{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/db7vm44r91/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Schneider, Tosia and Alfred"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-02-21 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Schneider, Tosia (Interviewee)","Schneider, Alfred (Interviewee)","Gris, Paula (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eTosia and Alfred Schneider are interviewed by Paula Gris in Atlanta, Georgia on February 21, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eTosia Szecher Schneider was born in Zaleszczyki, Poland on April 4, 1929. Her father, Jacob, was an accountant and her mother, Genia, was a teacher. Tosia had a brother, Julek, who was two years older. The family moved to her mother’s hometown of Horodenka, Poland when Tosia was six. Tosia’s early years were spent attending a Polish elementary school and Hebrew school and enjoying the closeness of a large, extended family. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eWhen the Germans and Russians invaded Poland in September 1939, the area around Horodenka fell under Soviet control until Germany invaded Russia in 1941. In July 1941, Hungarian forces occupied the town. Germany took over the town shortly afterward and, by December, the family had been forced into a ghetto. Tosia’s immediate family survived two major roundups and deportations by hiding in her father’s workplace. When the ghetto was finally liquidated in September of 1942, Tosia, her brother and mother briefly returned to Zaleszczyki before they were sent on to a ghetto in the nearby town of Tluste. Tosia’s father remained in Horodenka. His fate is unknown, but he was likely sent to the Belzec extermination camp. Genia died from typhus in the winter of 1942-1943. Tosia and Julek were then sent to a labor camp in Lisowce. Julek was shot in the summer of 1943. Tosia survived in the labor camp until March 1944, when the Russian army liberated the area.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAlfred Schneider was the only child of Arthur Aron Schneider, a Jewish doctor in the Bukovina region of Romania. Alfred's mother died when he was a small child and his father married Hedwig Landwehr. After his father died a few years later, Alfred moved to the city of Czernowitz to live with his stepmother’s family. Throughout his youth, Alfred enjoyed a comfortable home that emphasized education and music. His family enjoyed travelling throughout Romania on summer vacations.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAlthough the Soviet Union occupied Romania in 1941, life continued somewhat normally. When Romania allied with Germany and reoccupied Czernowitz, restrictions imposed on Jews meant Alfred could no longer attend school. His family briefly lived in the ghetto during mass deportations to Transnistria. His family escaped deportation thanks to a special authorization, which allowed them to remain in Czernowitz for the remainder of the war.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAfter World War II ended, Alfred joined an orchestra to avoid Soviet conscription. His family soon left Czernowitz for Poland. Alfred continued to American occupied Munich, Germany and enrolled in college. With the help of an uncle in New York, he immigrated to the United States in 1948. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eMeanwhile, Tosia returned home briefly to Horodenka after the war, where only one other cousin had survived. Tosia moved first to Romania. In Czernowitz, she met Alfred. She then moved to the United States occupied zone of Germany before coming to the US in 1949. In the US, Tosia studied at the Hebrew Union College and taught Hebrew for thirty years at Reform religious schools in Morristown, NJ; Augusta, GA; and Atlanta, GA. \u003cbr\u003eAfter graduating from Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in 1951, Alfred received his Ph.D. from Polytechnical University of New York in 1958. He has worked as a research engineer, technical manager, consultant and professor of nuclear engineering. In 1975, Alfred was appointed Professor of Nuclear Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) where he taught and conducted research until his retirement in 1990. He continued to teach as a Visiting Professor of Nuclear Engineering and conducted research as a Research Affiliate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) until 1996. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAlfred and Tosia reconnected in the United States and were married in 1950. They had three sons. The couple eventually moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where after retirement, both enjoyed their five grandchildren and were active in sharing their wartime experiences. Alfred died on August 20, 2020, his 70th wedding anniversary with Tosia. Tosia passed a few weeks later, on September 6, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eTosia introduces her family and provides an overview of her childhood. She shares her early childhood memories. Tosia recollects her understanding of what was happening right before war broke out. She recalls the invasion of Poland. Tosia remembers the invasion of Poland and life under Soviet rule. She discusses the sudden deportations to Siberia in her community. Tosia describes what she saw when Germany invaded the Soviet Union. She recounts the early days of German occupation. Tosia describes life in the ghetto. She recalls the first round up and deportation of Horodenka’s Jewish population. Tosia tells about surviving the second Aktion and roundup in the ghetto. She mentions the fear in the Jewish community when they realized what was happening. Tosia recounts her family’s separation. She details the Tluste ghetto and the death of her mother. Tosia witnesses the death of her brother in a labor camp. She discusses her motivation for surviving. Tosia talks about being caught on the front lines before finally being liberated by the Russians. She traces what she did immediately after liberation. Tosia shares her struggles with anger and forgiveness. Tosia relays an incident where the Soviets arrested her. She explains why an aunt and uncle adopted her. Tosia reports her escape to American occupied Germany. She talks about meeting Fred. She reflects on her life in Germany and desire to leave Europe. Tosia narrates coming to the United States and settling into a new life. She outlines her life with Alfred as he built a career, and they raised a family. Tosia discusses teaching Hebrew and about the Holocaust. She considers why it is important to her.\u003cbr\u003eTosia considers where she considers home to be. She reflects on her faith. She shares what traditions she has carried on in her family. Fred joins the interview. Fred recalls meeting Tosia and coming to America. He outlines his education, career, and places they have lived. Fred remembers his hometown and what happened to the Jewish community. He relates his family’s experience in the Holocaust. Fred talks about his stepmother’s life after liberation. He talks about where his father and mother came from and are buried. Fred talks about where he considers home to be. He tells a story about music lessons and instruments.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eTosia and Alfred Schneider are interviewed by Paula Gris in Atlanta, Georgia on February 21, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTosia Szecher Schneider was born in Zaleszczyki, Poland on April 4, 1929. Her father, Jacob, was an accountant and her mother, Genia, was a teacher. Tosia had a brother, Julek, who was two years older. The family moved to her mother\u0026rsquo;s hometown of Horodenka, Poland when Tosia was six. Tosia\u0026rsquo;s early years were spent attending a Polish elementary school and Hebrew school and enjoying the closeness of a large, extended family.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eWhen the Germans and Russians invaded Poland in September 1939, the area around Horodenka fell under Soviet control until Germany invaded Russia in 1941. In July 1941, Hungarian forces occupied the town. Germany took over the town shortly afterward and, by December, the family had been forced into a ghetto. Tosia\u0026rsquo;s immediate family survived two major roundups and deportations by hiding in her father\u0026rsquo;s workplace. When the ghetto was finally liquidated in September of 1942, Tosia, her brother and mother briefly returned to Zaleszczyki before they were sent on to a ghetto in the nearby town of Tluste. Tosia\u0026rsquo;s father remained in Horodenka. His fate is unknown, but he was likely sent to the Belzec extermination camp. Genia died from typhus in the winter of 1942-1943. Tosia and Julek were then sent to a labor camp in Lisowce. Julek was shot in the summer of 1943. Tosia survived in the labor camp until March 1944, when the Russian army liberated the area.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAlfred Schneider was the only child of Arthur Aron Schneider, a Jewish doctor in the Bukovina region of Romania. Alfred's mother died when he was a small child and his father married Hedwig Landwehr. After his father died a few years later, Alfred moved to the city of Czernowitz to live with his stepmother\u0026rsquo;s family. Throughout his youth, Alfred enjoyed a comfortable home that emphasized education and music. His family enjoyed travelling throughout Romania on summer vacations.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAlthough the Soviet Union occupied Romania in 1941, life continued somewhat normally. When Romania allied with Germany and reoccupied Czernowitz, restrictions imposed on Jews meant Alfred could no longer attend school. His family briefly lived in the ghetto during mass deportations to Transnistria. His family escaped deportation thanks to a special authorization, which allowed them to remain in Czernowitz for the remainder of the war.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAfter World War II ended, Alfred joined an orchestra to avoid Soviet conscription. His family soon left Czernowitz for Poland. Alfred continued to American occupied Munich, Germany and enrolled in college. With the help of an uncle in New York, he immigrated to the United States in 1948.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eMeanwhile, Tosia returned home briefly to Horodenka after the war, where only one other cousin had survived. Tosia moved first to Romania. In Czernowitz, she met Alfred. She then moved to the United States occupied zone of Germany before coming to the US in 1949. In the US, Tosia studied at the Hebrew Union College and taught Hebrew for thirty years at Reform religious schools in Morristown, NJ; Augusta, GA; and Atlanta, GA.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAfter graduating from Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in 1951, Alfred received his Ph.D. from Polytechnical University of New York in 1958. He has worked as a research engineer, technical manager, consultant and professor of nuclear engineering. In 1975, Alfred was appointed Professor of Nuclear Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) where he taught and conducted research until his retirement in 1990. He continued to teach as a Visiting Professor of Nuclear Engineering and conducted research as a Research Affiliate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) until 1996.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAlfred and Tosia reconnected in the United States and were married in 1950. They had three sons. The couple eventually moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where after retirement, both enjoyed their five grandchildren and were active in sharing their wartime experiences. Alfred died on August 20, 2020, his 70th wedding anniversary with Tosia. Tosia passed a few weeks later, on September 6, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTosia introduces her family and provides an overview of her childhood. She shares her early childhood memories. Tosia recollects her understanding of what was happening right before war broke out. She recalls the invasion of Poland. Tosia remembers the invasion of Poland and life under Soviet rule. She discusses the sudden deportations to Siberia in her community. Tosia describes what she saw when Germany invaded the Soviet Union. She recounts the early days of German occupation. Tosia describes life in the ghetto. She recalls the first round up and deportation of Horodenka\u0026rsquo;s Jewish population. Tosia tells about surviving the second Aktion and roundup in the ghetto. She mentions the fear in the Jewish community when they realized what was happening. Tosia recounts her family\u0026rsquo;s separation. She details the Tluste ghetto and the death of her mother. Tosia witnesses the death of her brother in a labor camp. She discusses her motivation for surviving. Tosia talks about being caught on the front lines before finally being liberated by the Russians. She traces what she did immediately after liberation. Tosia shares her struggles with anger and forgiveness. Tosia relays an incident where the Soviets arrested her. She explains why an aunt and uncle adopted her. Tosia reports her escape to American occupied Germany. She talks about meeting Fred. She reflects on her life in Germany and desire to leave Europe. Tosia narrates coming to the United States and settling into a new life. She outlines her life with Alfred as he built a career, and they raised a family. Tosia discusses teaching Hebrew and about the Holocaust. She considers why it is important to her.\u003cbr /\u003eTosia considers where she considers home to be. She reflects on her faith. She shares what traditions she has carried on in her family. Fred joins the interview. Fred recalls meeting Tosia and coming to America. He outlines his education, career, and places they have lived. Fred remembers his hometown and what happened to the Jewish community. He relates his family\u0026rsquo;s experience in the Holocaust. Fred talks about his stepmother\u0026rsquo;s life after liberation. He talks about where his father and mother came from and are buried. Fred talks about where he considers home to be. He tells a story about music lessons and instruments.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/277/199/small/Schneider_Tosia_2001.mp4_1749748925.jpg?1749748926","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Schneider__Tosia_2001.mp4"]},"duration":10501.19071,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/277/199/small/Schneider_Tosia_2001.mp4_1749748925.jpg?1749748926","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/277/199/original/Schneider__Tosia_2001.mp4?1749748899","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":10501.19071,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Schneider_Tosia and Alfred [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=0.0,1.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Alright, we are speaking to Tosia Schneider, T-O-S-I-A S-C-H-N-E-I-D-E-R. It is February 21st, 2001. We are at their lovely home on Hidden Branches Drive in Atlanta, Georgia. Tosia, you are aware of the project, the Legacy Project, which speaks about people who immigrated from Europe or survived the war in Europe and came and settled in Atlanta. So, we would like to know a little bit about your life before the war, and some details about your survival, and where you went after the war, leading to your arrival to Atlanta, and the things that have enabled you to recreate, to rebuild, to reinvent yourself, and to make a life here in Atlanta. So, if you would start perhaps and tell us where you were born, the name of the town, the country, and describe that setting for us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1.0,83.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Okay, I was born in a small little town called Zaleszczyki. That was Poland prior to Second World War. It was on the border of Romania on the Dniester River. It was a little resort area. My father, Jacob, and my mother, Genia, and I had an older brother, two years older.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=83.0,106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: His name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=106.0,109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Julek, J-U-L-E-K. In that town lived my paternal grandmother as well, and my father's sister and her family. We were a very close family. I stayed ... We lived in that town till I was about five years old. At that point, we moved to my mother's hometown of Horodenka [Poland], some 20 to 30 kilometers [12-18 miles] away. That's really where most of my memories and most of my experiences as well during the war occurred. Horodenka ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=109.0,148.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: When ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=148.0,148.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=148.0,148.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: When were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=148.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: 1928.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=150.0,153.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Can you give us the date?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=153.0,154.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes, April 4, 1928. In Horodenka ... I might retract a little bit and tell you one little story that happened in Zaleszczyki. At the age of four or five, I was enrolled in a little kindergarten, a Jewish kindergarten. I recall one time we were going on a picnic near the Dniester River under the bridge. As we children sat down with our lunch, we were pelted with rocks by some Polish kids and yelling at us antisemitic slurs. It was truly the first time and very sadly not the last time that that had occurred. At the age of six, as I said, we moved to my mother's hometown of Horodenka. There was a large family that I very much felt the great warmth and enjoyed being with. It was my grandmother Meltzer, my mother's sister, Zlota, and her daughter, Wisia, who was the Rosenbaum family, my mother's younger sister, and a lot of extended families, my grandmother's ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=154.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Grandmother's name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=240.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Meltzer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=240.0,244.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Meltzer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=244.0,245.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: [Yes.] The big excitement for us kids was our uncle Jacob, who lived at the time in Leipzig [Germany], coming to visit. He always took great interest in his kids and of course brought wonderful presents for all the children. But otherwise, the family was, most of the family, was in Horodenka. It was a very closeknit in family. My grandmother was an Orthodox lady and on a Saturdays ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=245.0,280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Her name was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=280.0,280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: I don't know. That's a very painful thing to me because I used to call her always Babcia [Polish: Grandmother]. There wasn't such a thing as a letter coming regularly or ... And to this day, I'm not quite sure. It's very difficult because I loved her very much. She was just simply Babcia for me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=280.0,310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Babcia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=310.0,310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=310.0,310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: So, she was Babcia Meltzer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=310.0,318.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes. As I mentioned, she was an Orthodox lady, and she wore the traditional wig, sheitel. We used to assemble there many times on a Saturday with all the cousins and friends, and she would greet everyone. Of course, I recall the first seder in the home of my grandparents. My grandfather was still alive, David Meltzer. I was an unforgettable thing, all the family around the table, Grandfather with a long white beard and a white kittle, and white robe, sitting, reclining rather, at the seder table. As a child, each grandchild got a little glass cup, a seder cup, and I remember mine, it had imprint \"Pesach\" [Hebrew: Passover] on it and I was so proud of it. I don't think I ever stayed awake till the end of that seder, but it was something that always stands in my memory as one of the most wonderful and warm family affairs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=318.0,384.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: So, you must have been about seven?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=384.0,386.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: No, at that time, my grandfather was still alive. He came from Zaleszczyki for that seder. I must have been four, three or four. Shortly after, my grandfather passed away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=386.0,401.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: This grandfather David?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=401.0,403.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes, David. Before the war, my father worked in a flour mill. He was an accountant in a large flour mill. My mother was a teacher, but it was very difficult for a Jewish lady to get a government job during the Polish government. It was still plenty of antisemitism there. So, she did not teach for a while.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=403.0,429.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What kind of teacher? What did she teach?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=429.0,431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Public school. Both my brother and I attended Polish public school and every afternoon for two hours, Hebrew school. Since I've been teaching Sunday school here in America, I always told my children this was not a cruel and unusual punishment. We loved our Hebrew school, our principal was Yitzhak Berger, a poet and a very loving and caring person. And it was one place that we Jewish children felt at ease and felt at home. In public school, there was still this sting of antisemitism that all of us at one point another experienced.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=431.0,479.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: This Hebrew school went from ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=479.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: First grade and up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=483.0,486.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Till ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=486.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: I think through sixth grade or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=487.0,490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Boys and girls?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=490.0,491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Boys and girls, which was rather special because in public school we were segregated, in Polish public school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=491.0,513.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Do you remember anything particular that you learned, that you carried through from your Hebrew school, any program, or poem, or song, or ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=513.0,528.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: It's funny, of course, there were songs, you know, kindergarten kind of a song, but one of the big events in our town was our Hanukkah play the children from Hebrew school put on. At one time, I was chosen to be the queen of the snowflakes, and I was pulled on the stage in a sled. I had at that time long, blonde hair. They combed it out. Everything was going great, and the snowflakes were dancing around me and, as it was custom at the time, they used to throw candy on the stage. One landed in my eye and that was the end of that performance and the first and last time--it ended in tears--that I've ever been on stage. But what I do recall rather than particular poems or things is a sense of the great sense of love that they instilled in us for our heritage, for our traditions, the sense of ethics and faith that had, in so short a time, been challenged so severely. Yet, when I look back and I think, \"How could they do it in such a short time?\" You know, they had us ... When the war ended, started rather, I completed fourth grade elementary school and I had a sense of who I was, of what was expected of me, what I wanted out of life. [It] was so clear. And yet, both my parents and the school had such a short period of time to instill that sense for us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=528.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Are you referring to a sense of identity ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=630.0,634.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Identity as a Jew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=634.0,638.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: A sense of identity of yourself?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=638.0,638.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Right. Not only of myself, but as a person of Jewish faith. No matter how they tried to denigrate us, the Germans, no matter what they tried do, I had a feeling I knew who I was. It was they who were an animal--the behavior--and just beyond contempt. No matter what they said, I knew who my people were. As we will later speak about, I had an opportunity to live on Aryan papers. And when I tried to think that I would have to live in a world without Jews, try to live, pretend that I am something that I am not, I just couldn't do it. It was a very strong sense of who I was, and what we stood for, what our people were all about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=638.0,689.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: And that came from the Hebrew school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=689.0,692.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: From the family and from the Hebrew school, absolutely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=692.0,695.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: I am interested in the school. Was it a Hebraic school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=695.0,700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=700.0,702.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Was it Yiddish or ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=702.0,702.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: No, it was Hebrew, very beautiful Hebrew. They were Zionist-oriented.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=702.0,710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: So, Israel played a role in the original ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=710.0,711.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Very definitely. Sitting in a deep winter in the Polish school, we would think about Tu BiShvat, about planting trees in Israel. We had this very strong identification of who we were. Holidays meant holidays. Shabbat was Shabbat. This was a city of 5,000 Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=711.0,748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Horodenka?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=748.0,749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Horodenka before the war. But it was a very strong community life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=749.0,761.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Do you remember of any people before the war went to Israel from your town?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=761.0,766.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes, some went and including my uncle, my uncle Jacob, who later lived in Leipzig. I don't know why he returned. He did come back, but there were some who settled there because I met some people later on in Israel who were from our hometown.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=766.0,789.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: So, what do you remember about the onset of the war and what do you remember as a fourth-grade child, which means that you were about nine or 10?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=789.0,808.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=808.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: If you could try to remember who you were then and what you saw around you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=810.0,817.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Basically, what I recall [from] the beginning [was] a feeling that something is not quite right. We would assemble in my grandmother's house on Saturday, and they would read letters from Germany that my uncle had sent. I remember them discussing, and being very upset, and very worried, and trying to encourage him to leave. One letter came from my uncle, and he said that his boss--even though he was a Nazi--was very fond of him and didn't want him to leave. Well, eventually he did leave Germany and, or rather, was chased out. He was one of some, I think it was 800 people or so, Jews of Polish citizenship, who in, I think, it was October 1938, were brought to a small town--Zbaszyn, I think it was called--and simply pushed across the border. They stayed there for some two days. The Poles did not want to let them in. The Germans, of course, threw them out. They rounded them up at night from all the different towns and so forth. Eventually, they came into Poland. My uncle settled in Warsaw [Poland], and the whole family was so relieved that he finally got out of Nazi Germany. So, this was the only intimation. I was just very young and did not understand world politics at all. And then in December ... In 1939, in the summer, all I was concerned about was what are we going to do during the summer break? And do I have all my books ready for the school year? We did not get ... The books had to be purchased individually. We did not get them from the school. And I remember running around among some older children of fifth grade and trying to purchase books that were in good order from kids who were good students and careful preserving their books correctly. [I had] absolutely no thought of what was happening all around me, no idea that such a thing as war could break out. Whenever they spoke about war, by the way, we got sort of mixed messages. My parents, both of course, were involved in World War I. My father was an officer in the Austrian Army, and my parents, my mother with her family, fled to Vienna [Austria]. I remember stories about Vienna and one day she would say how beautiful the city was and that they would go to the Prater [a large park] and they would have such a wonderful time. And the next minute she would say how they starved, how difficult it was, and then, when they came back to Horodenka, to find that Horodenka was burned to a large extent. Their home, my grandfather's, was burned down. She would tell me about the Cossacks, who burned and raped in the city and so forth, but I sort of couldn't picture. Whenever I tried to talk to my father, what it was like in the trenches in Italy, where he probably was toward the end, I usually would get something funny or so, but never really the notion of what war was like. Then in 1939, in the summer, our family went to vacation in the Carpathian Mountains, in the small town of Yaremche [Ukraine]. My brother was in a Zionist camp, the Hanoar Hatzioni. I remember visiting that camp, and there were just ... it seems like dozens and dozens of tanned boys and girls in blue and white uniforms. I couldn't wait to be old enough to join them, and it was always, \"Next year.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=817.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Hanoar ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1080.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Hatzioni. And they told me ... I was very jealous. I wanted to go to it. They said, \"Well, next year. Next year maybe you'll do it.\" We lived in this little village that we rented a house with my grandmother, my aunt Zlota, and her daughter Wisia, and myself, and my mother. We spent time just simply walking in the beautiful woods and playing. I was playing in a little river there and seeing things to be fine. My father was working. There were no paid vacations at that time. Sometime middle of August, we got a telegram from my father saying we should return home immediately. I remember my mother waking us up in the middle of the night and trying to awaken a little ... There was a market in the neighborhood, and she tried to awaken the owner, and went to buy some provisions for the journey. She did something which was quite unthinkable. She bought candy as much as she could or anything at all that he had, cookies and so forth. My first idea was, well, war couldn't be that bad if that's the way we start. We got on the train, without any problem. I was sitting and munching my cookies and looking at the very concerned faces of my grandmother and my mother and didn't know what was going on. We saw Polish troops moving west toward the German border. We managed to get home without any incidents, and when we got there, we heard that [Adolf] Hitler had issued an ultimatum to Poland, and that war most probably was imminent. My brother and my father joined the home ... What do they call that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1080.0,1204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Civil defense?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1204.0,1204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Civil defense kind of thing and walked around in helmets and told people to cover their windows and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1204.0,1213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Your brother who was ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1213.0,1213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: My brother was ... At that time, he must have been 15 and my father ... There was of, course, mobilization in town. They tried to build ... Since we were very close to the Romanian border and far away from the western part of Poland, they tried building an airport there. And I remember maybe the first and last time that somehow, our community worked together. People were trying to level the fields there. We children were bringing water for the workers. Little did we know by that time, most of the Polish Air Force was destroyed on the ground and what was left of it escaped to Romania.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1213.0,1259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: So, what you are describing is a general communal effort ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1259.0,1266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: It seemed so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1266.0,1267.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: ... to barricade against the Germans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1267.0,1267.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: No, to allow in a hinterland of the country someplace where the Polish Army could regroup or something for ... We had no idea that ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1267.0,1279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: It was a patriotic action?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1279.0,1280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: It seemed, right. And then we started seeing refugees streaming through our town because, as I said, we were very close to the Romanian border. Among them was, I think, some of the hierarchy of the Polish government as well. All the citizens in town would stand in the main street and offer people lodging and food. The thing that sort of struck us as very strange is someone would ask if you were Jews, that they would not accept any hospitality from a Jew. So, even there, in their darkest moment of defeat, some of them still remembered their antisemitism. There was discussion in our house, \"Should we flee to Romania as well?\" I remember they got together, and they said maybe my father and my brother should get away. We heard that the Germans were taking men for forced labor. After a little while, they decided. My parents decided they do not want to split the family; whatever would happen would happen to all of us. Of course, that was a big mistake. The family unity and togetherness was strength in some ways, in the good times, but in that time, it was a very bad mistake. So, we decided to try to remain in town. A week or so later, we suddenly heard ... There was bombs. There was an air attack in our town. Before that, we were all told that they were worried that the Germans might be using gas, so each household was given some kind of a concoction. I have no idea what it was. We were supposed to put something heavy like pillows in the windows and dip cotton into that and breath through it. The first alarm that sounded, my mother tried to do just that. In the process, she got caught in the curtains, spilled the whole thing, and after the all-clear sounded, she was sitting on the floor, and laughing, and crying at the same time because she realized how futile that that attempt was. Then, our town was bombed. Most of the bombs really landed in a pond, but there were some casualties. I remember hearing about a Jewish young man who was killed, his father carrying him on his arms to the Jewish cemetery, not allowing anybody to touch him, and he was buried.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1280.0,1468.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: This is still nineteen ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1468.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Nineteen thirty-nine, just as the war broke out. Then, toward the end of that month, we suddenly saw a young Polish man on a motorcycle racing through town and yelling that he had seen Polish soldiers on Russian tanks. We were all sure the Russians are coming to our defense, to help. Of course, that wasn't true. We were stabbed in the back, and we heard about the Stalin-Hitler pact. Poland, once again, was divided, was partitioned. Our part where I lived was occupied by the Russians. Initially, the people didn't know what to expect. It was a totally new system we were not familiar with. Not only did we not understand the language, but we did not understand this system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1470.0,1535.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What was the system?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1535.0,1536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: The communists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1536.0,1536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What was it like, the first thing they required people to do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1536.0,1541.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Let me just retract a bit. The first thing, when there was this ... What they required to do was, suddenly, there were tanks in town. I remember one huge one rumbling through our narrow street. The walls of the house cracked. And there were soldiers all over the place. There was obviously a curfew, but most of them seemed to be friendly enough. There was no ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1541.0,1572.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Did they requisition food from the city?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1572.0,1574.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: That came after a while. The first thing that we saw is that they had captured many of the Polish soldiers and officers and they housed them in my elementary school, which happened to be right next door to where we lived. There we were, children hanging on a wall of our, rather on a gate there. We saw people in my school and they were shouting to us. Some of them were throwing money for us to buy cigarettes, which we did, but the Russians were not feeding them. We saw the city arranged in our backyard, huge cauldrons of food that they were preparing food for these prisoners of war and handing them over. After a few days, we saw them being marched through the city streets. They had taken their belts off and they were holding onto their trousers and being marched. We never knew what happened to them. Of course, years later, we found out about the killing in Katyn. Many times, I wondered if these too were among the young men that were murdered there. Then, started coming the Russian orders, like requisitioning all private enterprises. The school ... Initially, when they came, they bought absolutely everything inside in the stores and the merchants felt that it was a wonderful time. Everything ... They could sell anything at all. Of course, they realized very soon you couldn't buy very much with the ruble. You couldn't replenish yourself. They requisitioned, as I said, large private enterprises, and after a few weeks the schools reopened, and we were enrolled in a Ukrainian school. I remember, though, my mother, who was a teacher, decided Ukrainian wasn't exactly the language that they looked forward for their children to study. She thought, \"Well, if there'll be Ukrainian schools, why can't there be Yiddish-speaking schools?\" I remember going with her and a number of other parents trying to petition the superintendent of schools to open a Yiddish school. They agreed to do it and indeed, my mother taught there. The only problem was, there were only four grades, and I was already a fifth grader, so I was past that stage. When schools reopened, of course, we suddenly had the pictures of [Joseph] Stalin and [Vladimir] Lenin all over the place. The official language was Ukrainian, but a lot of Russian, of course, as well. It was not too terribly difficult, of course, to change because it was a Slavic language and we understood quite a bit. As a matter of fact, we thought that some of the Russian poetry and literature was beautiful, and we liked that. Yet, my father was always rumbling and very unhappy with what was going on. Well, my mother was sitting half a night studying the constitution of USSR [Union of Soviet Socialist Republics] because that was required of all the teachers and she was very upset about it. There was, of course, communist indoctrination, political indoctrination. I remember coming home one day and being very proud that I was chosen to be a Pioneer, which was a communist youth group, because they only picked the good students. I didn't know why my father wasn't too thrilled when I showed up with the red kerchief on my neck. We children [were] continuously indoctrinated that we live in the best possible world under the leadership of Stalin. We were not forced, but we were required to do like military training. They would take us outside in the snow, hills with wooden guns and we would be protecting. So, there was always this idea that the Soviet Union had a lot of enemies and so forth. Needless to say, in fifth grade level, I didn't understand very much what was going on. But then, we began to hear the rumble of trucks in the night and people were exiled to Siberia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1574.0,1847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Who were the people who were exiled to Siberia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1847.0,1850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: They were both Jews and Poles, those who were ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1850.0,1856.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What was the provocation there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1856.0,1859.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: There was no question of provocation. It was simply they were rich. They were wealthy people, or people who were politically active, or rabbis, or priests. They simply disappeared. There was no trial. There was no ... At night, the trucks came and took the whole family away. As a matter of fact, across the street from us lived a family, Szpiro was their name. They had a large estate. They're quite wealthy people. One night, they came and simply took them away. There was sort of a strange story that went around town. As in every little Jewish shtetl [Yiddish: small, primarily Jewish village or town], we had our special types, if you will. We had a water carrier named Michael. Michael had one shorter foot and you could hear him bump through the street as he came along carrying the water. He would come every Friday to get the [unintelligible], to get handouts for a Shabbat meal. He'd come on a Friday to our house and my mother said, \"Michael, be sure you don't go across the street because they took Szpiro to Siberia.\" And Michael in his very simple-minded man said, \"Well, if they took the rich man Szpiro into Siberia, it must probably be good there.\" And the people in town repeated this little saying over and over again. Strangely enough, they may have been the only family that somehow made it because our town was totally decimated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1859.0,1955.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: So, how did they transport these people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1955.0,1958.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: On trucks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1958.0,1959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: On trucks?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1959.0,1959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Simply in trucks to the railroad station and that was that. We never knew when ... We never heard ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1959.0,1964.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: [Unintelligible].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1964.0,1964.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Right, we never hear where or what. As I said, there was no trial, there was no, simply disappeared. At that time, I remember my parents were terribly concerned because my uncle ... Of course, everybody was issued a passport or internal passport and my uncle, who at one point actually owned a factory with this Mr. Szpiro in Warsaw, got the bad passport. I don't recall what number it was. I think it was passport 11 was good or passport 13 was good. The other one was bad. I have no idea. But the fact was that he was in danger of being exiled as well. At that time, my uncle married a dentist, a Jewish woman from Vilna [Poland], who happened to be very well versed in the Russian language. She went all over the place to every possible office, begging, and trying to explain that he was not really rich, that he had the know-how for that factory. And finally, finally, the family all sighed a sigh of relief that his passport was changed to the quote-unquote good passport.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1964.0,2039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: This was the same uncle who ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2039.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Right. He couldn't run far enough. Needless to say, he didn't survive. I wish he had been sent to Siberia. Maybe he would have had a chance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2040.0,2061.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: At what point did the administration change again from Russian to German?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2061.0,2072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Okay, September 22 ... Do I have the date wrong? So, when was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2072.0,2088.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: It could be. About 1940?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2088.0,2095.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: So, tell me you can speak up, I forget the dates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2095.0,2098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: The war started on the 22nd of June, 1941.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2098.0,2103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Nineteen forty-one. That's right, June. September [1939 was] where they marched in. Right. Okay, so, it was June 22nd.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2103.0,2118.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2118.0,2118.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Again, I think the war started with an air attack, and we were totally taken by surprise as well as the Russians. It was totally unexpected. The Jews, especially in our town, we were all terrified. But all during the regime, we heard over and over again of the undefeatable Russia and the great Soviet leader, Stalin, and so forth. People thought that shortly, sooner or later, you know, the Russians will stop them, that the Germans would not simply occupy part of Poland the way they did, you now, the Western Poland. That did not last very long. There was a battle in our town. I remember being in our grandmother's house and suddenly there were bullets flying all over the place. The battle lasted a few hours, and we stayed till it was over and then started walking toward home. Again, there were bullets flying all over the place. We stopped at a Jewish family we knew, and stayed overnight there, and the following morning started walking toward our home. I remember seeing the first casualty of war, a young Soviet soldier who was lying on the ground. He sort of had his knees pulled up to his chest, he looked like he was sleeping. It was the first time I saw a dead person. I remember the terrible shock and all the thought went through my mind [was that] he was so young, and his family doesn't know. It was just ... As I said, it was a terrible shock for a young child, only to realize that death will become ... Not realizing how it will be a daily occurrence and a companion. We got home and there was ... The Russians withdrew very quickly in a chaotic way. Some of the Jewish people in town tried to run away with the Russians. Some made it, but many of these transports were bombed. Many people perished. My parents decided to stay where they are. There was a few days of interregnum and the Ukrainians in our outlying villages started murdering Jews. We heard stories of Jews being bound with wire, barbed wire, and thrown into the Dniester. I remember stories of, you know, saying that the Dniester was flowing red with Jewish blood. In town itself, there were no casualties, but young people tried to organize a self-defense. But [in the] outlying villages, there were quite a few casualties. Then, suddenly Hungarian troops entered our town. They were the first to occupy Horodenka. They were allies of Germany and they were the first ones. So, they started with their proclamations and the Jews could not ... First of all, it was a curfew in town. There were some restrictions, but basically, they would beat up some people. For example, they billeted three officers in my grandmother's house. The way these guys amused themselves was Jews passed on the sidewalk. They would send their dogs, trained dogs, to attack them. I remember a cousin of my mother's being pretty badly mauled over. Or they would shoot at the ceiling in my grandmother's house. So, we were ... These kinds of things, but nothing organized. But what we did begin to see is Jewish refugees passing through our city. And that's what the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2118.0,2380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: From where?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2380.0,2381.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: From Hungarian border, from Karpaty [the region around the Carpathian Mountains], Ukraine. And this was a terrible sight. We saw whole families being marched under escort of soldiers. Our people tried to provide food and shelter for the night for them. Some of them were totally exhausted and left some of their infant children with us in town and our town provided started an orphanage for these children. It was the first time that we have seen people, Jews being rounded up in such a horrible way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2381.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: They were being marched by foot?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2430.0,2431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: They were being marched by foot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2431.0,2436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: You mean to ... eastward?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2436.0,2436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Right. We heard that eventually, I think, most of them were murdered. But it was a terrible sight and, of course, all of us wondered who will be next. A few weeks later, the Germans marched into town and that's when the reign of terror began. They established ... They put up ... I don't know. Where you hang people ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2436.0,2474.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Gallows?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2474.0,2474.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Gallows, eight of them, and just simply randomly selected eight Jews, did not allow the community to take them down after they died. They were hanging there for days. The thing was that if we don't follow all the orders then that's what will happen to the Jews. Then, day after day after, there was new proclamations, new orders, each one of them under the threat of death. First one that, of course, I recall was Jewish children cannot go to school. As I mentioned, I lived only one block from my school. There I was, standing in the window and seeing my non-Jewish colleagues, friends pass by, most of them turning their heads away. I remember asking mother, \"Why not me? I am a good student,\" I was well behaved, and seeing that pain in their eyes when they could not explain. Then, came an order that all men from the age of 14 to 60 have to register for forced labor. All Jewish businesses was confiscated. Jewish doctors, Jewish lawyers cannot practice. The Jews cannot work for Christians or the other way around. And of course, there was a curfew in town. Then, we were ordered that all of us had to wear an armband [of] white with a blue Star of David.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2474.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Blue?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2580.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Blue. And that's where they sort of misjudged. Because for us, for most of us, wearing a blue star of David was not a badge of shame. That's something that we loved very dearly and associated with, of course, Palestine. It was a passport to death, but it was never a badge of shame as they intended it to be. Young girls would embroider it for their boyfriends. But if you were caught without it, you could be shot. Then, in October of that year, we were forced all to go to the ghetto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2580.0,2627.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: In Horodenka?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2627.0,2628.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: In Horodenka. Our house was outside the ghetto. They picked a few streets close to the Jewish quarters, primarily, and closed them off with barbed wire, and all the people have to move in there. My grandmother's house was in the ghetto, so we just tried to move there. I recall a horse-drawn wagon coming to our house and mother putting a few things on the wagon. I had a little white kitten, and I picked her up, and of course, was going to take her with me. Mother said, \"You can't do that. There won't be enough food in the ghetto.\" And suddenly the shock, what do you mean, enough food for a little kitten to feed? She was right. There was great starvation in the ghetto before long. We moved there and initially, it was a wonderful feeling. There was my grandmother, my aunt down the street, my cousins. But of course, tremendous fear and oppression was continuous. People were beaten. People were caught on the street. Especially Orthodox Jews had their sidelocks and beards ripped off. People were just randomly shot. The biggest fear was to be taken to a labor camp to on the Dniester River, where they built a bridge, and many of them drowned. My father still worked in the mill. I guess they could not find an Aryan to substitute for him. His boss was a German named Miller. Let me retract a little bit and tell you something about Mr. Miller. As the Germans came in, of course, there was Gestapo in our town, and Doppler was the SS man in our city, and there were many civilians who work in civilian jobs, but were, of, course, all wearing German uniforms. My father's boss was this Mr. Miller, and my father would tell us that he was not the worst kind of a guy. But one evening before we were in the ghetto, we lived in our house still, and suddenly this Mr. Miller and his adjutant, his orderly came into the house. He was slightly intoxicated. Of course, it was strictly forbidden for Germans to associate with Jews. He sat down in our kitchen there and suddenly he took off his holster. My parents were terrified because if they would find--the Gestapo--that it was a German in a Jewish home, we would all be shot. As the evening progressed, I remember waking up and suddenly, this German in uniform standing over my bed and mumbling something in German. All I could understand is something [about] \"Mein blonder Engel\" [German], my blonde angel. I didn't know what was going on, I was just awakened. My brother came into the bedroom, and quickly told me to get dressed, and snuck me out of the house. It was curfew in town, so we walked through the back streets. At that time, I was more afraid of the darkness than of the Germans. We made our way to my grandmother's house. Next day, I heard what really happened, that he was slightly intoxicated, I guess, and at one point in the evening, he put a gun to my mother's head and wanted her to admit that I was fathered by an Aryan. I couldn't possibly be Jewish because I happened to have blonde hair at the time. They spent a harrowing night until they finally were able to get rid of him. But that was one thing I remember about Mr. Miller. In the ghetto itself, as I said, my father was still working outside, so we all had Kennkarte [German], sort of identity cards, where you got your rations from the Germans. They were, of course, extremely small, and people who had to depend on that were starving. For the first time, you saw children with swollen stomachs begging in the city streets. We had adequate food because my father worked in the mill and he could always get some flour home to us. So, my grandmother opened a kitchen. At first, just a few children came to the back door and as time progressed, you know, the line was getting longer, the soup was getting thinner, and people were truly starving in the town. My brother was conscripted, of course, to forced labor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2628.0,2930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What does that mean? Did he leave every day and come back at night?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2930.0,2933.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes, he would leave every day and come back at night.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2933.0,2937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: They picked them up on the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2937.0,2938.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: No, he had to go to the city and one of his job was to pave the commanders of our town, their courtyard with gravestones from the Jewish cemetery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2938.0,2951.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: He told you that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2951.0,2953.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes, that's what he was doing, right, and so were, of course, many others. They were odd jobs that they were sending these young men to, but as you mentioned, coming home every night. I'll never forget the face of my mother as evening came close. She would stand behind the curtain at the window and just wait and just wait expectantly, hoping that he will come home alive, that he would come home whole. But that expression on her face, never knowing when somebody left in the morning, we will see them again at night. Initially, my mother, who was a teacher, decided to instruct me and my friends, and have a little school. We had one room in my grandmother's house that had no windows, and there some four of us [who] would meet daily, and she would teach us, of course, the three R's [reading, writing, arithmetic]. When I think about it, I'm stunned. Here we were in a situation that we were and somehow, she didn't teach us how to make Molotov cocktails [hand-thrown incendiary weapons]. She taught us poetry, and history, and so forth. But she tried to keep our life as normal as possible. That unfortunately didn't last very long, because it became much too dangerous to walk the streets, so my little friends couldn't come, and then, they disappeared one by one. In December of that year, the Germans issued a proclamation--one of the many that continuously were issued--that all Jews must assemble outside of the great synagogue to be inoculated against typhus fever. Most of us were rather skeptical. Some people were skeptical. Why would they suddenly worry about our health? Before that, we've heard that there were killings in surrounding towns and villages. Some of the Jews in our city approached the ... Doppler, who was the SS commander in our town, and he told them that if they deliver three pounds of gold and jewelry and other valuables that he will spare our town and nothing will happen. The Judenrat [German: Jewish Council], the people of the Jewish community tried to get the money together and brought it to him and people thought that somehow our city will be spared. Then, the order came to assemble to be inoculated. My father was kind of skeptical. There was a doctor in town, his name happened to be Schneider--no relation--and he was told, tried to reassure the people, and said that he was told by the German commander to assemble nurses and get hypodermic needles, that it was all on the up and up, the typhus was an epidemic growing, and people should not be afraid. People slowly started to assemble. My father decided to hide us in the mill where he worked. So, I remember the night before December 4th, we stole our way out of the ghetto and made our way to our old house. My mother still had the keys to the kitchen. Part of the house--it was like two apartment houses--some family lived we didn't know, but on the other side lived a Ukrainian man who was aware of us, so my father knew him, and we lay down, we came into our kitchen. It was totally deserted. It was cold. It was December, bitter winter cold in Poland. We laid down on the floor, covered ourselves with our coats and tried to spend the night there. It was such an eerie feeling. I remember that kitchen warm, overflowing, with marvelous odor of the baking of the Friday night challah, and all the wonderful things my mother did. And here we were, like thieves in our own house, lying on the ground, huddled next to each other and freezing. Before daybreak, we made our way to the mill where my father worked, and he hid us on the third floor there among the sacks of flour. I remember sitting there and freezing. As the morning broke, we heard shots and screams from the city. This went on for some two days and eventually it became quiet and the Gestapo left. We left this hiding place and started walking toward the ghetto and it was the strangest feeling. Once we entered the ghetto, every house we passed, there was crying and wailing. With beating hearts, we were scared to open the house to my grandmother's house, wondering what we will find. When we arrived there, we found the whole family assembled, my grandmother in the center, and three of my cousins sitting and crying bitterly. Their mother was taken away. My grandmother tried to reassure everybody. She said, once we find out where the people were taken, that we will try to send them food. We'll try to sent them warm clothes and maybe we could buy their freedom. My Aunt Mimca, she was a tall, beautiful redhead. She left three children and her husband behind. We went to sleep somewhat reassured, only to wake up the next morning and find out about the catastrophe that befell our town. Half of the Jewish population, 2,500 people, were taken by truck to Siemakowce, some 12 kilometers away. There, they were forced into a barn. They were forced to disrobe, and groups of five were led to a ravine, where they were shot. We know all the details because one woman who was only slightly injured made her way back to town and told us that, as the music blared to try to deflate the sound of the shots and the vodka was flowing, they were taking turns killing our people, men, women and children, including Dr. Schneider, who reassured everyone that things will be alright. Needless to say, when the news spread, it was total despair in our city. One of the things the Germans did, too, is Mr. Doppler came to the Judenrat, to the Jewish community, and he demanded 2,500 marks for the bullets spent killing the Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2953.0,3431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: You remember that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3431.0,3433.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes, I know that because people were talking about it all along. I remember, too, the face of one of my father's ... my uncle's actually ... a good friend who came into the house sobbing he just saw the dress that his wife was taken in being exhibited in a store. They forced Jewish women to collect the clothes of our victims, to wash and repair them, and then, they were selling ... The best they were sending to Germany, and the others they were in the local stores. Yes, I remember that very well. People were quite desperate. Almost everyone tried to build some kind of a shelter in their home, a bunker as we used to call it. My father built one, too, in the attic of our house. It was just a room hidden behind a bookshelf, not unlike the one I saw in Amsterdam [Holland] not long ago that Anne Frank's family was hidden in. I remember every morning before daybreak, my father would carry me on his arms up to the attic and we would stay there in this room. There was some food there, like dried bread and water, and I would fall asleep. If daybreak came--because usually the Akcjas [Polish: Actions; German: Aktionen], the execution started at daybreak--if the Gestapo didn't show up in town at daybreak, we were able to come downstairs again, prepare maybe some warm food, and another day in the ghetto began. \u003cinterview pauses; then resumes\u003e The second big Akcja that occurred in our town was in April of 1942. That was around Passover time. Again, we heard rumors [from] the towns around us [where] the Akcjas occurred. We heard rumors of burning of ghettos. One more time, my father took our family to the mill to hide us in the mill where he was working. The Akcja started at dawn. I think, but I'm not sure, I think it was April 4, which was my birthday. And I think, again, the Gestapo and the Ukrainian police spread through the ghettos, yelling, you know, \"Juden Raus! [German] Jews out!\" They rounded them all up, and they brought them to the railroad station. At that time, as we were sitting and hiding, we heard again shots and screams all over. I remember waking up in that hiding place and hearing the sound of the locomotive. It was something ... such an awful, painful sound. I didn't know it at the time, but I found out later that that's when our people were taken away. And on that train that was bound for Belzec concentration camp--actually extermination camp; they were all gassed within a few days of arrival--was my uncle, Nathan Rosenbaum; was my dearest friend, Genia Reis, who was 12 years old at the time--we had just said goodbye the day before, a few days before, thinking that we'll meet each other in no time at all; and my cousin, Wisia, who was 18 at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3433.0,3686.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What was Wisia's last name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3686.0,3687.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Wicher Blaustein. Wisia actually threw a note from the train that somebody brought to my aunt. The note [was] sent actually from a teacher of religion, a Jewish lady, who wrote to my aunt not to worry, that she's together with Wisia, and she will take care of her. I remember walking into the house and my aunt just throwing her arms around me. She lost the only child she had. Wisia was a very talented designer of clothes. What we heard later on from Belzec, as I said, [was] that it was not a concentration camp per se. It was strictly an extermination camp. People were gassed within a few days after they arrived. Again, of course, despair gripped our city. Everybody who could tried to get away. Some of them tried to cross the border to Romania. We were very close to the border and almost every day we heard of people being shot at the border. Very few people managed to get across. Some people tried to get away on Aryan papers. Some tried to join or form Partisans in the woods around our area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3687.0,3773.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Did anybody try to hide with neighbors, or friends, or associates, and townspeople?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3773.0,3778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes, some were hid, but not too many because it was under the ... Anybody who would hide a Jew was subject to be killed by the Germans as well, so it was very dangerous. Very few people tried to do it. Some did and some families survived, but very few and in between. Unfortunately, our local population was to a large extent antisemitic, and you heard more cases of people bringing a Jew to the German Gestapo. In reward, they would get a pound of sugar. That was something we heard more often than not. The third and last Akcja occurred in September of that year. Again, the Gestapo. One more time, my father hid us in the mill. The Gestapo [and] Ukrainian police spread through town with their dogs. And some people were put on trains and again to Belzec. Some were shot in the city, in the Jewish cemetery. Today, there is a monument there commemorating these people. Finally, our city was declared Judenrein, [German] free of Jews. We had to all leave within 24 hours to the neighboring ghetto of Kolomyja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3778.0,3886.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: How many people were left?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3886.0,3889.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: At that point, it was my parents, my brother, my grandmother was still alive, my uncle Jacob, and three children of my aunt Rosenbaum, Mimca Rosenbaum, who was already taken away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3889.0,3914.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: So, was it ... This was an official re ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3914.0,3920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Resettlement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3920.0,3921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Resettlement from Horodenka to ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3921.0,3927.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: The next ghetto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3927.0,3928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Kolomyja?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3928.0,3928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Kolomyja. What they tried to do is to always get from people from the surrounding areas of one town to the major town and then, after those were killed, to the next town. Just simply try ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3928.0,3943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Condensation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3943.0,3944.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Condensation and eventually, or exactly, so they could find them easier, I suppose. I remember meeting for the last time at my grandmother's house of whatever was left of the family. The discussion was two things. First, my grandmother, when the Germans ordered all gold and silver and all valuables turned over to the Germans, my grandmother refused to give up her candlesticks, her Shabbos candlesticks. So, we built a little box and buried them in the garden. She wanted at night all the children, grandchildren to be there, to know where it is in case one of us survived, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3944.0,3989.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: This was in her house or in the ghetto?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3989.0,3992.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes, in the ghetto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3992.0,3993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Because her house was in the ghetto?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3993.0,3993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: In the ghetto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3993.0,3994.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: And this is Babcia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3994.0,3996.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: It was Babcia, right. They still must be buried someplace there. Then, the last meeting together, my uncle who was a chemist, the whole family decided ... My grandmother, by the way, was a very ill lady. She had asthma. She could barely walk across the ... This room without help, yet she had tremendous strength, inner strength. Yet, we knew that she could never survive the ghetto, the next ghetto. We knew what terrible conditions there were and what was expecting everybody. The family decided that they were going try to ... That my uncle would try to inoculate my ... Not inoculated, give her a shot and to put her to sleep, to simply spare her all the horror that was to come. The rest of us were sitting while he entered her bedroom where she took a nap in the afternoon and tried to give her that lethal shot. We were sitting there with tears running down our faces. A few minutes later, the door opened, and he came in sobbing bitterly and apologizing to us and said he couldn't do it. He just couldn't do it. In spite of his great love for her and knowing what expected her, he could not be a murderer. But what he did, he gave each one of us, including the children, a pill of poison, a cyanide. We had to promise that we would only use it in extreme conditions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3996.0,4100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Who was this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=4100.0,4101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: My uncle Jacob, who was a chemist, the one who was in Leipzig. He told us that a Ukrainian friend of his found a hiding place for him and his wife. They were going into hiding. The rest of us were supposed to go to ... My father, by the way, was what the Germans called a \"'V\" Jude [German: \"V\" Jew], valuable Jew, because they still didn't have someone to run the mill, so they kept him. There were a few dozen people who were left after Horodenka became Judenfrei [German: free of Jews], that they felt that they needed for their war effort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=4101.0,4141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: And that was a \"V\"?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=4141.0,4143.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: A \"V,\" which means Wertvoller Jude, [German] a valuable Jew. There were a dozen or so left, Jews who they felt they needed for their, as I said, their war effort. But my mother and we could not stay in Horodenka. So, my father contacted a Ukrainian, quote-unquote, friend to take us to Zaleszczyki, to a town, nearby town, which didn't have a ghetto as yet and people were allowed to live there, where my father's sister lived. We dressed in Ukrainian outfits because Jews were not allowed to leave town or travel or anything like that. I remember saying goodbye to my father right in front of our old house, and, for the first and last time, seeing my father cry. I still did not understand. I said ... He promised to bring us back as soon as he found a hiding place for us, and surely, we'll be back in a short time. Needless to say, I never saw him again. So, the three of us--my brother, mother, and myself--made our way to this town of Zaleszczyki. When we came there, two days later, that town was declared Judenrein, free of Jews, and all of us had to go to the next ghetto in Tluste. And there we were, a long row of people going by foot with police escort to the ghetto of Tluste. It was a warm summer day. They were not really harassing us in any way. When we came to the city of Tluste, we found out that it was like two little narrow streets with thousands of people from all the surrounding areas who were thrown in. There was no place at all to ... any housing. My mother, and brother, [and I] wound up in a room with some five or six other families. We had one little corner, a cot, where we all tried to stay together. The conditions were abominable. I don't remember for what reason, but my mother went back to Horodenka, stole her way back to Horodenka, to try, I guess, to help her family, her sister or her grandmother, and she was caught there. She was then on a march to Kolomyja. They put all the old people, like my grandmother and sick people, on a horse-dragging wagon. The rest of them were marched on foot some 30 kilometers [18 miles]. The German Gestapo [and] Ukrainian police were on horses, beating them all the way, whipping them as they marched them to Kolomyja. Again, the situation, the conditions of Kolomyja were terrible. My grandmother was allowed to find a place to stay in an attic someplace in somebody's home, and that's the way my mother left her and my aunt, and made her way back to us, to Tluste. She was caught by the Ukrainian police crossing the Dniester and was arrested. She never told us quite what happened there, but it must have been a very difficult experience. She made her way to the ghetto where we were. As our resources ran out, we were totally dependent on the rations that the Germans provided for the people, and we began to feel hunger and deprivation. For a while there, once a week, we will talk. We went to a public telephone and talked to my father, who still worked in Horodenka. He was telling us that he's just about ready to bring us back, that he found a hiding place for us. And then one time, my mother didn't feel well. My brother and I went. As my brother called there, I saw him suddenly turn white and just simply ask, \"When?\" Apparently, the secretary told him that the Gestapo came and took my father away. I never knew exactly what were his final days, but he did not survive. The situation in Tluste was terrible. Typhus was raging. My brother was first very ill with typhus and then eventually my mother. She died that winter of 1942. I really don't remember terribly much because I myself had a very high fever at the time and for weeks was quite in and out of delirium and consciousness. As spring came, my brother and myself were taken to labor camp, to Lisowce. It was ... The German authority there had like, five agricultural enterprises, I guess, where they, of course, grew crops for the military, and Jews worked on these. There were like two, three hundred in each. There were five of them, and like, two, 300 Jews in each one of them. My brother and I wound up in [unintelligible]. We worked primarily ... One of the things we did was ... a plant. The Russians tried to cultivate a plant called kok-saghyz, which is supposed to be a rubber plant. We worked in that as well as in all other agricultural ... taking care of all other things on that farm. Most of the people were young there. In summer of 1943, we were working in the threshing machine around the clock. My group was resting at night, and my brother was already working. I was supposed to do the next shift. Suddenly, before dawn--it was still dark--we heard shots all around me. When I opened my eyes, there was a Gestapo pointing a gun at me. Next to me was lying a woman with two children. She was hiding the children in camp. One shot rang out and hit the little girl in the foot. She whimpered and bled, of course, and we were ordered to put our hands behind our back and go to an assembly point. As we came to the place where our co-workers were assembled, the men were forced to dig the graves, and we were waiting. I remember the sunrise, which I thought was the last in my life. None of us cried, none of us begged for mercy. We were just sitting and waiting. I remember, too, what went through my mind. I said, \"Well, if there is, according to our tradition, Olam Ha-Ba [Hebrew], a world beyond, then, everything will be fine. I will see my parents and my relatives. And if it isn't, at least this horror will be over. I just hope that they shoot straight, and it doesn't hurt too much.\" Suddenly, our German commandant came riding on a horse and screaming at the Gestapo, that they should stop shooting, that he needs us to complete the harvest. There was a lot of yelling back and forth and the shooting stopped. We started to collect our fallen friends. Among them was my brother, Jurek, who was 17.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=4143.0,4670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: So, Jurek was shot during the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=4670.0,4673.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Jurek was shot through that. So were many others, but those of us who were left were again ... I sort of wondered around at that point. I really didn't care to go on and go to work for a while. One time, as I was walking around, I suddenly saw the German boots in front of me, and I was sure that was the end. It happened to be our commandant, which I didn't know very much about him at the point, but he was a Dutchman, and he was not really the worst guy around. He asked me how old I was and what my name was. Of course, I lied. I told him I was 18. He said I should go to his villa. He had a beautiful house nearby and told the cook to give me food and clothes. I was totally .. Clean clothes? I was certainly stunned. Needless to say, we lived in the clothes that I left home some two years before. We could not bathe, we couldn't wash, we were in terrible sanitary conditions. It was the first time I had a bath, and clean clothes, and some food. He told me that I would be working in the attic, in this room. He had some girls working there knitting sweaters that he sent home to his family. That's what I did that summer. There in the attic, I met a girl my age, Fritszka. She was 15 at the time as well. Somehow, talking with her--she was left all alone as well--kind of helped me to get my bearings again. Then, as winter came, both of us worked in the barracks. We were sent back to the barrack again. That winter, we worked in the farm, as well as the threshing machine. And one night, as I was ... We were sharing the same bunk, Fritszka and I. I felt that she was burning up. I didn't need a diagnosis to know that she was having typhus. I tried to cool her head with some snow and I went to work. Somewhere around midday, we heard shots from our compound, and I knew that Fritszka was no more. They swept our camp periodically and killed all the people who were sick and couldn't work. So, at the age of 15, she was murdered. My friend told me that he was asked to help her go down from her bunk and put her shoes on, and she looked at him straight in the eye and said, \"Where I'm going, I don't need any shoes.\" With her held high, she met her death. It was a terrible time for me. The only thing that kept us going was the idea that we heard about the fall of Stalingrad [Russia]. We heard that the Russians were finally ... The Germans were retreating. We tried to hang in there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=4673.0,4901.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: That gave you hope?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=4901.0,4901.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: I beg your pardon?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=4901.0,4901.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: That gave you hope?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=4901.0,4901.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia:  It gave us hope that this horror will be over. It gave us hope somehow and the need to survive, to bear witness, the need to survive, yes, to take revenge. I was so hating them with all my soul. I want to go back a little bit. At one point in the ghetto, my mother desperately tried to save our lives. She went to a colleague of hers, a teacher, and knocked on the door and asked him if he could help me to get Aryan papers and something of that order, to be able to get away from the ghetto. Of course, he just slammed the door in her face. But then, she suddenly felt so ecstatic. She met a Ukrainian man who helped my cousin to getaway. He said to her that if she could get me ready in the ghetto in two days, he will take me to some remote village as his cousin. I remember what went through my mind as I said, \"Why?\" I had no idea what the world was like at large. I thought I would be the only Jewish person alive, living among murders, or at least people who stood by idly at our destruction. I said, \"Why would I want to do that?\" I had my mother keep saying over and over again, \"Somebody has to survive to tell the world.\" It was like a mantra with her, somebody has to survive. For those two days, she taught me the Catechism. She taught me what to do in church, because she was a teacher herself and she had to be present when the priest came to teach the children, so she knew exactly what has to be done. As I was repeating these things after her, I said, \"Why in the world would I want to do that,\" yet her constantly urging me to leave. We finally walked to the end of the ghetto wall. I was supposed to meet him at a railroad station. We came to the end of the ghetto. We're just supposed to steal my way out, and I took the armband with the Star of David off, and we embraced. Suddenly, I just realized I'll never see her again. Why would I want to continue this way? And I said, \"I'm not going.\" She was a bit stunned, but she did not urge me. She realized I could just be shot right across the ghetto walls. I was grateful for the few more weeks that I had with her. By that notion of bearing witness or the notion of telling what had happened, one of our greatest fears was that all of us will be murdered and nobody will know. And the Germans even said, \"Even if any of you survive and tell the world later on what had happened, nobody will believe you.\" So, there was this feeling that someone has to bear witness, and this was a strong urge to go on. In March 1944--I think it was March 29--suddenly, Russian tanks appeared in our compound, and we were free.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=4901.0,5116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: In your compound? Where were you at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5116.0,5119.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Okay, we left Tluste. There were five labor camps around there, and one of the things which is our kind of ... irony, we were more afraid of the Ukrainian nationals at this point than the Gestapo because they were murdering our people wherever they could find them. And they urged the Ukrainian peasants to kill Jews so there would be no witnesses to what had happened, to what they were doing. So, they came in one of the camps and killed many of our people. We decided to all come together in the largest of the camps and as a group perhaps have greater security. So, we went to Tluste, which was the main labor camp. There were five of these agriculture ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5119.0,5175.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Could you spell that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5175.0,5179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: T-L-U-S-T-E. What the Germans did ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5179.0,5181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: It was a German labor camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5181.0,5182.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes, all of them were, of course. They used us to load. We worked at the railroad station, and flatbed cars were moving as we were loading everything possible on those cars, be it flour, or grain, or chickens, or whatever, as the cars were slowly moving. There was a huge pile of grain right next to it and what we could not have time enough to load, they burned. They just poured gasoline and burned. But our greatest fear at that point were not quite the Gestapo. They left with their loot, and whatever, and disappeared, took as much as they could. So, there were primarily German military that occupied the camp, that took care of the camp. And then suddenly--I think it was the 29th of March; I'm not sure; 27th--that Russian tanks appeared in our ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5182.0,5238.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Where did they come from?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5238.0,5240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: From the east, of course, from Russia. And what had happened, because the Ukrainian police and the Germans were telling us, yes, what we hear are the Katyushas, are the Russian guns, but they will never let us survive. He says, \"What you're hearing, the front is coming closer, but we will kill you all before the Russians come,\" but they didn't have the time. Because what happened, there was a large encirclement of a German army around Tarnopol [Ternopil, Ukraine], and suddenly, the Russians were there before they had the time to do anything about it. Needless to say, there was great rejoicing--not rejoicing, but just relief to finally have this all over. But it was not a long-lasting joy because half an hour later, some 28 German Stuka planes flew over the camp and threw incendiary bombs. These camps were wooden barracks, and they burned, of course, and they machine-gunned people as they tried to run out. I was at the time with a family, hidden in a village nearby. That night, when I came back into the compound, there were many wounded and there were many hurt. We tried to ... I remember especially one we used to call our 'songbird.' She had a beautiful voice and some quiet evenings in the camp she would sing for us, Yiddish songs and so forth, and others. Somebody told me to go in and try to help her. She was one in the barracks. I walked in and tried to remove the blanket. There was really no chest left. I tried to assure her that we're going to try to get her to the military hospital, the Russian military hospital. And all she said, \"It's too late. Just hold my hand for a while.\" Of course, she did not make it. After a few days of the Russians being there with us in the town, we suddenly heard that there is a now a pullback by the Russians, that the Germans are trying to break through the encirclement. We started running after the Russian tanks as they were pulling out. So, there you have a few hundred bedraggled Jews. I had wooden shoes, no stockings, no ... the same coat that I left home years ago. It happened to be very bitter cold and a lot of snow, about two feet of snow, as we were running after the Russian tanks. At one point, we found ourselves in some forest. I don't even know where, and there was a lot of shooting going around because the Germans were in the woods on one side. The Ukrainian nationalists, the Banderites, they were all shooting at everybody. All I remember is that a Russian on a tank stretched out his hand and pulled me on the tank. After that, I was a total blank. Some two hours later, the people who followed us, the Jews who were with me, they finally caught up with me, found me half asleep. The tank was overturned, and I was half frozen. Apparently, there must have been some battle, but I have no recollection at all. Somehow or other, they managed to pull me out, and we got to the city of Podvolochisk, which was already on a Russian border, former Polish-Russian border, where we felt safe, or almost safe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5240.0,5466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: In this entire period, it sounds like you were mostly pretty close to Horodenka?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5466.0,5472.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes, the whole thing played out within 50 kilometers [31 miles] or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5472.0,5478.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: From the beginning ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5478.0,5480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5480.0,5481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: ... until the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5481.0,5481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: To the end, exactly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5481.0,5485.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: ... end. So, at the point when you felt somewhat safe, it was now, what, April nineteen-forty ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5485.0,5495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Forty-four.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5495.0,5501.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Forty-four?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5501.0,5502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5502.0,5502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What did you do then? Did you go back to Horodenka?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5502.0,5504.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes. First of all, it was, of course, a question of survival day to day. We would go to the Russian field kitchen and ask them for food, which they did share with us. We were afraid to be anywhere far away from the Russian compound because we were afraid of the Ukrainians and the Poles were there. We heard that they certainly didn't want any Jews coming back. We heard of people being killed after. But I wanted desperately to go back to Horodenka to see if anybody had survived. I had great hopes for my Uncle Jacob because he supposedly had this perfect hiding place. So, I made my way back first to Tluste, where the main camp was, and found out that some of the people that we could not take with us who were sick or old, when the Germans came back, they were all killed. And then, I ... Remember, of course, the question of, again, food and survival. Somebody told me that that were ... First, I went to Horodenka, to my hometown.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5504.0,5575.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: How did you go? By foot?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5575.0,5576.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: You stood on the street, and the Russian truck, army truck, would take you if they wanted to. That's how you traveled. There was no ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5576.0,5585.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: So, you hitchhiked back and forth on these Russian vehicles?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5585.0,5588.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes, right. There were no trains. There was nothing. It's simply if you managed to get a truck to stop for you, you made your way. I came there and the truck stopped in the center of the city. It so happened that our house was very close to the center, and I could see the roof on the ground. It was bombed. It wasn't there anymore. But somehow, I felt a relief, fine. I started to inquire about especially my uncle, and I was told that he was killed. At that time, the story went that the peasant who hid him just hacked them to pieces. They did not survive. His wife was a dentist. There must have been some gold that he was given and that's probably ... They didn't survive. Nobody from the family came back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5588.0,5639.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Where there other Jews who had come back to over there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5639.0,5641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: A few, yes. Oh, yes, there were a few. I was told not to stay overnight. It was too dangerous to stay in Horodenka, because the Ukrainians there certainly didn't want any ... First of all, they thought that people are coming back to retrieve their homes, to take back their homes. Then, they didn't want anybody to really tell what happened there. So, I went back to Tluste, simply because that's where the few of us from all the surrounding camps were. I had friends there. I didn't know where else to go, what else to do. Then, one day, somebody told us, \"Well, you know, across the border in Romania, in Czernowitz [Chernivtsi, Ukraine], people tell us that there is food there. Let's go.\" So, again, a few of us went on a road with our finger out and got a ride with a Russian truck to Romania. I had no idea where we were going. We were stopped outside of town and told that no refugees are allowed in the city. Well, at that point it didn't mean very much to us. We stayed until it was dark, and we found somebody to get us across the Prut River to the city. I don't know. Somebody led us to an empty apartment, and we were totally exhausted, laid down to sleep. I remember waking up the next morning and going to the window and I couldn't believe my eyes. I thought I must have died and gone to heaven. There were streetcars on the road. People were walking, women in high heels. It was like a town, like the war wasn't ... the total devastation a few miles away. Just, it was unbelievable. There we ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5641.0,5748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Had you ever been to Czernowitz before?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5748.0,5749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: No, I haven't been there before, so a few of us went down on the street and was standing on the street corner. Needless to say, we were quite a sight. As I said, I had wooden shoes, I had a Ukrainian peasant dress that I wore, and the Jews started surrounding us and asking questions, \"Where are you from?\" Most, many people had relatives across the border, people in Poland. A man came over and asked me. I told him I was from Horodenka. He said he was a cousin of my mother's and took me home with him. I came in there and the first thing, my aunt--I called her my aunt; eventually adopted me--took and burned my clothes and scrubbed me from head to toe. I remember for the first time, looking in the mirror in the bathroom and being totally shocked. I remembered a child's face. I didn't know when I grew up. I haven't seen myself as such for all these years. And then began a readjustment to life, which was not very easy. I remember ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5749.0,5837.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Were you angry?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5837.0,5840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Shocked, shell shocked, more than angry. I mean, tremendous anger against the Germans and perpetrators. I have stories I didn't tell you. For example, we tried to--my brother and I--join the Partisans. The Partisans came in town and we tried join the group. The only thing I wanted at that time was a gun in my hands. I just didn't want to go down like that. That was my feeling at that time. It was another time that some Jewish Partisans came to our camp to pick up a sister of one of them, and he told me that I could go with him. That's all I wanted: just to be, to die with a gun in my hands, to die and take their life. Well, I tried. They told me next day to go to a certain village and meet him at the well. I started walking again in my Ukrainian outfit. As I walked around the river, I saw Ukrainian police on a bicycle on the other side. I didn't give it a thought and I kept walking. When I came to the appointed place, they weren't there. So, apparently, they had seen that too and they left. I was devastated. Only to hear a few weeks later that they were all ... that there was a big ... Periodically, the Germans would comb through the woods in our area, and they were killed, apparently. Two Ukrainians and a German were killed as well, but they were all destroyed. So, it was shell shocked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5840.0,5934.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: So, how did you go about rebuilding your life or reconnecting with normal life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5934.0,5942.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Okay, I came to this town. These people tried to adopt me, and I'll tell you about it later, but I remember the first day I came. There were a lot of Jewish people in that apartment building, and they all came to see the girl, the refugee from Poland. It so happened that I always had a round face and even though I was totally emaciated--my teeth were bleeding; I couldn't even eat a piece of bread because of the malnutrition--somehow, I didn't look dead, and they said, \"Well ...\" One woman said, \"If that's the way the camp was, it couldn't have been so bad. Go tell her what it was like.\" So, I learned very early, you just simply don't talk about it. My aunt decided that--again, I've lost some three years of school--she tried to enroll me to school. That was Russian now. We were under Russian occupation, Chernivtsi was, and I started going to school. I didn't fare too badly with the local youngsters as far as language because my Russian was somewhat better. Most of them came from German-speaking families, where knowing Ukrainian and Polish, Russian was easier for me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=5942.0,6025.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What year was this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6025.0,6025.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: This was 1944, before the war even ended. So, there I was with people my own age and yet I felt like they were children. I'm not a kid anymore. There was absolutely no connection. I don't remember having any friends. I don't remember really talking to [them], certainly not talking about my past. If I would talk to any of these people, it was just simply about homework and school. No discussion at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6025.0,6070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: You felt old?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6070.0,6071.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: I felt ancient. I felt ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6071.0,6076.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Who were the other people in the class?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6076.0,6079.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: They were Jewish kids and non-Jewish kids, but...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6079.0,6081.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: This was a public school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6081.0,6082.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: It was a public school in Czernowitz, right. Then, one time, I was walking from school, and suddenly the Russian police caught me, and they wanted papers. I didn't have any papers. So, they took me to the police station. In the meantime, my aunt found out that I was caught. She didn't speak any Russian. She was terrified. So, she called on a neighbor who supposedly spoke Russian and they came to the police station. The woman started pleading with the policeman there, the NKVD man, they should let me go. But suddenly, she said something in Russian, \"She's only a baby,\" and she didn't know her language, obviously. This Russian officer started laughing and I started laughing, too, because I understood what she said. He said in Russian to me, \"If a baby like this falls on your foot, it will break your toe,\" and I started laughing and, well, the end was that they let me go. He told me, \"Just keep your mouth shut. You have too big a mouth,\" because I was furious. I said, \"I survived the German camp; I'll survive you guys.\" And I was just ... What happened, what they were doing is they were catching unattached orphan children. At that time, girls. They were sending them to the coal mines in Donbas [region in Eastern Ukraine]. And what we heard on the trains, they were writing the word \"prostitutes.\" So, one more time, I got away from it. At that point ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6082.0,6179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: They captured orphaned ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6179.0,6179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Orphaned children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6179.0,6184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Boys and girls?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6184.0,6184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: I don't know about boys and girls, most probably boys as well. All I know [is] that people said that the girls that they put on that train, they put the word, wrote down \"prostitutes.\" So, at that point, my aunt and uncle got very upset, and they decided that they needed to adopt me, that I needed to have papers. In turn, I was very upset. I didn't want another name. I felt that's all I had ... Because my maiden name was Szechter and I didn't want a different name. I didn't want to be adopted. I was too old to be adopted, but it went through anyway and I went through my life being called Lehrer, which I wasn't too thrilled about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6184.0,6226.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Lehrer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6226.0,6226.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Lehrer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6226.0,6229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What was your Hebrew name, Zosia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6229.0,6231.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yonah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6231.0,6233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Yonah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6233.0,6233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yonah, a dove.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6233.0,6235.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: And you were named for somebody?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6235.0,6238.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Most probably, but I really don't know for whom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6238.0,6248.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: So, you escaped being sent to the coal mines in Donbas?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6248.0,6254.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Donbas, the Ukraine, right. Then, I continued the school and finally, the war ended. In the town, of course, it was great rejoicing. The Russian soldiers were dancing, and there was music, and people were thrilled. Obviously, I was glad that the war was over, but for me, there was no big rejoicing, only that I came home, that the whole thing was over and I was all alone, that nobody really survived from my family. Then, when I was there, I heard in Zaleszczyki, a cousin came back, one of my cousins on my father's side. Again, I hitchhiked with a truck, with a Russian truck, and came to see her. It was quite a sad reunion. She had survived on Aryan papers--a Ukrainian man helped her--and went through some horrendous things. It was a very sad reunion for us. Her father was drafted by the Russians in the army. He died, most probably around Stalingrad. Her mother and sister were murdered in the ghetto of Tluste when I was there. She insisted that she's going to make her way to Palestine, which indeed she did, and she fought in the War of Independence, brought up two sons. She passed away since.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6254.0,6357.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: And you stayed with the Lehrers? Were you their only child at that point? They adopted you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6357.0,6361.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes, they didn't ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6361.0,6361.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: And you became their child?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6361.0,6363.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia:  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6363.0,6364.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: They had no other children?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6364.0,6364.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Right. They had no other children, right. And then in Czernowitz in 19 ... When the war was over, there was an exchange of population. So, anybody who was a citizen, let's say, of Poland, could go move to Poland. Ukrainians from Poland came to the Ukraine. To make a long story short, everybody who could possibly leave the Soviet Union, left. So, many Jews of Czernowitz went to Bucharest, went to Romania, and many tried to make their way to Palestine at the time. My uncle, and aunt, and I went to Poland, to Gliwice--at the time, Gleiwitz [German]--with the idea of waiting to get out to the United States, to Palestine, any place, just simply to get out of Europe. I had the feeling that Europe was just one large graveyard for us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6364.0,6428.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Did you make this decision together? You and your adopted parents? Did they treat you like an equal in terms of making decisions or choices or were you ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6428.0,6441.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Not quite. Right, not quite, but I agreed with that part. I simply wanted to get out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6441.0,6446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: So, you left Czernowitz in about nineteen forty ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6446.0,6452.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Forty-six, I think, or forty-five, forty-six most probably.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6452.0,6456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: And you went to Gliwice. And was that occupied?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6456.0,6460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: There was not ... Polish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6460.0,6462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: That was Polish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6462.0,6463.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: That was Poland, right. I remember on that train--these were cattle cars, open trucks, the trains that we were going by--and the Polish families who were leaving the Ukraine, there were whole families with their priests, sitting, and singing and, you know, going to their homeland. We didn't know where we were going. We were just leaving a home. When we came to Gleiwitz, again, Jews huddled in a few homes that were not occupied, and everybody was trying to contact relatives in America if they had, or whatever, just simply to get out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6463.0,6515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Did you have any assistance from any official Jewish organization?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6515.0,6519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: None. None at that point. Later on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6519.0,6524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Local community?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6524.0,6525.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Local community was us. We were survivors. All we heard is in the town of Kielce, not too far away, some 80 Jews were murdered by Poles after they came back. We knew it all along, the Poles didn't want us anymore than the Germans did, that we were not welcome. That was very dangerous for a Jew in Poland after the war. We needed to get out. The question was where and how. Then, we heard that if we wanted to go ... At that point, I think, I contacted my aunt in New York, my father's sister. The idea was that we could get to the American zone in Germany, that there might be a chance of getting out. That's what we did, and we wound up in Furth near Nuremberg, Fürth, F-U [with an] umlaut-R-T-H. For the first time, I was in German territory. I saw the pretty much destroyed city of Nuremberg.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6525.0,6606.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Nineteen forty-six still?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6606.0,6612.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Right, 1946. It was a very strange feeling, again. Every German who passed by, who was military age, for me, could have been the killer. At that time, there was the Nuremburg trials going on. And I remember going to the Polish legation--each country that was occupied by the Germans had a legation--and asking for a ticket to be able to observe one of the sessions, which I did. And I stood next to [Herman] Goering, as close as you. If I could just torn him apart ... I looked how well-dressed and well-fed they were as they were led into the trial, and I thought how they treated us through all this period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6612.0,6671.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Tosia, did you get any satisfaction from the idea that these trials were going on? Can you remember how you felt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6671.0,6678.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes, I felt it was obviously very proper that the trials were going on, but at the same time, I saw what the denazification, so-called, was like in Germany. There was a revolving door. If any of them, the SS, the Gestapo, went to jail, then maybe they went for a few months or a few years. Actually, I have--not with me right now, but--documents of people who participated in our particular area, the Gestapo, from the book of \"Ordinary People\" by Christopher Browning. He describes what sentences they got, how many of them served, and it's absolutely ridiculous. If any of them served any period of time, it were a few months. And these were murders, mass murders on a large scale. No, justice was not done. Justice was not rendered. But at least what the Nuremberg trial did [was it] brought to the world what had happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6678.0,6762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Did you remain in Furth?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6762.0,6764.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: I remained in Furth for some three years, and one more time I attempted school. Oh, I forgot to tell you a very important thing that happened in Gliwice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6764.0,6774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What happened in Gliwice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6774.0,6777.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: I started taking English lessons and I met my future husband. And we all knew ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6777.0,6790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Who gave you the English lessons?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6790.0,6791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Fred.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6791.0,6791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Oh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6791.0,6791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: And we all knew that we needed English wherever we go. So, my aunt, who knew his mother, stepmother rather, decided that I needed to study English and I started taking lessons with Fred. Fred, at that time, even though he was only about two years older than I, had a great opportunity in the ghetto time to study. So, he was fluent in English, and French, and G-d knows what else. That's how we met. It wasn't love at first sight because he gave me exercise for translation, which I hated. As a matter of fact, there was one I especially remember. I shouldn't tell the story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6791.0,6830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Oh, please do. That would be interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6830.0,6833.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: He tells me to declench the \"V,\" and [say,] \"I go very happily,\" \"V,\" \"V,\" to \"V.\" He starts laughing and I was so upset. So, that was the end of the English lessons. I didn't want any more. No, we continued for a while, but then we came to Furth. Fred was studying in Munich [Germany] at the time, at the university. My aunt decided one more time I needed to go to school. So, she enrolled me in Madchen Oberschule [German: Girls' High School] in Furth. That was quite an experience. Here I was, the only Jewish kid in the school, not really knowing German--even though I understood some of it, I never studied it as a language--and having to take all the courses in German. So, it was really a time where I went to school in the morning and afternoon I had tutors for ... They insisted that I take Latin, and German, and whatever else. Somehow, I did keep my own. I was all right. But there was absolutely no social contact with my fellow students. Some of them tried to invite me, but it was impossible. I mentioned before, I have one picture. I just remember there was a girl beautiful blonde girl called Inge Miller. So, one time, we talked for a while, and she told me that her father was killed in the Eastern Front. All I could think of the Miller that I remembered. I realized that Miller is as common as Smith in America, but still, what ran through my mind, \"Was that the Miller? Was that Miller who put the gun to my mother's head?\" It was absolutely no social contact. My only people that I associated with was the people in the DP [Displaced Persons] camp. We happened to live outside [the camp]. My uncle got an apartment in the city of Furth, but whenever I had free time, that's where I would hang out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6833.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: And what about Fred?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6960.0,6962.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Fred was in Munich. He would visit periodically. He was studying in Munich. The idea was to get out. At that time, I thought I wanted to go to Palestine. My uncle and aunt were very much against it. They thought that, truly, the streets were paved with gold in America. They wanted to come here. I actually went through ... They had a sort of recruitment of the Palmach, of the Israeli underground. We had a medical exam, and I had all my papers in order. Then, came the Exodus and then, came the British blockade of Palestine. And then, what occurred was the Berlin Wall, and all of us there were sure that the war would break out again. There was one thing that I didn't want: to get caught in a European war once more. I needed to get out. I had a cousin of my mother's again, in Peekskill, New York, [who] found out that I had survived, and she sent me an affidavit--actually I have it here--to be domestic, to go to Peekskill. So, in March ... What was it? Nineteen forty-nine. I came on the SS Marine Flasher.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=6962.0,7072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Marianne Flasher?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7072.0,7073.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: SS Marine Flasher.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7073.0,7076.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: No. Ships were not named after ladies yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7076.0,7081.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Absolutely not. I have a picture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7081.0,7085.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Marine Flasher?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7085.0,7085.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes. I have a picture of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7085.0,7087.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: How long was the journey?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7087.0,7089.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: I think seven or eight days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7089.0,7093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Were you with your uncle and aunt, or they could not ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7093.0,7095.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: No, they could not. I was by myself. They couldn't get any papers yet. They came a year later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7095.0,7104.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What was the cousin's name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7104.0,7106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: My cousin was Harry and Toby Sadofsky.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7106.0,7116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Harry and Toby Sadofsky?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7116.0,7117.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7117.0,7119.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Of Peekskill, New York?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7119.0,7121.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Peekskill, New York, Right. Speaking about culture shock, that was it. \u003cInterview pauses; then resumes\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7121.0,7128.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: So, you were speaking about your encounter with Poughkeepsie, New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7128.0,7134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Peekskill, in New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7134.0,7135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Oh, Peekskill, New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7135.0,7138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Well, it was very funny. People always say, \"What did you think of the skyline of New York?\" At that time, we used to, in Germany, just love American movies. It was very inexpensive, and you couldn't buy anything with that money anyway. I got a stipendium going to school as a student, so ... Oh, we've seen New York over and over again in our movies. As a matter of fact, I remember seeing Sonja Henie in \"The Sunshine ...\" What was it? I don't remember. Anyway, we thought America was absolutely the golden place, and everybody lived like the movie stars, and so forth. So it was this feeling, you know, I'm here and there was the Statue of Liberty. What is it going to be like? Again, I'm coming alone. What it would have been like to come as a family? So, I wind up in Peekskill, New York and my cousin speaks Polish. She grew up in the hometown of Horodenka. It's the first morning and I come down for breakfast, an incredible American breakfast with all the stuff, and the radio's going all the time. The radio is going and after a while, I'm getting more and more upset, and I ask her in Polish, \"What's going on? I'm here the first day, morning. What do they want from the Jews? All I hear is 'Jews, and Jews, and Jew.'\" And she started crying and laughing. She says, \"They're advertising orange juice.\" I thought that I knew English well enough, but, you know ... And then again, this is my luck. Everybody tells me ... Even though in Germany, when I finished the gymnasium, it's like two years of college in America. That was prior to the war. But they told me I have to have a Regents Exam, to take the Regents Exam in the United States. I wouldn't be able to, you know, to get anywhere without it. So, there I am in school again. The first day in Peekskill, I came in March. So, the first day, they put me in fourth grade to see what my English is like. By the end of the week, I'm in 12th grade. Because even though I spoke as I still do accent in English, we studied in Germany for three years, you know, Shakespearean sonnets. So, my language was okay, understanding, but it was just a question of the ease of speaking and that sort of thing, so I took the Regents examine in April and did that. In the meantime, Fred was courting me, and he would come to Peekskill quite often. One time, July 4th, we were watching the fireworks in Peekskill, and he proposed. We were engaged and a few months later, we were married. We just celebrated our 50th wedding anniversary. You need to bring the picture and show everybody. Now, I have three children and five grandchildren, 50 years later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7138.0,7329.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: You were married when?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7329.0,7330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: August 20, 1950. Easy to remember.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7330.0,7332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: August 20th?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7332.0,7335.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7335.0,7335.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Nineteen fifty?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7335.0,7337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: [Yes.] And again, it was this mixed feeling. Here I was in a free country, and I was marring the guy I wanted to marry, and there was nobody of my family there. I remember crying at my wedding. It was very difficult again, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7337.0,7354.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: You were married in Peekskill?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7354.0,7355.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: No, there was a whole ... I was married in Rockaway Beach [in New York City, New York] and there was some family there. Again, I discovered a number of my mother's cousins here in America. I made the rounds being the 'greener kuzine' [Yiddish: cousin] and everybody wanted to see the refugee. But strangely, I met like, second cousins of my mothers, of course, and the old generation would want to sit and talk with me and find out how things were, but not the young people, which I found ... Nobody asked, you know, what it was like. And my cousin in Peekskill, Toby, whom I loved dearly, she was a wonderful, warm, sweet lady. The best she could tell me is try to forget and start a new life. This was the way people thought about that time. This is the way it was. And when I think back about it and realize when there is, let's say, a Columbine killing or any other things, dozens of social workers, and psychiatrists, and whatever descend on the town to help. Nobody thought of trying to help us. Nobody thought that it was something necessary. We just tried to swim or sink the best we could. As I said, the best thing she could say is forget about it and start a new life. Even when I was married, I would wake up screaming and my husband would wake me up screaming many a time. It was usually the same dream.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7355.0,7458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Bad things?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7458.0,7459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes. But then, life takes over. We were married in 1950. Our first son was born in 1953.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7459.0,7472.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: In New York?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7472.0,7475.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: In New York. And I thought, \"I will never have children.\" First of all, when the war was over, I said to myself that, \"I never want to love anybody,\" I never wanted to lose anybody, that I would just live my life by myself. And then, I thought that bringing children into the world, Jewish children ... And yet, there were so many conflicting feelings. And then, I wanted to repopulate. I wanted to have a big family, you know, to try to reconstitute, if you will, the life that was, which was impossible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7475.0,7517.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What did you name your first son?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7517.0,7517.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: My first son was named after my father, James. Then, two years later, came another son, George, after my mother, Genia. And then, when David came, my little one, we decided to name him after an unknown Jewish child who died in the Holocaust. There were many Davids, I'm sure. So, David is our youngest. We lived in New York. Fred was going to school nights. He really had to struggle because he didn't finish the university in Munich. So, he had to take a full-time job and go nights to school. So, our first years was typing reports, you know, and so forth. We got our first apartment in Jackson Heights, New York, and we thought we were as close to heaven as anybody can get. It was one room with a bathroom and a Hollywood type of kitchen. But we finally were on a play, a roof over our heads after all these years of being thrown around all over the place. Everybody told us, \"You need to rent a furnished apartment or something.\" We just wanted one room with our own. When we had enough money, we bought. First of all, our bedroom was a converted couch, of course. We had enough money, we got a cocktail table, that sort of thing. But we thought we were as rich as can be and never for a moment did it enter our mind that we won't make it in America. We decided there was an opportunity, there was a chance, and we were very optimistic about life. Oh, let's see. Eventually, Fred was doing his doctoral thesis, and we had to go to his experimental work in Illinois, so we moved to Naperville, Illinois, where we built our first house. We were in Illinois some two years, and there our youngest son was born, but there, we also lost a little girl to sudden death crib. She was only three months old. What we found, by the way, as we left New York, I felt only very comfortable or very secure when we were among Jewish friends and people who had survived the war and so forth. I was a little apprehensive going to the Midwest, wondering what it was gonna be like. So, we wind up in a garden apartment in Park Forest [Illinois]. [We were] probably the only Jewish family around. And suddenly, I realized how generous and kind Americans were. Our neighbors were wonderful to us. We made good friends. For the first time, being out of the cocoon, I realized what America was like, non-Jewish America, and it was a revelation and a wonderful thing to know. After five years in Illinois, we moved to Baltimore [Maryland]. My husband is an engineer, so every five years we picked up. We lived in Morristown [New Jersey]. From that, we went to Morristown. At that time, I started going to Hebrew Union College to get my teaching certification to teach Hebrew, and I started teaching Hebrew in schools. My children were growing up, going to school, and doing all the things that ... and developing. We came to Atlanta in 1975. Fred got an invitation to be a full professor at Georgia Tech [Georgia Institute of Technology], and that's how we wound up here. Actually, we followed our son's footsteps because he was at Tech already. Our middle son, George, he's a civil engineer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7517.0,7787.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Really?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7787.0,7787.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7787.0,7790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What did you think of the South before you came here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7790.0,7794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Well, when we were in New Jersey, we saw the South as being primarily a racist place and had great reservations coming down. The first place we moved was actually Aiken, South Carolina, and that was a revelation because there were very few Jewish families in that town, and yet it was such a close-knit community. It was absolutely wonderful. They have a beautiful temple that's like a jewel. We were very active in that community and liked it a lot. We realized that they speak ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7794.0,7833.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Active in the Jewish community?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7833.0,7834.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes. They speak a little different, but they were very nice and warm people, and we enjoyed it. Then, I came to Atlanta. As I said, Fred was teaching. My first job, [which] lasted for 20 years, was at the Temple. First, developing the Hebrew program, because we didn't have very much Hebrew 20 years ago at the Temple, and then preparing bar mitzvah students, adults.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7834.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Who hired you at the Temple?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7860.0,7861.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: At that time was Rabbi Shusterman. Not Shusterman. [He] was in Baltimore. [Alvin] Sugarman was already the rabbi. [I] prepared some hundreds of kids for bar mitzvah, as well as adults, B'nai mitzvah. In the meantime, we had two weddings, five grandkids, and months from now, our oldest son is marrying for the second time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7861.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Congratulations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7890.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: We are very happy he will be married by Rabbi Sugarman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7890.0,7894.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Here in Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7894.0,7894.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Here in Atlanta, yes. \u003cinterview pauses; then resumes\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7894.0,7904.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: More recently, I know that you have been involved with \"Bearing Witness\" at the William Breman Holocaust Museum, or the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum as it is known. I wanted to know what motivates you to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7904.0,7925.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: For the longest time, I didn't. As I said, I taught in Hebrew schools for 20 years, but I always avoided teaching the Holocaust. I never did, because I felt I was too close to it. I could not be--if there is such a thing--objective. And then one time, a friend of mine asked me to speak out of town to a public school--I think, Austell, Georgia, of all places--and I said, \"Yes.\" I spoke pretty much of what had happened during the war. I don't think there was a Jewish child in that crowd. There were some hundred children and I got about 99 letters. And the letters made a difference. What they said was just incredible. Those kids ... Really, most of them had heard it for the first time. One child wrote to me, \"I'm shocked and,\" ... How did she put it ... \"surprised what you told me. My parents are of German heritage and I'm surprised and shocked to hear what you've told me.\" Of course, they never told her that part of that history. Then, what always came back is the idea of what my mother said, that someone has to survive to tell the world, that--especially now, as I'm growing older--has to be a witnessing. It has to be told for my children, for my grandchildren, for the future generations to know what happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=7925.0,8029.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What do you think your mother would have wanted you to tell the world?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8029.0,8034.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Just exactly what occurred, just exactly what had happened, and the silence of the world. My mother died thinking that had only the world leaders know what was going on, it would stop. My mother didn't know that in 1942, both [Winston] Churchill and [Franklin] Roosevelt had details, information of what was going on in Auschwitz-Birkenau and yet, nothing happened. So, the idea is that, especially as a Jewish community, we must be aware what happened. We must be aware how this evolved into the murderous thing that it did, be always on the guard. At the same time, to teach the whole community what turning your head away, what antisemitism, what it leads eventually to. That was the final road. When I was growing up in Poland, you heard \"the dirty Jew.\" When I was going up in Poland, I woke up one morning to see a sign on our scroll, graffiti on our house, \"Out with the Jews! Wyjdz z Zydami!\" [Polish], and we didn't think that that was, you know, terribly dangerous. It is from things like that that Auschwitz-Birkenau eventually developed and this is a warning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8034.0,8136.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Do you see your role as being a witness on behalf of your parents ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8136.0,8141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Absolutely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8141.0,8143.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: ... and of your grandparents ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8143.0,8143.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Absolutely. That's the only thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8143.0,8145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: ... your brother, and all the people who did not survive?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8145.0,8146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Exactly, right, their whole families. I mentioned to you one name, Genia Reis, because she was my buddy since I was six years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8146.0,8155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Genia Reis?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8155.0,8156.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Reis, the name. Nobody of the family survived. There's nobody.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8156.0,8163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: R ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8163.0,8167.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: R-E-I-S, Reis. There is nobody to tell her story. And there are millions like that. There are very few survivors, you know, percentagewise, to really tell you what happened to the families. I mean, there are so many families that I know of in my hometown and there is no one to tell the story. We owe it to them. We owe it them not to be ... They must not be forgotten. We must remember. I went back four years ago. I saw a town which physically, except for being terribly deteriorated, is the same, but yet totally different, not a Jewish soul. I'm sure those people don't study there in Ukraine to know that there were other people there, that the homes that were built, the businesses that were there were not built ... There were people there before them. They are not told that, but it is here we should know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8167.0,8222.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Tosia, you have lived in a lot of different places, gone to school in many places. When you think about this, when you think where is your home, where is your home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8222.0,8235.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: You know, this is very strange, and my children sometimes ... They fault me with it and they are right. When I think of home, I think of Horodenka, and this is terrible because I've lived longer than any place in Atlanta, Georgia. I've had children here, I have family here, I have ... All my bonds are here, yet home somehow is there. I wondered why and I think the why is it never came to a closure. I didn't grow up, and get married, and move away. I was torn away as a child. So, therefore, somehow, home is still there, and this is very strange in my age, you know?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8235.0,8275.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: It is a feeling. It is not something that anybody, that you can rationalize.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8275.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: I wondered about it. Obviously, my whole life is here, and yet there is unfinished business there somehow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8280.0,8288.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Well, what kind of traditions or habits do you carry into your present life, have you carried into your present life from the Horodenka home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8288.0,8306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Are you speaking of religious traditions or what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8306.0,8309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Whatever, religious traditions, whatever created who you were there, what is it that you brought with you, what you might transmit or want to tell?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8309.0,8323.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: It's hard to zero in on one particular thing. When I think of religious tradition, I went through great transformations all the time. As a child growing up in the home that I did, and of course, being very young, it was a very traditional approach to Judaism, a very traditional approach to G-d. You know, there's ... You be a good person, and G-d will reward in your prayer, and the prayers are answered, all these typical things that a child accepts for a given. And then comes the Shoah. There were years before I could enter a synagogue. I remember passing a synagogue, and hearing people pray in Furth, in Germany, and thinking to myself, \"What in the world are they praying for? If prayers are not answered in Auschwitz-Birkenau, where are they going to be answered?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8323.0,8385.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: But you did not know about Auschwitz-Birkenau.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8385.0,8386.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes, I did. I'm talking about after the war. You know, I couldn't come close to the synagogue. I couldn't conceive of anybody praying. How do you think that you are worthy of a prayer answered when people were dying, babies dying horrible deaths? Prayers were not answered. So, it took me a long time to be able to work somehow through these feelings and realize the strong bond to Judaism I always had and always will have. But of course, I think different of prayer, or prayers answered, or what prayer is, or how things work in the world, but my bond to Judaism was always very strong. I had traditions I try to ... All the holidays are celebrated. We're looking forward to a seder where we usually have 17, 20 people. Originally, [when] we were married, and the children were little, and there was a holiday, I felt this horrible thing. All my friends had these big holiday celebrations, and we were just so few, so I would invite anybody I could just to fill the table, so maybe they will not notice that there were no uncles, and aunts, and cousins, maybe they will not think about it. Well, now I'm blessed. When we get together, we are a large family at least.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8386.0,8471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: You rebuilt it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8471.0,8477.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8477.0,8477.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Did all your children go to school here in Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8477.0,8482.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Only George was here. The younger one was in high school, so, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8482.0,8488.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: And do they live in Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8488.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: One lives [in Atlanta], but is in the process of moving to New York, New Jersey. He got a job there, so...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8490.0,8497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Is this the one who is ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8497.0,8498.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Getting married, right. But as I said, we always celebrate all the holidays. Especially Passover is a big thing. We try to gather every other Friday night for Shabbat dinner, and they are all going to be here this Friday. When people ask me when were my children aware that we were different, I don't know. I asked them and they answered the way some children did. We were recently at a meeting of Jewish students of German universities. There was a reunion in Florida and the second generation was asked when were they aware that their parents were survivors, and they said, \"We never did not know. It was always with us. We always knew.\" People ask me when were my children aware? I don't know. I tried. I really do not recall, but they say that they were aware when they were very young, that we were not like the typical American family, just simply [because of] the fact that there were no grandparents, there were not uncles around.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8498.0,8581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: That is a big one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8581.0,8584.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8584.0,8584.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: That is a big one. Well, I think that you certainly have left your positive mark on Atlanta in many ways, particularly as an educator of young children, and now continue to contribute to the ... not just the knowledge but the moral education of this generation. And I think, in that way, in addition to the fact that you brought three children into the world, and again the root of a tree that grows and continues, I think that that's a wonderful testament to you fulfilling your mother's wishes and your mother's desires and hopes for you, and probably your father, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8584.0,8646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8646.0,8647.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: We thank you very much for participating in the project. And now, if the man behind the woman would like to come out from behind the shadows.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8647.0,8660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: He's hiding. \u003cinterview pauses; then resumes\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8660.0,8661.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: We've now been joined by Dr. Fred Schneider who actually was referred to as the Fred who taught Tosia English in Gliwice ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8661.0,8676.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: [Yes], no common language.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8676.0,8679.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: ... Poland. I was asking you just a little while ago, what language you speak at home. So, would you tell us how that evolved when you met?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8679.0,8689.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: When we met, we had no common language. He spoke German, which I, first of all, didn't understand, and then disliked with a passion, and I spoke Polish. So, he was giving me English lessons, so we had sort of a middle ground. And then, when we came to this country and had children, it was very obvious I'm not going to teach them Polish or German, so English was, from day one, our native tongue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8689.0,8712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: So, that was ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8712.0,8712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Accented, but our native language.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8712.0,8716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Pardon?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8716.0,8716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Accented, but still our language.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8716.0,8721.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: So, Fred, how do you feel about your years having lived in Atlanta since this is a legacy project and you've come here, what, is it 20 years now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8721.0,8739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Twenty-five.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8739.0,8740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Twenty-five years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8740.0,8740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Twenty-six.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8740.0,8742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Or even coming to America, if you want to go back a little bit before that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8742.0,8745.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Well, that's a good time to talk about it, because today, on the 21st of February, almost to the hour, exactly 53 years ago, I landed in New York [City, New York], to be exact. It's been a long time, 53 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8745.0,8766.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What ship did you come on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8766.0,8768.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: I came on the Marine Tiger, which was the sister ship of the Marine Flasher, on which Tosia came. It was a liberty ship built for transportation of American troops during World War II.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8768.0,8784.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Whom did you come with?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8784.0,8786.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: I came alone. I had an uncle in New York, a brother of my father, who had lived in the States, I know, about thirty, forty years. He picked me up at the port, at the pier, and he lived in [the burrough of] Brooklyn. So, the first three, four weeks I lived with him in Brooklyn. Then, I became independent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8786.0,8809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: You went out over the Williamsburg Bridge?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8809.0,8812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: No, we went over the Brooklyn Bridge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8812.0,8815.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: You went over the Brooklyn Bridge. But you were ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8815.0,8815.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Right, from the west side of New York and over the Brooklyn Bridge and to [the neighborhood of] Bensonhurst, that's where he lived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8815.0,8825.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Right, did you bond with him in any way?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8825.0,8828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Oh, yes. Yes, I had known him because he used to visit us before the war every year. He used to come to Europe every year and finally…","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8828.0,8836.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: He came to Czernowitz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8836.0,8838.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes. Finally, he found himself a wife, and he was there in 1938, when my father passed away, and there was some discussion about my perhaps going with him, and so forth, but we didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8838.0,8856.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Were you an only child?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8856.0,8861.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Yes. So, we lived in New York. I mean, I came to New York, and I had not finished my studies at the University of Munich. I studied chemistry there. I realized rather quickly that I'd have to work something out to be able to support myself and hopefully finish school. So, I got some menial jobs in New York and was accepted at the Cooper Union School for Engineering, which is a rather unusual college in New York. It's the only tuition-free, private college in the United States. It is an old college, about 150 years old. You are admitted by competitive exams, which last three days. And I was admitted, so in 1948, I entered Cooper Union as an evening student and got a full-time job during the day in a laboratory. In 1950, we got married, and I had one more year to go to Cooper Union, so that was rather complicated: a full-time job during a day, four hours of school in the evening, and the first year of married life. So, it worked out. I got my degree in 1951. So, this year will be the 50th anniversary, and I hope to attend commencement exercises in New York in June. By this time, I worked as an engineer in New Jersey but continued graduate school part-time. And about five years after that, I had completed all my coursework at Polytechnic University in Brooklyn, New York, and obtained a temporary appointment at the Argonne National Laboratory outside of Chicago [Illinois], where I did my doctoral thesis research, which I completed in 1958. I got my PhD, and then got an offer from the National Laboratory, too, as a permanent staff member. So, we stayed there for five years and then I wanted to return to private industry. We moved to Baltimore, where I was manager of nuclear research and development for the Martin Marietta Company, and now it's the Lockheed Martin Company. I was involved in some interesting projects. For instance, we built a small nuclear power plant in Antarctica, and I had to go there to fix it. So, that was a rather long trip in 1963 to Antarctica.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=8861.0,9046.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Wow. They were not sending tourists ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9046.0,9048.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: We also built the first nuclear power supplies for space, orbiting space, small satellites, which we were able to launch and put into space. Eventually, I joined the Allied Chemical Company, where I worked on a project to build a very large nuclear fuel processing plant, which was built in Barnwell, South Carolina. I was the director of technology for that project. It was a very large project. And that got us transferred from New Jersey to South Carolina. That's how we wound up in Aiken, South Carolina. The plant was about 80 percent complete when I received an invitation to join Georgia Tech. The plant was not finished because of concern it might contribute to the proliferation of nuclear materials. And the plant hadn't been finished to this very day. Of course, in the meantime, I was gone. So, we moved to Atlanta. Our son, George, graduated from Georgia Tech and today he is responsible for supplying water to one and a half million people in Seattle, [in] Washington state. I retired from Georgia Tech in 1990. A few months later, unretired, I received an invitation to be a professor at MIT [Massachusetts Institute of Technology]. So I unpacked my chalk and other things, and we moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, but we did not give up our home here. We just locked our home and rented an apartment in Cambridge. And that was the most enjoyable time teaching at MIT. I was associated with them for about five years and then retired for a second time. I did a fair amount of consulting work. I have been now for almost 25 years an advisor to the state of New York on the management of radioactive waste materials. I served on the advisory board of the Secretary of Energy in Washington [D.C.] for a few years and kept busy. I am now about 90 percent retired, and enjoy my grandchildren, and do some of the proofreading of Tosia's memoirs that she's been writing. This sums it up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9048.0,9224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Well ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9224.0,9224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: As to the English thing, she's right. We had no common language. She spoke only Polish. I had a smattering of Russian, so there was a Slavic language that permitted us to understand each other. I was her English teacher, and one of the private jokes is I like to quote Caliban from Shakespeare's \"Tempest,\" who reproaches the people who taught him how to speak a human language. They were always amazed at all the bad language he was using.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9224.0,9258.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: I don't use bad language.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9258.0,9259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Cussing and so forth. So, he blames them for teaching him that language. So, when Tosia is tough on me, I kind of feel guilty of teaching her how to speak English.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9259.0,9268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Oh, my goodness. Well, have you any outside of work involvement since either before retirement or since? Do you do any volunteering or are you involved in the Jewish community in any way?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9268.0,9285.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Not very much. A few months ago, I gave a talk at the Bremen Museum about music in the Holocaust and there were some personal recollections centering to a large extent on the city where I grew up in Europe, in Czernowitz, which left its mark. One of the great tenors before World War Two was Josef Schmidt, who came from Czernowitz, and probably the greatest post-World War II German lyrical poet, Paul Celan, came from Czernowitz. So, my talk about music in Czernowitz had to do in memorializing some of these people that came from this very unusual city. I have collected material about Czernowitz and ... This is probably not the time to have any commercials for that project, but Czernowitz was an unusual city. It is located in East Central Europe, but because of historical circumstances, stands out from the surrounding areas. It was part of Austria for 150 years and was a German-speaking area. It was an island that had a German university. It was my native language and all the books and so forth, radio stations, were all Germans or Austrian. As a result of this, there was a very cosmopolitan population. These various ethnic groups got along there quite well and produced an unusual culture. So, to this very day, the city still stands there as a relic. Most of the original people who lived there are gone and right now there are numerous TV programs in Europe and people exploring this unusual city of Czernowitz, the way people here explore, say, Machu Picchu or such places in exotic countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9285.0,9441.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: But you said that you were ... There was something about Czernowitz that allowed you to stay there during the war, right? Was that something cultural also?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9441.0,9448.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Yes, well, it's quite interesting because something came up just a few months ago through my wife's stories. Czernowitz had a somewhat parallel past. It was occupied, became part of Romania after World War I. Then, in 1940, it was occupied after an ultimatum of 24 hours by the Soviet Union. It had never before been part of Russia. And that was in 1940. In 1941, Germany attacked Soviet Union. And Czernowitz was very close to the border, so within a couple of weeks the Germans and Romanians marched in. The Jewish population, which was about maybe 70,000 or 80,000 people, most of them, all except maybe 15,000, were deported to Transnistria, that was the region in the Ukraine between the Dniester and Volga rivers, which was placed under Romanian administration. Of those, a small part survived and came back to Czernowitz. The reason we were left in Czernowitz was, at that time, the United States was not yet at war with Romania. Just a couple of months ago, Miss Ruth Gruber. You know the American writer ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9448.0,9547.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: [Yes.].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9547.0,9547.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: ... whose life you may have seen just last week on television, worked in Washington [D.C.] and she happened to tell us that she was involved in an action to try to pressure the Romanian government to stop the deportations at that time. Actually, I was on the train and at the last moment, managed to get out because word had spread that they are going to issue so-called authorizations for people to stay there over the winter. As it turned out, my stepmother and I did receive such an authorization based on the fact that my father, who was a MD [medical doctor], had been instrumental in establishing a health service for the Romanian government railroads. And he died in 1938.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9547.0,9602.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Who signed that authorization?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9602.0,9603.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: The governor of Bukovina, General [Corneliu] Calotescu, when my father died, the Romanian government, in recognition of his services, awarded my mother and me a government pension. So, on the basis of that distinction, we received that authorization and were allowed to remain in Czernowitz. So, that's how we survived there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9603.0,9632.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Did you survive within a Jewish community or separate? When you got authorization, were you permitted to remain in your own apartment and function as normal citizens of the city?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9632.0,9650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Well, not normal, but the chronology was they first established a ghetto, which occupied maybe one-fourth of the city. It so happened that the house, my mother's and her parents' home, was in the ghetto area, so they didn't have to move. Then, when most of the people had been deported and these authorizations were issued, the ghetto was dissolved, and people were allowed to go back to their apartments. In our case, we just stayed where we were. Now, we were kicked out from this house--it was a rather nice house--so about a year later, some Romanian retired colonel liked this house, so we were told to get out of there. And we found another apartment. Now, life was not normal. We were only allowed to be on the streets for three hours. We had to wear a yellow star. There were no schools for Jews. Jews could not ... They were employed, but in some roundabout ways. And then in the spring, the next spring, deportations started again. Now, one man who was instrumental in helping with these authorizations was the mayor of the city of Czernowitz, a fellow named Trajan Popovici, whose memory has been preserved at the Yad Vashem in Jerusalem [Israel]. Also, at the Holocaust Museum in Washington [D.C.], you can see a plaque with his bust. These 9,000 people who were deported in the spring of 1942 to Transnistria fared rather poorly. Most of them wound up across the Bug River under German administrations and very few survived of those. But again, we managed to escape that deportation. Well, you somehow had to survive. Fortunately for me, my grandfather, my stepmother's father was reasonably well off, so we did not have any great ... We had enough to eat and interestingly enough, because of our restrictions, I was able to ... Being locked into the house--I was in my early teens at that time—I was able do a fair amount of studying. In fact, there were three of us who were not able to go to school, but were able to educate ourselves and apparently, we did quite well, because when we were liberated, all three of us were able to pass equivalent high school graduation exams and all three us continued then further education. One of the three of us, Felix Albrecht, became a rather famous mathematician. He was a member of the Institute of Advanced Studies at Princeton, later a professor of mathematics at the University of Illinois. He died two years ago. The second one, Herbert Rappaport, became a MD, was a professor of medicine at a medical college, and lives now in Israel. And I was the third one. So, that was an example of an education without schools, but it worked all right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9650.0,9877.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: It is an example for us of overcoming a lot of deprivation and still making something out of your life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9877.0,9884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia: Yes, we did. Incidentally, I was reasonably well-informed as to what was going on in the world because we had a neighbor who was a Romanian and who had a radio, a shortwave radio. So, I was able to listen every day to \"Radio London,\" and had my own maps with pins on it and knew exactly what was going on on the front lines, and so forth. Had I been caught, incidentally, I probably would have been shot, but that's a different story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9884.0,9917.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Did you have any communication or did anyone you know have any communication with the Jews who had been deported to Transnistria?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9917.0,9926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Yes, we did. We did through odd ways. Of course, we did send a fair amount of money, practically all we had, because my mother's brother had been deported. I had some relatives and we were able to support them somehow. Some survived, some did not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9926.0,9949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Did your mother survive?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9949.0,9951.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: That's very interesting. I was with my mother until we went to Poland. My mother was originally from Poland. It's the same town where Tosia was born, by coincidence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9951.0,9962.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Nothing is by coincidence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9962.0,9963.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Yes, and I could not stay in Poland because I didn't speak any Polish, so I moved on quickly to Munich, where I was studying. She couldn't come with me because she had an old father, who couldn't move, so she remained there. Then, the Iron Curtain came down, and we were on opposite sides of the Iron Curtain. Tosia mentioned the pogrom in Kielce in Poland and other disturbing events. I tried to get her out, there was no way for her to come to Germany at that time, through the Iron Curtain, but she had relatives in Australia. So, she received papers to go to Australia in 1947, I guess, and the day before they left, her father passed away. So, eventually she made her way from Poland to France, and from France by ship--a long trip--to Australia, where she lived for 40 years. Now, she did join us here after I got my PhD and built our first house in 1959, but she joined us in a cold Illinois winter. We were all snowed in there, and she didn't drive, and there was no way to get there without driving, and she felt she was too young to retire, and she had not given up her job in Australia. So, after five months she went back to Australia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=9963.0,10057.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What was she doing in Australia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10057.0,10059.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: She managed a ladies' dress store in Melbourne, Australia. She came back to our second son's bar mitzvah, and I was there about six times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10059.0,10072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: But she is buried in Melbourne?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10072.0,10074.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: She's buried in Melbourne, she and her brother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10074.0,10078.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Did she remarry?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10078.0,10079.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: No, she didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10079.0,10082.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Your father died before the war, you said.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10082.0,10084.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10084.0,10085.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: You had mentioned earlier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10085.0,10088.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Yes, my father died when I was 12 years old, and my mother, my biological mother died when I was four years old. Incidentally, they're both buried right near Czernowitz in a small town called Vyzhnytsia, which is now famous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10088.0,10103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Your grandparents?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10103.0,10104.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: No, my parents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10104.0,10107.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Your father ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10107.0,10109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unknown: Biological parents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10109.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: ... and your...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10110.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: My mother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10110.0,10111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Your mother?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10111.0,10112.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=10112.0,13711.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: But your mother...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13711.0,13714.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: That was my stepmother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13714.0,13715.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Oh, that was your stepmother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13715.0,13720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Vyzhnytsia is famous because of the Hasidic dynasty of the Vyzhnytsia rabbis. There are tens of thousands of followers today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13720.0,13729.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: What is the distance between Vyzhnytsia and Czernowitz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13729.0,13733.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Oh, I'd say about 45 miles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13733.0,13737.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Miles or kilometers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13737.0,13742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Miles. I did not know until about five or so years ago what happened to that cemetery there. I did find out that the cemetery was not destroyed. It was damaged but not destroyed. So, about three years ago, Tosia and I traveled there. Tosia visited Horodenka, and Zaleszczyki, Lisowce, and I got to that cemetery. We were able to locate the tombstones of my parents' graves. They had been knocked over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13742.0,13776.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Is Vyzhnytsia now in Belarus?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13776.0,13780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: No, it's near Czernowitz. It's now part of Ukraine. We were able to restore that, and there is a caretaker at the cemetery. He sends me once a year a picture of the graves. He's taking care of them, and I send him a few dollars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13780.0,13799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13799.0,13799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: That's the deal. Now, the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13799.0,13800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Why is he buried there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13800.0,13802.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Well, he worked there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13802.0,13804.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: Your parents ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13804.0,13805.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Near Czernowitz, right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13805.0,13806.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: In Vyzhnytsia. They were not connected with the Vyzhnytsia Hasidim or ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13806.0,13810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Well, my father was a doctor of the famous ... The rabbi and his wife was my father's patient.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13810.0,13819.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: I see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13819.0,13820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: And I remember him as a small boy. My family, they were not Hasidim, but he was his doctor. And the Ohel [Hebrew: lit. tent; a Jewish monumental tomb], which is like a crypt of the founder of the Vyzhnytsia ... [Unintelligible] from the graves of my parents. They have been restored and there are now pilgrimages there all the way from Israel, and from Belgium, and from the United States, and Canada, and so forth. [Unintelligible], so we're going to stay here for a long time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13820.0,13877.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: That does mark it. Do you think of Atlanta as home in your heart of hearts?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13877.0,13883.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Yes, it is. No question about it. [Unintelligible.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13883.0,13904.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: [Unintelligible] you will continue to live long productive lives in this [unintelligible]. We have to be waiting for. Do you have anything that you want to? [Unintelligible].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13904.0,13927.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: No, I just want to also add my word of thanks for this very wonderful interview from both of you. And thank you so much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13927.0,13937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13937.0,13937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gris: I am sorry. I did not...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13937.0,13938.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred:  [Unintelligible] piano lessons I was about six. [Unintelligible] So, about two or three times a year I play it and it's almost like time had stopped. I play quite well what I played sixty years ago. I can't play any of the rock and roll or other such things today on the accordion, so that's the story of my accordion playing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=13938.0,14091.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Oh, I don't know, rock and roll accordion might be pretty good, but, okay. Well, thank you. I am so glad we got to include that little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=14091.0,14098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/transcript/81594/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred: You're quite welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=14098.0,10501.19071"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZaleszczyki is a small town on the Dniester River, which served as a natural border between Poland and Romania prior to World War II. Today, it is known as Zalishchyky and is in Ukraine. In the 1930s, it became a popular vacation spot. Before the war, its Jewish population was 2,485.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=83.0,106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Dniester River [Ukrainian: Dnister: Russian: Dnestr; Romanian: Nistrul] begins on the north side of the Carpathian Mountains in southwestern Ukraine. It flows south and east for 840 miles through Ukraine and then through Moldova, finally discharging into the Black Sea on Ukrainian territory again.\u003cbr\u003e It is the second longest river in Ukraine and the main water artery of Moldova.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=83.0,106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHorodenka was in the southeast corner of the historical and geographical region known as Galacia. Between the two world wars, it was part of Poland, with Romania’s border to the south and the border of the Soviet Union to the east. In 1931, the Jewish population of Horodenka was 3,526. After World War II, Horodenka became part of the Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=109.0,148.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=245.0,280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA sheitel is the Yiddish word for a wig worn by some Orthodox Jewish married women in order to conform with the requirement of Jewish Law to cover their hair. In many traditional Orthodox Jewish communities, women wear head coverings such as hats, scarves, and wigs after marriage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=318.0,384.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday is celebrated. The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=318.0,384.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kittel, sometimes spelled kitl or kitel, is a white linen or cotton robe worn on special occasions. It also serves as a burial shroud.\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=318.0,384.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. In Poland’s major cities, Jews and Poles spoke each other’s languages and interacted in markets and on the streets. Even smaller towns and villages in Poland were, to some extent, mixed communities. That did not mean that antisemitism did not impact the lives of Polish Jews, however. After World War I, increasing Polish nationalism made Poland a hostile place for many Jews. The antisemitic atmosphere increased in Poland during the 1930s. A series of pogroms and discriminatory laws were signs of growing antisemitism, while fewer and fewer opportunities to emigrate were available. At Polish universities, Jews experienced discrimination and exclusion. Unofficial quotas restricting Jewish enrollment to around 10 percent was introduced at some universities. Jewish students often endured harassment and even physical violence from right-wing students. Most were required to sit in segregated areas of the classroom known as “ghetto benches” [Polish: getto ławkowe]. An economic boycott of Jewish businesses was in full force by 1937. Wealthy Jews were arrested in 1938 and guards were placed outside Jewish shops to prevent non-Jewish customers from entering them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=403.0,429.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHanukkah or Chanukah [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. Hanukkah celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rulers of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the menorah (ritual candelabra) but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The Hanukkah menorah, or hanukiah, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, with the ninth candle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=528.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=702.0,702.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=702.0,710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTu BiShvat [Hebrew: 15th of Shevat] also known as the \"New Year of the Trees,\" is a Jewish holiday that falls on the 15th day of the Hebrew month of Shevat. It's a day to celebrate and appreciate nature, particularly trees and the land of Israel. Customs often include planting trees, eating fruits and nuts, and participating in a seder.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=711.0,748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos/Shabbes (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=711.0,748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHanoar Hatzioni, fully \"Histadrut Halutzit Olamit Hanoar Hatzioni\", or \"HH\" for short, is a youth movement established in 1926, with its head offices now in Israel. During the late 1930s up until the outbreak of World War II, the association focused on training and preparation for aliyah [immigration to Palestine].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=817.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYaremche is a resort town in the Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians, which are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. The roughly 1,500 km (932 mi) long arc stretches through the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia. The region is dense with forested hills and fast-flowing rivers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=817.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cossacks were a semi-nomadic warrior people in Ukraine and Southern Russia. Eastern European governments, particularly the Soviet Union, allowed them to generally self-govern in exchange for their military service.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=817.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHorodenka was occupied by Russians twice during World War I (1914-1918). The Russians were particularly cruel to the Jewish inhabitants—burglarizing, looting and burning their homes, as well as hanging at least eight. Many of the Jews fled with the retreating Austrian army and spent the rest of the war in Moravia, Bohemia, and Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=817.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict from 1914 to 1918 that embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=817.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn October 27, 1938 the Germans began arresting 17,000 Jews with Polish citizenship who had been living in Germany and began deporting them to Poland. The Polish authorities placed the majority of the Jews in the border town of Zbaszyn and forbade them from leaving in the hope that the large number of Jews near the border would pressure the Germans into beginning negotiations to allow them back into Germany. The negotiations ended in January 1939. Friends and family in Poland had already taken in some Jews, while other deportees were permitted to return to Germany to wind up their affairs, and then return to Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=817.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1080.0,1204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War 1, had forced Germany to cede an area known as West Prussia—which included Danzig [Polish: Gdansk], largely an ethnically German city—to the newly reconstructed state of Poland. Hitler was determined to overturn the military and territorial provisions of the Versailles treaty and include ethnic Germans in the Reich. In preparation for war with Poland, in the spring of 1939 Hitler demanded the annexation of Danzig to Germany and extraterritorial rail access for Germany across the \"Polish Corridor,\" the Polish frontier to East Prussia. In August 1939, Germany threatened war if Poland did not cooperate. By the end of August, Polish forces were mobilized in preparation for an armed conflict.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1080.0,1204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland from the north, south, and west. With more than 2,000 tanks and over 1,000 planes, German units quickly broke through Polish defenses along the Poland-German border and advanced on Warsaw in a massive encirclement attack. Under heavy shelling and bombing, Warsaw soon surrendered. As the Wehrmacht advanced, Polish forces withdrew to more established lines of defense to the east and then the southeast, where they awaited support from their allies, France and the United Kingdom. Little support came. When Soviet forces invaded Poland from the east on September 17, 1939, the Polish plan of defense was rendered obsolete. The outnumbered and overwhelmed Polish army was defeated within weeks of the invasion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1213.0,1259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early stages of World War II, Romania tried to remain neutral, but foreign powers and events created heavy pressure on Romania. In June 1940, a Soviet ultimatum demanded territories in its northern border regions. In order to avoid war with the Soviet Union, the Romanian government and army retreated from Bukovina, Hertza, and Bessarabia. Soon after, Romania joined the Axis military campaign.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1213.0,1259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs German forces advanced in Poland from the west and Soviet forces advanced from the east, many members of the Polish government fled Poland for Romania. Eventually, the Polish government-in-exile was formed. During World War II, the government-in-exile exerted considerable influence in Poland through the structures of the Polish underground state, as the underground resistance organizations in Poland were known, and through its military arm, the Armia Krajowa (Polish: Home Army). It was based in France during 1939 and 1940, and then moved to London, where it remained until its dissolution in 1990 (after the fall of Communism).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1280.0,1468.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (also known as the Hitler-Stalin Pact and German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact) was a non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia signed August 23, 1939. The pact provided that the two countries would not attack each other, independently or in conjunction with other powers; would not support any third power that might attack the other party to the pact; would remain in consultation with each other with regard to their common interests; would not join any power or group of powers that threatened the other; and would solve all differences between them through negotiation or arbitration. The public pact was accompanied by a secret protocol, reached on the same day, which divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Both the Russian and German armies invaded Poland in September 1939. On September 28, Germany and the Soviet Union reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. A demarcation line for the partition of German- and Russian-occupied Poland was established along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. The demarcation line would remain in effect until June 22, 1941, when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in a military campaign codenamed Operation “Barbarossa.” \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1470.0,1535.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMass deportations of Polish citizens was an integral part of Joseph Stalin’s policy of Sovietization during the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland between September 1939 and June 1941. Estimates vary, with some sources recording the number of deportees as around 750,000, while many sources cite a figure of 1.7 million. Among the deportees were soldiers and military veterans, clerks, police officers, forestry and railroad employees, teachers and civil servants, along with their entire families, all of them deemed \"unreliable elements\" or “enemies of the state” by the new occupation authorities. The deportees also included 200,000 Polish Jews, thousands of whom were from German-occupied Poland. They were sent to forced labor camps in Siberia, central Asia, and other locations deep in the interior of the Soviet Union. Thousands never returned to their homeland, and many died from the excessive work, extreme temperatures and a lack of food.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1574.0,1847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Young Pioneers was a youth organization of the Soviet Union \u003cbr\u003ethat existed between 1922 and 1991. Its aim was to foster a sense of comradeship and public duty in children ages 10 to 14.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1574.0,1847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1874-1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist who was the founder and first head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 until his death in 1924, and of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1574.0,1847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (1878-1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid- 1920’s until his death. He is considered one of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1574.0,1847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ruble is the currency unit of Russia (and the former Soviet Union) and Belarus [rubel]. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1574.0,1847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the Soviet occupation, policies of nationalization were rapidly enforced. Individual businesses, farms and even many homes became state-owned properties with the former private owners rarely compensated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1574.0,1847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the Soviet invasion and occupation of western Poland in 1939, tens of thousands of Polish military officers, police, and members of the intelligentsia were arrested and sent to internment camps across the western Soviet Union. In April 1943, German forces occupying the area uncovered eight mass graves in the Katyn Forest near Smolensk, Russia. Excavations revealed the remains of nearly 5,000 Polish officers who had been executed in the spring of 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=1574.0,1847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the codename Operation “Barbarossa,” Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in the largest German military operation of World War II. Although the Soviet Union had been Germany’s ally in the war against Poland, the destruction of the Soviet Union and conquest of territory in the East had long been one of Hitler’s proclaimed goals. The attack on the Soviet Union marked a turning point in both the history of World War II and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2098.0,2103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA wave of killings in the region around Horodenka, conducted by the German police and Ukrainian militias, followed the German army as it invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. Local Ukrainians also carried out anti-Jewish attacks. Some Jews fled the smaller towns and villages to larger towns for security. More than 20,000 Jews were murdered in the region throughout the summer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2118.0,2380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hungarian government began to build an alliance with Nazi Germany soon after Hitler came to power in 1933. In October 1940, Hungary had officially aligned itself with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The Hungarian army occupied Horodenka after Soviet forces abandoned the town on July 2, 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2118.0,2380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the second half of July 1941, around 1,000 Jews arrived in Horodenka following their deportation from Transcarpathia Ukraine by the Hungarian Gendarmes. Some were taken in by local Jews, while others lived in the synagogue, in dirty and crowded conditions. The refugees brought the number of Jews living in Horodenka to about 4,500.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2118.0,2380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans took over the administration of Horodenka in September 1941. Anti-Jewish measures were quickly introduced. Property was confiscated, Jews had to wear armbands bearing the Star of David, they could not leave the town without permission, food was rationed and trading with non-Jews was prohibited.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2436.0,2474.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Magen David [Hebrew: Shield of David], or as it is more commonly known, the Star of David, is the symbol most commonly associated with Judaism today. During the Holocaust, the symbol was used by the Nazis to identify and isolate Jews. In September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2474.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 8, 1941, the Germans ordered all of 4,500 Jews living in Horodenka to move into the small Jewish quarter in the west of the town.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2580.0,2627.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April and May 1942, Jews from surrounding villages were transferred into the Horodenka ghetto, bringing the population up to 2,348. Another 500 arrived in August 1942. Starvation and outbreaks of typhus from the overcrowding decimated the ghetto’s population. Another 400 Jews were brought to the town on September 7, 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2628.0,2930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKennkarte [German: identity card; plural: Kennkarten] was the basic identity document used by the Germans beginning in 1938. They were normally obtained through a police precinct. Kennkarten were introduced in German-occupied Poland in 1941. The color of a Kennkarte was based on ethnicity. Poles had gray ones, while Jews and Romas had yellow and other nationalities had blue. Letters also marked the holder’s nationality—for example, Russians had an “R,” while Jews had a “J.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2628.0,2930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2628.0,2930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA German police Captain named Doppler is identified in another source (see http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/galicia/gal005.html) as a member of Police Battalion 133 and an officer involved with the Aktionen in the area around Horodenka, but no other identification is possible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2628.0,2930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo [German] is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police.” It was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2628.0,2930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “Aryan” when used in relation to the Third Reich means the Nazi vision of the blond-haired, blue-eyed physical ideal of men and women. According to the Nazis, “Aryans” belonged to the master race of perfect humans. Everyone else was considered to be racially inferior.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2628.0,2930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, Jewish gravestones, or matzevot, were frequently removed from cemeteries and reused for a variety of purposes. For instance, prisoners at Plaszow concentration camp were forced to use Jewish tombstones from the cemeteries the camp was situated on to pave the camp streets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2938.0,2951.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Judenrat [plural: Judenräte] was a Council of Jewish leaders established on Germans orders in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were given the responsibility of implementing the Nazis' policies regarding the Jews, which included everything from the confiscation of electronics like radios and valuable assets like watches or jewelry to organizing forced labor details and groups for deportations. The Judenrat also administered the affairs of the ghetto and most tried to protect and support the Jews under their care. Forced to implement Nazi policy, the Jewish councils remain a controversial and delicate subject. Jewish council chairmen had to decide whether to comply or refuse to comply with German demands to, for example, list names of Jews for deportation. Some Jewish council officials advocated compliance, believing that cooperation would ensure the survival of at least a portion of the population. The members of the Jewish councils faced impossible moral dilemmas. Often forgotten in the debates over the culpability of the Jewish councils and the Jewish police are the efforts of many Jewish council members and officials in their employ to provide a variety of social, economic, and cultural services under the brutal and difficult conditions in the ghettos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2953.0,3431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hungarian administration established a Judenrat [German: Jewish Council], which was required to meet demands for money and produce. When the demands were not met, one Jew was hung in the marketplace and 20 were taken hostage to ensure compliance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2953.0,3431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChallah is special Jewish braided bread eaten on Sabbath and Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2953.0,3431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA series of three anti-Jewish Aktionen led by a German Gendarmerie unit and a Ukrainian police force took place in Horodenka. The first Aktion took place on December 4 and 5, 1942. Under the pretext of giving typhus shots, the Jews were gathered in a synagogue, where Jewish physicians were given the necessary medical instruments. Craftsmen and specialists were freed, but some 2,500 Jews from Horodenka, including the Jewish council, were taken to the Szeparowce Forest outside Siemakowce [now Semakivtsi, Ukraine], a village approximately 10 kilometers (6 miles) north of Horodenka, and shot into a pit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2953.0,3431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Reichsmark was the currency in Germany from 1924 until 1948, when the Deutschmark in West Germany and East German mark in East Germany replaced it. It is commonly referred to as the “Deutschmark” in English and the “Mark” or “D-Mark” in German.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2953.0,3431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing the first Aktion, the remaining 1,500 Jews in Horodenka were moved into a sealed ghetto about three or four blocks long. A new Judenrat was formed and forced labor was organized. Men were forced to work in the local sugar factory and younger Jews were frequently rounded up and sent to labor camps. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=2953.0,3431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnne Frank was a German-Jewish girl whose family fled to Amsterdam in the Netherlands and eventually went into hiding with four others. After the war, Anne became world famous because of the diary she wrote while in hiding. For two years, eight people lived in a secret attic apartment behind the office of the family-owned business. The entrance to the apartment, which Anne referred to as the “Secret Annex,” was concealed behind a bookshelf. In 1944, they were discovered and deported to concentration camps, where all but Anne’s father died.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3433.0,3686.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199/annotation_set/1935/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAktion is the German term used for any non-military campaign to further Nazi ideals of race, but most often referring to the assembly, and deportation of Jews to concentration or death camps. In many cases, the Germans planned deportations and other operations so that they would coincide with the Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150412/file/277199#t=3433.0,3686.0"}]}]}]}