Poland was occupied. He recalls working on the Autobahn and staying in Organization Todt labor camps in the Baltic States. Rubin explains how he was sent by boat from Riga-Kaiswerwald to Germany near the end of the war. He recalls his time in Buchenwald and working at the Bochumer Verein steel plant/labor camp. He describes the destruction of Allied bombing campaigns and his decision to volunteer for clearing bombs. Rubin traces his journey from Buchenwald to Czechoslovakia, where he passed as a non-Jewish Czech and was taken to a Red Cross hospital. Rubin shares how he travelled back to Poland after the war, where he learned his family had not survived, and participated in retaliation against Germans that had been captured by the Soviets. Rubin describes returning to Germany and meeting his wife. He outlines his immigration to the United States, working at a factory in New York, and finally moving to Atlanta, Georgia. He discusses his early ventures as a grocery store owner before moving into real estate. Rubin reflects on adjusting to life in America, raising his children, and he and his wife’s involvement in the Atlanta survivor community. Rubin offers his perspective of surviving the Holocaust, religion, and life in America.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/099/548/small/Rubin_Lansky.png?1619300654","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Lansky_Rubin.mp4"]},"duration":5985.848,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/099/548/small/Rubin_Lansky.png?1619300654","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/099/548/original/Lansky_Rubin.mp4?1603377964","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5985.848,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Lansky, Rubin [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: We are here on February 16, 1989 to do an interview for the Atlanta\nChildren of Holocaust Survivors project. What is your name and where do you live?\n\nLANSKY: Rubin Lansky. I live in Atlanta, Georgia, 1098 Bonview Lane, Atlanta, Georgia.\n\nMARTINO: When were you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"born?\n\nLANSKY: 1922.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me about where you were born--what state, what city, what country.\n\nLANSKY: Poland. Ozorkow.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me about your family. Who lived in your house? How many people and\ntheir names?\n\nLANSKY: My older brother, Abram, he lived in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house with myself, my youngest\nbrother Icek, and my sister Fajga. We had a store, which was a clothing store,\nand we made a living from that.\n\nMARTINO: What did your father do for a living?\n\nLANSKY: We had a clothing store.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me about what type of school you went to when you were a young boy.\n\nLANSKY: I went with Polacks . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public school.\n\nMARTINO: Public school?\n\nLANSKY: After school, I went to cheder.\n\nMARTINO: Were you from a religious family? Describe a little bit to me what your\nShabbos] or Yontif was like.\n\nLANSKY: The Shabbos at my home . . . and the rest of Poland . . . was about the\nsame. Friday, we closed our store in time. If we didn't close in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time somebody\nwould . . . on Shabbos, there were special people who show you the watch, that\nit's too late, you should get out the customers. You didn't have to be religious\nor not religious. There wasn't such thing as kosher or non-kosher.\n\nMARTINO: So you observed the Sabbath?\n\nLANSKY: Definitely. Everybody . . . the whole town. You couldn't . . . all the\nstores were closed. This was good until Saturday night, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was Gute vohk.\nThere was a little party.\n\nMARTINO: Did you go to synagogue?\n\nLANSKY: I had to be there Friday and Saturday. When we came back from synagogue,\njust like everywhere else, if we knew somebody couldn't make a Shabbos . . .\nthey got together and put a little money together to make sure that everybody\ngoing to have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbos.\n\nMARTINO: You invited strangers to your house?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. We had . . . if not every week, almost every week. My father got\nwhat you call . . . took home and we ate with them.\n\nMARTINO: In your growing up years, did you have mostly Jewish friends or\nnon-Jewish friends? How were things in your town?\n\nLANSKY: Jewish friends.\n\nMARTINO: Only Jewish friends?\n\nLANSKY: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: How did you get along ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the non-Jewish people in your town, which\nwas a small town? What was the population?\n\nLANSKY: Five thousand. We got along with the Polacks in our towns exceptionally\nwell because maybe it was a situation . . . it was a small town with big\nfactories . . . like one factory . . . 8,000 people . . . in a town with 30,000\npopulation. The owner--not the owner . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he rented it--was an Orthodox Jew.\nYou imagine a town . . . this was just one factory. Besides this, we had smaller\nfactories, but this particular one had 8,000 people . . . a factory. They had\ntheir own police, own stores, their own fire department. They had two cars. They\nwere the only one who had the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cars. I think the fire department had the car,\nmaybe the chief of police . . . I know they were the only one who had the cars.\nThey lived . . . it was different life for them. They didn't mingle with the\naverage people because their life was different. One son lived in England; one\nlived in Paris for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business. Every son lived in a different country to promote\nthe company probably. He had payess and a beard with a Jewish . . . When he went\nout town . . . we knew when he went out of town he put a black hat . . .\n\nMARTINO: A regular hat?\n\nLANSKY: Not a regular hat. What you call it?\n\nMARTINO: A shtreimel?\n\nLANSKY: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, not a shtremiel. When he left for business . . . a kapelusz . . .\n\nMARTINO: A regular hat, a dress hat? In other words, he didn't dress the same if\nhe went on business as when he was in town.\n\nLANSKY: No, he would go with payess, the Jewish cap and all this . . . he put\nthe payess inside and tied them up or whatever.\n\nMARTINO: For people not to know that he was not Jewish?\n\nLANSKY: Not that he's not Jewish . . . even for my time, it was just like here.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was . . . we called them the . . .\n\nMARTINO: The very Orthodox?\n\nLANSKY: The very Orthodox, sure. They didn't belong to synagogue. They had their\nshtiebel. Like Aleksander Hasidism, then the . . . Hasidim . . . like a cult.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me how life changed for you from the way it was before when the\nGermans and the Nazis started to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come?\n\nLANSKY: The war started . . . . I think it was Friday. This was Wednesday. I\nslept with my brother. We didn't have our own . . . I saw my father came in with\nthe bread and rolls. I never saw my father coming in with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bread and rolls. This\nwas not his job. My mom used to come in with that. I said, \"What happened?\" He\nsaid, \"Well, the Germans approaching and we hear rumors that they are killing\nthe young ones or they take them to the army . . . we don't know . . . we know\nthat something bad . . . they don't much good. The whole town is outside now in\nthe streets and people don't know run away . . . what to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do.\" I got dressed,\nwent out in the street. I met my best friend. We saw Fogel, the rich Jew--his\nson--trying to run away with the car. It was a convertible. A lot of people\nwanted to get on the car . . . they didn't let them on the car. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Myself and my\nfriend went in the back . . . we hide half but he could see us a little . . .\nbut he figured two boys, he didn't bother us.\n\nMARTINO: How old were you at that time?\n\nLANSKY: Seventeen. We went about maybe 50 miles and we start seeing the Germans\ncoming with the planes and start bombing. He ran out of gasoline, he got hungry\nalready. His name was Leon. He came out from the car and he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say in Polish,\n\"Don't we have a roll or something to eat?\" I said, \"Me, a roll, something to\neat? We didn't take nothing.\" He was hungry again. How long does it take to get\nhungry? He said, \"You better get off because we have no gasoline. We'll have to\nleave the car.\" I couldn't see him no more. I walked into Warsaw. This was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"125\nkilometers, which is about 70 miles. I don't have to tell you we had to sleep in\ndaytime and walk in nighttime because the planes . . . this was the main highway\nfrom Lodz to Warsaw.\n\nMARTINO: Did you have any relatives there that you could stay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with?\n\nLANSKY: Stay with? I didn't have no relatives but we met hundreds of thousands\nof people who were trying to run away from the Germans. We thought the Polish\ngoing to fight and we were going to go back . . . We didn't know really what was\ngoing on. But the Germans they made such . . . they started shooting and\nthrowing bombs and all that kind of stuff that nobody knew whether they were\ngoing or coming. Anyway I came into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw and the Germans surrounded the city.\nThey bombed it. Every few hours they came and dropped bombs on us. There was\nnothing . . . the light goes out, no water, no light, no nothing . . . you\ndidn't think about eating at all. You just wanted to find a place where they\ndon't bomb . . . where it is not burning. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was unbelievable. The first time in\nhistory that open cities was bombed. Nobody was ready for it. After four weeks,\nthe Polacks surrendered. They had no choice . . . no food. I went home. I met\nthe Germans on the borderline. They told us . . . all the youth to get together\nand go to the next city . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not disappear, just keep together. I don't know\nhow many hundreds of boys were there.\n\n MARTINO:\n\nLANSKY: No. I went back from Warsaw. I couldn't call. There was no telephone. We\ndidn't have a telephone. In the whole town maybe we had . . . ten telephones was\na lot. I went home. On the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way, we were so hungry one night that we went down\nfor a farmer and cried. He gave us food and we couldn't eat. When I came home my\nfather said he had a dream that I was coming back. He probably dreamed every day\nthat I'm coming back. Being a child, you didn't know how a father or mother\nfeels. My mother couldn't recognize . . . she thought I am dead for sure, being\naway for weeks. She knew the direction I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went. One of my friends got killed in\nWarsaw from a bomb. When I come back, I told my father that he got killed. He\nsaid, \"Don't say nothing. You didn't see it. Don't say nothing.\" I said, \"I saw\nit. We buried him. It was not even a place where to bury him. We buried him\nwherever we could.\" He said, \"But don't say nothing.\" Before I know his father\ncame, \"You've been in Warsaw?\" \"Yes.\" \"Did you see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yankele? Did you see . . .\" I\ntold, \"No, I didn't see him.\" But there was another brother. His brother was\nscared to come home to tell the father that his son got killed. After a few\nweeks or so he came home and he told him that his son got killed. After this . .\n. we had a store, the Germans came in and took everything . . . how many suits\nwe had, how many clothes, how many pants, how many this . . . they said, \". .\n.We are not taking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, just that you cannot sell it.\"\n\nMARTINO: They confiscated it?\n\nLANSKY: Confiscated it, yes. Before you know, this was worth not a lot of money\n. . . but the Polish money fell . . . and right away it was worth a lot of\nmoney. I told my father, \"Let's duplicate. Let's buy something cheap. They\ndidn't say if it was wool or English-made or whatever. Let's put the cheap stuff\nand sell this.\" My father was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scared. He said \"How we going to get the\nstuff?\" Not from Lodz, from the big city . . . there was a streetcar every few\nminutes going to Lodz. I said, \"I heard that the Germans give you papers to buy\nit and all this, so why not try it?\" The Germans wanted you to buy so they can\nhave more. If you're not buying it . . . We did exactly. We switched ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around. By\nthe time we switched around, we needed to switch another time. Because what we\nswitched around . . . the inflation was so high . . . right away from the money.\nBy the time they come to get it, my father run away, my brother run away . . .\nthey were scared . . . the Gestapo. For some reason, I wasn't scared. I helped\nthem pack. Half I put in the basement; half I put on the wagon. I hollered, \"Go\nfast. Get it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. Get through with it.\" Father came back. He asked me, \"Are they\ngone?\" I said, \"They're gone.\" He say, \"I'm so glad I'm rid of everything. I\ndon't have to worry anymore.\" I said, \"You didn't get rid of everything. I got\nhalf in the basement.\" There came a time when the Germans wanted 120 people for\nwork. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community leaders didn't know who to take. Who are you going to take?\nThe old one, the young one, the rich one or the poor one? I wouldn't like to be\nin their skin, but they said, \"Let's take from 17. If they want more we get them\nfrom 18 and 19 . . . \" Like going into the army or something like this. I was\none of the 17. We had a neighbor--a German--he become the mayor of the city.\nThey had a German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mayor and a mayor from the city because the German mayor\ndidn't know what's going on. We'd been neighbors all our life. I grew up next\ndoor to him. He had a bakery. They were really rich. They didn't need Hitler or\nwar. They went to Germany about four or five times a year. My mother took me.\n\"Let's go to . . . Let's talk to him.\" We went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up and we saw him coming out. My\nmother said, \"They want to take Rubin. What should I do?\" He said, \"When you see\nthe mayor with the uniform walking out, you come in, and we going to talk.\" So\nwe went in when we saw the guy in the uniform went out and we told him stories.\nHe said listen, \"I don't make the laws. I wish all this wouldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happen.\" That's\nwhat he said. \"Ruben going to be better off going to work now. Maybe he going to\nget something better than what is going to happen later on. Because then it is\ngoing to be happening . . . very bad.\" She begged him. She said, \"You got\nhorses. You got . . . Let him be. He do anything. Just leave him here.\" He said,\n\"I can't do it. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't know the laws. What's going to happen after\ntoday--it's going to be worse.\" The Jewish policeman came over . . . right away\nthey make the Jewish police . . . he come over . . . he said \"You ready.\" I\nsaid, \"If I'm not ready, what you going to do?\" He said, \"We have to take you.\"\nI was ready. They took us in a movie ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house. We were young . . . 120 boys . . .\nso we start singing and carrying on. I told the German . . . it was the German\npolice already, not the Gestapo . . . the civilian . . . I told them, \"I got to\ngo.\" He let me go. I met my mother again. She waited over there. She went,\n\"Don't be scared. Don't worry. They want you to work. They have to feed you.\nThis is normal.\" I said goodbye to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her. I went back. A few minutes later, the\nGestapo from Lodz came for us to get us to the destination. They come in . . .\nthey thought we crazy or something. We didn't have a ghetto at that time,\nnothing. Lodz had a ghetto already . . . Warsaw. They went back to the truck . .\n. they brought in some sticks. They say, \"Jews singing and dancing and have a\ngood time like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this?\" By the time they came in with the stakes, we were all\nhiding. Wherever they hid, they hid. Later on they told us, \"Didn't we hear\nGerman songs?\" The guys who were singing . . . one of them was here in the\nwedding when I had Murray's wedding, he said, \"Yes, I can sing German songs.\" He\nsaid, \"Go back over there on the stage and do just what you're doing.\"\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Alright.\" They took us with streetcars to Lodz.\n\nMARTINO: This was all 17-year-old boys?\n\nLANSKY: All boys. Yes, 17. There were few a little more because they didn't have\nenough so . . . they walked in the street . . . anybody they caught they said,\n\"You want to volunteer to work?\" If you say \"No\" they beat you up and they throw\nyou in anyhow. They want you to 'volunteer.' But if you say \"no\" . . . then we\nhad a few a little older, a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"younger. We came to place . . . Dzierzgoń\nthey call it . . . near Danzig. We were supposed to make an autobahn. This is\nthe autobahn that Hitler demanded from Poland, like a corridor to go through\nlike America with the men now from Canada that she wants a corridor to go let's\nsay to Alaska . . . the same with the West Prussian . . . that they could only\nget there by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sea. He wanted that corridor. This is why they war broke out. If it\nwouldn't be this, maybe it would be . . . We went to build it.\n\nMARTINO: An expressway?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. We came to the expressway to the camp . . . Dzierzgoń. They call\nthem Lagerführer. Führer . . . you know what that means?\n\nMARTINO: Camp supervisors?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. We got ten boys, one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room. We had two guys to lock up with a key\nwhatever in the drawers. We had food. It was no beatings. We had some old people\nwho watched to take the coffee or when we got the . . . We were paid . . . we\nwere told from the Organisation Todt . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had working battalions in\nuniforms . . . Germans . . . that they would build the autobahn, what they call\nit. They got paid from them and they supposed to feed us . . . the Lagerführer.\nWe been there one year. We got letters from home. I got a letter that my mother\nwas taken away . . . didn't know where at the time . . . they didn't believe it\nwas going to be this bad. We didn't know what to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think. I got a letter the last\nfew months before they took us away that my mother was taken away and they hoped\nfor the best. In that time, they made a ghetto. They gave numbers . . . they\ntold everybody to come to Ozorkow, to the square . . . and they gave numbers A\nand B. Nobody knew the A going to be the B going to be. The A meant you went\ninto the ghetto. The same day they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hung up about 6 people to scare everybody not\nto resist or whatever.\n\nMARTINO: This was the ghetto in Lodz?\n\nLANSKY: Ozorkow.\n\nMARTINO: They had a ghetto in Ozorkow?\n\nLANSKY: Sure. They make everywhere ghetto. But then they make from the little\nghettos . . . when the big ghetto cleaned out, so many people die, so many . . .\nthen they threw everybody from the small into the big ghetto. They went in the\nghetto. They hung ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. From then on, you couldn't write or nothing. For a year,\nwe got packages from home and letters. One from our guys got drunked . . . we\nwent to swim. He just drowned. The Lagerführer . . . anybody from Ozorkow\nshould stay for the funeral. He had a speech. He even sent home the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clothing to\nthe parents. I remember he said that this was Schicksal . . . that some people\ndie young; some people die old. He said that in a speech. We all have to die once.\n\nMARTINO: It was destiny.\n\nLANSKY: The next time he said that the Santitäter--this is like a doctor . . .\nit's not a doctor . . . just a barber who knows a little something about making\na bandage or a Band-Aid--should go with us. Otherwise, we could not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go. But when\nthey went in the war with the Russians, they liquidated that. We had to eat like\nthree times a day.\n\nMARTINO: You didn't get paid?\n\nLANSKY: We did get paid some money special for the camp that we could spend like\na casino . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like a place where you could buy maybe a piece of candy . . .\n\nMARTINO: Like a canteen . . .\n\nLANSKY: . . . little things. But you couldn't starve to death. Besides this, the\nguys could go in the villages over there and exchange . . . we got packages from\nhome, like . . . clothing. When they took us away, we got a different guy. His\nname was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manek. He brought some SS with him. It was a different story already.\nBefore, we had old guys . . . for a whole year. We left them. Three months we\ncouldn't work. The ground was frozen so we stayed home for three months. We\ndidn't know what was going on. We didn't have no . . . if you found a paper some\nplace somehow it was a German paper and they told you want they wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say.\nIt was a government paper.\n\nMARTINO: You didn't hear anything about what was going on the outside world?\n\nLANSKY: No. If we heard . . . we heard good for the Germans . . . how many\nunterboats, how many ships they sunk, how many . . . which we thought was\npropaganda and now I see it was true. Right away he told us . . . Appell . . .\nhe told us we going out to in Ende des ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lande--end of country . . . there were so\nand so many Jews in Latvia. Before we could get ahold of the Jews, the civilians\nkilled them because they worked with the Russian. The one who got . . . where a\nlife . . . when we approach Latvia . . . Libau . . . is because of our soldiers\nthey save them. They made a ghetto so the civilians couldn't kill ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them.\n\nMARTINO: When you say 'our' soldiers what do you mean?\n\nLANSKY: German soldiers. They said the German soldiers saved them otherwise they\nwould be killed by the civilians, which it was true in a way. But they didn't\nsave them. They were alive and they made a ghetto for them and made it as hard\nas they could. Over there, we started off . . . the Russians had the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rails . . .\nthey had wider . . . so nobody could attack them . . . make a Blitzkreig . . .\n\nMARTINO: The railroad tracks . . .\n\nLANSKY: The tracks . . . we had to make them narrower . . . we had to cut the\nwoods out and make the . . . Over there, we practically didn't get anything to\neat. There was free camps, not free . . . what I call 'free' . . . we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had an SS\nman staying in the front. There was a little wire around, maybe a single or\ndouble wire, just to know where the camp is . . . we weren't too many to make a\nconcentration camp. It was a lot of work make a concentration camp. If you saw\none with all the wires, the towers, with all the . . . We moved. We kept moving\nso they couldn't make a concentration camp. I think because the moving was so\nmuch or we got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just lost. Nobody knew about us. It could be that, too. So like\neight people worked and two people went to the farmers. The farmers did more\nthan their share to support us. As a matter of fact, in a few camps, we came . .\n. it was bread and rolls in the front of the camp and milk in a letter for the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lagerführer. . . if they don't treat the Israel . . . they called us\n'Israelites' . . . We learned the language--we been three and a half years--just\nbroken but we could understand what they were saying. He was scared. He had\nabout six SS people watching him at nighttime . . . thought they were going to\ncome and kill him. Most of those people who helped us were shabbatniks, as they\ncalled themselves. They light the candles on Friday. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They bless them but they\neat pig. Everything is with pig . . . the bread is with pig, the rolls with pig.\n\nMARTINO: What nationality were they?\n\nLANSKY: This was Latvians. They called us 'Israelites.' Israelites to them was\nnext to Jesus Christ . . . they believed in Jesus, but different cult. We'd been\nthere for three and a half years, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going more east all the time . . . starting in\nLibau, Latvia, then piece of Estonia. Wintertime it was very cold. It was like\n30 below zero. Sometime we got up . . . I didn't know if I'm buried or somebody\nburied me alive or what . . . the snow was higher than . . . unbelievable. Not\nall the time we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shelter. We had to wait a day for something to be built,\nsomething going to be cleaned up.Anyhow, when the Russians approached, they took\nus to Kaiserwald . . . Latvia . . . This was already in 1944. That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration\ncamp . . . It was regular. They cut your hair off. They put you in uniform. We'd\nbeen with girls too. The girls came from Ushmina . . . Litvaks. . .\n\nMARTINO: Young girls?\n\nLANSKY: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: What age?\n\nLANSKY: Maybe 14, 15, or 16. The young one . . . probably took away killed them\n. . . and the older one they didn't want to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. When they took us to\nKaiserwald, they didn't know what to do with us. To leave us--we might fight\nwith the Russians. To take us--they didn't know if they going to have time. One\ntime, we heard they were going to kill us. When we went to work outside . . .\nabout three times a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day they had railroads going back to Germany with wounded\nGermans, without rags, just unbelievable . . . every day three times a day--Can\nyou imagine?--going back to Germany. We had a job to go clean up whatever they\nthrew on the floors. Some partisans came over and they told us they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could give\nus something to fight ourselves out. We said, \"We don't have to fight ourselves\nout. We are out now. We can run away.\" But is there somewhere to run? They said,\n\"Yes, in the woods.\" They told us stories about the fighting, but we didn't\nbelieve them. Before you know, they stopped the Russians for a while. They made\na regular selection just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like in Auschwitz-Birkenau--the young ones, old ones to\none side; the ones who like from maybe 16 to about 30 on another side. Also it\ndepends on how you look. If you look like you were about to die, they didn't\nwant you.\n\nMARTINO: Were there SS in this camp?\n\nLANSKY: Yes, sure. We still didn't know what was going to happen with them or\nwhat was going to happen to us. We don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. But we saw too many children over\nthere, too many people that wouldn't be good for work. We thought, \"This place\nis no good.\" For some from our guys, we hollered over and we said, \"Run around\nand come back here.\" A few of them managed to run around and got back in the\nline that we thought was the better line that we might survive. I heard for the\nfirst time a saxophone, with everything, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"playing . . . the partisan song. The\nchildren . . . before they left they had little instruments . . . they played\nit. But they didn't know where they went. We didn't know where they going to be.\nYou heard something going on. Who going to believe? You didn't do nothing. Why\nwould they kill you? Anyhow, they took us on two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boats to Stutthof. One of the\nboat, they drowned . . . the Jews . . . with those . . . anybody . . . the other\nboat . . .\n\nMARTINO: The boat sank?\n\nLANSKY: They sunked it.\n\nMARTINO: Intentionally?\n\nLANSKY: Yes, there's a picture from it--Odessa. I saw it.\n\nMARTINO: In other words they sunk the boat intentionally?\n\nLANSKY: The one that I been on it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had some wounded German soldiers so they\ndidn't sunk it. They let us off in Stutthof. Didn't know that they sunk it. We\ndidn't see it. But after the war we found out. In Stutthof, we been about three\ndays . . . fourth day they shipped us out to Buchenwald. In Buchenwald . . . in\nmy time when I came the Communists took over the camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had the camp. There\nwas factories built all around Buchenwald.\n\nMARTINO: When you came to Buchenwald, did you have any idea what it was?\n\nLANSKY: Where I am? No. Why would you know?\n\nMARTINO: Did you think it was another labor camp?\n\nLANSKY: You don't know what to think. All you wanted . . . they send you out to\nwork you wanted to be sent out to work. They say, \"If you lucky, you going to\nstay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here,\" because in Buchenwald at that time, the Communists had took over . .\n. the Communists inside took over the camp . . . the German Communists. People\nthink Buchenwald was Jewish camp. In my time was 100,000 people . . . was maybe\n10,000 Jews . . . the rest of them were non-Jews. It was built for the political\n. . . for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans -- that's why the Germans . . .\n\nMARTINO: For political prisoners.\n\nLANSKY: Not only the political . . . you could see when you look down and you\ncould tell who he is . . . he's is political or he is a criminal was green,\nhomosexual was pink, a Jew was yellow with a 'P,' Polish Jew, French was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a . . .\nyou looked at the guy's uniform and he had . . . everything . . .\n\nMARTINO: Identification?\n\nLANSKY: Identification . . . the number with everything in order. But in that\ntime they had already took over everything . . . the Communists . . . especially\nthe Germans. As a matter of fact, I been on a meeting and they spoke in all\nlanguages . . . in Yiddish, in German . . . that we have enough ammunition here\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hiding that we can fight ourself out if the time comes that they want to\ndestroy us. Over there . . . when you came back . . . they took out about three\nor four guys from the party who came back . . . they wanted to know who worked\nwith the Germans. You could be a kapo . . . you could be anything working for\nthe Germans . . . but if you hit that you didn't need to hit or you told\nsomething to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans that you could survive not telling them . . . if he was\nJew, the Jews had to kill him. If he was a German, the Germans had to kill him.\nIf he was a Polack, the Polacks had to kill him. They made like a court . . . in\none day they make a court. You had to have a witness that this guy worked for\nthe Germans. A lot of people got killed because of it.\n\nMARTINO: Collaborators? If somebody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collaborated . . .\n\nLANSKY: More than that. It had to be somebody who brings the bread in . . .\nsomething. You could be a policeman but it depends what you did being a\npoliceman. You just wanted to live through or you wanted to bury so many people\njust for fun. The Jews ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give them a chance you think . . . they're capable of\ndoing a lot of things that you'll be surprised. You'll never know who. You don't\nhave to be the one who hollers or the one who is a rough guy. He can be a very\neducated, very sophisticated, quiet person and can be a sadist. I saw it. We had\none German Scharfuhrer and he hollered the whole day, \"sour . . .\" all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kinds of\nstuff. He never did anything. We hollered back to him. We had one guy he didn't\ncall you 'you'. He said, \"Sie\" and he shot you in the eyes, put back the pistol.\nQuiet. You never know when you talk to somebody. \"Oh, he's a rough one.\" You\ndon't know. Being in Buchenwald . . . were coming so many people. They come from\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Italy--the ones who capitalized. They come from France--the ones who made the\nrevolt. We didn't have where to sleep so we slept in the street in the back over\nthere. Not in the street . . . in the field, whatever. You knew that you going\nto get three meals. Before you know, we saw some American planes. They were\nmarking . . . I been with my friends--they in New York now-- \"What are they\nmarking here?\" We didn't know what they were marking. We saw . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lunchtime\nwhen everybody went out in the factory they came--the Americans--and they bombed\neverything, all the factories around. But they didn't touch the camp. They knew\nexactly where the camp is, who is in the camp everything. After that bombing\nthey took us to Bochum-Verein, which was an ammunition factory.\n\nMARTINO: The Americans were bombing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buchenwald?\n\nLANSKY: But not the camp . . . not inside the camp . . . around the camp . . .\nthe ammunition factories . . . that they were sure that they were not going to\nbomb the camps.\n\nMARTINO: Why did the Germans decide to move you?\n\nLANSKY: They had to move people. They had to move. You couldn't get in no more\nin Buchenwald. Another thing they took more and more Germans to the front. They\nneeded replacements. Where you going to take the replacements?\n\nMARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you were in Buchenwald, what did you see on an average day? What\nwas the day like for people?\n\nLANSKY: I didn't see anything. We were not even in a barrack. We been on the\nfield. We got three times a day to eat. We just were laying around and talking.\nWhat can you do there? They didn't take us to work over here.\n\nMARTINO: What about other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, just you or nobody?\n\nLANSKY: No, there were a lot of people in the back that they didn't have no\nbarracks. Either they had to ship us out . . . either they would build barracks.\nIt was too late already to do anything I think. But they came all of a sudden.\nThey brought people from all different . . . Polacks made in that time a revolt\n. . . the Italian capitulated . . . the French revolted. They took the\nunderground, who they suspected and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brought them to Buchenwald. From over there,\nthey sent to Bochum-Verein.\n\nMARTINO: How did you get there?\n\nLANSKY: By rail.\n\nMARTINO: By train.\n\nLANSKY: They made a little concentration camp and you going to work in day time,\nnight time you went to the . . . next to the factory, right next to the factory\nthey had a concentration camp. But in the factory was German . . . the Polacks\nhad camps too, but they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had like a free camp. Free meant maybe once a week they\ngot to go in town and they got a little pay but from us we couldn't go no place\n. . . it was electric wiring . . . it was a regular concentration camp. To work\nin the ammunition . . . they gave me a job to take out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the pieces of iron . . .\nat one time about six pieces. It was so hot when I went to get them out I had a\nshower on my head, every time I went over there. To take them out . . . a shower\ngot me . . .\n\nMARTINO: A fire?\n\nLANSKY: No. I had to have a shower . . . water dropped on me so I would survive.\nIt was so hot that iron melted. Iron ore was thousands of degrees. To go near\nthat oven I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wouldn't survive. You had the shower going on you every time you\nstepped here . . . you want to take out . . . you got a shower so you could\nsurvive. Another week or two I would be dead. I didn't know it there were some\nRussians over there, they said, \"Bystreye! Fast! Fast!\" I said, \"What's going\non? Are they working for the Germans or are they working for the . . .?\" They\nwanted the machine to break so they said, \"Fast!\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When that thing went in to\nmake a hole in the iron to put in the explosive. When it came out, water cooled\nit. But when you made \"fast, fast, fast\" it didn't have a chance to cool it, so\nit broke. The German came over and said, \"Next time you going to get shot\nbecause this is sabotage.\" They know all about it. I thought, \"This was the end\nof it.\" . . . factory . . . who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knows . . . One day, I asked the German over\nthere, I say, \"Listen, I come from different places where the English, the\nAmericans bombed . . . Buchenwald they bombed.\" How is it here? He said, \"Oh,\nyou should not worry at all about bombs here. The Americans been here about\nthree years ago, four years ago . . . and we gave them a lesson. They're never\ngoing to come back.\" Which it was true too. I saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it on World at War. They came\nand they underestimated the Germans. They didn't know how strong they are. They\nrun after them. None of them came back. They went from England in the beginning.\nThey thought they could do something. I been there maybe a month, six weeks,\nmaybe two months--I don't remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exactly--and the Americans came. They came by\nthe thousands. You could see them this big. They didn't come down . . . they\ndive when you want to bomb you got to dive to see what. They didn't do it . . .\ntoday they did it to Briarcliff; tomorrow they came back from Briarcliff to\nPeachtree, from Peachtree to whatever. Anyplace you bombed over there, it was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something . . . the Detroit from the US, all factories . . . Then the English\ncome at nighttime. The English they come down and they pinpoint it . . . where\nto bomb. We were happy to see the bombs. By that time, we got used to it. I saw\nit at Buchenwald. I saw Warsaw, the bombing. It looked like everywhere I go. The\nbombs are falling by that time. We were so glad to see the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bombs even though you\ncould get killed any minute. They want us to stay in the bunker . . . we like to\nbe outside and see the fires. If you think it look better than\nAuschwitz-Birkenau, you mistaken. It looked terrible. In one or two days I think\nthey said it was 45,000 killed. Can you image how many wounded?! No bread, no\nwater, no nothing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everything was bombed out. I said, \"What to heck? Now I'm\ngoing to starve to death. The Germans don't have nothing. What I going to have?\nWhatever.\" All of a sudden, the Germans come over. I seen Germans are getting a\nlittle closer. They call me. They said they need some volunteers to take the\nbombs out. This was time bombs. You know what a time bomb is? They throw a time\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bomb and you not know when it's going to explode. It might explode now or a few\ndays from now. I said, \"What have I got to lose? Sure, I volunteer for the\nDeutsches Reich. Why not?\" This was not the SS. Those were the guys that were\nshooting the SS, SD--Sicherheitsdienst.\n\nMARTINO: Security police.\n\nLANSKY: They had special uniforms. Just look on it . . . longer uniforms, one\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side a gun, the other side they had a rocket thrower--it was green . . . tough\nguys. Can you image the SS was scared for them? A few Polacks went out, a few\nRussians. We had in that group maybe 20 of us. They took us in a place, put down\nleichengefahr, both side, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nobody should . . .\n\nMARTINO: Danger?\n\nLANSKY: Danger. They had some sticks to look for the bombs. I didn't know where\nto look, what to look . . . bombs . . . everything is torn to pieces. The first\nthing, we were hungry. We went in the basement . . . climb in the basements . .\n. the Germans they expected probably something . . . They had so much food over\nthere--dried kielbasa, all kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whiskey. I took some and I came out. I asked\nthe guys are they hungry. They said, \"You better believe we're hungry. You don't\nsee what goings down?\" I told them \"There's plenty of food. I can bring you as\nmuch as you want.\" \"Are you sure? Okay.\" We ate. We didn't do nothing. We didn't\nfind bombs. Where we going to find bombs? You got to have more than a stick.\nSuppose you stick in. . . Then you need machinery or something. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody\nwanted to save themselves. They could be sent to the Ostfront . . . Ostfront was\nlike tell somebody they going to the electric chair . . .\n\nMARTINO: The Eastern Front?\n\nLANSKY: The Russian Front. They were very scared. They would do anything. One\nguy asked, \"Why you so scared of the East Front? We doing okay over there.\" He\nsay, \"Yeah? Over there if you don't freeze to death, you starve to death. Even\nif you surrender, they kill you. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is no way back from the Russian Front.\"\nThey knew it. The next day they came . . . they want to same people to come to\nlook for the bombs because we did a good job. In the meantime, the next day they\ntook us . . . they brought in some trucks with water and sandwiches. We were the\nones who gave it to the civilians who still alive--children, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women, men. They\ndid a job. The Germans hollered, \"They're pigs. Look what they're doing. They\nnot civilized those Americans.\" I figure, \"They're not civilized? You are\ncivilized?\" They got more than you think with that bombing and the way it\nlooked. We been there about a week or so and they took us back to Buchenwald. We\ncome back to Buchenwald, the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"field, the same . . . no place where to sleep,\njump up . . . Three times a day we got a little soup, a piece of bread. You\ncouldn't die. There was no crematorium over there. The first time we came, a\nband was playing for us. They greeted us in uniform. A crazy house. We didn't\nknow what was going on. One side was a band the other side was . . .\n\nMARTINO: Why did they have them?\n\nLANSKY: Why did they have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"band? To distract. I don't know.\n\nMARTINO: Who was the band?\n\nLANSKY: The prisoners. They had a movie, too, over there. We didn't know what\nwas going on. It looked like a crazy house. You going to a concentration camp\nand a band is playing to greet you and in a minute you can be shot. We came\nback. We been there a few days. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then they say, \"Appell.\" They want Appell. We\nwent out everybody goes for an Appell . . .\n\nMARTINO: That's when they called everybody out?\n\nLANSKY: Appell. Yes. It was a special courtyard and you go on Appell. They say,\n\"Mütze up! Mütze down!\" The hat down . . .\n\nMARTINO: Did they count you?\n\nLANSKY: Yes, sure. But this time I didn't like it. When we had Appell, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw\nGermans, SD with dogs, machine guns. Just to look on, you would die. We had a\ngroup. We always had . . . We been a group some time. When one guy had a better\njob, so he shared some. That's the way we could survive--with a group. You never\nknew sometime you would were sent somewhere you could get ahold of a bread or\nsomething. We shared. We been in the group. One was a barber, one was this . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They hollered, \"Juden raus! Juden raus! Raus!\" Just to hear it! One guy was a\nlittle older and we took his advice all the time. I wanted to run away already\nin Latvia, but they said they were counting. They didn't count. All right. I\nthought I made a mistake. I should have run away at that time. I had a hiding\nplace already. We put into a little food in case we have to run away. The same\nguy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said that, \"They're counting. They know the names. They come with names.\"\nThey said, \"Juden raus! Juden raus!\" In a second, a minute, I say, \"G-d. Juden\nraus . . .\" His name was Mendel. I said, \"Mendel, what we going to do now?\" He\nsaid, \"What's going to happen with all the Jews is going to happen with us.\" I\nsaid, \"Mendel, what's going to happen with all the Jews is not going to happen\nto me.\" I walked away. I went down to the toilet. The toilet was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made like this,\nwith barbed wires in the bottom. The barbed wires--one have them for one block\nand the other have for another block. I went down the wires. I couldn't get\nthrough. I knew that I had to go through. I got still the marks here. I took the\nwires with my bare hands--not tore the wires, but I tore them up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the nails\nthat were put in. Here I am, in a different block. I'm not with a group. I'm by\nmyself. I come up that block. I see invalids. An invalid block. I though, \"Oh .\n. . Maybe they're gonna take them too. What they need invalids? They gonna kill\nthem.\" I went back in another toilet. Did the same thing. More ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experience--not\nto fall in and not to tear up all my hands. I come up. I see the SS with the\nmachine guns and with the dogs. They gather the Jews. I walk in the line, right\nin the front. I stay a little bit. I turn my head and I see a guy I grew up with\nhim. His name was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roman too. Mine in Polish was Roman. I said, \"Roman, what you\ndoing here?\" He said, \"What you doing here?\" We couldn't talk too much. We had\nto be quiet when they came over. I was scared. Maybe they're going to point\ntheir finger and say, \"He's a Jew.\" What did I accomplish with all the running?\nI turn around. I say, \"Roman, are you gonna say something?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"No, not me.\" I\nsaid, \"Would you mind staying in the front of me?\" Because I wouldn't know if he\nsaid it. He didn't say it. He could just point with his finger to say \"He's a\nJew.\" They'd pick me out. I knew that there's no good gonna come of that--the\nway they came in. So he stayed in the front. He was scared. If he would point at\nme, I would tell them he's a Jew and we both would be killed. They don't ask for\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"papers. Anybody say a Jew, they take and they kill you. He didn't say anything.\nThey took out 7,000 Jews. I found out after the war. About an hour later, they\nall were dead. Now, I'm in a camp as a non-Jew. Before I was as a Jew. Now I\ngotta be a non-Jew. I gotta take off, \"I lost it.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll say anything. Better to\ngo . . . I knew it was very dangerous. I judged to try it and that's why I'm\nhere. Now they start taking out from the camp. They cleaning out the camp. They\ntook me on those railroads . . . open wagons. This was already Polacks and\nRussians. Every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"station we buried--I don't know how many--who died. Nighttime\nyou slept. He slept on you; you slept on him. They packed in as many as they\ncould. In the morning, you saw he's dead so you throw him out. Next day, I'll be\ndead and he throw me out. What can you do? You're not going to sleep with the dead.\n\nMARTINO: Did you know where you were going?\n\nLANSKY: How do you know where you were going? The Germans didn't know where they\ngoing. They said, \"The French are here. Don't go here.\" They said, \"The English\nis here . . .\" We didn't know. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went back and forth. Where's the food? Where\nthe food should come? So you died. We got to a place . . . Chemnitz . . . was\nCzechoslovakia. I saw some soldiers they had uniforms on other than the Germans.\nI didn't know who they are. I didn't know where Chemnitz is or who is Chemnitz.\nThey came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over and they said, \"Who's a Czech?\" I said, \"What have I got to lose?\nI've got nothing to lose. Somebody gonna throw me out. Tomorrow I be dead.\" So I\nsaid, \"I'm a Czech.\" \"Czech? Oh, good.\" So they took me. They took me over\nthere, in a place, and they assembled . . . maybe 50 Czechs. It was quite a few.\nThey asked me what my name ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is. I said, \"Dzielanksi.\" It was Zychlinski. I made\nit look Czech. They asked me where I lived. I told them . . . This was one time\nPoland; one time Czech. You could be a Polack or a Czech living over there. My\nmother I told them was Polish, my father was Czech, and all this. Everything\nokay. As a matter of fact, this German went through and he thought I'm a Polack.\nHe said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Rudi, you are a Polack.\" I said, \"What you care who I am?\" he said,\n\"No. I don't care.\" He knew already that . . . He was an SS! He said, \"No,\" that\nhe don't care. What I thought at that time? What can you think? I don't know why\nthey want the Czechs. I don't know what's going on, where I'm going, or whether\nI'm doing right or wrong, but I didn't have nothing to lose. What have you got\nto lose? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Take a chance! The heck with it!\n\nMARTINO: At this point, you were no longer with your friends? You were separated\nfrom your friends?\n\nLANSKY: No. The group of friends were dead already. I didn't know, but I was\ntold an hour later there was 7,000 of them they took out of Buchenwald at that\ntime. I don't know. A lot of them could have escaped just like I did probably or\ndifferent. Now they take us on open ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trucks after we filled out, we told them the\nnames, and this and that. Everything what I told them was not true. I didn't\nknow . . . if I get shot before, I die a . . . But on those trucks, when we went\nthrough those little towns, they start throwing not only bread, but gold rings,\nwith watches, with the . . . \"This must be something more than just a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"regular.\"\nBut they were Czechs. I didn't know who they are but I knew they were Czechs.\n\"Here I'm a Jew. I'm not even a Czech. Can be a Jewish Czech but . . . I don't\nspeak the language.\" I can understand. Polish and Czech is very similar but you\ncan tell in a second that you're not a Czech. I come into Pilsen--a big city. I\nnever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw so many people in my life--a million people. Everybody hollered, \"Did\nyou see my brother? Did you see my sister?\" \"I saw your sister . . .\" How do I\nknow who his sister is or who his brother is? I still don't know anything. They\nline us up. Everybody's staying and watching us--the civilian population. They\nline us up, and I saw people going in, and I don't see them coming back.\n\nMARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you say they lined you up, who?\n\nLANSKY: The Germans.\n\nMARTINO: The SS?\n\nLANSKY: SS. Yes. The SD. Everything SD. They don't trust SS to a job like this.\nI don't know what's going down. \"Where are they taking us? Why . . . What's . .\n. \" All of a sudden, the door opens and it's my turn to go in. I go in \"My G-d!\"\nThere's Gestapo, a whole table. One ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guy with all the equipment . . . He didn't\ntell me, \"you.\" He said, \"Sie.\"\n\nMARTINO: He addressed you formally?\n\nLANSKY: Formally. He asked, \"Könnten Sie mir sagen, wie zu Sie in\nKonzentrationslager komme zeit?\" How I came in concentration. I told him I lived\nin . . . When the Germans came in, they wanted volunteers and they had plenty of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"volunteers. One Sunday, I went to church. When I walked out from church, they\ndidn't have volunteers so they took us--the young people--and they sent us to\nthe Russian front. When the Russians approached, they took us to concentration\ncamp. He asked me some more questions. The last question was, \"Haben ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sie\nVerwandte die verhassten die Juden gehabt?\" Did you ever have in your family of\nJews? I said, \"Nicht Juden. Juden . . .\" This was the last thing he asked me.\nThey opened the door. I walked out. Two guys grabbed me, put me in the Red Cross\nwagon with the alarm on, and they took me to . . . where Benes was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"born. This\nwas named after Benes. Benes was famous just like Roosevelt here. He was a\ndemocrat. The whole world new about it. This was named after the president. They\ntake me to the hospital. By the time I got there, they told me that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"23 got\nthrough this. The other ones had to go back. I said, \"What is it all about it? I\ndon't know what is going on here. Tell me.\" They told me that this is the Czech\ngovernment-in-exile. They been in Buchenwald. They arrested them. This is the\ngovernment. They paid in gold to take out the ones that weren't dangerous. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There\nwere some that they said they had the pistol, they had the radio, they organized\nsomething. They had to go back on the wagons. We for some reason said the right\nthing that the Germans liked, so they let us go. I said, \"What we going to have\nhere for food?\" He said, \"No, we have orders not to give you anything. Just\nstart off with a little bit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because from the time that you got liberated . . .\nnow in the second day, we had already four died. They couldn't eat. They start\neating, they die. If you gonna eat, you gonna die too.\" They didn't want to give\nyou to eat. Nighttime, I went down. I found where the kitchen is and I start\neating. In the morning, I saw people come in to the other people--a mother, a\nfather, brother, who knows ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what. To my bed, nobody came over. They had the radio\npeople for an interview. They came in. They saw nobody talks to me. They want to\ntalk to me. This is Germans with the Czechs. I told them that I'm too weak. I\nshowed them that. They covered me up and they said, \"Okay.\" I shouldn't talk. I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Now it's worse than it was before! I'm going to get caught!\" I didn't\nunderstood what they did, but they did it themselves. They got somebody was a\nbig farmer . . . He came over right after that when I had the radio people come\nto interview me. They saw that I gonna get in trouble. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They brought over that\nguy. He asked us, \"Who is here that lost their parents, and everything, don't\nhave no children? I will take somebody and do something for somebody who\nsuffered a lot.\" Before that, they asked me I want to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be one of the pallbearers\nfor the guys who died. Most of them couldn't do it. I volunteered with another\nsix guys. When we come out to the funeral, it was police. They had their own\npolice. It was like a . . . with children lined up, with flowers . . . We took\nthe last few steps. They give us it to carry where we could. We went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back. The\npeople gave us . . . they throw money. They didn't know. They thought that I am\none from the government people in exile. Anyway, he came over and I told him, \"I\nlost everybody.\" I didn't know at that time that I lost everybody. I figured, \"I\ngot to get out of here. Somebody gonna tell on me.\" He took me. They had the\npapers that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had released me--the Gestapo or the SD. He took me over the\npolice. They make me papers with everything. He took me home. I got excited. I\ngot sick. They had all the preachers from around. They told me to kneel and they\nblessed me. They said not to worry about it. \"As long as you look on Jesus you\ngonna be okay.\" I been over there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since. He told me to rest. He get note I gonna\ntake over. He said he gonna leave me the farm. I should get acquainted. Before\nyou know it, the Czechs made a revolution. Before the Americans came in, they\nmade a revolution. Then they saw that the Germans are too strong. I saw it on\nthe television--Dwight Eisenhower ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came over to help them. If not, they gonna be\nin a lot of trouble. Eisenhower had to revise the plan and come to help them not\nto get in a way that they all gonna be killed. After this, I told him that I\nwant to go home to see maybe somebody's alive. He say he understand, I shouldn't\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"run away. They gonna bake. They gonna fix me up. \"If you want to come back, you\ncan come back anytime. If you don't want to come back . . . you did the right\nthing whatever you did.\" He said goodbye. I took off. When I took off, I met\nsome ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians . . . on the way. We got to Pilsen. We got close to Pilsen, we see\nthere are the German army surrenders still with the equipment, with everything,\nwith rucksack . . . The civilians spit on them. They throwing rocks and all\nthat. They were Wehrmacht. They saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. They could tell that we from the camps.\n\nMARTINO: You were with somebody that you left with?\n\nLANSKY: I met already on the way, going to the train . . . I want to catch. I\nmet a Polack, a Russian, somebody who gets away from the farm, trying to go back\nwhere he came from. When we come close to the city, we saw the Germans marching.\nThe Czechs gave us iron ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pipes. They said, \"Now you can get revenge with those\nson of a bitches.\" I walked over, saw an officer with the boots and whatever he\nmarches in. I said, \"Blei Macht stehen.\" He said he \"hapt kein order.\" You know\nwhat that is?\n\nMARTINO: Stand?\n\nLANSKY: When I took that pipe and I let him have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, I said, \"Give me your\nboots.\" He said he had no orders. When I got through with him, he had to take\noff the pants. You know how many Germans stayed and looked? They didn't say a word.\n\nMARTINO: Civilians or other soldiers?\n\nLANSKY: The army. They went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surrender. I told that officer, \"Tell them to\nthrow everything away. They robbed it from the Jews or from other people. It's\nnot theirs. You're not soldiers. You're robbers. You're murderers.\" He told them\nto do it. They did it. I wasn't by myself. It was already by that time maybe\nfive or six. After this, we went to see the Gestapo. They had them already\nlocked up in place. That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place must have been maybe a . . . it was not a regular\njail, but they had so many arrested. We wanted to go in. They said . . . the\nRussians in that time were already there. They switched. The Americans came in;\nthen the American left. They had it already--the drawing where the American\ngonna be, where the Russians, where the French, and everybody else. Whoever\nstepped over first, they had to move back. The Russians came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. They said, \"No.\nWe have orders not to let no civilians in.\" By that time, the Czechs got more\nand more Czechs. They started hollering, \"Let them in! They murdered them! Let\nthem in!\" An officer--a Russian--came over with one of the cars. He said,\n\"What's going on here?\" They told him, \"The civilians hollered, 'Let them in.'\nWe got orders not to let nobody in that's civilian.\" He asked us, \"What you\ngonna do when you recognize them?\" \"If we recognize ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the, we'll kill them.\" He\nsaid, \"Kill them? How are you gonna kill them?\" We showed him, \"We got these.\"\nHe said, \"Let them in.\" We went in. He went with us, knocked on the door, the\nguy at the door opens. We come in. It was Gestapo all kind, big . . . said,\n\"Grüss Gott.\" I say, \"Grüss Gott.\" You know what \"Grüss Gott\" is in German?\nIt's \"hello,\" \"goodbye,\" everything. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, \"Ich bin ein Jude.\" I'm a Jew. Hh,\nthey're best friends with Jews, they live with Jews . . . I said, \"Listen, son\nof a bitches. You said Jews don't fight and Germans--you over everybody. I\nexpect you to fight now. You see, now it's . . . I got something in my hand. You\ngot nothing. If you don't fight, we gonna kill ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you.\" They start hiding, one\nafter another--just like anybody else . . . no different . . . Jew or gentile.\nWhen we went on them, the Russians said, \"Stop it. Stalin said not to kill them.\nThey bombed our cities and they have to rebuild it. In five years, they gonna\nrebuild the cities and by that time, they gonna be dead. None of them gonna come\nback. We gonna make sure of that.\" I been there two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks. Everyday I went to\nanother cell. Same thing--\"Grüss Gott,\" I tell them who I am, I'm a Jew.\n\"Soldiers, you're just a bunch of rubbish. You robbed the Jews. You killed the\nJews. I wanted to see you. What you gonna do? You better fight back cause we\ngonna kill you if you don't fight back. We want you to fight back.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Same story.\nThey were hiding . . . After two weeks, I couldn't do it no more. We didn't kill\nthem. They didn't let us kill them, but we would have killed them . . .\nespecially those Russians. From there, I went back to Poland. In Poland, they\ntold me . . . five minutes, I met my uncle. He told me, \"Your father died for\nhunger in the ghetto in Lodz. He had nice ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"funeral . . .\" I didn't believe it. My\nfather never was sick. He wasn't too old. When I left, he was . . . I said, \"He\nwas born in 1888.\" He says, \"Oh, he was 51 years old.\" He said, \"Your mother was\ntaken away and your brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died in Auschwitz-Birkenau. The small brother\nvolunteered to go in camp because they took a party out and they fed them. They\ncould write back to the ghetto and they wrote back good letters.\" This was one\ntime they did it, or maybe more time. They told me my brother said, \"I can't be\nhungry every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day.\" He volunteered to go. My sister said to my aunt, \"I'm not\ngoing to let him go by himself. I'll go with him.\" They both went straight to\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. It took me about maybe two minutes and I knew about my\nmother and my father . . . I have nobody. I told my uncle over there, \"Since I\ndon't have nobody, I don't want to live here.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"Where you gonna go?\" I\nsaid, \"I don't know where I'm gonna go, but if I could live on the field with\nnothing, I gonna find something. I'm gonna go away.\" He said, \"Where are you\ngoing?\" I said, \"I don't know. I'm going as far as I can. I don't want be that\nplace.\" He took me up to the cemetery. We said the kaddish. He said, \"This must\nbe someplace here that he's laying.\" There was a little plaque but the plaque\nwas gone because of rain and, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to start off with, it probably was nothing. I told\nsome guys that I'm leaving. I had about three more guys and two girls that said\nthat they want to leave, too, from my hometown. We just took off. We left. We\nwent to Germany. In Germany, I came to the United States.\n\nMARTINO: How old were you at that time?\n\nLANSKY: Twenty-three or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"24. I came here. I knew Lola from Germany . . .\n\nMARTINO: Lola's your wife?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. Lola's my wife.\n\nMARTINO: You met . . . Where were you in Germany?\n\nLANSKY: Bamberg.\n\nMARTINO: You were not in a DP camp?\n\nLANSKY: No, I was private. I had my own apartment . . . Lola was in a DP camp at\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feldafing. I went to see her father. Her father and my father were cousins. We\nwere second cousins. I said, \"At least I'm going to have some family.\" I came\nover. It was very hard to travel. Everything was bombed. You had to go a hundred\nmiles, it would take you sometimes days. Every bridge was bombed. You had to go\nthrough the bridge and take another transportation . . . I saw Lola in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that\ntime. I told my aunt, \"I'll be back.\" She said, \"It took so many months and you\ndidn't come and now you say you're going to be back so quick?\" I said, \"Well, I\nhave cousins and an aunt.\" \"Oh,\" she said. There was two sisters. She said,\n\"Which one?\" I said, \"Well, I don't know.\" I came back. Then when she left for\nUnited States, I registered. After the war, I told them I was a German Jew. I\nwent to Nuremberg. They gave me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"papers. They said, \"How come you didn't go to\nschool here?\" I said, \"I never told you that I lived here. I was born here. My\nfather came in World War I for work just like I worked in World War II. I was\nborn after the war. Then he came back--I was a child--to Poland.\" They gave me\npapers. I needed the papers. I had a car. I needed to get a lean. You had to be\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German to get a lean. So I became a German. Until today, I'm a German.\n\nMARTINO: A German Jew.\n\nLANSKY: That's why I could come so quick. Because they didn't know I'm a Jew.\nI'm a German. The German quota was the biggest. They didn't want so many Polacks\nor anything. They wanted Germans, English . . . the quota was much larger.\n\nMARTINO: So you actually came in as a German, not as a German Jew? Is that how\nyou ended up being . . .\n\nLANSKY: As a German Jew, yes. On the quota, they couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell if I'm a German\nor a German Jew. In Poland, they said the religion. Here, they didn't say the\nreligion. In Russia, it tells you the religion, but when the child is born, you\ncan make him for a Russian. You can say that he's Jewish or you can say . . . I\ndidn't understand that. I met a Russian guy and I asked him if he's Jewish. He\nsaid, \"No, I'm not. My parents are.\" I didn't know what he's saying about. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then\nI found out that his parents were Jews, but they put him in as Russian. This was\nyour privilege--to make him for a Russian. So he was Russian. That's why so\nmany, when they come over here, they are Russian. The parents want them to get\naway from the pogroms and all that.\n\nMARTINO: You came to the United States in 1947?\n\nLANSKY: January, yes.\n\nMARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where did you go?\n\nLANSKY: Lola was waiting for me. She saw a good-looking boy and she . . . The\nfirst thing . . . The next day, they told us to come to Parkgrove. This was a\nJewish community.\n\nMARTINO: Where is that? New York?\n\nLANSKY: New York, yes. She asked me whether I know what I'm entitled to. I said,\n\"No. I don't know what I'm entitled to.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said, \"You're entitled to a suit,\nto two shirts, and this and that.\" She asked me do I smoke or I read papers. I\nsaid, \"I read papers but . . .\" She said, \"No, we have Jewish papers here. You\ncan . . .\" She gave me $400 to buy a suit . . . Four hundred dollars was like\nnow $2,000. Suit cost at that time $50. She told me to rest, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come back next\nweek, and she gonna try and see what I can fit in where. In the meantime, I met\nanother refugee. He told me, \"I work in a factory. They need somebody. Come up.\"\nI went up. This was maybe the second or the third day. By the time I'm supposed\nto report to Parkgrove over there . . . She spoke Yiddish. AJewish girl. We\ncouldn't . . . She couldn't talk no other language to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. I call her up and I\ntell her I found a job and I'm not coming over there. She laughed. She said,\n\"How do you find a job? We have Americans can't find a job. Now you come over\nhere . . .\" I told her, \"I took whatever was available. A guy told me he works\nin a factory so I went in a factory.\" The first week I think I make like $40.\nShe said, \"How much you gonna make?\" I said, \"Forty dollars the boss said.\" She\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"If you don't have enough, call us . . . Call me anyhow. I want to see how\nyou doing next week.\" Next week, I call her and I tell her that I didn't get\npaid but I still got money. Because one week . . . you leave behind one week.\nYou work two weeks, you get one week paid. One week stays ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"behind . . . Two weeks\nlater, I called her and I told her I work piecework. I make $50. I think she\nsaid, \"If you should lose the job or you need something, call me. Otherwise, I\nsee you're doing.\" The same year, in November, we got married. Lola made $100 a\nweek ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working four days. She made 40 skirts a day. About that time . . . three or\nfour months later, I was the foreman from the factory. I made $150. We made\n$250. The boss gave me a bonus. In three years, we saved about $13,000. With an\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apartment, and furniture, everything . . . in three years. We needed a week\nbetween $40 and $45 the most. The rent was I think $43 with heat. It was four,\nfive rooms. After this, I went in business in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York. We had a cleaning store\nfor about a year.\n\nMARTINO: When you were first there in New York, who did you associate with? Did\nyou have other survivors who were friends?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. This was a family. In beginning, we didn't even need a telephone.\nWe didn't need anything because we didn't know nobody. Who you gonna call? Who\ngonna talk to you? How you gonna talk? The Jews who came before us, they were\nolder. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The young ones didn't speak Yiddish. The one's who came before us, like\nwhen I worked in the factory, the baby was in the sixties. We started associated\nespecially from my hometown. Till today it's like a family. I have wedding here,\nthey all been here. They came from California, from St. Lewis, from New York . . .\n\nMARTINO: All survivors?\n\nLANSKY: No, the guys I been in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp with all the years. Still we have\nreunions and we had a few times . . .\n\nMARTINO: You found each other again . . . the guys you were in camp with?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. Not the ones who dead--the alive ones. When I was in Buchenwald . .\n. they send them to a different camp. They spread out. We got lost for a little\nwhile. Some went to another camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I calling up the guy in New York or in\nCalifornia . . . we in touch. They unbelievable. They all doing pretty good with\nthe education, and the profession, and the money, and the language, considering\nwhat we put . . . Our children . . . It's amazing that they all doing good. I\nthink after concentration camp, everything was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"easy.\n\nMARTINO: When you got out of the camps and then you were living in New York, did\nyou talk about what happened with other people?\n\nLANSKY: We never stopped till today. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You still meet people with different\nstories. I just met a guy. He lived in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Not in the camp, the\ncity of Auschwitz. He was remodeling houses. They didn't take him. He'd been so\nclose. Every time you hear a story, it's something you never heard before. It's\nnot exactly the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing. You went in the ghetto, from the ghetto to\nconcentration camp, but it's always something different. Like with my story,\nbeing three and a half years in Latvia, going to visit people and go . . . I had\nsome good experience from Gentiles being in camp they didn't need to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice and\nthey were nice. To say that everybody was like I hear that you only saw the bad\nones, the ones who did the bad things. There were some people were humane. You\ndon't talk about those. Maybe it's not popular to talk about it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but people are\npeople. They're not all the same. Even the Germans were not all the same, but\nthe best ones I don't wish good. You can't know how I feel about it. Like a\nGerman once asked me how I feel about the Germans. I said, \"Well, let me kill\nyour family and then you can ask how you feel about me. How do you know how I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel? How can you tell how I feel? Let me kill your family and then I ask you\nhow you feel about it.\" What else could I ask him?\n\nMARTINO: Let me ask you something. You were singled out and you lost everybody\nbecause you're a Jew. How do you feel about that?\n\nLANSKY: How I feel about being Jewish? You want to know the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"truth? It's a big\nliability. If I didn't have nobody today it's just because I was a Jew.\nSometimes I reading the paper or a book, he thinks that his grandfather became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nGerman or a Polack, he was alive--the grandchild. His grandfather become a\nChristian, a gentile, whatever . . . thanks to that, he lived through all that.\nI told my rabbi that I know something of the world . . . G-d or whatever you\ncall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it--must be something--but I know for sure He's not a Jew because if He\nwould be a Jew and what I saw what happened . . . who needs a G-d like this?\" He\nsaid, \"I don't blame you. Maybe I would be the same way.\" That's what he told me.\n\nMARTINO: How do you feel, for example, about the state of Israel?\n\nLANSKY: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"State of Israel is something else. Whether I want it or I don't want it,\nI born Jewish and I gonna die Jewish. Without having a state, it's just like a\nchild not having parents. If we would have any state--a poor one, a rich one, or\na strong one--something would be done if the . . . not even one bomb was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spared\nto throw it on the crematorium, or on the railroad, or put the parachute on . .\n. something to help. Not only . . . not the Americans, not even the Russians,\nnot even the . . . nobody cared. The same thing goes for the Jews. The Jews who\nwere watching fought for the Jews. Like Roosevelt said--they were talking about\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews--he . . . spoke to Lehman, I think. Lehman was the Governor from New\nYork . . . Layman and his brother-in-law, Morgenthau. They went to see him. He\nsaid, \"Well, there is not a Jewish state. Why talking about Jews? There's not a\nJewish state.\" That's what he told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. All the survivors feel that would we\nhave a state . . . we don't say that it couldn't happen, but it would be\ndifferent. There was nobody . . . not only to take us in . . . there was nobody\nto talk about us. What hurts most is now we know that the world knew about\nAuschwitz-Birkenau and about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything what went on and nobody lift a finger to\nhelp]. If we want to remain Jews and live in the whole world, we have to have a\nstate. Just like the Germans, and Polacks, and the Russians. They live in\nAmerican or in Australia . . . they still have somebody to represent them in\ncase of disaster.\n\nMARTINO: Do you think that another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust is possible?\n\nLANSKY: Not the same way. Nothing repeats itself the same way. Just like you\nhave a depression or recession, every time is different. Sure it's possible. In\nthe beginning from the Holocaust, was pogroms. This was just more sophisticated,\nmore organized, more in larger form, and all this . . . who knows ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where. It\ncould happen Germany. It could happen anywhere.\n\nMARTINO: Do you have nightmares or flashbacks where sometimes you may just be\ndoing something ordinary and you are reminded of something that happened to you?\n\nLANSKY: You can't forget about what happened--not a day goes by. I had some\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dreams I was back at camp and felt for the body. Other than this, I don't know\nhow different I would be if I wouldn't go through what I went through. I can't\nsee it. This is for somebody else to see. As far as being with the children, no.\nWith ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other people . . . You mean I have a disability or something?\n\nMARTINO: No, just that it stayed with you.\n\nLANSKY: Yes. You never forget your family or you never forget the place that you\nare born, that you had good or bad . . . this you never forget. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Especially . . .\nthere's a saying that bad things you forget; good things you always\nremember--you had a good time or something. This was so unusually . . . so\nunexpected and so terrible that . . . You asked me before if we associate with\nnewcomers or whatever you call it. In the beginning, we had some people in New\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York that we associate, but how could they understand us? We always wanted to\ncome out, to talk about it. They said, \"Ah, you're in America now. Forget it.\nThis happened a long time ago. It's now history.\" We wondered, \"We wanted to\nlive through to tell the story. Now nobody wants to hear it. What's going on? We\nwanted to tell the story--not just for us to feel good, but for people to know\nwhat happened, for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"history, for mankind.\" Everybody said the same thing, \"Forget\nit. You're a little meshuga from that stuff over there what they carried on.\nForget it.\" We said, \"How we can forget it? Why should we? We're going to get\nolder. We're going to die one day. Nobody gonna know about it.\" So we talked\namong ourselves. Everybody tell their story--what he went through, what I went\nthrough. Whenever we talk, the memories come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. You remember your parents.\nWhenever they talk, it came out--what city they lived, or from the Polacks, or\nfrom the Germans . . . Just like you would go to China now. How could you forget\nthe place that you was raised and everything else? But now we think that the\nworld knows what happened.\n\nMARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We appreciate the opportunity to speak with you. We thank you for your\ntime. We recognize the difficulty of talking about it but it's very important\nthat people like you tell their story and we want to thank you.\n\nLANSKY: You're welcome. I could go into tales where one time we had a hanging,\nor we had a shooting, or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/transcript/20267/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a . . . funny, but it would take too long. Still it\ntook two hours. If I would tell everything in details, it would be another maybe\n50 hours.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5970.0,6000.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOzorkow [Polish: Ozorków; also Ozorkov] is a town in central Poland, about 32 kilometers [20 miles] northwest of Lodz. During World War II, the Germans renamed the town Brunnstadt. At the outbreak of world War II, the town had about 15,000 inhabitants, including just over 5,000 Jews; the others being about equal numbers German and Polish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheder \u003c/em\u003eis a school for Jewish children in which Hebrew and religious knowledge are taught.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe end of the Sabbath is marked by a ceremony called \u003cem\u003eHavdalah\u003c/em\u003e, which includes blessings over wine, candles and spices. After the \u003cem\u003eHavdalah\u003c/em\u003e ceremony, it is customary to sing songs and bless one another with \u003cem\u003eGute vohk\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish: Have a good week] or \u003cem\u003eShavua’ tov\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew]. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAside from several large factory owners, a significant portion of the Jews worked in home-based weaving. In the 1930’s, Meir Fogel operated Szelser enterprises, the largest factory in Ozorkow. This factory employed more than 3,000 employees, including 150 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAside from several large factory owners, a significant portion of the Jews worked in home-based weaving. In the 1930’s, Meir Fogel operated Szelser enterprises, the largest factory in Ozorkow. This factory employed more than 3,000 employees, including 150 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish men cover their heads during prayer with a small skull-cap called a ‘\u003cem\u003eyarmulke\u003c/em\u003e’ or ‘\u003cem\u003ekippah\u003c/em\u003e.’ Orthodox Jewish men wear it at all times to remind themselves of G-d’s presence. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish word meaning “little house” or “little room.”  A place used for communal Jewish prayer.  In contrast to a formal synagogue, it is far smaller and more casually.  It could be a room in a private home or a place of business which is set aside for the express purpose of prayer.  They were common in Jewish communities in Eastern Europe before the Holocaust and were preferred by the \u003cem\u003eHasidim\u003c/em\u003e.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Aleksander dynasty was a Hasidic movement founded in the 1880’s in the small town of Aleksander Lodzki [Polish: Aleksandrów Łódzki], Poland, near Lodz. Prior to the Holocaust, the Aleksander Hasidism were the second largest Hasidic group in Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939, which is generally considered the beginning of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn open city is when the government or military of a country announces that they will not defend it. In return, the enemy is expected not to bomb the city or otherwise attack it, simply to march in. The idea is that this protects historic landmarks and civilians. In World War II, Brussels [Belgium], Oslo [Norway], Paris [France], Belgrade [Yugoslavia then/Serbia now] (it was bombed flat anyway by the Germans), Rome [Italy] and Athens [Greece] were open cities. Warsaw was not an open city. In fact it was highly defended by the Poles, although ultimately unsuccessfully. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans apparently inventoried the stock but did not take it right away, electing to seal the store up for the moment and come for the stock later.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e is an abbreviation of \u003cem\u003eGeheime Staatspolizei\u003c/em\u003e, which means “Secret State Police.” It was established in 1934 and, with virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The \u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDzierzgon [Polish: Dzierzgoń; German: Christburg] is a town in northern Poland, near the Baltic Sea, 80 kilometers [49 miles] southeast of Gdansk, also known as Danzig.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eAutobahn\u003c/em\u003e is a federal controlled-access highway system in Germany. Construction of the \u003cem\u003eAutobahn\u003c/em\u003e was begun before Hitler came to power, but the Nazis appropriated the project and the \u003cem\u003eAutobahn\u003c/em\u003e became one of the Nazi regime’s showpieces. Fritz Todt, an engineer, senior Nazi figure, and founder of \u003cem\u003eOrganisation Todt\u003c/em\u003e, used conscripted laborers to construct more than 3,000 kilometers (1,900 miles) of roadway between 1933 and 1938. By late 1941, construction on the \u003cem\u003eAutobahn\u003c/em\u003e had ceased almost entirely, as the organization shifted its focus to other war-related projects. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘Polish Corridor,’ is also known as the ‘Danzig Corridor,’ was a small narrow piece of land that was ceded to Poland after World War I. It provided Poland with access to the Baltic Sea, but in the process divided the bulk of Germany from the German province of East Prussia. In the tensions leading up to World War II, Poland had denied German demands for construction of an autobahn that would traverse the area and connect Berlin with the East Prussian city of Königsberg. This became one of the pretexts Adolf Hitler used for the German invasion of Poland in September 1939. Partial construction had begun in late 1933, but slowed as Germany geared up for war in 1938. Work resumed after Poland was defeated and continued through 1942, mostly with a labor pool of forced laborers. The highway remains unfinished today (2017).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrganisation Todt\u003c/em\u003e was a civilian engineering firm in Germany. They solidly supported the Nazis and were awarded many large contracts for construction and engineering in Nazi Germany. One of them was the construction of Hitler’s desired autobahn both in Germany and Poland. The Germans paid Organisation Todt so they could feed and maintain the work camps, so while Rubin was helping to build the road, he was under civilian, not SS, control. Although much depended on the individual \u003cem\u003eLagerführer\u003c/em\u003e, life in these camps was relatively decent. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermany attacked the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. After that, the building of the Autobahn was abandoned and the workers sent elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eSchutzstaffel\u003c/em\u003e was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “\u003cem\u003eSaal-Schutz\u003c/em\u003e” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “\u003cem\u003eSchutz-Staffel\u003c/em\u003e.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans got to Latvia on June 23/24, 1941. They immediately encouraged and quietly supervised local anti-Semitic nationalists to conduct large-scale pogroms against the Jews. One of the reasons given by the Lithuanian murderers was that the Jews had cooperated with the hated Russians who had occupied the country from 1939 to 1941. During their rampage under the encouraging eyes of the Germans they murdered nearly 4,000 Jews, destroyed synagogues, and looted their houses and businesses. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe gauge (width of the railroad tracks) was wider in Russian territories than in Western Europe making it impossible for trains from the west to continue east without transferring to a Russian train. Rubin was helping to pull up the tracks and replace them in the narrower gauge used by the Western European.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLibau is the German name for Liepāja, a city in western Latvia, located on the Baltic Sea.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kaiserwald concentration camp was located north of the city of Riga and established in March 1943. Jews from Hungary, Poland, and most of the Jews that survived the liquidations of the ghettos in Latvia (including Riga) were sent to Kaiserwald and its sub-camps. By March 1944, there were around 12,000 prisoners in Kaiserwald.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil just prior to evacuation in the summer of 1944, the prisoners at Kaiserwald did not get uniforms or prisoner haircuts (a stripe shaved down the middle of the scalp for men and shaved heads for women).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLocated 50 kilometers [31 miles] southeast of Vilnius, Lithuania, this town has many variations in the spelling of its name. In Yiddish, the name is spelled ‘Oshmene.’ It has variously been in Lithuania, the Soviet Union, and is now in Belarus where it is now called ‘Ashmyany.’ During the war, the ghetto held about 4,000 Jews. It was liquidated in several steps and Jews who could work were sent to the Vilna or Kovno ghettos or various labor camps in the area. The others were executed. Some of those sent to the Vilna ghetto—including 1,400 to 1,700 young women—were sent on from the Kovno ghetto to the Kaiserwald camp near Riga, Latvia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSelection (German: Selektion) is the term the Nazi regime used to describe the process of choosing victims for the gas chambers in the extermination camps by separating them from those considered fit to work.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Russian army advanced on Riga in the summer of 1944, Kaiserwald commenced preparations for evacuation. A series of selections were carried out, where thousands of prisoners were murdered. One effectively separated out most children under the age of 14, who were then murdered. On July 28, 1944 the so-called \"Krebsbach Action\" (named for Doctor Eduard Kresbach, the camp doctor responsible for the selections) took place, in which 1000 men and women, mostly elderly and infirm, were taken away and executed. Survivors of the selections were deported to the Stutthof concentration camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans evacuated the Riga-Kaiserwald slave labor camp in August and September 1944. During the evacuations, some prisoners were marched to Stutthof, while most were marched to the port of Riga and boarded onto ships bound for Stutthof via Danzig [Polish: Gdańsk]. On August 6, 1944, the Bremerhaven departed with 6,382 Jews. In mid-September, another transport—called the “Rosh Hashanah Transport” by the prisoners—Kaiserwald. On September 24 or 25, 1944, the “Yom Kippur Transport” left with 3,155 prisoners. The final 190 Jews left Riga by ship on October 11, 1944. The Russian army liberated the camp on October 13, 1944. Those who survived the horrid conditions on the ships (overcrowding, illness and little to no food or water) were marched from Danzig to the Vistula River, where they were crowded onto barges before being transferred to Stutthof. On the Rosh Hashanah Transport, a Soviet submarine sank one ship. Those who had been placed aboard a Red Cross flagged ship survived, because its status protected it from attack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Odessa File is a 1974 film starring Jon Voight, based on the 1972 novel of the same name by Frederick Forsyth. The story follows a German crime reporter as he attempts to track down the former commandant of the Riga ghetto, Eduard Roschmann, a man also known as “The Butcher of Riga.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStutthof was established in 1939 near Danzig (present-day Gdansk, Poland), on the Baltic Sea. There were a series of sub-camps attached to the main camp, which acted as a reserve for slave labor for the others. From the summer until the fall of 1944, Stutthof received wave after wave of prisoners evacuated from other camps in the East that were about to be overrun by the Russians. Stutthof itself was evacuated as the Russians near in the fall of 1944. The evacuations took place in a blinding snowstorm and frigid temperatures. Of the 11,000 prisoners driven out on the death march, nearly 7,000 died on the way. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy 1943, the Communist prisoners in Buchenwald had control of all the important camp positions, including the camp elder and almost all block elders, as well as foremen in the important detachments. As one of the larger, more stable groups in the camp, they built an administration structure that secured privileges, improved their chances of survival and, while indispensable to the SS, also managed to channel the SS terror. There also existed a parallel secret organization of (mostly German) Communists, the International Camp Committee Buchenwald (Internationales Lagerkomitee Buchenwald, ILKB). The ILKB was the largest Communist underground organization within the camp system and it controlled and coordinated the prisoners’ activities. The organization also included a mobile security force known as the Lagerschutz [German: camp protection]. To some extent, the Lagerschutz was able to limit the SS presence in the camp. They also had plans for an armed uprising by the prisoners, which was to be done on strict military lines with the few weapons that had been smuggled into the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ekapo\u003c/em\u003e was a prisoner in a concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp. \u003cem\u003eKapos\u003c/em\u003e were generally criminals. The \u003cem\u003ekapo\u003c/em\u003e system was designed to turn victim against victim, as the \u003cem\u003ekapos\u003c/em\u003e were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the favor of their SS guards. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn addition to a large Jewish population, Buchenwald also held political prisoners, criminals, Communists, and “asocials.” Over time, more and more foreign prisoners were sent to Buchenwald, including Czech, Slovak, Dutch, Polish, French, Spanish and Soviet POWs, forced laborers, and resistance fighters. Eventually, there were prisoners from 35 nationalities in the camp. The total population in Buchenwald varied between 8,000-10,000 inmates to a peak of roughly 48,000 prisoners in April 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring bombing raids in World War II, the Allies would first identify the target area for the bombers by dropping color-coded magnesium flares, called target indicators. The target indicators allowed following bombers to locate the target and begin releasing their bombs.  Unfortunately, placing bombs from a great height directly onto a target—even with flares marking it—was very hard to do.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Allies deliberately did not bomb camps where only the labor was kept. However, around Buchenwald, there were many legitimate military targets in the form of factories. During the day of August 24, 1944, American bombers attacked the armaments works and SS facilities located near the main camp and largely destroyed them. Because the prisoners were forced to remain near the factory during the air raid, 2,000 of them were injured and 388 killed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBochumer Verein [also known as Bochum-Verein or simply referred to as Bochum] was a mining company established in 1854 in the town of Bochum, in western Germany. During World War II, the company became one of Germany’s most important armaments manufacturers. It manufactured flak guns, gun barrels, bombs, shells, torpedo parts and cast-iron pieces for the production of aircraft engines. In January 1944, the company employed thousands of foreign forced laborers and POWs, constituting more than 38 percent of its total labor force. In mid-1944, it began using concentration camp prisoners from Buchenwald to offset increasing labor shortages and barracks surrounded by barbed wire were constructed to house them at the plant. The prisoners did heavy physical labor in the foundry in high temperatures. The company paid the SS command in Buchenwald for the laborers. There was a system of reward within the labor camps at Bochum for above average production, which allotted between $0.30 and $0.50 Reichsmarks that could be cashed in at the company’s canteen. However, most prisoners were beaten and mistreated by the SS guards, foremen, and the company rather than rewarded. By November 1944, the Bochum Verien sub camp held 1,706 prisoners. The camp was evacuated on March 16, 1945 and the 1,356 surviving prisoners were transported back to Buchenwald.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the camps close to the advancing Allied front were evacuated in August 1944, Buchenwald’s population increased to 31,491 prisoners and its 64 sub camps had a population of 43,500 prisoners. By the end of the year, 63,048 men and 24,210 women were in Buchenwald and its sub-camps. The overcrowding left many lodged in tents or with no roof over their heads whatsoever.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe World at War\u003c/em\u003e is a 26-episode British television documentary series chronicling the events of the Second World War. The series aired in 1973 and became a landmark in British television history. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBriarcliff Road and Peachtree Street are major roads in Atlanta, Georgia that traverse approximately seven miles. Rubin is using them as an example to explain how large the area of Bochum was that was heavily bombed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe city of Bochum was first bombed during the Battle of the Ruhr—a five month long campaign from March until July 1943, in which the British Royal Air Force (RAF) strategically bombed cities in Germany’s heavily industrial Ruhr region. German air defenses inflicted heavy losses on the RAF. On 4-5 November 1944, Bochum was again bombed in an attack involving 700 British bombers. When the Bochumer Verein plant was hit, more than 10,000 high explosive and 130,000 incendiary bombs stored there caused extensive destruction in the surrounding neighborhoods. An aerial image of the destruction can be seen at \u003ca href=\"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/SUK13897/\"\u003ehttps://www.awm.gov.au/collection/SUK13897/\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDetroit is the largest city in the Midwestern state of Michigan in the United States. In the mid and late twentieth century, it was known as an industrial powerhouse and as “Motor City” for its ties to the auto industry. Rubin seems to be comparing Bochum’s heavy industrial industry to Detroit’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn August 1931, Heinrich Himmler created the Sicherheitsdienst (SD; “Security Service”), a special branch of the SS (Schutzstaffel) that acted separately as the Nazi Party’s own intelligence and security body. After Adolf Hitler became chancellor in 1933, the SD was given extra power to deal with all opposition to the Nazi government. Richard Heydrich was appointed head of the SD and the Gestapo (which was closely related to the SD) in 1936. After his assassination in 1942, Himmler became the leader of the SD. The following year, Ernst Kaltenbunner replaced him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA crematorium was constructed in Buchenwald in 1940. However, by February 1945, the Germans could no longer obtain fuel for its operation. As a result, the corpses piled up and the number of rats increased dramatically. In mid-March, they began burying the corpses in mass graves.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn many ghettos and concentration or extermination camps, music was performed on command as a regular part of the camp’s daily routine. Amateur and professional musicians from among the prisoners formed officially sanctioned orchestras, ensembles, bands, and choirs. The musicians performed as directed by the camp administration. Prisoners sometimes performed for the entertainment of the SS or as background music for work details leaving and returning to camp. Music often accompanied punishments and executions as well. In the extermination camps, prisoners sometimes performed during the selection process or near the crematoriums as a means of deceiving and calming newly arrived prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVarious forms of diversion were instituted at Buchenwald for the entertainment of either SS guards or non-Jewish prisoners, including a movie theatre, zoo, and brothel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChemnitz is the German name of a town currently on the border with the Czech Republic. In Czech, it is known as Saska Kamenice and it is 23 miles from Terezin/Theresienstadt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePilsen [Czech: Plzeñ] is a city about 90 kilometres [56 miles] west of Prague. It was occupied by the Germans from 1939 until General George S. Patton’s Third Army liberated it on May 6, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdvard Benes (1884-1948) was a Czech politician who was twice President of Czechoslovakia (1935–1938 and 1945–1948). He was also Minister of Foreign Affairs, 4th Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia and the President of Czechoslovakia’s government-in-exile. He resigned as president in October 1938 after ceding to Adolf Hitler’s demands during the Czech crisis of 1938 and went into exile. After the outbreak of World War II he headed the Czech government-in-exile in London. He was allowed to return after the war and established a new government, which cooperated closely with the Soviet Union. Benes refused to accept a Communist-dominated cabinet or to sign the new constitution, however, and resigned in June 1948—three months before he died.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Prague uprising was an attempt by the Czech resistance to liberate the city of Prague from German occupation during World War II. Events began on May 5, 1945, in the last moments of the war in Europe. The uprising lasted until May 8, 1945 with a ceasefire between the Czech resistance and the then retreating Germans. The Germans had unconditionally surrendered to the Allies, effectively ending the war, on the previous day. The Americans did not help the Czech insurgents due to previous political agreements with the Soviets. On May 9, the Soviet Red Army entered Prague. The city was liberated on May 11, 1945—nine days after the fall of Berlin and three days after the Third Reich’s capitulation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, headquartered in Reims, France. Prior to the Prague uprising in May 1945, the Soviets and Western Allies had agreed upon a demarcation line. Much of Eastern and Central Europe, including Prague, would be controlled by the Soviets. Although American forces were already in western Czechoslovakia and could reach Prague sooner than the Soviet forces advancing from the east and south, General Dwight D. Eisenhower denied requests to advance on Prague, as it would have violated the agreement. Instead, Soviet forces ultimately liberated the city of Prague.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmerican forces under the leadership of General George S. Patton liberated western Czechoslovakia in early May 1945 but halted outside of Pilsen (about 90 kilometres [56 miles] west of Prague. They remained until November, when the Soviets took over.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (1878-1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920’s until his death. He is considered one of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRubin’s mother, Leia, died in 1942. His father, Mojsze, died in the Lodz ghetto on March 12, 1944. Rubin’s older brother, Abram, was deported from the Lodz ghetto on September 1, 1943, but it is unclear where he was sent. His younger sister, Fajga, and younger brother, Icek, were deported from the Lodz ghetto to the Chelmno extermination camp on July 12, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBamberg is a historic city in central Germany, located on the Main River, approximately 55 kilometers (34 miles) north of Nuremberg. After World War II, Bamberg was one of the largest cities in the northernmost part of the American zone of Germany, close to the Soviet zone.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP Camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Most DP camps had been designated as either Jewish or non-Jewish by the end of 1945. Feldafing was the first all-Jewish displaced persons camp. It was originally a summer camp for Hitler Youth, and was located 20 miles southwest of Munich, Germany in the American zone of occupation. The DP camp was opened on May 1, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska (1926-1999), her sister Henia Borkowska, their older brother, Luzer Borkowski, and father, Miechel (Leon) Borkowski, survived the Holocaust and immigrated to the US in June 1946. It is unclear what happened to her mother, Razel (née Fox) Borkowska\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Immigration Act set annual quotas based on a prospective immigrant's country of birth. At the time, Germany had one of the highest quota allotments under the act. At the end of the war, these quotas were still in place. After the war ended, President Harry S. Truman favored efforts to ease US immigration restrictions for Jewish displaced persons but existing laws had no provisions for displaced persons until Truman issued a directive on December 22, 1945, ordering the State Department to fill existing quotas and give first preference to displaced persons. Still, of the 40,000 visas issued under the program, only about 28,000 went to Jews and between 1946 and 1948, only 16,000 Jewish refugees entered the United States. Enacted in 1948 and amended in 1950, the Displaced Persons Act authorized the admission of another 202,000 visas each year to immigrants above the quota system. The DP acts eventually admitted four hundred thousand Europeans, but Jewish DPs only received 80,000 of these visas, making them only 16 percent of the immigrants admitted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz is the German name for Oswiecim [Polish: Oświęcim; Yiddish: Oshpitzin], a town in southern Poland. The three main camps of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex were located on the outskirts of the town. On the eve of World War II, over half (8,000) of the town’s population of 14,000 were Jewish. Only seventy-seven survived and returned to Oswiecim after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerbert Henry Lehman (1878—1963) was born to a Reform Jewish family in New York City. He served as the 45th Governor of New York from 1933 until 1942 and as a Senator from 1949 until 1957. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) preceded him as Governor. Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Morgenthau, Jr. (1891—1967) was born to a prominent Jewish family in New York City. He served as the U.S. Secretary of Treasury during the Roosevelt and Truman administrations (1934—1945). He played a major role in designing and financing the New Deal and was responsible for proposing the “Morgenthau Plan” for postwar Germany. He also played a major role in shaping foreign policy and advocated for Jewish refugees during World War II. New York’s Governor Herbert Lehman was his wife’s uncle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout the 1930’s, political leaders with ties to the Jewish community, including New York Governor Herbert Lehman, advised President Roosevelt (FDR) of the growing refugee crisis in Europe. As early as 1935, Lehman had charged the U.S. State Department with not fully or fairly administering strict immigration quotas in place at the time. Lehman asked FDR to increase the visa quotas for German Jews. While quotas were not increased, Roosevelt did instruct the State Department that German Jews applying for visas were to be given “the most generous and favorable treatment possible under the laws of this country.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/annotation_set/221/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePresident Roosevelt’s (FDR) legacy regarding the Holocaust remains controversial. By 1942, information regarding the mass murders of Jews had begun to reach the Allies. In November 1942, the State Department confirmed that the Germans planned to annihilate Europe’s Jews. Eleven Allied governments, including the United States, issued a declaration condemning the atrocities and vowing postwar punishment of the perpetrators. In December 1942, FDR met with prominent figures in the Jewish community, who expressed their horror at the news and provided him with a report on mass murder in specific countries, but the president did not promise any new rescue action. In July 1943, FDR met with a Polish resistance member, Jan Karski, who described what he had witnessed in the Warsaw ghetto. A seminal moment in the Roosevelt Administration’s response to the Holocaust was a January 16, 1944 meeting at the White House involving the President and Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr. At the meeting, Morgenthau presented a lengthy and blunt report to FDR on what he and other Treasury officials believed to be the State Department’s obstruction of efforts to rescue European Jews. As a result, FDR established the War Refugee Board (WRB) to coordinate governmental and private rescue efforts. The Board is credited with saving at least 200,000 Jews, but critics argue that if FDR had acted earlier, and more boldly, even more lives could have been saved. By the time the WRB released a report in November 1944 written by escapees of the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp, which detailed the use of gas chambers for the mass murder of Jews, the Auschwitz-Birkenau gas chambers had already ceased operations. Yet, some Jewish leaders, the World Jewish Congress, and the WRB pressured the U.S. War Department to bomb the gas chambers. The proposal was denied. There was much uncertainty about the death toll that might be inflicted as well as concerns about how German propaganda might exploit any bombing of the camp's prisoners. The War Department also believed it would divert Allied strategic air forces from vital military targets and argued that the best way to save Jewish lives would be to defeat Nazi Germany as quickly as possible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5670.0,5700.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Lansky, Rubin [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life Before the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=28.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":" When were you born?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=28.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abram Lansky","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fajga Lansky","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Icek Lansky","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polacks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yontif","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=28.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life Changes when the Nazis Rise","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=380.0,1082.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell me how life changed for you from the way it was before when the Germans and the Nazis started to come?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=380.0,1082.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=380.0,1082.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going to the Lodz Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1082.0,1210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A few minutes later, the Gestapo from Lodz came for us to get us to the destination. They come in . . . they thought we crazy or something. We didn't have a ghetto at that time, nothing. Lodz had a ghetto already.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1082.0,1210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Autobahn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dzierzgon","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1082.0,1210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working in Dzierzgon","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1210.0,1300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We came to the expressway to the camp . . . Dzierzgoń. They call them Lagerführer. Führer . . . you know what that means?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1210.0,1300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dzierzgon","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lagerfuhrer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Organisation Todt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1210.0,1300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1300.0,1524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In that time, they made a ghetto. They gave numbers . . . they told everybody to come to Ozorkow, to the square . . . and they gave numbers A and B. Nobody knew the A going to be the B going to be. The A meant you went into the ghetto.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1300.0,1524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manek","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1300.0,1524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going Out in Ende des Lande","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1524.0,1778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right away he told us . . . Appell . . . he told us we going out to in Ende des Lande--end of country . . . there were so and so many Jews in Latvia.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1524.0,1778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Blitzkreig","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ende des Lande","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Estonia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israelites","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Latvia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Libau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbatniks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1524.0,1778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Taken to Kaiserwald","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1778.0,2007.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyhow, when the Russians approached, they took us to Kaiserwald . . . Latvia . . . This was already in 1944. That concentration camp . . . It was regular.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1778.0,2007.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaiserwald","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Selections","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ushmina","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=1778.0,2007.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going to Stutthof","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2007.0,2055.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyhow, they took us on two boats to Stutthof. One of the boat, they drowned . . . the Jews . . . with those . . . anybody . . . the other boat . . .","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2007.0,2055.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Odessa","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stutthof","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2007.0,2055.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shipped to Buchenwald","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2055.0,2431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Stutthof, we been about three days . . . fourth day they shipped us out to Buchenwald. In Buchenwald . . . in my time when I came the Communists took over the camp. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2055.0,2431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ammunition Factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bochum-Verein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buchenwald","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Communists","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Political Prisoners","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2055.0,2431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An Average Day in Buchenwald","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2431.0,2493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you were in Buchenwald, what did you see on an average day? What was the day like for people?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2431.0,2493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buchenwald","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2431.0,2493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moving to Bochum-Verein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2493.0,2690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From over there, they sent to Bochum-Verein.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2493.0,2690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ammunition Factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bochum-Verein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2493.0,2690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bombing Bochum-Verein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2690.0,3019.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I been there maybe a month, six weeks, maybe two months--I don't remember {00:45:00} exactly--and the Americans came. They came by the thousands. You could see them this big. They didn't come down . . . they dive when you want to bomb you got to dive to see what.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2690.0,3019.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bombing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Briarcliff","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Detroit, Michigan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SD - Sicherheitsdienst","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Time Bombs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=2690.0,3019.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going Back to Buchenwald","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3019.0,3198.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We been there about a week or so and they took us back to Buchenwald. We come back to Buchenwald, the same field, the same . . . no place where to sleep, jump up.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3019.0,3198.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Appell","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Band","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buchenwald","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3019.0,3198.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping Buchenwald","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3198.0,3656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"Mendel, what's going to happen with all the Jews is not going to happen to me.\" I walked away. I went down to the toilet.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3198.0,3656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buchenwald","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chemnitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Invalid Block","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3198.0,3656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arriving in Pilsen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3656.0,4075.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I come into Pilsen--a big city. I never saw so many people in my life--a million people. Everybody hollered, \"Did you see my brother? Did you see my sister?\" \"I saw your sister . . .\" How do I know who his sister is or who his brother is? I still don't know anything.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3656.0,4075.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Benes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pilsen, Czech Republic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Red Cross","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SD","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=3656.0,4075.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaving Pilsen and Encountering Captured German Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4075.0,4545.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I figured, \"I got to get out of here. Somebody gonna tell on me.\" He took me. They had the papers that they had released me--the Gestapo or the SD. He took me over the police. They make me papers with everything. He took me home.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4075.0,4545.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czech Revolution","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dwight Eisenhower","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Retribution","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SD","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wehrmacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4075.0,4545.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Returning to Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4545.0,4701.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From there, I went back to Poland. In Poland, they told me . . . five minutes, I met my uncle. He told me, \"Your father died for\nhunger in the ghetto in Lodz. He had nice funeral . . .\" I didn't believe it.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4545.0,4701.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4545.0,4701.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going to Germany, Meeting Lola Lansky, and Moving to the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4701.0,4912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went to Germany. In Germany, I came to the United States.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4701.0,4912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feldafing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Jew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lola Borkowska Lansky","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Quotas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4701.0,4912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4912.0,5293.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You came to the United States in 1947?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=4912.0,5293.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cleaning Store","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lola Lansky","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parkgrove, New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United 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Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5293.0,5445.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghettos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Survivor Stories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5293.0,5445.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feelings About Being Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5445.0,5547.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me ask you something. You were singled out and you lost everybody because you're a Jew. How do you feel about that?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5445.0,5547.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5445.0,5547.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feelings on Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5547.0,5699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do you feel, for example, about the state of Israel?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5547.0,5699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"President Roosevelt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5547.0,5699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Possibility of History Repeating Itself","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5699.0,5985.848"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you think that another Holocaust is possible?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5699.0,5985.848"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548/index/47319/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31401/file/99548#t=5699.0,5985.848"}]}]}]}