{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/d795718446/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Bowman, Penina Weisz (2000)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2000-07-31 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003ePenina Bowman interviewed by John Kent on July 31, 2000 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003ePenina Bowman was born Pszy Weisz in Cluj, Romania on April 19, 1927. She grew up in a very Orthodox home with her parents, one brother and two sisters. As a teen, Penina enjoyed reading and studied to be a seamstress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1940, the area of Romania that Penina’s family lived in was annexed by Hungary, an ally of Nazi Germany. More and more restrictions were imposed on Jews until the Jews of Cluj were finally rounded up in May 1940. After more than a week in an overcrowded brick factory with no food except what they had brought with them, the family was loaded onto a train and sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePenina’s family was separated when they arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Her brother and father were transported on to the Dachau concentration camp, where her father would later die. Penina’s mother was sent directly to the gas chambers while Penina, her sisters and an aunt were sent to a barracks. Penina and her two sisters managed to escape the constant selections, although their aunt was eventually taken from them. Finally after six months, all three sisters were selected for a transport to the Mahrisch Weisswasser labor camp in Czechoslovakia. Penina and her two sisters spent the next six months working in an electronics factory. The Soviet army liberated Mahrisch Weisswasser on May 8, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePenina and her sisters travelled back to Cluj after the war. One sister reunited with her fiancée and decided to remain in Cluj. Penina and her other sister joined a youth group headed to Palestine. The sisters travelled with the group throughout Europe, eventually stopping in Salzburg, Austria, where they were reunited with their brother. Penina was also introduced to an American soldier, Harold Bowman, in Salzburg. Penina and Harold dated until he was sent back to the United States. Penina and her two siblings soon moved on to Italy and in 1946, boarded a ship to Palestine. The British intercepted the ship and the siblings were sent to Cyprus and later interred in Atlit. Meanwhile, Harold had come to Palestine to study in Tel Aviv. Harold and Penina were reunited and married in March 1947.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn October 1947, the young couple moved to the United States so Harold could complete law school. Penina and Harold settled in his hometown of Chicago, Illinois and later moved to Clearwater, Florida and Houston, Texas. While raising three children, Penina was busy writing, painting, gardening, bowling, and volunteering in numerous organizations. In 1993, Penina and Harold moved to Atlanta, Georgia to be closer to their three grandchildren. Harold died in 2008 and Penina passed away in 2018.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003ePenina introduces her family and describes growing up in a very Orthodox family in Cluj, Romania. She talks about the influence of Zionism as well as the antisemitism and restrictions her family encountered in the early years of World War II. Penina recounts how her family was rounded up and transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. She recalls how her aunt influenced her life. Penina credits her sisters with helping her survive in Auschwitz-Birkenau and later in a labor camp. She describes the cruelty of the camp guards. Penina explains how her experiences did not impact her positive attitude and how she shared the lessons with her children and friends. She talks about returning home after the war and reuniting with her brother. Penina recollects how other survivors struggled to adjust to life after the war. She explains how she met her future husband in Austria and her experiences traveling through Europe with other survivors intent on immigrating to Palestine. Penina details her arrival in Palestine and reuniting with her husband. She explains how she and her husband moved to the United States. Penina reflects on her decision to not let her experiences overshadow her positive attitude. She shares how raising her children, maintaining a religious home, continuing to learn and keeping busy helped her achieve a balance in her life. Penina mentions how other survivors sought revenge after liberation. She discusses travelling to Europe and Israel. She contracts how she and her children have processed her experiences with the way her siblings and other survivors have. Penina reflects Israel’s statehood and the lessons of the Holocaust. Penina shares how much she enjoys being a grandparent.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/27936"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Holocaust (topical term)","Mahrisch Weisswasser (topical term)","Zionism (topical term)","Kibbutz (topical term)","Palestine (geographic term)","League of Women Voters (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003ePenina Bowman interviewed by John Kent on July 31, 2000 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePenina Bowman was born Pszy Weisz in Cluj, Romania on April 19, 1927. She grew up in a very Orthodox home with her parents, one brother and two sisters. As a teen, Penina enjoyed reading and studied to be a seamstress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1940, the area of Romania that Penina’s family lived in was annexed by Hungary, an ally of Nazi Germany. More and more restrictions were imposed on Jews until the Jews of Cluj were finally rounded up in May 1940. After more than a week in an overcrowded brick factory with no food except what they had brought with them, the family was loaded onto a train and sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePenina’s family was separated when they arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Her brother and father were transported on to the Dachau concentration camp, where her father would later die. Penina’s mother was sent directly to the gas chambers while Penina, her sisters and an aunt were sent to a barracks. Penina and her two sisters managed to escape the constant selections, although their aunt was eventually taken from them. Finally after six months, all three sisters were selected for a transport to the Mahrisch Weisswasser labor camp in Czechoslovakia. Penina and her two sisters spent the next six months working in an electronics factory. The Soviet army liberated Mahrisch Weisswasser on May 8, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePenina and her sisters travelled back to Cluj after the war. One sister reunited with her fiancée and decided to remain in Cluj. Penina and her other sister joined a youth group headed to Palestine. The sisters travelled with the group throughout Europe, eventually stopping in Salzburg, Austria, where they were reunited with their brother. Penina was also introduced to an American soldier, Harold Bowman, in Salzburg. Penina and Harold dated until he was sent back to the United States. Penina and her two siblings soon moved on to Italy and in 1946, boarded a ship to Palestine. The British intercepted the ship and the siblings were sent to Cyprus and later interred in Atlit. Meanwhile, Harold had come to Palestine to study in Tel Aviv. Harold and Penina were reunited and married in March 1947.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn October 1947, the young couple moved to the United States so Harold could complete law school. Penina and Harold settled in his hometown of Chicago, Illinois and later moved to Clearwater, Florida and Houston, Texas. While raising three children, Penina was busy writing, painting, gardening, bowling, and volunteering in numerous organizations. In 1993, Penina and Harold moved to Atlanta, Georgia to be closer to their three grandchildren. Harold died in 2008 and Penina passed away in 2018.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePenina introduces her family and describes growing up in a very Orthodox family in Cluj, Romania. She talks about the influence of Zionism as well as the antisemitism and restrictions her family encountered in the early years of World War II. Penina recounts how her family was rounded up and transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. She recalls how her aunt influenced her life. Penina credits her sisters with helping her survive in Auschwitz-Birkenau and later in a labor camp. She describes the cruelty of the camp guards. Penina explains how her experiences did not impact her positive attitude and how she shared the lessons with her children and friends. She talks about returning home after the war and reuniting with her brother. Penina recollects how other survivors struggled to adjust to life after the war. She explains how she met her future husband in Austria and her experiences traveling through Europe with other survivors intent on immigrating to Palestine. Penina details her arrival in Palestine and reuniting with her husband. She explains how she and her husband moved to the United States. Penina reflects on her decision to not let her experiences overshadow her positive attitude. She shares how raising her children, maintaining a religious home, continuing to learn and keeping busy helped her achieve a balance in her life. Penina mentions how other survivors sought revenge after liberation. She discusses travelling to Europe and Israel. She contracts how she and her children have processed her experiences with the way her siblings and other survivors have. Penina reflects Israel’s statehood and the lessons of the Holocaust. Penina shares how much she enjoys being a grandparent.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/096/926/small/Penina_Bowman.png?1619295187","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Bowman_Penina.mp4"]},"duration":7206.7,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/096/926/small/Penina_Bowman.png?1619295187","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/096/926/original/Bowman_Penina.mp4?1599752886","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7206.7,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Bowman_Penina_aligned [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Today is July 31, 2000. We are in Atlanta, Georgia, interviewing Mrs. Penina Bowman. Could you start with your original name and spell it?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=0.34,13.74"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: My name was Pszy, P-S-Z-Y, Weisz, W-E-I-S-Z. I actually had many first names. The government changed from Hungary to Romania, and I had a Yiddish name, and now it's Penina. My mother-in-law wrote me it's too hard to pronounce Penina so they would name me Penny. Everybody knows me as Penny, but it was Penina. My last name was Weisz before the war.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=13.76,51.14"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: When were you born?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=51.81,53.89"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: I was born in Cluj, Romania in a region called Transylvania on April 19, 1927. That makes me 73.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=54.57,66.39"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You have done several interviews like this over the years and given lots of speeches, so you have gone through your story a number of times. What I would like to do in this interview is get into angles or so on that you have not already talked about so this becomes something more for you than another review. As we go through this, if you could think about what somebody has not asked you before. What have you realized over the years that maybe you did not before? Could we start with your life before the war? What did the world look like to you as a young person?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=66.39,106.93"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Before the war, I always like to compare our lifestyle to the movie Fiddler On the Roof because we led a very extremely religious life. My father was extreme Orthodox. We girls were not allowed to wear short sleeves. We had to wear long stockings. We were not allowed to date. We were not allowed to carry anything on Shabbat [and] not allowed to use money. Because my father was in charge of the ritual bathhouse in this city, we had to be an even better example and make sure we didn't violate anything. My father really felt that he wanted to abide by all six hundred and thirty-some commandments. We children cheated sometimes. We would roll up our sleeves and roll down our stockings so that we would look a little more modern. We observed the holidays very extreme and closely to the word. Passover and all the holidays . . . Sukkot, with building the . . .  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=108.22,185.76"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was your understanding of all the religious rules? What did it mean to you?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=187.19,194.39"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: As children, we enjoyed it because we had the rituals. We'd start helping with preparing the meals for it. Sometimes we rebelled because it was too much. I found out later in life I really appreciated being brought up that religious because now I have the choice. I can be either religious or not religious. I changed many things. I was extreme religious before the war. Among my two sisters and brother, my brother [Mordecai] is very religious, but I was more religious than my younger sister [Miriam] and my older sister [Yaffa]. I found that I had to adjust when I came to this country. I didn't want to lose the background that I was brought up [in]. I just picked whatever I could do. I thought it was not that important to observe all or nothing. To me, it was important that I do as much as I can. We raised our children very . . . with nice Jewish backgrounds, Jewish education. We observed the holidays and the rituals but not . . . I gave up being kosher because I felt that was not the most important thing that would identify me as being a Jew. I changed many things but we still have a very religious household. I think because of my background, it helped us survive in the camps. I didn't want to eat the food because it wasn't kosher and actually almost killed myself because, if not for being there with my two sisters and an aunt . . . She said it was a bigger sin to commit suicide than . . . I didn't want to eat because it wasn't kosher. They pushed the food in my mouth. Since my mouth was not kosher anymore, I felt, \"Okay, I will eat now.\" But I think it helped us in a way of praying and thinking, \"There's something higher than ourselves,\" that we will be helped, that G-d will help us. We used prayers for lightning and thunder when we were scared. We observed the holidays. For Yom Kippur, we did not eat the piece of bread in Auschwitz-Birkenau all day. We saved it for the end. I think by just having something stronger to believe in helped us with our survival. A lot of people just gave up fast. We just prayed and supported each other. In disguise, we were Zionists. My father wouldn't let us. He was so extreme in his belief that the Messiah will come; he wouldn't let us sign up to go to Palestine. We had to wait for it. He was so strict with us in that matter that my sister would sneak out from her bed. We would prop up a pillow and blanket and pretend she was sleeping. She went out through the window to go to a Zionist youth organization meeting. My father wouldn't let us read certain books. As children, we all were avid readers. The only picture I have of the pre-war period is my sister and I sitting in the park, reading. He wouldn't let us read . . . We weren't allowed to read [Baruch] Spinoza and [Charles] Darwin. He wouldn't let us. He tore up the book in front of us. We only could speak Yiddish in the house. We spoke Hungarian among ourselves. We spoke Romanian in school. But in the house, as soon as we stepped in, we had to speak Yiddish.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=194.41,430.24"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What were the types of things your father taught you about what Jewishness means and what a woman is supposed to be like?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=430.31,440.72"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: I'm not sure if we had conversations on that matter, but I think it was mostly just to be honest and to work hard. We had a chance to escape. Romanian people wanted to hide us because we were . . . At that time, this was Hungary. My father wouldn't let us. He said that everybody has . . . \"The war is terrible and people work hard. People have to go to the front and sometimes they're killed. We have to go to work. If we have to go to a work camp, we will go to work. Since when were Jewish people afraid to go to work?\" He was just always a very hardworking person. I think he always kind of conveyed the idea that if you work hard, you will survive. I think that was . . . I'm going to say we always admired because he was dedicated to his work, and going to the synagogue, and trying to--even though we were very poor--give charity. That's one thing that he always emphasized. If you had very little, you still give. During the holidays, if there were people passing through town, he would always invite somebody. In the corner in the synagogue, people waiting to see who was going to be invited to people's homes for a meal. He always would bring somebody home, no matter how little we had.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=440.99,535.67"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How much interaction was there with the non-Jewish people?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=535.74,538.69"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Yes, we did not live in a ghetto. We lived on a street with non-Jewish neighbors. We lived across the street from a synagogue but our next-door neighbor was a Gentile [non-Jewish] family. As a matter of fact, this Gentile family . . . When we were taken to camp and we didn't know what was going to happen . . . We didn't know it was going to be Auschwitz-Birkenau or anything like that. We didn't know. We were just taken to camp. My sister went to make sure that . . . She studied to be a seamstress. She had three dresses that she made and she wanted to make sure they were not going to be lost. She took the three dresses and a photo album to this next-door neighbor who was not Jewish. After the war, this neighbor gave them back to her. That's the only reason I don't have any pictures of my family, of my parents. This picture was the only one that survived because my sister's photo album was all my sister's youth group activities and her friends. It didn't have any pictures of my parents but it had that one picture [of me] sitting at the park with [my sister].  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=538.69,610.35"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How would you describe the attitudes of the Jewish and non-Jewish population towards each other?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=610.45,616.17"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: It was mixed. Sometimes some were real nice but some were glad that the Jewish people were leaving. The most heartbreaking thing was after the war when we came back. The people living in our hometown greeted us with the exact words, \"Are you back? We thought the Germans killed all of you.\" They were not upset about us leaving. But some were . . . I'm not sure that they were sad. They were upset. Nobody wanted to do except this neighbor was willing to hide the album and the dresses and another non-Jewish person was willing [to help us] if we wanted to go across the border. But there really wasn't that much help offered or talked about.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=617.51,672.02"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How did you react to that response when you came back?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=672.03,676.46"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: When we came back, we reacted with . . . I was eighteen and my younger sister was sixteen and we decided, \"We're leaving. There's nothing for us here.\" That's when we signed up with the youth group to go to Palestine and we started our track. Interestingly, my older sister heard that her fiancé--actually it was a boyfriend that she knew before we went to camp . . . She heard that he survived and she didn't want to leave. Her boyfriend came back. A Gentile family took over the flourmill that they owned and the house. This family also turned everything back to our brother-in-law, my sister's boyfriend. My [older] sister didn't want to leave so she stayed behind in Romania. Then she was sorry because she couldn't get out until 1958 because of the conditions. When my younger sister [and I got] out, we joined the youth group. We went from city to city and country to country. We went and crossed the border of Hungary and we went to Czechoslovakia at night. We bribed the guards--the organization, the Jewish agency that sent over, and the Jewish Brigade helped organize these groups. We crossed from Hungary to Czechoslovakia to Austria and from Austria to Italy. Each time getting closer to the Mediterranean. In Austria, in Salzburg is where I met my future husband.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=676.48,795.82"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Before getting into the later part of your story, I'd like to stay with your earlier years just a little bit more. What did your father and the other Jewish leaders know about what was going on around them as far as the war goes and the danger? Did they talk about that?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=795.82,818.64"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: We heard [about] people being sent away all the time. People who were not born in Cluj, or not born in Romania, or not born in Hungary--people from Poland or people from Germany who were in our town, those people were taken. We talked about that all the time. We didn't know their fate, what happened to them. I saw my parents whisper to each other many times. I don't know how much they knew but we children did not know. It was very difficult to know because it wasn't in the papers and you weren't allowed to listen to radios. [It was] just rumors that people brought in. I always like to compare it to how difficult it is to really know what's going on like during the Watergate problem here in this country. We have electronics and bugging systems and we didn't know anything about it. We don't read in the paper. It's not in the paper and it's not on radio. It's just whatever you hear. [It was] hearsay. My parents, I don't know how much they knew. They used to talk to each other and whisper. I used to see them gather together and be very upset and very worried. We were told to prepare a knapsack that we would be taking to camp but we had no idea it was an extermination camp. We did not know. I don't know how much my parents knew but I was seventeen and my younger sister fifteen.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=818.64,912.44"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What were the antisemitic attitudes or teachings before the war? That would have been around you.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=912.54,923.55"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Yes, that had been around us for a long time. We experienced that.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=924.37,926.82"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did your father make any comments about it? What was your understanding as a young person of people who hated you?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=927.06,933.83"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: We had incidences of being beaten up. It got to a point where it was not safe to go to our synagogue alone. As soon as you saw Jewish people . . . That happened all the time. When we were finally rounded up . . . The day we were rounded up . . . Prior to that. For a month maybe before that, we were not allowed to go out after eight o'clock in the evening until eight o'clock in the morning so my father always said his prayers at home. You couldn't go to the synagogue at that hour. Antisemitism was creeping around slowly and laws were changing slowly with rules about you couldn't . . . First, you had to give up a certain house in that area you lived in. Then you couldn't go to certain schools and you couldn't be in certain occupations . . . Just slowly we felt the effect of it but not to the extent that we weren't able to continue with our lives. We weren't able to go to [public] school, so we went to a Jewish school. That's what's so dangerous. You have to see when it starts up slowly. It doesn't happen overnight that you lose your rights and you lose everything. You have to watch the little laws that are being passed slowly.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=937.47,1022.8"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How did you deal with things that happened to you personally?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1023.1,1026.65"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: When you're living in that period and you see so many thing going [on] around you--like our best girlfriend was taken already--we were just real upset and tried to keep busy. I was learning to be a [seamstress] also and my younger sister was still going to school. We were in a group. We were always kind of scared and talking about it, not knowing what will happen. We were worried more . . . not because we were Jews. I think we were worried more about the war and what's going to happen. The Romanians I think were nicer to the Jews maybe. I think the Hungarians were slowly pretty antisemitic, but I can't say as a child that I was that persecuted. Even though things were happening slowly and I probably didn't realize it. Now, in retrospect, I see that [there] were signs of what's going to be our future.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1026.65,1098.96"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What were some of the teachings from your mom that might have helped you get through the war?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1098.98,1104.96"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: I think keeping busy [and] to have a positive attitude. I always felt . . . I think she's the one that taught me not to have what they call idle hands because that's the devil's workshop. I think reading was a passion with all of us. I think that really helped us to survive, and keep your frame of mind, and to have a different attitude to cope in this world because you couldn't do many things. Reading would take you pretty far.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1104.98,1158.67"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Could you describe how you personally coped with the train ride, entering the camp, and that whole horrible phase? How did you adjust to that? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1158.68,1168.24"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: We were all six of us when we were marched to the brick factory, which was about two miles away from our house. We were put up in this temporary area. We were very crowded. It was like the size of a large living room and we had six families. We just had a little corner for the six of us. We were in terrible conditions so we said we couldn't wait. We said, \"We can't wait already to be taken to camp because camp can't be this bad.\" We were just so crowded with nothing, food, holding on to whatever we took with us. My mother packed onions. We teased her, \"Why take onions when you're going on a trip with people?\" Fortunately, those onions kind of kept us alive on the train. On the train ride, we ran out of [food and] didn't have anything else. We munched on the onions. They kind of woke us up. We were worried what's going to happen. Once we got on the train, we didn't know where we were going. The conditions were terrible. That's the first time I saw a person die. People were dying on the train--older people. My mother said, \"Don't turn around.\" When she said, \"Don't turn around,\" of course, that's when you turn around. [We] wanted to see, being children, young people. We saw the first elderly person die. I think we just were scared, and hugged each other, and prayed, and waited for the end. We didn't know what was going to happen because . . . not so much we didn't know where we were going. We didn't know where we were going. It was mostly because the conditions were so bad with no food and water, and crowded, and all that. I had an aunt who was a tremendous influence--my mother's sister. She used to come over to the house a lot. She, I think, instilled the idea of volunteerism in me because she was so . . . She was not married, and she was so dedicated, and took care of a niece who didn't have another parent. She would teach me how to sew and how to knit, whatever [I] expressed an interest [in]. She was a tremendous influence on my life because she would teach me whatever I wanted to learn. I'm trying to pass this on to a little six-year-old granddaughter now with teaching here whatever . . . She comes over for four hours every Tuesday. I just teach her. We cook, and we bake, and we knit, and we do all these little things together--whatever she wants to learn. This aunt and my mother's influence, too . . . Like, the Sabbath was so holy, and so relaxing, and so enlightening because you spent it just on yourself, just growing, after services to just . . . and your soul, enhancing your soul. I remember taking naps. I still do that. I still love to cook and I still take naps.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1168.26,1377.13"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Can you describe what you were like in the camps? How did you change when you were in there?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1378.81,1388.86"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: I was . . . Our fortune was that . . .  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1388.86,1395.82"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: I'll repeat the question. How did you change? In having to deal with life in the camp, how did you become different, looking back at yourself?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1395.82,1413.12"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: You mean in camp itself?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1413.12,1415.2"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: During that period, in terms of having to deal with life.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1415.55,1418.83"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: I'll tell you; our fortune was that my two sisters and I, all three of us stayed together. One was able to support the other morally, physically. We'd pinch each other's [cheeks] and we'd hold each other when it was cold. I think support each other morally. We'd tell each other, \"The war will end.\" Here it's already 1944 and we kept hearing rumors. Because we were together, we were encouraging each other. If not for that, I probably wouldn't be here because I think I gave up. I was very depressed and I didn't want to eat. Even though I'm the middle child, my younger sister . . . I was always the thinnest and frail. I could not adjust until this aunt that was in camp for a few months and then she was taken from us, she and my sister encouraged me to go on. Then the same thing happened when I was in the other camp, the work camp [Mahrisch Weisswasser]. I was sick and I didn't want to live. My heart hurt. I was a good worker. One day, I was taken to emergency. That used to be the end of people but I was a good worker, so they put me in a temporary rehabilitation place, and I came back, and I was fine. I worked. Then this Frenchman gave me extra food and paper to write notes to each other and that's when I kind of snapped out of it and wanted to live again. The biggest thing that hit us--besides being so hungry and starved all the time--the first thing that happened to us [before] we were marched to our barracks . . . they shaved our head. They shaved us all over our body--the pubic area, under arms, every place. We didn't look like females. We didn't' look like human beings. That was such a shock that we were just crying. We thought we cannot go on. [We] just feel so inhumane. Then we started teasing each other. I said to my sister, \"Now we won't have to worry about washing our hair and the wind blowing it.\" What was cute [about why] I told her that . . . when we were growing up--she was four years older--she used to give me a few pennies to brush her hair every morning because her hair was very curly and she wanted straight hair. She would give me . . . a hundred strokes I had to give her. I teased her, \"Now I won't have to give [you] a hundred strokes and brush your hair.\" She said, \"And you won't have your extra pennies either.\" We were trying to humor each other and I think that was really helping, being together, to cope with . . . We didn't want to . . . They had the faucets where the water came out. You had to wash yourself. You didn't have to, but we force ourselves. We would push each other under in order to get clean. Just being together, I think that was the main thing.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1418.83,1621.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Could you review the way different people dealt with the situation? Did you notice different attitudes, different personalities among all the women you had to live with?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1621.93,1635.98"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Yes, definitely. You're talking about the camp?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1635.98,1640.52"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: The different range of how different people . . .  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1640.54,1640.84"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Yes, we had . . . I know people who couldn't cope with that and could not suffer anymore because of the lack of food and cold and all that. All you had to do was walk up and touch the electric wires and kill themselves. I know several people among us who did that. Just recently when I was in Israel, one of my friends came over. Her husband came over and said, \"Penny, I have to thank you for the life of my wife.\" I said, \"Gee, what did I do?\" He said, \"Well, Eva was so desperate and she wanted to kill herself,\" and if not for me and my sisters, Yaffa and Miriam, talking her out of it, she would have killed herself. People coped with it very differently. Some people gave up very fast. Some people just couldn't tolerate it, were weak, and died fast. Some people were taken from us. We had selections all the time, so we lost those people real fast. Part of our luck [was that] my older sister noticed how the selections were conducted. We had 800 women in our barrack. Quite frequently--every few days--we had selections. They would say, \"Everybody out!\" Everybody had to pile out from the barracks and the beds and go outside. Then we would be lined up and counted. They would count like 200 or 500 and then stop. My older sister, Yaffa, noticed that when we were taken for theses selections, it was not the able-bodied or real healthy ones that were selected. It was the weak and the ones that wouldn't stand straight, so my sister said, \"Let's not rush to these selections. Let's just stay back until we have to go out.\" We escaped many selections. We must have stayed back from at least eight or ten selections that were held like this. We were in Auschwitz-Birkenau for six months. It was very unusual to be in Auschwitz-Birkenau for six months. You either got to Auschwitz-Birkenau and you were killed or you were shipped out. When you were shipped out, they tattooed you so that you won't escape. We were there because when the Hungarian Jews came and they were trying to be killed as fast as possible, we were in our barracks then. Because we escaped so many selections . . . Not many people in our town . . . Our town had 20,000 [Jewish] people and less than 2,000 survived from our town. Very few . . . Most people were killed. Because we escaped these selections and then we escaped these other . . . When we were selected, they would march you along the road, they had these workers chopping stones or something. My sister said that if only one of us is selected; try to escape so we could stay together. One day, my sister was selected. She just bent down and started chopping stones. Then they went by and she was able to come back. Once, I did the same thing. We escaped from being shipped out from Auschwitz-Birkenau. That's why we stayed there as long. We did not work. We basically just waited for a transport.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1640.86,1864.22"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was the assumption that Auschwitz-Birkenau was safer than a work camp?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1868.12,1868.59"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: No. Mostly we didn't want to leave because we hard rumors of people being killed. We heard rumors of gas chambers. We smelled the smoke. We saw trucks go by with the bodies stacked like corkwood. The cars, the trucks were going by with the bodies. We saw. We heard what was going on, but we tried not to believe it. We said, \"No, it can't be,\" because we saw camps. When we came in, we saw other camps. We saw children in some camps. That was a setup, I guess. We knew the war was coming to an end so we tried to postpone the uncertainty. Being shipped out of Auschwitz-Birkenau meant you were going to be going to another camp or to work. We didn't know it because we thought our selection was for the weak and to be killed and that's why. My aunt was selected one day. She was with us for about four months. She was very weak and older. We wanted to escape the selections--not because we wanted to stay in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Then one day, the overseer--a woman that helped overseeing the barrack--was a Hungarian woman that we knew and she said, \"I noticed that you've been staying away from these selections, but today I want you to go to it because it's a good selection.\" That's when we went--the three of us. They needed 80 women to work in an electronics factory [and] to be shipped out of Auschwitz-Birkenau. You had to speak German, and have good eyesight, and you had to have good, steady hands. The German soldiers were interviewing and picking people one by one. Usually, the sisters did not stand next to each other because the Germans didn't want . . . In the numbers, there's strength and usually sisters, they'd separate you on purpose, so we tried not to stand near each other. The overseer told us, \"Now, don't be afraid to stand near each other today. It's a good selection.\" She said, \"After the war, you will kiss the bottom of my feet for sending you to this selection.\" We took our chance.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1868.61,2018.38"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Why do you think she in particular was friendly to you like that?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2018.94,2023.3"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: She pointed us out many times. She said, \"The Weisz sisters, they're going to survive. They're not afraid to work and they keep their place clean.\" We used to have to carry these big jugs of mush, porridge. We would volunteer to bring it. We would sing songs. We would pray and encourage people. She liked us, so that was our luck.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2023.32,2053.56"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you remember any authority figures or people in charge and what they were like? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2054.39,2059.73"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: In Auschwitz-Birkenau, we didn't have that much contact with . . . We had the . . .  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2065.81,2075.17"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you remember any other block leaders or people like that?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2075.19,2088.15"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Certain things stay with you. Like, I'm still afraid of dogs because the German soldiers used to always walk around with their [dogs]. I don't know if they were German Shepherds or not. People would come to the line up. We had to line up twice a day. If somebody was missing, they would start sending the dogs out to find them. Sometimes they were too sick to come out and sometimes they were near the fence. That still stays with me. And the stick was used frequently. When we were in the work camp, we were supervised by SS women. The SS women for some reason were sometimes more brutal than the SS men. They just enjoyed using . . . beating you, punishing you for the slightest thing, to shave your hair off again so not to look like a human being. The most vivid thing that stays with my mind was the soldiers walking around with their . . . I don't know if it was cane or whatever material it was--just using that all the time . . . and then the dogs.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2088.17,2172.86"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you have any guess or understanding why those SS women were like that?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2176.73,2180.34"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: I've wondered about that [and] why it seems like the relationship of the women toward women could be that [much] more severe . . . perhaps bringing it out in themselves or whatever it was, but I was really surprised. We were really scared of the SS women and the way they were treating us. They would just punish you and beat you. It just seems they got a pleasure out of it. Sometimes the soldiers were just doing it as their job, but also there were so many more. We were in a camp like in Auschwitz-Birkenau where we were, there were 20,000 in this one little area and 800 in our barracks, so we didn't see them all the time. Just as they walked around down the lane and hit you when they didn't like the way you looked or you were standing. You tried to avoid any contact.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2181.9,2251.51"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Are there any other particular memories you have, or something that stuck in your mind all these years, or something that taught you something?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2252.29,2261.09"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: There are so many, I don't know which one to bring forward.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2263.05,2267.82"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Things that you learned about people, about human nature, and how people interact.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2267.82,2275.18"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: During the war, I probably also was a little bit too young. But, after the war, it seems like the war experience teaches you many things. Unfortunately, people don't appreciate things until they don't have it. That's one thing. It's too sad that you have to learn from your experiences to appreciate freedom, to appreciate food, to appreciate comfort, to appreciate what you have. Sometimes just like people don't know how well off they are until they get sick. They get sick [and] say, \"Oh, just to be healthy!\" I feel that the war experience--as bad as it was--I think in some ways, it changes you. You see things as . . . It changes people different ways but it changed me appreciating things. I became more positive. I don't see . . . like, a glass of water is never half empty. It's always half full. I learned not to worry about little things. Like here, my mother-in-law lived with us for 25 years and I don't think we ever had an argument. That's saying a lot with a mother-in-law. If a china cup broke, I just felt, \"Okay, big deal. It's a material thing.\" It can't be devastating. If she burnt the collar on my shirt, it didn't really matter. Slowly, little things like that you learn to appreciate life after what you go through. It's unfortunate you have to go through that to appreciate because sometimes you just don't learn it until something sad happens. I never liked to . . . My children . . . I never wanted to tell them too much unless they asked, of course. I know our youngest daughter was about seven when her teacher sent home a note saying she couldn't read because her hair was in her eyes. That was in the 1970s when it was popular to have your long bangs. I took her to the beauty shop. She kept saying, \"Now, you're not going to cut my bangs, right?\" I said, \"No, we're just going to have your hair cut nicely.\" At the last minute, the beautician did cut her bangs off. She didn't want to walk home with me. She didn't want to hold my hand she was so upset that I cut her hair. I thought, \"Okay, this is a good time to tell her about what happened to my hair when I was seventeen, and was completely shaved, and it grew back.\" Then she held my hand. She was sorry. Slowly, with little things I would tell them what happened during the war. Then she appreciated it. I think the kids all grew to appreciate the freedom that we have in this country--Jewish people especially. The amazing thing to me was when I arrived and you could walk on the street without an ID [identification]. You don't have to show your ID all the time. Just to have the comfort, and the freedom, and the plenty, and to appreciate it, which I do . . . I think the main thing to appreciate by giving back to the community. I'm an ardent believer in you gain so much more when you give of yourself. I'm a volunteer person. At one point, when we lived in Chicago [Illinois], and my children were growing up, and I didn't have to work outside of the home, I was a member of eighteen organizations, and I was on seven boards, and I was just participating. I think that's the salvation: to be able to live with the memory of the Holocaust.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2275.35,2533.61"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was your condition on liberation day? What were you like then?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2540.96,2541.25"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Liberation was very interesting because the American army and the Russian army were approaching this place where we were in Mahrisch Weisswasser, which is the Sudetenland. The Frenchmen that worked with us at the factory came to alert us. The way we found out that we were free is that we woke up in the morning and the gates were open and the alarm didn't go off for us to go to march to work. The Frenchmen came right away and they told us to hide because when the Russian army was passing through. It was dangerous for women to be exposed to them. They took us to a house and helped us--five of us--to stay in this house until the army passed through town. Then we raided whatever was in the house, of course, and all got sick. Then, slowly we started to find our way back to our hometown, to Cluj, by all means of transportation--with horse and buggy, and walking, and trains. It took us many days to get back to our hometown.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2541.27,2622.22"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you remember what your personal reaction was to the reality that you were free now?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2622.64,2630.99"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: We were so happy, but we were also crying because we didn't know . . . We were crying from happiness, and from being scared, and what will happen to us. I mean, what's the next step? We had no idea. The first thing was to find out if anybody survived. From what we heard over the months, the people who were over 40 were considered old, and they were killed, and children were killed. We didn't know what we were going to find. Our only thing was to go back. Every goal was just to reach back our hometown. We had mixed feelings about what we were going to find. We just constantly questioned what we were going to do, what our future will be, and especially what we're going to find.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2630.99,2689.09"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was the scene when you finally got back home?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2689.11,2689.21"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: That was very sad because we thought, \"Well, we've suffered so much, we lived through the war, and here we are liberated, we are coming back, and everybody's going to welcome us with open arms,\" and that's not how it happened. The first person we encountered said, \"You are back? We thought the Germans killed all of you.\" They were not very happy to see us back. Then we went back to our house where we lived. We saw strange people in that. We saw one piece of furniture in it that we recognized. It was one of those old armoires . . . one of those tall things that you put your clothes in. The woman said, \"That's mine. I bought this.\" We knew there was no point. It was just very sad. We were strangers. We knew all the Jewish people in town. There were 20,000. At that time, we thought we were the only ones who came back. Altogether--later I read that about 2,000 people survived from our hometown. When we came back, it was my sisters, Yaffa, Miriam, and I. We didn't know anything about our parents. We found out when we were in a camp in Salzburg [Austria] on our way to Palestine. Somebody approached us and said, \"Did you know your brother survived?\" That's when we found out my brother survived. He weighed 80 pounds and he was 20 years old. He was with my father. He was taken out of Auschwitz-Birkenau when we arrived. The men were separated. He was in five different camps with my father. The very last camp was Dachau, where the American army liberated. They were both laying in the gutter. For my father, it was too late. It was just one week too late. He died from typhus in the gutter. My brother was 80 pounds and they pulled him up and took him to the hospital. Another person who also survived told my brother that the soldiers said, \"This person will live.\" They pulled him up and he survived. We heard that he also [survived]. Eventually, my sister ended up in Israel and my brother, too. That's when we found out--when we were in that transit camp going to Palestine.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2693.42,2858.54"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: And your mother?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2858.55,2859.07"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: My mother probably was killed right away even though she was only in her early 40s. In those days, 40 was very old. [Adolf] Hitler did not save . . . I mean, you looked old. Forty was old, so she was immediately put on the elderly side and I never saw her again. I never saw my father again. My mother [came] from a big family. My father had seven brothers and my mother had six [siblings] in her family. At one time, I counted. Besides my parents, I lost 42 of my immediate family. That's aunts, uncles, cousins, and just immediate [family].  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2859.09,2903.9"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: When you got to the point where you knew who was left alive and who was not, how did you continue from there?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2903.92,2911.19"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: We did not know who was alive and who wasn't. When we got back to our hometown, to Cluj, we did not know who survived. Later, we found out my brother did. We did not [know].  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2912.47,2933.72"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You had two sisters . . .  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2933.74,2934.69"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Yes, two sisters and a brother.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2935.08,2936.43"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How did you decide what to do now?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2937.4,2940.84"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: My older sister, and Miriam, [and I] were always Zionist. We were raised as Zionists. We knew we wanted a Jewish [homeland]. We knew if we had a Jewish [homeland] like everybody else, this wouldn't have happened, so our goal was always go to Palestine. That's what kept us alive in camp, too. We sang songs. We encouraged each other that Messiah doesn't come by itself. You have to pick yourself up and go to Palestine. That was our big encouragement and that was the goal: that we have to seek another homeland. That was the main thing and just find out what was the next step. Joining a youth group and being with other people who also lost everything and everybody . . . We were a group of 42 boys and girls, all ages 15 to 22. Our aim was all to start another life, and go to Palestine, and build a homeland there. Two of the people in our group couldn't cope with their survival and killed themselves, committed suicide. They took an overdose. One young man, he was about 16, [was] a brilliant young boy. He wrote poetry and he did so much with our group. After we were liberated, we went from camp to camp, trying to reach Palestine. We organized among ourselves and studied. We studied about Jewish history and the Hebrew language. We kept encouraging each other to make up for the lost time so we could grow and continue with our learning process. He would write beautiful poetry. I think I still have some things that he wrote in Hungarian. He just couldn't cope with the fact that all his family was lost. Later he found out when we were in Italy. Another girl, who was a very good friend of mine, she also found out she lost her entire family. She was a little bit younger--maybe a couple years younger than myself. She couldn't cope with it either. I have pictures. We were good friends. Some people...  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2943.28,3096.21"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How were they different from you or how were you different from them in reacting to the same thing?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3096.23,3102.01"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: I think like this boy, Tommy, was an only child. I think it was different. I think the circumstances . . . He just couldn't cope with them, with the harshness of the things and the lack of things. I think this girlfriend felt very alone. I think with us it helped because I knew that my older sister and my younger sister . . . We were together, so we had each other. I think that was very important factor. Just like later in life, friendships are so important. To have a healthy frame of mind, you need to occupy yourself, have hobbies, and be busy, but I think relatives . . . If you don't have relatives, you have to form new groups, which are friendships. I think when they lost that, and they didn't have family, and isolated themselves, and got depressed, it grows and pretty soon it doesn't pay to live. [For] myself, being with my two sisters helped at that time. Later, coming to this country and having such a wonderful family . . . [My husband] Harold's family adopted me like their own child. They encouraged me every which way, to study. We lived with my in-laws, Harold's parents, when we first came here. My mother-in-law would always just say, \"Study, study.\" I didn't have to help with the cooking, the dusting, and everything. I just saw how important it was to learn the language now that I was in America. I resisted it for a long time. English was the seventh language I had to learn. I felt, \"I know enough languages. I don't want to learn a new one.\" Harold and I communicated in Hebrew. [I thought,] \"I don't need a new language.\" He was teaching me Hebrew.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3102.03,3232.58"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Could you discuss how you met your husband? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3232.78,3235.6"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Yes. We were going from camp to camp--'displaced persons camps' or 'DP camps' they called them. One of the camps they had was in Salzburg, Austria. Harold was with the American army. He was stationed in Salzburg, Austria. Harold was one of those rare American boys who grew up in Chicago and loved Hebrew. After he was bar mitzvahed, he continued learning a little Hebrew. He asked . . . In Salzburg, he heard that there were Jewish refugees. He wanted to know where because he wanted to go and practice his Hebrew. He came to visit us. We were a group of about 40 or 42 boys and girls living in this barrack, all ages 15 to 22. We sang Hebrew songs and we studied Hebrew. Our end was to build a kibbutz. Harold came and he was impressed because he liked Hebrew and he wanted to use it. He asked me to dance. I was up on a top of a bunk bed and I didn't want to come down and dance. We had this special dance where you had the boy come and ask the girl to come and dance and then the girl asked the boy to dance the Hebrew dancing where you dance in the middle [of a circle]. Finally, after the third time he asked me, I came down to dance. Then, he . . . We couldn't communicate because I couldn't speak Hebrew. I couldn't speak English. But with us, we had refugees who were from Munkacs, Czechoslovakia. They studied English in a class in their private school and they studied Hebrew. I had this friend, Cilly, who sat near me and was my interpreter. Harold would tell Cilly what to tell me and I would tell her, so we dated with an interpreter for the first couple months. Every free time Harold had from the army, he would come visit us. He would just stay, sing together, and share a meal, or something, and just teach me Hebrew. I still have my notebooks. I would write down Hungarian and English with my girlfriend's help how to learn Hebrew. I started pretty soon catching on to Hebrew. It wasn't hard because we were raised with Hebrew in school. We had to learn how to read Hebrew and we had to read the prayers. We could read it and we knew the alphabet, but we couldn't understand what we were doing. When Harold started teaching me, the words I knew already how to write because I knew the Hebrew alphabet and I knew just by coaching me and writing down the meaning of it. I just caught on.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3235.6,3432.24"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What kind of preparation was there in being a Zionist? What did that actually involve?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3433.61,3437.74"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: To be a Zionist, we had . . . My sister was able to join the group they called the Hanoar Hatzioni, the middle [of the] road Zionist youth group. They had regular monthly meetings or [they would meet] more frequently. Usually that meant that you'd study Hebrew and you studied Jewish history. You studied the history of Palestine, and sang songs, and [had] serious discussions usually about Jewish ideals in monthly meetings. [Miriam and I] were too young to go to it, but my sister [Yaffa], being four years older, she went to these Zionist meetings all the time. She would bring the songs home, and she would bring her notebooks home, and we would join, and study. Then when we were travelling as displaced persons in Europe, we had constant lessons. There's one picture of me in Cyprus, where we have a bulletin board. We were studying all the time. We were studying Hebrew, and religion, and Jewish history, and ethics, and you name it. I'm just amazed the things we covered. Years ago, I heard the term of 'sensitivity sessions.' We had that when we were traveling as displaced persons after camp. We would sit around in a circle and somebody would help us get the conversation going, and find out what you like about yourself, and what you didn't, and just criticizing [each other], and end up crying. But it helped us. We studied.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3437.74,3549.31"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: As part of the Zionist training, what was taught to you about what would be waiting for you in Palestine and how that was supposed to happen?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3549.39,3559.68"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Most of the time, it was that it was a kibbutz. When we were in Salzburg, we established, we called ourselves a kibbutz. We wanted to form and build a land. That's when we knew we were going to Palestine and work hard, and establish a kibbutz, and do it together. That was the main aim--just to work the land.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3560.42,3584.02"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: After learning about the history of Palestine, what were the expectations about how much room there might be for all these immigrants in Palestine and what you might expect? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3584.04,3599.05"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: We always knew that Palestine was very small, and it did not have too many people, and there was plenty of room, but it was a place to work hard. Our anticipation [was] that we knew we were going to . . . all these songs that we sang [were] about working the land and establishing a kibbutz, and making it bloom again. I think we envisioned Palestine as being so far away, and having so few people, and just desert. Basically, that's what it was.  My first time arriving in Palestine when I got there in 1946 . . . I left there in 1947. If you look at it now and what was in 1947, it's just beyond belief. You just had these few little houses and white [desert]. I have slides when you'd see two or three cars on the streets in Tel Aviv [Israel]. Can you imagine [only] two or three cars traveling on the street in Tel Aviv?  When we were married, for our honeymoon, we went from our kibbutz, which was north from Haifa [Israel], to Jerusalem [Israel] on a motorcycle. Harold was going commuting from our kibbutz to continue his studies. He came to Palestine on the excuse--the British wouldn't let anybody in--he studied on the GI Bill. That's why they let him in--to study. He commuted on this motorcycle. I rode on the back of this motorcycle from the north of Haifa to Jerusalem. Can you imagine doing that today with the traffic? It's just unbelievable. There's so many people in the country now.  But our vision was desert and very few people, but a holy land and that's where we belonged. We knew not everybody was going to come to Palestine and everybody does not have to come to Palestine, just so we have a place that we can call a home. That would change the whole . . .  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3599.05,3733.68"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did the two of you have to make a decision about whether to go to America or Palestine?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3733.68,3738.02"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: No. When I met Harold, the group--the 42 of us that were together the whole time . . . everybody wanted to go to Palestine. I wanted to go to Palestine, too. When I met Harold in Salzburg and he had to leave in March 1946 to be discharged from the army, and go back to Chicago, I had to make the decision I would not go with him. I wanted to continue with my group to Palestine and establish a kibbutz. Harold promised to come to Palestine, and join our group, and establish a kibbutz, so we said goodbye. [We] felt if this was the real thing, it will last. We corresponded. It was eighteen months from the time we met until we were able to get married in March 1947. Finally we got married in Palestine. Along the way, we had many doubts whether . . . If Harold's not coming to Palestine, I don't think I would want to go.  The group I was with, everybody just wanted to go to Palestine. Nobody wanted an alternative, to [go to] America. Later on, there were a lot of people who did have that choice, but this was soon after the war. We went to Palestine when the British stopped letting the people in, and caught the ship, and sent them to Cyprus. The whole atmosphere was that's where you wanted to go to start to build a [homeland].  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3738.02,3840.65"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was your opinion by that point of the type of Judaism your father had taught you as a young person? You made a distinction between that and Zionism.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3840.66,3853.77"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Yes, because he was [not] a Zionist. We felt many times if he had been a Zionist, who knows how things would have worked out, because my sister had permission in 1939 . . . Being an active participant in the youth movement, she had a certificate to go to Palestine. My father wouldn't let her. She was underage and he wouldn't give her permission. My father was . . . We thought my father was just very religious, and this was his belief, and we had to follow it, and we just did it. We suffered because of it. We lost a lot of family. Things would have changed because of it because there was a time in the late 1930s people could leave. My sister's friends that were together in this youth group, many of them went in 1938 and 1939. They are in Israel. They are in a kibbutz and still live there. I visited them. They came with the group. My sister was so upset when my father wouldn't let her, she ran away from home and came back. I remember she wrote a poem in Hungarian about 'the big black train came and took away my friends,' meaning the train was like the 'black ghost that stole my friends.' It was very heartbreaking. She couldn't adjust that her friends all left and she had to stay behind. What kept her encouraged was belonging to the movement.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3853.77,3964.8"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Can you talk about what the attitude of the local Israelis and the people who had gotten there before the war towards the new immigrants and survivors?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3964.8,3983.67"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: When we got there, it was Palestine. It was a very big joy every time another group came in to Palestine. They would come and wait near the port and try and greet people. At that time, the important things was to look on the list to see who came in because so many people perished during the war, so they wanted to see if any of their relatives survived. It was a very big joy and happy event to see another group coming in. Harold was studying at the Technion at that time on the GI Bill. He would check the list--they had lists posted all the time--to see if I came in from Cyprus. Our ship was caught just like the Exodus story. We were going to Palestine and the ship was caught by the British. We were captured and forced off the ship and made to go on another ship. They sent us to Cyprus. From Cyprus . . . A lot of people didn't know who went to Cyprus because we were just the third ship. At that time, people were coming in regularly, but ours was the third ship caught and sent to Cyprus, so when we came in, Harold didn't know.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3983.67,4070.03"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Harold got there before you did?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4070.05,4073.96"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Harold got there and he started studying at the Technion. He kept checking the list. We lost contact. I sent letters to Chicago. Then the British Rabbinate, the Red Cross, and different organizations were looking for me, to try and find where I was. I still have the documents in my folder. Harold would check the lists because he knew that I'd be coming out of Cyprus soon. That day, he had tests at the Technion and he didn't check the list. I arrived and I didn't know how I was going to get in touch with him. They had these buses. Oddly, they made it into a tourist site. We went back just recently and took pictures exactly the way it happened. They had these buses that were coming in and bringing us to Atlit, the little city where the British put us up as prisoners for a month. I leaned over the window of the bus. I wrote on a little piece of paper in Hebrew, \"I have arrived. Ani higayi.\" I asked this little girl who was about 12 years old and with her parents to bring it to the Technion because my fiancé was at the Technion. She did and that's how Harold found out that I am in Atlit. He came to visit me and the British won't let you in, so our first visit was through barbed wire. I have pictures because we went back and they made this into a tourist site now. I put my hand through the barbed wire. The British [soldier] is standing guard there on his vehicle and watching. We held hands through the barbed wire the first time we saw each other. I scratched my hand and didn't even know. We were talking and the British said, \"Ten minutes,\" and time was up. I was in this camp for a month and another camp finally in our own headquarters. That was our very first meeting after not seeing each other. We were corresponding for many months. I would write letters in Hebrew and Harold would write back. He told me where his address was going to be. With this interpreter, the first two or three letters [were written] in her handwriting. Then I had to confess that this was not my own handwriting. Then I learned to write properly. I have all this stack of letters. Then we lost contact with each other. After Harold was shipped back to Chicago, I was going from Salzburg to Innsbruck in Austria and Italy. I sent him two postcards. I was eighteen years old and so naïve. I put on them that \"I'm here,\" and my name, and the name of the city, but I didn't put down an address, so Harold got these postcards and he couldn't write to me. This happened two or three times. I didn't hear from him, so I said to my group, \"Okay. I'm going to give him up. This was a wartime romance and was nice. I'm just going to have to forget about him.\" The group that I was with said, \"No, you can't do that because he wasn't that kind of person. He said he's going to come and meet you in Palestine. He will write to you. Give one more try.\" One more try was we collected pennies from each person--enough to send a telegram. I still have this little piece of paper with 16 names on it. We went to the post office to send the telegram. When you sent a telegram in those days, you couldn't do it without putting down your address. Then I got a telegram back from Harold saying, \"Now I have your address. I can write to you.\" That's how we reestablished contact. If not for my group telling me that, \"You've got to try one more time,\" I probably would not have tried. That's a little insight. That's when Harold and I were . . . come to visit to our camp. He used to bring me cans of tuna and bars of soap that he would collect from his buddies, from the other soldiers. That was a big thing for us after the war. Then he brought me this little French handkerchief. Then when he was being shipped back to the United States, he came and brought me these three yards of parachute fabric. He told me to save it. He took off his Magen David [star of David] necklace, which was his necklace from the time he was bar mitzvahed. He gave me the necklace and he gave me the fabric. He said, \"Save this for your wedding.\" That's how I found out that I was engaged sort of. So I had this fabric. Then when we went from Salzburg to Brivio, Italy. When we were finally able to get a ship, we weren't allowed to carry anything. This ship was a fisherman's vessel. It held 80 fishermen and was converted to hold 800 refugees. We had five tiers of bunk beds. We weren't allowed to carry anything but personal belongings like pictures or letters. I couldn't see myself leaving this fabric that I got from Harold, so I took it and basted [loosely stitched] it onto the lining of my coat because you were allowed to take a coat. I smuggled that into Cyprus like that and then from Cyprus to Palestine. Then in March when we got married, I made this dress by hand with one of the girlfriends. That's the dress that I have now on display at the [William Breman Jewish Heritage] museum, [made from] the parachute fabric Harold gave me. It was 18 months from the time . . . We were corresponding and reestablished contact. We met in October after the war in 1945 and we were married in March 1947. That's a long time.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4073.98,4466.05"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did you have any concerns about marrying an American instead of a Romanian or fellow European?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4466.89,4472.6"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: People were all . . . They all adored Harold and saw what a wonderful guy he was. They all felt very happy I met somebody as nice. They were all sorry to see me leave. They drew pictures and postcards when I left [saying] that, \"This romance is going to end up across the ocean. He's going to pull her across the ocean.\" They were all very happy because they knew what a nice guy he was. It was mostly because of that. There are some romances that didn't end up nicely, didn't end up with a happy ending like ours did. They were sorry to see me leaving, but I was just happy I was going to be with Harold. I was sorry to leave the country too, but we thought we were just going to leave for a short time. Then the short time . . . Harold went back to school and became a lawyer, and studying, and then the children came. We had three children. We kind of postponed it and postponed it. The main reason . . . Harold wanted to go back. He would have liked to go back no matter what conditions, but I was the one that held out because I couldn't decide to go back to a war situation because surviving a war and everything . . . I just felt that if I have a choice, I can't make this decision that easily to go back when Israel is at war. The conditions in Israel were so bad. When we were living there, bombs were going off and curfew from the British . . . It just [was] a war situation. Of course, we still have a war situation, but in those days right after the war, I couldn't decide to go back on my own free will, to go back to that kind of war situation. That was the main reason that we didn't go back, but we go back to visit. We have a lot of family there.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4472.6,4596.65"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What brought about the decision to come to America?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4596.67,4598.48"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: That was a kind of impromptu, quick decision. What happened was Harold's parents could not come to our wedding. We were married in March. The British wouldn't let people in yet. In June--when the situation was a little bit better--in 1947, Harold's mother, father, and sister--he has one sister--came to visit us. His sister . . . One day, she was suggesting, \"Gee, why don't you come back? It's so bad here with bombs going off and the unsettled situation. Why don't you come back to Chicago, finish school, and then come back?\" Harold kind of . . . We decided on the spur of the moment we would go back. His parents came back on their own and then Eileen, his sister, waited. We came back together. It was like a spur of the moment decision. [We agreed,] \"Let's come back and finish your education and then go back.\" We came back in October 1947. That was one month before the United Nations voted on the Partition of Palestine. That happened in November. Then in April, Israel gained its independence and the war broke out. I have several friends from my group who died in the Independence War. My brother fought in that group too and he was injured. It just was a most wonderful, overwhelming happy thing that could happen. To finally get a country was like a dream come true. We have very close contacts . . .  The interesting thing was [Harold's] sister fell in love with Palestine and then Israel. She lived there and I live here. [She is an] American girl [who] went to the University of Chicago. She didn't become a Zionist until she was in her college years. She joined [unidentifiable organization sounds like \"ISFA\"]. She just loved the country. She decided to go back. She lives there in a kibbutz, has three children, married. We go back there to visit a lot.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4598.5,4742.28"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was your attitude about having children after the war?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4743.67,4747.51"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: When Harold and I met, we thought we were going to have eighteen children. I wanted a big family. I just wanted to. I felt like I personally had to make up and replenish the loss in our family. I still sometimes feel I have to live for . . . Sometimes people say, \"Are you sure there's only one Penny?\" because I'm so active. I do so many things with hobbies, and organizations, and volunteering, and all that. I kind of feel like we have to make up for what we lost. I wanted a big family. Of course, with each one, we narrowed it down and wound up with three, but I still wish we had more. I feel families are just wonderful. We just have three children and only have three grandchildren. I wanted a family right away. We waited three years because there was the circumstances, but I think most survivors feel very strong feelings about starting a family and replenishing the loss in as much as we can.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4747.9,4812.33"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What other plans and goals did you have for yourself along with having a family?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4813.23,4819.79"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: One of the main things I was concerned about was to be a well-adjusted, happy person and to learn the language, to live in this country. When I first came here, I saw so many of my fellow survivors who really were wallowing in pity. There was so much hate and so much sadness. I always felt that they were like living victims of the war. They survived but their spirit was gone. I felt that I don't want this to happen to me. I couldn't really put it into words what I wanted until one day I was studying. I was studying English at every opportunity. I took the Americanization classes. I took high school correspondence classes. I studied when I was stirring the pudding on the stove, my vocabulary. I studied when I was riding the subway in Chicago to go to work. One day, I came across the word 'equilibrium' and then when I saw the translation [or] interpretation of what it meant, to have equal balance of powers and mental balance, two forces that act toward each other. I thought, \"Oh, that's what I have to live my life like--in equilibrium.\" I don't want to be sad or to feel the loss of what happened in the war. I want to remember it so other people, it won't happen again. I want to remember the words of [George] Santayana that said, 'Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it.' But I also at the same time I want to live each day to the fullest, and be happy, and not to hate, to forget--not to forget to a point of what happened, but to forget what happened to me--and not to hate, because hate I felt was the most powerful force that can change a person. First you start hating little things and it grows. Just like Hitler started hating himself because he couldn't paint the way he wanted to and it built. I always felt you don't hate people, you don't hate a person, you hate a system and you try to make better of that system. You have to improve it. That's why I've been so active, including in politics.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4820.42,4985.31"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you remember any conversations with survivors in those early years and how the two of you would sort it out together?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4985.32,4992.99"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Yes. I remember I met . . . This was the first place in Chicago. I remember I met and know several who survived and our conversations that in every place we went or what we saw was just, \"I can't stand this,\" and, \"I just hate this,\" and just couldn't forgive the whole world--what happened, why did it happen, and why to them. Every minute was just holding so much against everybody being at fault for what happened. That's not how life is. I mean, a lot of people were at fault but you just can't . . . You have to turn a corner and say to yourself, \"I'm going to live and I'm not going to continue this way.\"  I know my sister in Israel, she still can't forget. She talks about [it] and she has so much hate or against what happened that she cannot forget, she cannot forgive, she cannot go on with her life the way I can. She cannot disconnect herself from it.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4992.99,5078.58"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Is this the one who was with you?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5078.6,5078.94"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Yes, with me. My younger sister didn't talk about her experience over years and years. I felt what really helped me was when I came to this country and people were interested. I don't go and say, \"Hey, I'm a Holocaust survivor,\" but if the conversation happens to turn such a way, I did it. I bowled for thirty-eight years with mostly non-Jewish people and I would be with them for almost two years before they realized. When the situation calls for it, I would mention it. You just have to. You cannot live with the Holocaust memory in your mind and be happy. You have to kind of disconnect it, go on with your life, and then bring it back when it's necessary. When I speak to the groups, I try to limit it. I used to do like 24 a year to various organizations and students. Then I found that was too much because the night before and the night after, I would just think about it and you start bringing back all these things--\"Why,\" and \"It could have been different\"--and it just gnaws at you and makes you feel terrible. You have to kind of set it aside and the only way to do it is by keeping busy. I found just giving of yourself, volunteering, and keeping busy. In addition to belonging to all these organizations, I learned arts and crafts in every medium and gardening, which I find very relaxing and [allows you to] disconnect yourself. Being with nature, that helps me. Also, gardening makes you tired. When you're tired, you can sleep better. Sometimes certain books or movies will remind you and you just can't sleep. By physically getting tired, like [through] exercise, and gardening, and being active, and belonging to book clubs, and just expanding your mind.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5078.96,5213.75"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: All three sisters turned out differently. You were all three from the same family and the same camp experience, yet you each had your own way of reacting to it.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5213.77,5227.82"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Yes. It's just amazing because being brought up in the same family and experiencing the same camps--six months in Auschwitz-Birkenau, six months in Mahrisch Weisswasser, which was in the Sudetenland--we all have different outlooks on life. We just reacted differently to things. By reading . . . I was fortunate that I had the time when I came to this country. I read a lot of books that helped me--psychology and history, and later about how to raise children. I was so engrossed in improving my mind, and growing spiritually, and intellectually, and physically. With my arts and crafts, and winning awards, and these different things, I think I developed a different, more positive and happy attitude to life. I tried to be my best at whatever I was doing. I won awards over the years in all the things that I tackled. I took creative writing courses and I won . . . had 12,000 entries and I came in fourth. I did gardening and the mayor in Chicago gave me an award for my pretty accomplishments in gardening. For cooking, I was written up several times. I just tried to excel and do things and not dwell on the past that stunted me.  My education was stopped. I was trying to educate myself. Instead of going the format other people took. I think just continually learn new things and that's what challenges the mind and the body, that makes you . . .  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5227.82,5351.77"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You shard with us about your daughter who was upset about the haircut and you brought in your experience. What other types of things happened over the years where your war experience comes into it and teaches something?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5351.79,5365.12"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: I used to cross the street when I'd see a dog. I used to cross the street because I was scared. My association with dogs was the German soldiers.  I couldn't tolerate anything that's striped because they reminded me of the uniforms. To this day, I don't like to buy too much striped. It kind of gives me the shivers when I see people wearing too much of the stripes like the camp people did. I cannot buy anything that's [striped]. I don't hate. I don't hold people at fault. I don't hold the present generation . . . One of my friends is a woman from Germany. She was born in Berlin, came here as a teenager . . . Anything that's made in Germany . . . No matter how cheap because I don't know where it comes from and I don't know who was involved in this. When we toured in Vienna . . . We had to be in Vienna once. I couldn't wait to leave it because when I looked at [any] person, I thought, \"Where were you during the war? You could have been my overseer. You could have been the person that incarcerated us.\" I just cannot go there and I don't buy any product, no matter how cheap. I feel that personally I cannot do it. I don't mind if the world does it and other people do it. Personally, that just kind of stayed with me.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5366.58,5463.22"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: If you were to meet one of those SS guards, what would you say or what would you do?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5463.23,5468.09"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: If I saw one? I had the opportunity when our camp was . . . when we found out that we were free. The way we found out [was that] the gates were left open and the alarm didn't go off in the morning. I got up. I used to get up very early and walk out. I saw the sun was already up and nobody woke us. I walked to the gate and I saw it was open, so I came back and screamed to the camp, to all the women, \"Hey, I think the war ended!\" We came out and we found all the SS women was gone except this one woman. This one woman was always drunk. They dragged her out. She had a dog. The dog was gone. My fellow prisoners, inmates, dragged her out [and] tore her to pieces. I saw them killing her. I started to approach and then I backed off. I said, \"No.\" I remembered the teachings. It said, \"Thou shall not kill.\" I remembered so strongly that this did not involve my life. I'm not defending my life and that's why I would kill somebody. We are free now. This is revenge and I will not participate. My [fellow prisoners] tore her literally to pieces, and killed her, and I did not participate. I think it was because of my upbringing--Thou shall not kill--and what was impressed upon me when I was a child. You don't kill for revenge. You protect your life if it's in danger, but . . . so I did not participate. I don't want to look at . . . When I see a German soldier in a movie or any place--like, I saw Schindler's List--it's just very hard, but I do look at [it]. People ask me questions about the movie, so I want to be informed. It's very hard because [of] certain words. You hear, \"Achtung\" [German], attention . . . It just gives you the chills even this many years later.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5468.09,5614.79"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Have you been back to Cluj?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5615.88,5617.65"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Yes, we went back in 1976 with two of our children.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5617.65,5622.06"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was it like to walk those streets?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5622.08,5622.42"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: It was very hard especially everything was torn down. They made it into an open market. I kept looking for the synagogue and the . . . Nothing was there. The only thing that was still there [was] our brother-in-law's house was there. We walked there. The botanical gardens were still there and all the churches. It's a very beautiful city--Cluj. They take you on the tours now because it's [got] the Carpathian Mountains in the background. It has a lot of things from the eighteenth century there, cathedrals, the botanical gardens, the mountains . . . All those things were there but nothing Jewish, nothing of our past. It was very sad and people didn't want to speak to us. It was very sad.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5622.44,5679.6"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you suppose you raised your kids any differently than a woman who didn't go through the war like that? Did it make you different in any particular way?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5679.62,5680.8"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: I don't know if it made me different, but I was very determined that they will know their background but not dwell on it to the point where it would create a problem later in their life. I was very glad that I instilled enough of the background of what we went through, and the Jewishness, and kept our religion, and kept an involved Jewish home, with Jewish education, and Hebrew school, and bar mitvahs, and all that. Yet they don't have--like some second-generation Holocaust survivors--some problem going on with life, dealing with the guilt or not having had their grandparents and things like that. I was very glad our children don't show that. As a matter of fact, our daughter is an actress and an artist. She was in a play a few years ago, The Diary of Anne Frank. She wrote a beautiful--in the blurb that they tell you about the actress--how proud she was that she learned from her mother not to hate. That was a beautiful inscription in the program that was from knowing the background and the past. She really didn't get the full meaning of the Holocaust until she was in this play in her adult life just a few years ago.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5680.82,5795.15"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What qualities in you do you think have stayed constant in your life before, during, and after the war?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5797.2,5805.13"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: What qualities?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5807.16,5808.2"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What part of you do you still have that was there when you were a girl?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5808.22,5812.94"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: I think the love of reading. I think that the constant search for the meaning of life and the love of reading, and being a full, integrated person. Whatever I did, I wanted to do right. I had the curiosity of learning new things. I had this aunt who, whenever I expressed an interest . . . I wanted to learn how to knit. She would show me how. This aunt who was with us in Auschwitz-Birkenau. I wanted to . . . I didn't have a sweater. She would make me one. I wanted to learn how to cook and she was a big influence. I think that stayed with me. The love of wanting to make a nice home, do everything right, and be a full time housewife but a liberated one that enjoys what I'm doing and wants to grow with it. I never found just raising my three children . . . I didn't work outside the home. It was so much challenge. I took every imaginable class when my children were growing up and at school, besides being active in organizations. I think what really helped with my survival was that I was taking one course after another, from creative writing to ceramics to cooking to sewing. I took beginners, intermediate [and] advanced in tailoring and sewing and made about 18 things and decided, \"It's more fun going to the store and shopping, and trying things on, and buying.\" If you look through my house here, all the needlepoints, and all the artifacts, and some of the paintings were done by me. I think that was instilled as a child. I was the middle child. We had four children [in my family] and I was the middle girl. I think I was always stuck with all the work. My older sister was out of the house and she was going some place. My younger sister was too young. I was always the one that had to help with peeling the potatoes, and shelling the beans, and all that. I learned more about house chores like that, and cooking, and being domesticated, and I'm glad I did. I had a choice of doing both worlds. I worked until my children were born and I learned bookkeeping.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5812.96,5972.36"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Over the years, did you notice any difference between women and men survivors in terms of how they dealt with it or do you think everybody is different?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5972.37,5984.2"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: I think the men are maybe more closed mouth about it. They don't talk about it as much. They seem to clam up more. I think women are more . . .  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5984.22,5997.13"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was your brother like that? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5997.13,5999.52"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: No, my brother talks about it a lot. He told me the stories. He was in five camps and some of the stories are just unbelievable and heartbreaking.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5999.54,6010.3"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Since you have done a lot of interviews and speeches over the years, are there any things you haven't already mentioned--any experiences, insights, or anything?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6012.3,6026.19"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Some days when I read something, it triggers something and I'll think, \"Gee, I haven't thought about or spoken about this for a long time, or ever.\" Off the cuff, I'm trying to think . . . Thoughts like that occur all the time, especially during reading or when you get together with other people and you start talking and you haven't thought about that for a long time.  I tell you, the mind is very tricky and interesting. You can erase things from your mind that you want to. For instance, I grew up with Romanian until the sixth grade. Then the Hungarians came over. Over night, we had to switch from Romanian to Hungarian. It was not a problem because we were tri-lingual all the time, but overnight we switched from Romanian. I grew up with Romanian. When I came to this country, I said, \"Okay.\" I was taking books from the library in Romanian. I was continuing in Hungarian. I was studying English. I said, \"Okay. There are too many languages. I'm going to erase the ones I don't need.\" I erased Romanian from my mind. Can you believe it? I grew up with it. I go to Israel and my sister talks Romanian and starts signing songs. It's completely . . . I recognize it but it's like completely erased it from my mind. I don't use that. You can completely erase or forget about. That's what the mind does with so many things that you don't want to remember and never heard since you were in camp. Then you read about it and it triggers your memory again.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6026.42,6129.99"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What do you do when something triggers a memory?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6130.01,6130.39"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: Then you have to fight have to push it in the background again, so it won't interfere with your life, so you can go on. Otherwise, you just . . .  When we were first married, Harold used to wake me up. I used to have the nightmares. I would constantly have nightmares of fires. That's because I saw the smoke and the fires in Auschwitz-Birkenau. He would shake me, wake me up. I would have constant nightmares about that, nightmares about being arrested, being rounded up, and starving, and people around you dying, and all the scenes that you see near the fences, and the German SS soldiers. I still visualize . . . I thought it was [Josef] Mengle that, when we Hungarians arrived . . . That image is so clear in my mind--the uniform with the black boots and the cane, and the way this way and that way pushing people, so you just . . . The only way to get rid of it is to play Mahjong, or go cook, or go with your children, read a good book, or garden, or do a needlepoint. I found that the most relaxing things that a person can . . . just keeping your hands busy with needlepointing or knitting just does something relaxing to the inside of your body. A lot of my friends, including my sister, do not do that. I found that so many survivors who do not have enough hobbies and do not have enough interests, seem to carry their burdens every day so much more than I do. I have a pretty positive attitude. When we did the taping for the Spielberg thing, my children and my son-in-law, they all spoke and that's what impressed them--that I don't feel that terrible burden every minute and [have a] positive attitude. That's a salvation.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6130.41,6278.54"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: To put some of these big themes together . . . Zionism was a big part of your life. I'm wondering what your outlook is. Not to get too much into politics, but looking at the Israeli situation now with your background both as a Zionist and the Holocaust experience, what is your opinion about it? What does it do to you to follow the situation there?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6279.17,6305.52"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: I firmly believe that Israel has to exist. It's the only place that we can call our own. I'm not clear how much Israel we need. As far as dividing the county, I just feel that's so . . . I had written some articles and sent to publishers and they were published in Houston and Chicago. I felt that at one time that the Arabs have 13 or 23 countries. Just let Israel have one tiny little . . . I feel very firmly about that--that Israel should exist, no matter how small, and gather all the people from the corners of the world that want to be there. As far as dividing the country and what size, I'm not free to say because I don't live there. I don't have the right to say it really because I don't live there. We visited in Israel 13 times since 1946. I saw the change and the amazing things that the country did. I don't think there's another place in the world that accomplished that much in fifty-some years. It's so unlike any country. We've travelled all over the world and been so many places, but Israel . . . To have the topography, to have in one small area the mountains and the desert and the sea . . . You have to travel in this country for days before you reach that kind of topography again. It's just so special. I just wish we could have peace there. That's my biggest fear.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6305.52,6419.13"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What lessons could be applied from World War II to the Mideast? What should people learn?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6419.14,6428.23"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: I think that, like any lesson from war, just try not have armies. As soon as you put a gun in a person's hand, their personality changes. I found that to be when we arrived in Cyprus. It was the end of the war and the British were the overseers. The conditions in Cyprus was the same as in Auschwitz-Birkenau, except they did not have gas chambers and crematories. The British were . . . That was the biggest disappointment. With the guns in their hands, they were just as mean, as cruel. They were forcing us off with hoses. The conditions were unbelievable. We had nothing. We slept on boards. We just had blankets. We made bras from handkerchiefs. We made makeshift ovens from cans. We didn't have utensils. The food was just as bad. I mean, we did not have food. We lived in the conditions in Cyprus . . . The British were behaving just like another soldier with the gun. We had to ration water. I got sick in Cyprus from lack of food. I had the vitamin deficiency problem. Nurses from Palestine, from the Hadassah hospital came to help out the refugees at camp. I feel that the minute you put a gun in a person's hand, the personality changes. They just become different and there's war. I think it's . . . Just have to figure out how to get along with each other, which is not easy.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6428.25,6542.86"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You know that common line that it should never happen again? What types of things need to change . . .  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6543.49,6553.07"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: So it will never happen [again]? One of the first things that changed so that it will never happen again is that we are a people and we have a voice. If somebody does something bad to you, at least you have a government to speak up. That's what we did not have. It doesn't mean that everybody has to go to Israel--there wouldn't be room for everybody--just so that you also have a gun, and you have a government that can fight for your rights, and for your freedom. It's a balance among the countries.  I think that will never happen again because we have a voice, but I'm not that 100% sure it could never happen again. I mean, we saw signs, slow things happening throughout the world with Bosnia and things like that happen all the time. We just have to be alert and stop it when it starts. We have to educate our youth, our children and their future because if you forget the past, you will repeat what happened. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6553.07,6628.66"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Should Jewish people or Jewish leaders do things differently or understand things differently? Should Jews learn something from that?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6628.66,6638.57"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: I'm sure they learned something. I think they are passing it on to future generations to watch out for freedom, to watch out for . . . especially the laws, and the small little things that are passed everyday, and changes that occur--you can't do this and you can't do that--to watch small things build up and become the law of the land. I think we all should be active in politics, and try and get the best leader, and pass the laws in ways that we think are fit, and watch what's going on. I've always felt very strongly about it. In my younger days, I belonged to the League of Women Voters. I couldn't see one election time not voting, even though my family would not take it that seriously. I just followed the elections. I tried to find the best person, and vote for the best things, and express my patriotism through voting. I think that's one thing everybody should watch out for--what the leaders that are going to be elected stand for and if it's what you stand for and if it's . . . I don't feel it should just go by if it's good for the Jewish people, you vote for it. I don't feel that way. I think it has to be good for the country and for the world. To have compassion and to have all the good things you desire, and the best person. If there are two bad people running, vote for the best. It could happen in this country. Look at the character of [Joseph] McCarthy in the McCarthy era. He was such a charismatic person. He could sway people and say, \"This is Communism.\" When I'd listen to him, I'd say, \"Gee, this sounds just like during the Hitler era.\" Pretty soon, he found everybody [was] bad and we were beginning to believe him.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6638.59,6773.25"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: As we close, is there anything you'd like to say to your siblings if they should ever see this? Is there any message you would like to pass on to your sisters and brother?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6775.72,6790.57"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: [For] my children, I hope they never have to go through what we went through. I hope they keep alert, and learn from the past, and keep it alive for the future so that . . . I just want them to learn about it at whatever stage they are ready for it, because I feel that if you don't know it and you don't know history, it's going to repeat itself. I feel that sometimes my children don't want to go back into history that much, but it's good to study history and to keep the memory of the Holocaust alive to pass it on from generation to generation, and to be happy, not to have the past interfere to a point that they can't be a full, complete, and happy person.  Sometimes, the children of survivors don't have the family, don't have the grandparents to relate to. They feel this void and sometimes they can never forget that. I could see it with some of my friends' children. I can see it. I just found so much replacement for it with having a close circle of friends.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6790.57,6891.35"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How satisfied do you suppose your mother and father would be with you, with what you've done with the rest of your life?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6893.48,6899.35"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: They probably would have liked to have seen me more religious, very Orthodox, to keep a kosher home, from A to Z, to abide by all 630 commandments, I'm sure. But I think there would be some certain things they would be proud of. I think my mother would be proud that I learned so much about cleaning house, being domesticated, being able to cook, and bake, and pass it on to my children, and observing the holidays. We observed the holidays with the proper atmosphere, with the decorating for Sukkot and Passover. Our Passover meal lasts from eight until midnight. We read Hebrew and we sing all the songs. All the holidays are celebrated. I think they would be proud of that. I think they probably would overall be satisfied. They probably would like to have more grandchildren [and] great-grandchildren. I can't help that, I guess. That's one thing I regret. I would have loved to have a house full of grandchildren because grandchildren are the most fun thing in life. You love them and leave them. It's a bigger pleasure than with your own children when you have all the trials and tribulations with them, raising them, and saying, \"No.\"  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6902.57,6998.19"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: It is fun without the work?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6998.33,6999.26"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: No, it's work. Our granddaughter now comes over from to . I have to keep her amused so we cook, and bake, and teach her, and garden, and do all this. It's work. She's so bright. Then when they come to pick her up at , it's \"I love you, but I'm glad you're leaving.\" I don't have the responsibility after that. It's just the most wonderful feeling in life to have grandchildren. We lived in Houston [Texas], so our daughter and all three children lived here. When our grandsons were growing up, we just saw them like two times a year. Then we moved. Mathew and Robert, they're around 19 and 22 now. We saw them every few months or twice a year. It's a different feeling watching them grow. This little one is six. We saw from the time she was two.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6999.28,7058.78"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: One last question before the tape runs out: How can you convey the reality of the injustice, and the horror, and all that to a child and still have the child feel that life is oaky? How do you put the two together?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=7058.8,7076.97"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: It's very hard, but that's life. You go through many things. People are cruel and brutal. I had a magnet that said, \"If life gives you lemons, you make lemonade.\" I just feel that you're always going to encounter it. You just have to try and overcome it and make it better just where you can.  If I try to think about what happened, I myself cannot believe it, that it happened, that people so educated could play the music and then kill you with one hand and listen to the music. I myself can't believe all the horrors, what happened, and what we went through. But the human being is so strong and such unimaginable power that overcomes you when the need is there, that gives you extra strength that you can live again--strength that you never thought you had. I didn't think how I could . . . I can't imagine that I could be without food and water, and no clothing, and be cold, and stand in line, and freezing, and still how I survived it. I think it's just the human spirit rises to the moment and this happened many times. I think that's the only way to explain. Just keep hope that the human being is good and things will work out. Just snap out of it because depression doesn't help you.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=7076.99,7194.7"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you have anything else to add? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=7196.01,7196.94"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BOWMAN: I'm sure it's long enough and you're going to condense it.S","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=7196.94,7204.65"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/89065/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/089/065/original/Bowman_Penina_aligned.vtt?1769461050","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/089/065/original/Bowman_Penina_aligned.vtt?1769461050"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Bowman_Penina [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKENT:\u003c/strong\u003e Today is July 31, 2000. We are in Atlanta, Georgia, interviewing Mrs. Penina Bowman. Could you start with your original name and spell it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=0.0,17.25"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBOWMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e BOWMAN: My name was Pszy, P-S-Z-Y, Weisz, W-E-I-S-Z. I actually had many first names. The government changed from Hungary to Romania, and I had a Yiddish name, and now it's Penina. My mother-in-law wrote me it's too hard to pronounce Penina\nso they would name me Penny. Everybody knows me as Penny, but it was Penina. My last name was Weisz before the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=17.25,41.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKENT:\u003c/strong\u003e KENT: When were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=41.0,46.58824"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBOWMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e BOWMAN: I was born in Cluj, Romania in a region called Transylvania on April 19, 1927. That makes me 73.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=46.58824,55.27059"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKENT:\u003c/strong\u003e KENT: You have done several interviews like this over the years and given lots of speeches, so you have gone through your story a number of times. What I would like to do in this interview is get into angles or so on that you have not already talked about so this becomes something more for you than another review. As we go through this, if you could think about what somebody has not asked you\nbefore. What have you realized over the years that maybe you did not before? Could we start with your life before the war? What did the world look like to you as a young person?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=55.27059,101.18331"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBOWMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e BOWMAN: Before the war, I always like to compare our lifestyle to the movie Fiddler On the Roof because we led a very extremely religious life. My father was extreme Orthodox. We girls were not allowed to wear short sleeves. We had to wear long stockings. We were not allowed to date. We were not allowed to carry anything on Shabbat [and] not allowed to use money. Because my father was in charge of the ritual bathhouse in this city, we had to be an even better example and make sure we didn't violate anything. My father really felt that he wanted to abide by all six hundred and thirty-some commandments. We children cheated sometimes. We would roll up our sleeves and roll down our stockings so that we would look a little more modern. We observed the holidays very extreme and\nclosely to the word. Passover and all the holidays . . . Sukkot, with building the . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=101.18331,139.26915"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKENT:\u003c/strong\u003e KENT: What was your understanding of all the religious rules? What did it mean to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=139.26915,160.22644"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBOWMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e BOWMAN: As children, we enjoyed it because we had the rituals. We'd start helping with preparing the meals for it. Sometimes we rebelled because it was too much. I found out later in life I really appreciated being brought up that religious because now I have the choice. I can be either religious or not religious. I changed many things. I was extreme religious before the war. Among my two sisters and brother, my brother [Mordecai] is very religious, but I was more religious than my younger sister [Miriam] and my older sister [Yaffa]. I found that I had to adjust when I came to this country. I didn't want to lose the background that I was brought up [in]. I just picked whatever I could do. I thought it was not that important to observe all or nothing. To me, it was important that I do as much as I can. We raised our children very . . . with nice Jewish backgrounds, Jewish education. We observed the holidays and the rituals but not . . . I gave up being kosher because I felt that was not the most important thing that would identify me as being a Jew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=160.22644,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I changed many\nthings but we still have a very religious household. I think because of my\nbackground, it helped us survive in the camps. I didn't want to eat the food\nbecause it wasn't kosher and actually almost killed myself because, if not for\nbeing there with my two sisters and an aunt . . . She said it was a bigger sin\nto commit suicide than . . . I didn't want to eat because it wasn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kosher. They\npushed the food in my mouth. Since my mouth was not kosher anymore, I felt,\n\"Okay, I will eat now.\" But I think it helped us in a way of praying and\nthinking, \"There's something higher than ourselves,\" that we will be helped,\nthat G-d will help us. We used prayers for lightning and thunder when we were\nscared. We observed the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holidays. For Yom Kippur, we did not eat the piece of\nbread in Auschwitz-Birkenau all day. We saved it for the end. I think by just\nhaving something stronger to believe in helped us with our survival. A lot of\npeople just gave up fast. We just prayed and supported each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In disguise,\nwe were Zionists. My father wouldn't let us. He was so extreme in his belief\nthat the Messiah will come; he wouldn't let us sign up to go to Palestine. We\nhad to wait for it. He was so strict with us in that matter that my sister would\nsneak out from her bed. We would prop up a pillow and blanket and pretend she\nwas sleeping. She went out through the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"window to go to a Zionist youth\norganization meeting. My father wouldn't let us read certain books. As children,\nwe all were avid readers. The only picture I have of the pre-war period is my\nsister and I sitting in the park, reading. He wouldn't let us read . . . We\nweren't allowed to read [Baruch] Spinoza and [Charles] Darwin. He wouldn't let\nus. He tore up the book in front of us. We only could speak Yiddish in the\nhouse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We spoke Hungarian among ourselves. We spoke Romanian in school. But in\nthe house, as soon as we stepped in, we had to speak Yiddish.\n\nKENT: What were the types of things your father taught you about what Jewishness\nmeans and what a woman is supposed to be like?\n\nBOWMAN: I'm not sure if we had conversations on that matter, but I think it was\nmostly just to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"honest and to work hard. We had a chance to escape. Romanian\npeople wanted to hide us because we were . . . At that time, this was Hungary.\nMy father wouldn't let us. He said that everybody has . . . \"The war is terrible\nand people work hard. People have to go to the front and sometimes they're\nkilled. We have to go to work. If we have to go to a work camp, we will go to\nwork. Since","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when were Jewish people afraid to go to work?\" He was just always a\nvery hardworking person. I think he always kind of conveyed the idea that if you\nwork hard, you will survive. I think that was . . . I'm going to say we always\nadmired because he was dedicated to his work, and going to the synagogue, and\ntrying to--even though we were very poor--give","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"charity. That's one thing that he\nalways emphasized. If you had very little, you still give. During the holidays,\nif there were people passing through town, he would always invite somebody. In\nthe corner in the synagogue, people waiting to see who was going to be invited\nto people's homes for a meal. He always would bring somebody home, no matter how\nlittle we had.\n\nKENT: How much interaction was there with the non-Jewish people?\n\nBOWMAN: Yes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we did not live in a ghetto. We lived on a street with non-Jewish\nneighbors. We lived across the street from a synagogue but our next-door\nneighbor was a Gentile [non-Jewish] family. As a matter of fact, this Gentile\nfamily . . . When we were taken to camp and we didn't know what was going to\nhappen . . . We didn't know it was going to be Auschwitz-Birkenau or anything\nlike that. We didn't know. We were just taken to camp. My sister went to make\nsure that . . . She","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studied to be a seamstress. She had three dresses that she\nmade and she wanted to make sure they were not going to be lost. She took the\nthree dresses and a photo album to this next-door neighbor who was not Jewish.\nAfter the war, this neighbor gave them back to her. That's the only reason I\ndon't have any pictures of my family, of my parents. This picture was the only\none that survived because my sister's photo album was all my sister's youth\ngroup","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"activities and her friends. It didn't have any pictures of my parents but\nit had that one picture [of me] sitting at the park with [my sister].\n\nKENT: How would you describe the attitudes of the Jewish and non-Jewish\npopulation towards each other?\n\nBOWMAN: It was mixed. Sometimes some were real nice but some were glad that the\nJewish people were leaving. The most heartbreaking thing was after the war","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when\nwe came back. The people living in our hometown greeted us with the exact words,\n\"Are you back? We thought the Germans killed all of you.\" They were not upset\nabout us leaving. But some were . . . I'm not sure that they were sad. They were\nupset. Nobody wanted to do except this neighbor was willing to hide the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"album\nand the dresses and another non-Jewish person was willing [to help us] if we\nwanted to go across the border. But there really wasn't that much help offered\nor talked about.\n\nKENT: How did you react to that response when you came back?\n\nBOWMAN: When we came back, we reacted with . . . I was eighteen and my younger\nsister was sixteen and we decided, \"We're leaving. There's nothing for us here.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's when we signed up with the youth group to go to Palestine and we started\nour track. Interestingly, my older sister heard that her fiancé--actually it\nwas a boyfriend that she knew before we went to camp . . . She heard that he\nsurvived and she didn't want to leave. Her","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boyfriend came back. A Gentile family\ntook over the flourmill that they owned and the house. This family also turned\neverything back to our brother-in-law, my sister's boyfriend. My [older] sister\ndidn't want to leave so she stayed behind in Romania. Then she was sorry because\nshe couldn't get out until 1958 because of the conditions. When my younger\nsister [and I got] out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we joined the youth group. We went from city to city and\ncountry to country. We went and crossed the border of Hungary and we went to\nCzechoslovakia at night. We bribed the guards--the organization, the Jewish\nagency that sent over, and the Jewish Brigade helped organize these groups. We\ncrossed from Hungary to Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Austria and from Austria to Italy.\nEach time getting closer to the Mediterranean. In Austria, in Salzburg is where\nI met my future husband.\n\nKENT: Before getting into the later part of your story, I'd like to stay with\nyour earlier years just a little bit more. What did your father and the other\nJewish leaders","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know about what was going on around them as far as the war goes\nand the danger? Did they talk about that?\n\nBOWMAN: We heard [about] people being sent away all the time. People who were\nnot born in Cluj, or not born in Romania, or not born in Hungary--people from\nPoland or people from Germany who were in our town, those people were taken. We\ntalked about that all the time. We didn't know their fate, what happened to\nthem. I saw my parents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whisper to each other many times. I don't know how much\nthey knew but we children did not know. It was very difficult to know because it\nwasn't in the papers and you weren't allowed to listen to radios. [It was] just\nrumors that people brought in. I always like to compare it to how difficult it\nis to really know what's going on like during the Watergate problem here in this\ncountry. We have electronics and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bugging systems and we didn't know anything\nabout it. We don't read in the paper. It's not in the paper and it's not on\nradio. It's just whatever you hear. [It was] hearsay. My parents, I don't know\nhow much they knew. They used to talk to each other and whisper. I used to see\nthem gather together and be very upset and very worried. We were told to prepare\na knapsack that we would be taking to camp but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had no idea it was an\nextermination camp. We did not know. I don't know how much my parents knew but I\nwas seventeen and my younger sister fifteen.\n\nKENT: What were the antisemitic attitudes or teachings before the war? That\nwould have been around you.\n\nBOWMAN: Yes, that had been around us for a long time. We experienced that.\n\nKENT: Did your father make any comments about it? What was your understanding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as\na young person of people who hated you?\n\nBOWMAN: We had incidences of being beaten up. It got to a point where it was not\nsafe to go to our synagogue alone. As soon as you saw Jewish people . . . That\nhappened all the time. When we were finally rounded up . . . The day we were\nrounded up . . . Prior to that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For a month maybe before that, we were not\nallowed to go out after eight o'clock in the evening until eight o'clock in the\nmorning so my father always said his prayers at home. You couldn't go to the\nsynagogue at that hour. Antisemitism was creeping around slowly and laws were\nchanging slowly with rules about you couldn't . . . First, you had to give up a\ncertain house in that area you lived in. Then you couldn't go to certain schools\nand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you couldn't be in certain occupations . . . Just slowly we felt the effect\nof it but not to the extent that we weren't able to continue with our lives. We\nweren't able to go to [public] school, so we went to a Jewish school. That's\nwhat's so dangerous. You have to see when it starts up slowly. It doesn't happen\novernight that you lose your rights and you lose everything. You have to watch\nthe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little laws that are being passed slowly.\n\nKENT: How did you deal with things that happened to you personally?\n\nBOWMAN: When you're living in that period and you see so many thing going [on]\naround you--like our best girlfriend was taken already--we were just real upset\nand tried to keep busy. I was learning to be a [seamstress] also and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my younger\nsister was still going to school. We were in a group. We were always kind of\nscared and talking about it, not knowing what will happen. We were worried more\n. . . not because we were Jews. I think we were worried more about the war and\nwhat's going to happen. The Romanians I think were nicer to the Jews maybe. I\nthink the Hungarians were slowly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pretty antisemitic, but I can't say as a child\nthat I was that persecuted. Even though things were happening slowly and I\nprobably didn't realize it. Now, in retrospect, I see that [there] were signs of\nwhat's going to be our future.\n\nKENT: What were some of the teachings from your mom that might have helped you\nget through the war?\n\nBOWMAN: I think keeping","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"busy [and] to have a positive attitude. I always felt .\n. . I think she's the one that taught me not to have what they call idle hands\nbecause that's the devil's workshop. I think reading was a passion with all of\nus. I think that really helped us to survive, and keep your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"frame of mind, and\nto have a different attitude to cope in this world because you couldn't do many\nthings. Reading would take you pretty far.\n\nKENT: Could you describe how you personally coped with the train ride, entering\nthe camp, and that whole horrible phase? How did you adjust to that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBOWMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e We were all six of us when we were marched to the brick factory, which\nwas about two miles away from our house. We were put up in this temporary area.\nWe were very crowded. It was like the size of a large living room and we had six\nfamilies. We just had a little corner for the six of us. We were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terrible\nconditions so we said we couldn't wait. We said, \"We can't wait already to be\ntaken to camp because camp can't be this bad.\" We were just so crowded with\nnothing, food, holding on to whatever we took with us. My mother packed onions.\nWe teased her, \"Why take onions when you're going on a trip with people?\"\nFortunately, those onions kind of kept us alive on the train. On the train ride,\nwe ran out of [food and]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't have anything else. We munched on the onions.\nThey kind of woke us up. We were worried what's going to happen. Once we got on\nthe train, we didn't know where we were going. The conditions were terrible.\nThat's the first time I saw a person die. People were dying on the train--older\npeople. My mother said, \"Don't turn around.\" When she said, \"Don't turn around,\"\nof course, that's when you turn around. [We]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to see, being children,\nyoung people. We saw the first elderly person die. I think we just were scared,\nand hugged each other, and prayed, and waited for the end. We didn't know what\nwas going to happen because . . . not so much we didn't know where we were\ngoing. We didn't know where we were going. It was mostly because the conditions\nwere so bad with no food and water, and crowded, and all that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had an aunt who\nwas a tremendous influence--my mother's sister. She used to come over to the\nhouse a lot. She, I think, instilled the idea of volunteerism in me because she\nwas so . . . She was not married, and she was so dedicated, and took care of a\nniece who didn't have another parent. She would teach me how to sew and how to\nknit, whatever [I] expressed an interest [in].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was a tremendous influence on\nmy life because she would teach me whatever I wanted to learn. I'm trying to\npass this on to a little six-year-old granddaughter now with teaching here\nwhatever . . . She comes over for four hours every Tuesday. I just teach her. We\ncook, and we bake, and we knit, and we do all these little things\ntogether--whatever she wants to learn. This aunt and my mother's influence, too\n. . . Like, the Sabbath","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was so holy, and so relaxing, and so enlightening\nbecause you spent it just on yourself, just growing, after services to just . .\n. and your soul, enhancing your soul. I remember taking naps. I still do that. I\nstill love to cook and I still take naps.\n\nKENT: Can you describe what you were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like in the camps? How did you change when\nyou were in there?\n\nBOWMAN: I was . . . Our fortune was that . . .\n\nKENT: I'll repeat the question. How did you change? In having to deal with life\nin the camp, how did you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become different, looking back at yourself?\n\nBOWMAN: You mean in camp itself?\n\nKENT: During that period, in terms of having to deal with life.\n\nBOWMAN: I'll tell you; our fortune was that my two sisters and I, all three of\nus stayed together. One was able to support the other morally, physically. We'd\npinch each other's [cheeks] and we'd hold each other when it was cold. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support each other morally. We'd tell each other, \"The war will end.\" Here it's\nalready 1944 and we kept hearing rumors. Because we were together, we were\nencouraging each other. If not for that, I probably wouldn't be here because I\nthink I gave up. I was very depressed and I didn't want to eat. Even though I'm\nthe middle child, my younger sister . . . I was always the thinnest and frail.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ncould not adjust until this aunt that was in camp for a few months and then she\nwas taken from us, she and my sister encouraged me to go on. Then the same thing\nhappened when I was in the other camp, the work camp [Mahrisch Weisswasser]. I\nwas sick and I didn't want to live. My heart hurt. I was a good worker. One day,\nI was taken to emergency. That used to be the end of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people but I was a good\nworker, so they put me in a temporary rehabilitation place, and I came back, and\nI was fine. I worked. Then this Frenchman gave me extra food and paper to write\nnotes to each other and that's when I kind of snapped out of it and wanted to\nlive again. The biggest thing that hit us--besides being so hungry and starved\nall the time--the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first thing that happened to us [before] we were marched to\nour barracks . . . they shaved our head. They shaved us all over our body--the\npubic area, under arms, every place. We didn't look like females. We didn't'\nlook like human beings. That was such a shock that we were just crying. We\nthought we cannot go on. [We] just feel so inhumane. Then we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started teasing\neach other. I said to my sister, \"Now we won't have to worry about washing our\nhair and the wind blowing it.\" What was cute [about why] I told her that . . .\nwhen we were growing up--she was four years older--she used to give me a few\npennies to brush her hair every morning because her hair was very curly and she\nwanted straight hair. She would give me . . . a hundred strokes I had to give\nher. I teased her, \"Now I won't have to give [you]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a hundred strokes and brush\nyour hair.\" She said, \"And you won't have your extra pennies either.\" We were\ntrying to humor each other and I think that was really helping, being together,\nto cope with . . . We didn't want to . . . They had the faucets where the water\ncame out. You had to wash yourself. You didn't have to, but we force ourselves.\nWe would push each other under in order to get clean. Just being together, I\nthink that was the main","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing.\n\nKENT: Could you review the way different people dealt with the situation? Did\nyou notice different attitudes, different personalities among all the women you\nhad to live with?\n\nBOWMAN: Yes, definitely. You're talking about the camp?\n\nKENT: The different range of how different people . . .\n\nBOWMAN: Yes, we had . . . I know people who couldn't cope with that and could\nnot suffer anymore because of the lack","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of food and cold and all that. All you\nhad to do was walk up and touch the electric wires and kill themselves. I know\nseveral people among us who did that. Just recently when I was in Israel, one of\nmy friends came over. Her husband came over and said, \"Penny, I have to thank\nyou for the life of my wife.\" I said, \"Gee, what did I do?\" He said, \"Well, Eva\nwas so desperate and she wanted to kill herself,\" and if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not for me and my\nsisters, Yaffa and Miriam, talking her out of it, she would have killed herself.\nPeople coped with it very differently. Some people gave up very fast. Some\npeople just couldn't tolerate it, were weak, and died fast. Some people were\ntaken from us. We had selections all the time, so we lost those people real\nfast. Part of our luck [was that]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my older sister noticed how the selections\nwere conducted. We had 800 women in our barrack. Quite frequently--every few\ndays--we had selections. They would say, \"Everybody out!\" Everybody had to pile\nout from the barracks and the beds and go outside. Then we would be lined up and\ncounted. They would count like 200 or 500 and then stop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My older sister, Yaffa,\nnoticed that when we were taken for theses selections, it was not the\nable-bodied or real healthy ones that were selected. It was the weak and the\nones that wouldn't stand straight, so my sister said, \"Let's not rush to these\nselections. Let's just stay back until we have to go out.\" We escaped many\nselections. We must have stayed back from at least","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eight or ten selections that\nwere held like this. We were in Auschwitz-Birkenau for six months. It was very\nunusual to be in Auschwitz-Birkenau for six months. You either got to\nAuschwitz-Birkenau and you were killed or you were shipped out. When you were\nshipped out, they tattooed you so that you won't escape. We were there because\nwhen the Hungarian Jews came and they were trying to be killed as fast as\npossible, we were in our barracks then. Because we escaped so many selections .\n. . Not many people in our town . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our town had 20,000 [Jewish] people and\nless than 2,000 survived from our town. Very few . . . Most people were killed.\nBecause we escaped these selections and then we escaped these other . . . When\nwe were selected, they would march you along the road, they had these workers\nchopping stones or something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My sister said that if only one of us is selected;\ntry to escape so we could stay together. One day, my sister was selected. She\njust bent down and started chopping stones. Then they went by and she was able\nto come back. Once, I did the same thing. We escaped from being shipped out from\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. That's why we stayed there as long. We did not work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nbasically just waited for a transport.\n\nKENT: Was the assumption that Auschwitz-Birkenau was safer than a work camp?\n\nBOWMAN: No. Mostly we didn't want to leave because we hard rumors of people\nbeing killed. We heard rumors of gas chambers. We smelled the smoke. We saw\ntrucks go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by with the bodies stacked like corkwood. The cars, the trucks were\ngoing by with the bodies. We saw. We heard what was going on, but we tried not\nto believe it. We said, \"No, it can't be,\" because we saw camps. When we came\nin, we saw other camps. We saw children in some camps. That was a setup, I\nguess. We knew the war was coming to an end so we tried to postpone the\nuncertainty. Being shipped out of Auschwitz-Birkenau meant you were going to be\ngoing to another camp or to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We didn't know it because we thought our\nselection was for the weak and to be killed and that's why. My aunt was selected\none day. She was with us for about four months. She was very weak and older. We\nwanted to escape the selections--not because we wanted to stay in\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. Then one day, the overseer--a woman that helped overseeing\nthe barrack--was a Hungarian woman that we knew and she said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I noticed that\nyou've been staying away from these selections, but today I want you to go to it\nbecause it's a good selection.\" That's when we went--the three of us. They\nneeded 80 women to work in an electronics factory [and] to be shipped out of\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. You had to speak German, and have good eyesight, and you had\nto have good, steady hands. The German soldiers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were interviewing and picking\npeople one by one. Usually, the sisters did not stand next to each other because\nthe Germans didn't want . . . In the numbers, there's strength and usually\nsisters, they'd separate you on purpose, so we tried not to stand near each\nother. The overseer told us, \"Now, don't be afraid to stand near each other\ntoday. It's a good selection.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said, \"After the war, you will kiss the\nbottom of my feet for sending you to this selection.\" We took our chance.\n\nKENT: Why do you think she in particular was friendly to you like that?\n\nBOWMAN: She pointed us out many times. She said, \"The Weisz sisters, they're\ngoing to survive. They're not afraid to work and they keep their place clean.\"\nWe used to have to carry these big jugs of mush,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"porridge. We would volunteer to\nbring it. We would sing songs. We would pray and encourage people. She liked us,\nso that was our luck.\n\nKENT: Do you remember any authority figures or people in charge and what they\nwere like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBOWMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e In Auschwitz-Birkenau, we didn't have that much contact with . . . We\nhad the . . .\n\nKENT: Do you remember any other block leaders or people like that?\n\n Certain things stay with you. Like, I'm still afraid of dogs because the\nGerman soldiers used to always walk around with their [dogs].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know if\nthey were German Shepherds or not. People would come to the line up. We had to\nline up twice a day. If somebody was missing, they would start sending the dogs\nout to find them. Sometimes they were too sick to come out and sometimes they\nwere near the fence. That still stays with me. And the stick was used\nfrequently. When we were in the work camp,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were supervised by SS women. The\nSS women for some reason were sometimes more brutal than the SS men. They just\nenjoyed using . . . beating you, punishing you for the slightest thing, to shave\nyour hair off again so not to look like a human being. The most vivid thing that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stays with my mind was the soldiers walking around with their . . . I don't know\nif it was cane or whatever material it was--just using that all the time . . .\nand then the dogs.\n\nKENT: Do you have any guess or understanding why those SS women were like that?\n\nBOWMAN: I've wondered about that [and] why it seems like the relationship of the\nwomen toward","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women could be that [much] more severe . . . perhaps bringing it\nout in themselves or whatever it was, but I was really surprised. We were really\nscared of the SS women and the way they were treating us. They would just punish\nyou and beat you. It just seems they got a pleasure out of it. Sometimes the\nsoldiers were just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing it as their job, but also there were so many more. We\nwere in a camp like in Auschwitz-Birkenau where we were, there were 20,000 in\nthis one little area and 800 in our barracks, so we didn't see them all the\ntime. Just as they walked around down the lane and hit you when they didn't like\nthe way you looked or you were standing. You tried to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"avoid any contact.\n\nKENT: Are there any other particular memories you have, or something that stuck\nin your mind all these years, or something that taught you something?\n\nBOWMAN: There are so many, I don't know which one to bring forward.\n\nKENT: Things that you learned about people, about human nature, and how people interact.\n\nBOWMAN: During the war, I probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also was a little bit too young. But, after\nthe war, it seems like the war experience teaches you many things.\nUnfortunately, people don't appreciate things until they don't have it. That's\none thing. It's too sad that you have to learn from your experiences to\nappreciate freedom, to appreciate food, to appreciate comfort, to appreciate\nwhat you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have. Sometimes just like people don't know how well off they are until\nthey get sick. They get sick [and] say, \"Oh, just to be healthy!\" I feel that\nthe war experience--as bad as it was--I think in some ways, it changes you. You\nsee things as . . . It changes people different ways but it changed me\nappreciating things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I became more positive. I don't see . . . like, a glass of\nwater is never half empty. It's always half full. I learned not to worry about\nlittle things. Like here, my mother-in-law lived with us for 25 years and I\ndon't think we ever had an argument. That's saying a lot with a mother-in-law.\nIf a china cup","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"broke, I just felt, \"Okay, big deal. It's a material thing.\" It\ncan't be devastating. If she burnt the collar on my shirt, it didn't really\nmatter. Slowly, little things like that you learn to appreciate life after what\nyou go through. It's unfortunate you have to go through that to appreciate\nbecause sometimes you just don't learn it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until something sad happens. I never\nliked to . . . My children . . . I never wanted to tell them too much unless\nthey asked, of course. I know our youngest daughter was about seven when her\nteacher sent home a note saying she couldn't read because her hair was in her\neyes. That was in the 1970s when it was popular to have your long bangs. I took\nher to the beauty shop. She kept saying, \"Now, you're not going to cut my bangs,\nright?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"No, we're just going to have your hair cut nicely.\" At the last\nminute, the beautician did cut her bangs off. She didn't want to walk home with\nme. She didn't want to hold my hand she was so upset that I cut her hair. I\nthought, \"Okay, this is a good time to tell her about what happened to my hair\nwhen I was seventeen, and was completely shaved, and it grew back.\" Then she\nheld my hand. She was sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slowly, with little things I would tell them what\nhappened during the war. Then she appreciated it. I think the kids all grew to\nappreciate the freedom that we have in this country--Jewish people especially.\nThe amazing thing to me was when I arrived and you could walk on the street\nwithout an ID [identification]. You don't have to show your ID all the time.\nJust to have the comfort, and the freedom, and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plenty, and to appreciate it,\nwhich I do . . . I think the main thing to appreciate by giving back to the\ncommunity. I'm an ardent believer in you gain so much more when you give of\nyourself. I'm a volunteer person. At one point, when we lived in Chicago\n[Illinois], and my children were growing up, and I didn't have to work outside\nof the home, I was a member of eighteen organizations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I was on seven\nboards, and I was just participating. I think that's the salvation: to be able\nto live with the memory of the Holocaust.\n\nKENT: What was your condition on liberation day? What were you like then?\n\nBOWMAN: Liberation was very interesting because the American army and the\nRussian army were approaching this place where we were in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mahrisch Weisswasser,\nwhich is the Sudetenland. The Frenchmen that worked with us at the factory came\nto alert us. The way we found out that we were free is that we woke up in the\nmorning and the gates were open and the alarm didn't go off for us to go to\nmarch to work. The Frenchmen came right away and they told us to hide because\nwhen the Russian army was passing through. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dangerous for women to be\nexposed to them. They took us to a house and helped us--five of us--to stay in\nthis house until the army passed through town. Then we raided whatever was in\nthe house, of course, and all got sick. Then, slowly we started to find our way\nback to our hometown, to Cluj,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by all means of transportation--with horse and\nbuggy, and walking, and trains. It took us many days to get back to our hometown.\n\nKENT: Do you remember what your personal reaction was to the reality that you\nwere free now?\n\nBOWMAN: We were so happy, but we were also crying because we didn't know . . .\nWe were crying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from happiness, and from being scared, and what will happen to\nus. I mean, what's the next step? We had no idea. The first thing was to find\nout if anybody survived. From what we heard over the months, the people who were\nover 40 were considered old, and they were killed, and children were killed. We\ndidn't know what we were going to find.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our only thing was to go back. Every\ngoal was just to reach back our hometown. We had mixed feelings about what we\nwere going to find. We just constantly questioned what we were going to do, what\nour future will be, and especially what we're going to find.\n\nKENT: What was the scene when you finally got back home?\n\nBOWMAN: That was very sad because we thought, \"Well, we've suffered so much, we\nlived through the war,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and here we are liberated, we are coming back, and\neverybody's going to welcome us with open arms,\" and that's not how it happened.\nThe first person we encountered said, \"You are back? We thought the Germans\nkilled all of you.\" They were not very happy to see us back. Then we went back\nto our house where we lived. We saw strange people in that. We saw one piece of\nfurniture in it that we recognized. It was one of those old armoires . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one\nof those tall things that you put your clothes in. The woman said, \"That's mine.\nI bought this.\" We knew there was no point. It was just very sad. We were\nstrangers. We knew all the Jewish people in town. There were 20,000. At that\ntime, we thought we were the only ones who came back. Altogether--later I read\nthat about 2,000","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people survived from our hometown. When we came back, it was my\nsisters, Yaffa, Miriam, and I. We didn't know anything about our parents. We\nfound out when we were in a camp in Salzburg [Austria] on our way to Palestine.\nSomebody approached us and said, \"Did you know your brother survived?\" That's\nwhen we found out my brother survived. He weighed 80 pounds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he was 20 years\nold. He was with my father. He was taken out of Auschwitz-Birkenau when we\narrived. The men were separated. He was in five different camps with my father.\nThe very last camp was Dachau, where the American army liberated. They were both\nlaying in the gutter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For my father, it was too late. It was just one week too\nlate. He died from typhus in the gutter. My brother was 80 pounds and they\npulled him up and took him to the hospital. Another person who also survived\ntold my brother that the soldiers said, \"This person will live.\" They pulled him\nup and he survived. We heard that he also [survived]. Eventually, my sister","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ended up in Israel and my brother, too. That's when we found out--when we were\nin that transit camp going to Palestine.\n\nKENT: And your mother?\n\nBOWMAN: My mother probably was killed right away even though she was only in her\nearly 40s. In those days, 40 was very old. [Adolf] Hitler did not save . . . I\nmean, you looked old. Forty was old, so she was immediately put on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"elderly\nside and I never saw her again. I never saw my father again. My mother [came]\nfrom a big family. My father had seven brothers and my mother had six [siblings]\nin her family. At one time, I counted. Besides my parents, I lost 42 of my\nimmediate family. That's aunts, uncles, cousins, and just immediate [family].\n\nKENT: When you got to the point where you knew who was left alive and who was\nnot, how did you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continue from there?\n\nBOWMAN: We did not know who was alive and who wasn't. When we got back to our\nhometown, to Cluj, we did not know who survived. Later, we found out my brother\ndid. We did not [know].\n\nKENT: You had two sisters . . .\n\nBOWMAN: Yes, two sisters and a brother.\n\nKENT: How did you decide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what to do now?\n\nBOWMAN: My older sister, and Miriam, [and I] were always Zionist. We were raised\nas Zionists. We knew we wanted a Jewish [homeland]. We knew if we had a Jewish\n[homeland] like everybody else, this wouldn't have happened, so our goal was\nalways go to Palestine. That's what kept us alive in camp, too. We sang songs.\nWe encouraged each other that Messiah doesn't come by itself. You have to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pick\nyourself up and go to Palestine. That was our big encouragement and that was the\ngoal: that we have to seek another homeland. That was the main thing and just\nfind out what was the next step. Joining a youth group and being with other\npeople who also lost everything and everybody . . . We were a group of 42 boys\nand girls, all ages 15 to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"22. Our aim was all to start another life, and go to\nPalestine, and build a homeland there. Two of the people in our group couldn't\ncope with their survival and killed themselves, committed suicide. They took an\noverdose. One young man, he was about 16, [was] a brilliant young boy. He wrote\npoetry and he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did so much with our group. After we were liberated, we went from\ncamp to camp, trying to reach Palestine. We organized among ourselves and\nstudied. We studied about Jewish history and the Hebrew language. We kept\nencouraging each other to make up for the lost time so we could grow and\ncontinue with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our learning process. He would write beautiful poetry. I think I\nstill have some things that he wrote in Hungarian. He just couldn't cope with\nthe fact that all his family was lost. Later he found out when we were in Italy.\nAnother girl, who was a very good friend of mine, she also found out she lost\nher entire family. She was a little bit younger--maybe a couple years younger\nthan myself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She couldn't cope with it either. I have pictures. We were good\nfriends. Some people . . .\n\nKENT: How were they different from you or how were you different from them in\nreacting to the same thing?\n\nBOWMAN: I think like this boy, Tommy, was an only child. I think it was\ndifferent. I think the circumstances . . . He just couldn't cope with them, with\nthe harshness of the things and the lack of things. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this girlfriend felt\nvery alone. I think with us it helped because I knew that my older sister and my\nyounger sister . . . We were together, so we had each other. I think that was\nvery important factor. Just like later in life, friendships are so important. To\nhave a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"healthy frame of mind, you need to occupy yourself, have hobbies, and be\nbusy, but I think relatives . . . If you don't have relatives, you have to form\nnew groups, which are friendships. I think when they lost that, and they didn't\nhave family, and isolated themselves, and got depressed, it grows and pretty\nsoon it doesn't pay to live. [For] myself, being with my two sisters helped at\nthat time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later, coming to this country and having such a wonderful family . .\n. [My husband] Harold's family adopted me like their own child. They encouraged\nme every which way, to study. We lived with my in-laws, Harold's parents, when\nwe first came here. My mother-in-law would always just say, \"Study, study.\" I\ndidn't have to help with the cooking, the dusting, and everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just saw\nhow important it was to learn the language now that I was in America. I resisted\nit for a long time. English was the seventh language I had to learn. I felt, \"I\nknow enough languages. I don't want to learn a new one.\" Harold and I\ncommunicated in Hebrew. [I thought,] \"I don't need a new language.\" He was\nteaching me Hebrew.\n\nKENT: Could you discuss how you met your husband?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBOWMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. We were going from camp to camp--'displaced persons camps' or 'DP\ncamps' they called them. One of the camps they had was in Salzburg, Austria.\nHarold was with the American army. He was stationed in Salzburg, Austria. Harold\nwas one of those rare American boys who grew up in Chicago and loved Hebrew.\nAfter he was bar mitzvahed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he continued learning a little Hebrew. He asked . .\n. In Salzburg, he heard that there were Jewish refugees. He wanted to know where\nbecause he wanted to go and practice his Hebrew. He came to visit us. We were a\ngroup of about 40 or 42 boys and girls living in this barrack, all ages 15 to\n22. We sang Hebrew songs and we studied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew. Our end was to build a kibbutz.\nHarold came and he was impressed because he liked Hebrew and he wanted to use\nit. He asked me to dance. I was up on a top of a bunk bed and I didn't want to\ncome down and dance. We had this special dance where you had the boy come and\nask the girl to come and dance and then the girl asked the boy to dance the\nHebrew dancing where you dance in the middle [of a circle]. Finally, after the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"third time he asked me, I came down to dance. Then, he . . . We couldn't\ncommunicate because I couldn't speak Hebrew. I couldn't speak English. But with\nus, we had refugees who were from Munkacs, Czechoslovakia. They studied English\nin a class in their private school and they studied Hebrew. I had this friend,\nCilly, who sat near me and was my interpreter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harold would tell Cilly what to\ntell me and I would tell her, so we dated with an interpreter for the first\ncouple months. Every free time Harold had from the army, he would come visit us.\nHe would just stay, sing together, and share a meal, or something, and just\nteach me Hebrew. I still have my notebooks. I would write down Hungarian and\nEnglish with my girlfriend's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help how to learn Hebrew. I started pretty soon\ncatching on to Hebrew. It wasn't hard because we were raised with Hebrew in\nschool. We had to learn how to read Hebrew and we had to read the prayers. We\ncould read it and we knew the alphabet, but we couldn't understand what we were\ndoing. When Harold started teaching me, the words","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I knew already how to write\nbecause I knew the Hebrew alphabet and I knew just by coaching me and writing\ndown the meaning of it. I just caught on.\n\nKENT: What kind of preparation was there in being a Zionist? What did that\nactually involve?\n\nBOWMAN: To be a Zionist, we had . . . My sister was able to join the group they\ncalled the Hanoar Hatzioni,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the middle [of the] road Zionist youth group. They\nhad regular monthly meetings or [they would meet] more frequently. Usually that\nmeant that you'd study Hebrew and you studied Jewish history. You studied the\nhistory of Palestine, and sang songs, and [had] serious discussions usually\nabout","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish ideals in monthly meetings. [Miriam and I] were too young to go to\nit, but my sister [Yaffa], being four years older, she went to these Zionist\nmeetings all the time. She would bring the songs home, and she would bring her\nnotebooks home, and we would join, and study. Then when we were travelling as\ndisplaced persons in Europe, we had constant lessons. There's one picture of me\nin Cyprus, where we have a bulletin board. We were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studying all the time. We\nwere studying Hebrew, and religion, and Jewish history, and ethics, and you name\nit. I'm just amazed the things we covered. Years ago, I heard the term of\n'sensitivity sessions.' We had that when we were traveling as displaced persons\nafter camp. We would sit around in a circle and somebody would help us get the\nconversation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going, and find out what you like about yourself, and what you\ndidn't, and just criticizing [each other], and end up crying. But it helped us.\nWe studied.\n\nKENT: As part of the Zionist training, what was taught to you about what would\nbe waiting for you in Palestine and how that was supposed to happen?\n\nBOWMAN: Most of the time, it was that it was a kibbutz. When we were in\nSalzburg, we established, we called ourselves a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kibbutz. We wanted to form and\nbuild a land. That's when we knew we were going to Palestine and work hard, and\nestablish a kibbutz, and do it together. That was the main aim--just to work the land.\n\nKENT: After learning about the history of Palestine, what were the expectations\nabout how much room there might be for all these immigrants in Palestine and\nwhat you might expect?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBOWMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e We always knew that Palestine was very small, and it did not have too\nmany people, and there was plenty of room, but it was a place to work hard. Our\nanticipation [was] that we knew we were going to . . . all these songs that we\nsang [were] about working the land and establishing a kibbutz, and making it\nbloom again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we envisioned Palestine as being so far away, and having so\nfew people, and just desert. Basically, that's what it was.\n\nMy first time arriving in Palestine when I got there in 1946 . . . I left there\nin 1947. If you look at it now and what was in 1947, it's just beyond belief.\nYou just had these few little houses and white [desert].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have slides when\nyou'd see two or three cars on the streets in Tel Aviv [Israel]. Can you imagine\n[only] two or three cars traveling on the street in Tel Aviv?\n\nWhen we were married, for our honeymoon, we went from our kibbutz, which was\nnorth from Haifa [Israel], to Jerusalem [Israel] on a motorcycle. Harold was\ngoing commuting from our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kibbutz to continue his studies. He came to Palestine\non the excuse--the British wouldn't let anybody in--he studied on the GI Bill.\nThat's why they let him in--to study. He commuted on this motorcycle. I rode on\nthe back of this motorcycle from the north of Haifa to Jerusalem. Can you\nimagine doing that today with the traffic? It's just unbelievable. There's so\nmany people in the country now.\n\nBut our vision was desert and very few people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but a holy land and that's where\nwe belonged. We knew not everybody was going to come to Palestine and everybody\ndoes not have to come to Palestine, just so we have a place that we can call a\nhome. That would change the whole . . .\n\nKENT: Did the two of you have to make a decision about whether to go to America\nor Palestine?\n\nBOWMAN: No. When I met Harold, the group--the 42 of us that were together the\nwhole time . . . everybody wanted to go to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine. I wanted to go to\nPalestine, too. When I met Harold in Salzburg and he had to leave in March 1946\nto be discharged from the army, and go back to Chicago, I had to make the\ndecision I would not go with him. I wanted to continue with my group to\nPalestine and establish a kibbutz. Harold promised to come to Palestine, and\njoin our group, and establish a kibbutz, so we said goodbye. [We]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"felt if this\nwas the real thing, it will last. We corresponded. It was eighteen months from\nthe time we met until we were able to get married in March 1947. Finally we got\nmarried in Palestine. Along the way, we had many doubts whether . . . If\nHarold's not coming to Palestine, I don't think I would want to go.\n\nThe group I was with, everybody just wanted to go to Palestine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody wanted an\nalternative, to [go to] America. Later on, there were a lot of people who did\nhave that choice, but this was soon after the war. We went to Palestine when the\nBritish stopped letting the people in, and caught the ship, and sent them to\nCyprus. The whole atmosphere was that's where you wanted to go to start","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to build\na [homeland].\n\nKENT: What was your opinion by that point of the type of Judaism your father had\ntaught you as a young person? You made a distinction between that and Zionism.\n\nBOWMAN: Yes, because he was [not] a Zionist. We felt many times if he had been a\nZionist, who knows how things would have worked out, because my sister had\npermission in 1939 . . . Being an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"active participant in the youth movement, she\nhad a certificate to go to Palestine. My father wouldn't let her. She was\nunderage and he wouldn't give her permission. My father was . . . We thought my\nfather was just very religious, and this was his belief, and we had to follow\nit, and we just did it. We suffered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of it. We lost a lot of family.\nThings would have changed because of it because there was a time in the late\n1930s people could leave. My sister's friends that were together in this youth\ngroup, many of them went in 1938 and 1939. They are in Israel. They are in a\nkibbutz and still live there. I visited them. They came with the group. My\nsister was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so upset when my father wouldn't let her, she ran away from home and\ncame back. I remember she wrote a poem in Hungarian about 'the big black train\ncame and took away my friends,' meaning the train was like the 'black ghost that\nstole my friends.' It was very heartbreaking. She couldn't adjust that her\nfriends all left and she had to stay behind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What kept her encouraged was\nbelonging to the movement.\n\nKENT: Can you talk about what the attitude of the local Israelis and the people\nwho had gotten there before the war towards the new immigrants and survivors?\n\nBOWMAN: When we got there, it was Palestine. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very big joy every time\nanother group came in to Palestine. They would come and wait near the port and\ntry and greet people. At that time, the important things was to look on the list\nto see who came in because so many people perished during the war, so they\nwanted to see if any of their relatives survived. It was a very big joy and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happy event to see another group coming in. Harold was studying at the Technion\nat that time on the GI Bill. He would check the list--they had lists posted all\nthe time--to see if I came in from Cyprus. Our ship was caught just like the\nExodus story. We were going to Palestine and the ship was caught by the British.\nWe were captured and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced off the ship and made to go on another ship. They\nsent us to Cyprus. From Cyprus . . . A lot of people didn't know who went to\nCyprus because we were just the third ship. At that time, people were coming in\nregularly, but ours was the third ship caught and sent to Cyprus, so when we\ncame in, Harold didn't know.\n\nKENT: Harold got there before you did?\n\nBOWMAN: Harold got there and he started studying at the Technion. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kept\nchecking the list. We lost contact. I sent letters to Chicago. Then the British\nRabbinate, the Red Cross, and different organizations were looking for me, to\ntry and find where I was. I still have the documents in my folder. Harold would\ncheck the lists because he knew that I'd be coming out of Cyprus soon. That day,\nhe had tests at the Technion and he didn't check the list. I arrived and I\ndidn't know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how I was going to get in touch with him. They had these buses.\nOddly, they made it into a tourist site. We went back just recently and took\npictures exactly the way it happened. They had these buses that were coming in\nand bringing us to Atlit, the little city where the British put us up as\nprisoners for a month. I leaned over the window of the bus. I wrote on a little\npiece of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paper in Hebrew, \"I have arrived. Ani higayi.\" I asked this little girl\nwho was about 12 years old and with her parents to bring it to the Technion\nbecause my fiancé was at the Technion. She did and that's how Harold found out\nthat I am in Atlit. He came to visit me and the British won't let you in, so our\nfirst visit was through barbed wire. I have pictures because we went back and\nthey made this into a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tourist site now. I put my hand through the barbed wire.\nThe British [soldier] is standing guard there on his vehicle and watching. We\nheld hands through the barbed wire the first time we saw each other. I scratched\nmy hand and didn't even know. We were talking and the British said, \"Ten\nminutes,\" and time was up. I was in this camp for a month and another camp\nfinally in our own","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"headquarters. That was our very first meeting after not\nseeing each other. We were corresponding for many months. I would write letters\nin Hebrew and Harold would write back. He told me where his address was going to\nbe. With this interpreter, the first two or three letters [were written] in her\nhandwriting. Then I had to confess that this was not my own handwriting. Then I\nlearned to write properly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have all this stack of letters. Then we lost\ncontact with each other. After Harold was shipped back to Chicago, I was going\nfrom Salzburg to Innsbruck in Austria and Italy. I sent him two postcards. I was\neighteen years old and so naïve. I put on them that \"I'm here,\" and my name,\nand the name of the city, but I didn't put down an address, so Harold got these\npostcards and he couldn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"write to me. This happened two or three times. I\ndidn't hear from him, so I said to my group, \"Okay. I'm going to give him up.\nThis was a wartime romance and was nice. I'm just going to have to forget about\nhim.\" The group that I was with said, \"No, you can't do that because he wasn't\nthat kind of person. He said he's going to come and meet you in Palestine. He\nwill write to you. Give one more try.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One more try was we collected pennies\nfrom each person--enough to send a telegram. I still have this little piece of\npaper with 16 names on it. We went to the post office to send the telegram. When\nyou sent a telegram in those days, you couldn't do it without putting down your\naddress. Then I got a telegram back from Harold saying, \"Now I have your\naddress. I can write to you.\" That's how we reestablished contact. If not for my\ngroup telling me that, \"You've got to try one more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time,\" I probably would not\nhave tried. That's a little insight. That's when Harold and I were . . . come to\nvisit to our camp. He used to bring me cans of tuna and bars of soap that he\nwould collect from his buddies, from the other soldiers. That was a big thing\nfor us after the war. Then he brought me this little French handkerchief. Then\nwhen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was being shipped back to the United States, he came and brought me\nthese three yards of parachute fabric. He told me to save it. He took off his\nMagen David [star of David] necklace, which was his necklace from the time he\nwas bar mitzvahed. He gave me the necklace and he gave me the fabric. He said,\n\"Save this for your wedding.\" That's how I found out that I was engaged sort of.\nSo","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had this fabric. Then when we went from Salzburg to Brivio, Italy. When we\nwere finally able to get a ship, we weren't allowed to carry anything. This ship\nwas a fisherman's vessel. It held 80 fishermen and was converted to hold 800\nrefugees. We had five tiers of bunk beds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We weren't allowed to carry anything\nbut personal belongings like pictures or letters. I couldn't see myself leaving\nthis fabric that I got from Harold, so I took it and basted [loosely stitched]\nit onto the lining of my coat because you were allowed to take a coat. I\nsmuggled that into Cyprus like that and then from Cyprus to Palestine. Then in\nMarch when we got married, I made this dress by hand with one of the\ngirlfriends. That's the dress","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I have now on display at the [William Breman\nJewish Heritage] museum, [made from] the parachute fabric Harold gave me. It was\n18 months from the time . . . We were corresponding and reestablished contact.\nWe met in October after the war in 1945 and we were married in March 1947.\nThat's a long time.\n\nKENT: Did you have any concerns about marrying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an American instead of a Romanian\nor fellow European?\n\nBOWMAN: People were all . . . They all adored Harold and saw what a wonderful\nguy he was. They all felt very happy I met somebody as nice. They were all sorry\nto see me leave. They drew pictures and postcards when I left [saying] that,\n\"This romance is going to end up across the ocean. He's going to pull her across\nthe ocean.\" They were all very happy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they knew what a nice guy he was.\nIt was mostly because of that. There are some romances that didn't end up\nnicely, didn't end up with a happy ending like ours did. They were sorry to see\nme leaving, but I was just happy I was going to be with Harold. I was sorry to\nleave the country too, but we thought we were just going to leave for a short\ntime. Then the short time . . . Harold went back to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school and became a lawyer,\nand studying, and then the children came. We had three children. We kind of\npostponed it and postponed it. The main reason . . . Harold wanted to go back.\nHe would have liked to go back no matter what conditions, but I was the one that\nheld out because I couldn't decide to go back to a war situation because\nsurviving a war and everything . . . I just felt that if I have a choice, I\ncan't make this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decision that easily to go back when Israel is at war. The\nconditions in Israel were so bad. When we were living there, bombs were going\noff and curfew from the British . . . It just [was] a war situation. Of course,\nwe still have a war situation, but in those days right after the war, I couldn't\ndecide to go back on my own free will, to go back to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that kind of war situation.\nThat was the main reason that we didn't go back, but we go back to visit. We\nhave a lot of family there.\n\nKENT: What brought about the decision to come to America?\n\nBOWMAN: That was a kind of impromptu, quick decision. What happened was Harold's\nparents could not come to our wedding. We were married in March. The British\nwouldn't let people in yet. In June--when the situation was a little bit\nbetter--in 1947,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harold's mother, father, and sister--he has one sister--came to\nvisit us. His sister . . . One day, she was suggesting, \"Gee, why don't you come\nback? It's so bad here with bombs going off and the unsettled situation. Why\ndon't you come back to Chicago, finish school, and then come back?\" Harold kind\nof . . . We decided on the spur of the moment we would go back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His parents came\nback on their own and then Eileen, his sister, waited. We came back together. It\nwas like a spur of the moment decision. [We agreed,] \"Let's come back and finish\nyour education and then go back.\" We came back in October 1947. That was one\nmonth before the United Nations voted on the Partition of Palestine. That\nhappened in November. Then in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"April, Israel gained its independence and the war\nbroke out. I have several friends from my group who died in the Independence\nWar. My brother fought in that group too and he was injured. It just was a most\nwonderful, overwhelming happy thing that could happen. To finally get a country\nwas like a dream come true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have very close contacts . . .\n\nThe interesting thing was [Harold's] sister fell in love with Palestine and then\nIsrael. She lived there and I live here. [She is an] American girl [who] went to\nthe University of Chicago. She didn't become a Zionist until she was in her\ncollege years. She joined [unidentifiable organization sounds like \"ISFA\"]. She\njust loved the country. She decided to go back. She lives there in a kibbutz,\nhas three children,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married. We go back there to visit a lot.\n\nKENT: What was your attitude about having children after the war?\n\nBOWMAN: When Harold and I met, we thought we were going to have eighteen\nchildren. I wanted a big family. I just wanted to. I felt like I personally had\nto make up and replenish the loss in our family. I still sometimes feel I have\nto live for . . . Sometimes people say, \"Are you sure there's only one Penny?\"\nbecause I'm so active. I do so many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things with hobbies, and organizations, and\nvolunteering, and all that. I kind of feel like we have to make up for what we\nlost. I wanted a big family. Of course, with each one, we narrowed it down and\nwound up with three, but I still wish we had more. I feel families are just\nwonderful. We just have three children and only have three grandchildren. I\nwanted a family right away. We waited three years because there was the\ncircumstances, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think most survivors feel very strong feelings about\nstarting a family and replenishing the loss in as much as we can.\n\nKENT: What other plans and goals did you have for yourself along with having a family?\n\nBOWMAN: One of the main things I was concerned about was to be a well-adjusted,\nhappy person and to learn the language,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to live in this country. When I first\ncame here, I saw so many of my fellow survivors who really were wallowing in\npity. There was so much hate and so much sadness. I always felt that they were\nlike living victims of the war. They survived but their spirit was gone. I felt\nthat I don't want","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this to happen to me. I couldn't really put it into words what\nI wanted until one day I was studying. I was studying English at every\nopportunity. I took the Americanization classes. I took high school\ncorrespondence classes. I studied when I was stirring the pudding on the stove,\nmy vocabulary. I studied when I was riding the subway in Chicago to go to work.\nOne day, I came across the word","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'equilibrium' and then when I saw the\ntranslation [or] interpretation of what it meant, to have equal balance of\npowers and mental balance, two forces that act toward each other. I thought,\n\"Oh, that's what I have to live my life like--in equilibrium.\" I don't want to\nbe sad or to feel the loss","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what happened in the war. I want to remember it so\nother people, it won't happen again. I want to remember the words of [George]\nSantayana that said, 'Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat\nit.' But I also at the same time I want to live each day to the fullest, and be\nhappy, and not to hate, to forget--not to forget to a point of what happened,\nbut to forget","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what happened to me--and not to hate, because hate I felt was the\nmost powerful force that can change a person. First you start hating little\nthings and it grows. Just like Hitler started hating himself because he couldn't\npaint the way he wanted to and it built. I always felt you don't hate people,\nyou don't hate a person, you hate a system and you try to make better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of that\nsystem. You have to improve it. That's why I've been so active, including in politics.\n\nKENT: Do you remember any conversations with survivors in those early years and\nhow the two of you would sort it out together?\n\nBOWMAN: Yes. I remember I met . . . This was the first place in Chicago. I\nremember I met and know several who survived and our conversations that in every\nplace we went or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what we saw was just, \"I can't stand this,\" and, \"I just hate\nthis,\" and just couldn't forgive the whole world--what happened, why did it\nhappen, and why to them. Every minute was just holding so much against everybody\nbeing at fault for what happened. That's not how life is. I mean, a lot of\npeople were at fault but you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just can't . . . You have to turn a corner and say\nto yourself, \"I'm going to live and I'm not going to continue this way.\"\n\nI know my sister in Israel, she still can't forget. She talks about [it] and she\nhas so much hate or against what happened that she cannot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forget, she cannot\nforgive, she cannot go on with her life the way I can. She cannot disconnect\nherself from it.\n\nKENT: Is this the one who was with you?\n\nBOWMAN: Yes, with me. My younger sister didn't talk about her experience over\nyears and years. I felt what really helped me was when I came to this country\nand people were interested. I don't go and say, \"Hey, I'm a Holocaust survivor,\"\nbut if the conversation happens to turn such a way, I did it. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bowled for\nthirty-eight years with mostly non-Jewish people and I would be with them for\nalmost two years before they realized. When the situation calls for it, I would\nmention it. You just have to. You cannot live with the Holocaust memory in your\nmind and be happy. You have to kind of disconnect it, go on with your life, and\nthen bring it back when it's necessary. When I speak to the groups,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I try to\nlimit it. I used to do like 24 a year to various organizations and students.\nThen I found that was too much because the night before and the night after, I\nwould just think about it and you start bringing back all these things--\"Why,\"\nand \"It could have been different\"--and it just gnaws at you and makes you feel\nterrible. You have to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of set it aside and the only way to do it is by\nkeeping busy. I found just giving of yourself, volunteering, and keeping busy.\nIn addition to belonging to all these organizations, I learned arts and crafts\nin every medium and gardening, which I find very relaxing and [allows you to]\ndisconnect yourself. Being with nature, that helps me. Also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gardening makes you\ntired. When you're tired, you can sleep better. Sometimes certain books or\nmovies will remind you and you just can't sleep. By physically getting tired,\nlike [through] exercise, and gardening, and being active, and belonging to book\nclubs, and just expanding your mind.\n\nKENT: All three sisters turned out differently. You were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all three from the same\nfamily and the same camp experience, yet you each had your own way of reacting\nto it.\n\nBOWMAN: Yes. It's just amazing because being brought up in the same family and\nexperiencing the same camps--six months in Auschwitz-Birkenau, six months in\nMahrisch Weisswasser, which was in the Sudetenland--we all have different\noutlooks on life. We just reacted differently to things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By reading . . . I was\nfortunate that I had the time when I came to this country. I read a lot of books\nthat helped me--psychology and history, and later about how to raise children. I\nwas so engrossed in improving my mind, and growing spiritually, and\nintellectually, and physically. With my arts and crafts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and winning awards, and\nthese different things, I think I developed a different, more positive and happy\nattitude to life. I tried to be my best at whatever I was doing. I won awards\nover the years in all the things that I tackled. I took creative writing courses\nand I won . . . had 12,000 entries and I came in fourth. I did gardening and the\nmayor in Chicago gave me an award for my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pretty accomplishments in gardening.\nFor cooking, I was written up several times. I just tried to excel and do things\nand not dwell on the past that stunted me.\n\nMy education was stopped. I was trying to educate myself. Instead of going the\nformat other people took.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think just continually learn new things and that's\nwhat challenges the mind and the body, that makes you . . .\n\nKENT: You shard with us about your daughter who was upset about the haircut and\nyou brought in your experience. What other types of things happened over the\nyears where your war experience comes into it and teaches something?\n\nBOWMAN: I used to cross the street when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd see a dog. I used to cross the\nstreet because I was scared. My association with dogs was the German soldiers.\n\nI couldn't tolerate anything that's striped because they reminded me of the\nuniforms. To this day, I don't like to buy too much striped. It kind of gives me\nthe shivers when I see people wearing too much of the stripes like the camp\npeople did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I cannot buy anything that's [striped]. I don't hate. I don't hold\npeople at fault. I don't hold the present generation . . . One of my friends is\na woman from Germany. She was born in Berlin, came here as a teenager . . .\nAnything that's made in Germany . . . No matter how cheap because I don't know\nwhere it comes from and I don't know who was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in this. When we toured in\nVienna . . . We had to be in Vienna once. I couldn't wait to leave it because\nwhen I looked at [any] person, I thought, \"Where were you during the war? You\ncould have been my overseer. You could have been the person that incarcerated\nus.\" I just cannot go there and I don't buy any product, no matter how cheap. I\nfeel that personally I cannot do it. I don't mind if the world does it and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other\npeople do it. Personally, that just kind of stayed with me.\n\nKENT: If you were to meet one of those SS guards, what would you say or what\nwould you do?\n\nBOWMAN: If I saw one? I had the opportunity when our camp was . . . when we\nfound out that we were free. The way we found out [was that] the gates were left\nopen and the alarm didn't go off in the morning. I got up. I used to get up very\nearly and walk out. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw the sun was already up and nobody woke us. I walked to\nthe gate and I saw it was open, so I came back and screamed to the camp, to all\nthe women, \"Hey, I think the war ended!\" We came out and we found all the SS\nwomen was gone except this one woman. This one woman was always drunk. They\ndragged her out. She had a dog. The dog was gone. My fellow prisoners, inmates,\ndragged her out [and]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tore her to pieces. I saw them killing her. I started to\napproach and then I backed off. I said, \"No.\" I remembered the teachings. It\nsaid, \"Thou shall not kill.\" I remembered so strongly that this did not involve\nmy life. I'm not defending my life and that's why I would kill somebody. We are\nfree now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is revenge and I will not participate. My [fellow prisoners] tore\nher literally to pieces, and killed her, and I did not participate. I think it\nwas because of my upbringing--Thou shall not kill--and what was impressed upon\nme when I was a child. You don't kill for revenge. You protect your life","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if it's\nin danger, but . . . so I did not participate. I don't want to look at . . .\nWhen I see a German soldier in a movie or any place--like, I saw Schindler's\nList--it's just very hard, but I do look at [it]. People ask me questions about\nthe movie, so I want to be informed. It's very hard because [of] certain words.\nYou hear, \"Achtung\" [German],","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attention . . . It just gives you the chills even\nthis many years later.\n\nKENT: Have you been back to Cluj?\n\nBOWMAN: Yes, we went back in 1976 with two of our children.\n\nKENT: What was it like to walk those streets?\n\nBOWMAN: It was very hard especially everything was torn down. They made it into\nan open market. I kept looking for the synagogue and the . . . Nothing was\nthere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only thing that was still there [was] our brother-in-law's house was\nthere. We walked there. The botanical gardens were still there and all the\nchurches. It's a very beautiful city--Cluj. They take you on the tours now\nbecause it's [got] the Carpathian Mountains in the background. It has a lot of\nthings from the eighteenth century there, cathedrals, the botanical gardens,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nmountains . . . All those things were there but nothing Jewish, nothing of our\npast. It was very sad and people didn't want to speak to us. It was very sad.\n\nKENT: Do you suppose you raised your kids any differently than a woman who\ndidn't go through the war like that? Did it make you different in any particular way?\n\nBOWMAN: I don't know if it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made me different, but I was very determined that\nthey will know their background but not dwell on it to the point where it would\ncreate a problem later in their life. I was very glad that I instilled enough of\nthe background of what we went through, and the Jewishness, and kept our\nreligion, and kept an involved Jewish home, with Jewish education, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew\nschool, and bar mitvahs, and all that. Yet they don't have--like some\nsecond-generation Holocaust survivors--some problem going on with life, dealing\nwith the guilt or not having had their grandparents and things like that. I was\nvery glad our children don't show that. As a matter of fact, our daughter is an\nactress and an artist. She was in a play a few years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Diary of Anne\nFrank. She wrote a beautiful--in the blurb that they tell you about the\nactress--how proud she was that she learned from her mother not to hate. That\nwas a beautiful inscription in the program that was from knowing the background\nand the past. She really didn't get the full meaning of the Holocaust until","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she\nwas in this play in her adult life just a few years ago.\n\nKENT: What qualities in you do you think have stayed constant in your life\nbefore, during, and after the war?\n\nBOWMAN: What qualities?\n\nKENT: What part of you do you still have that was there when you were a girl?\n\nBOWMAN: I think the love of reading. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the constant search for the\nmeaning of life and the love of reading, and being a full, integrated person.\nWhatever I did, I wanted to do right. I had the curiosity of learning new\nthings. I had this aunt who, whenever I expressed an interest . . . I wanted to\nlearn how to knit. She would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"show me how. This aunt who was with us in\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. I wanted to . . . I didn't have a sweater. She would make me\none. I wanted to learn how to cook and she was a big influence. I think that\nstayed with me. The love of wanting to make a nice home, do everything right,\nand be a full time housewife but a liberated one that enjoys","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I'm doing and\nwants to grow with it. I never found just raising my three children . . . I\ndidn't work outside the home. It was so much challenge. I took every imaginable\nclass when my children were growing up and at school, besides being active in\norganizations. I think what really helped with my survival was that I was taking\none course after another, from creative writing to ceramics to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cooking to\nsewing. I took beginners, intermediate [and] advanced in tailoring and sewing\nand made about 18 things and decided, \"It's more fun going to the store and\nshopping, and trying things on, and buying.\" If you look through my house here,\nall the needlepoints, and all the artifacts, and some of the paintings were done\nby me. I think that was instilled as a child. I was the middle child. We had\nfour children [in my family] and I was the middle girl. I think I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always\nstuck with all the work. My older sister was out of the house and she was going\nsome place. My younger sister was too young. I was always the one that had to\nhelp with peeling the potatoes, and shelling the beans, and all that. I learned\nmore about house chores like that, and cooking, and being domesticated, and I'm\nglad I did. I had a choice of doing both worlds. I worked until","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my children were\nborn and I learned bookkeeping.\n\nKENT: Over the years, did you notice any difference between women and men\nsurvivors in terms of how they dealt with it or do you think everybody is different?\n\nBOWMAN: I think the men are maybe more closed mouth about it. They don't talk\nabout it as much. They seem to clam up more. I think women are more . . .\n\nKENT: Was your brother like that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBOWMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, my brother talks about it a lot. He told me the stories. He was in\nfive camps and some of the stories are just unbelievable and heartbreaking.\n\nKENT: Since you have done a lot of interviews and speeches over the years, are\nthere any things you haven't already mentioned--any experiences, insights, or anything?\n\n Some days when I read something, it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"triggers something and I'll think,\n\"Gee, I haven't thought about or spoken about this for a long time, or ever.\"\nOff the cuff, I'm trying to think . . . Thoughts like that occur all the time,\nespecially during reading or when you get together with other people and you\nstart talking and you haven't thought about that for a long time.\n\nI tell you, the mind is very tricky and interesting. You can erase","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things from\nyour mind that you want to. For instance, I grew up with Romanian until the\nsixth grade. Then the Hungarians came over. Over night, we had to switch from\nRomanian to Hungarian. It was not a problem because we were tri-lingual all the\ntime, but overnight we switched from Romanian. I grew up with Romanian. When I\ncame to this country, I said, \"Okay.\" I was taking books from the library in\nRomanian. I was continuing in Hungarian. I was studying English.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"Okay.\nThere are too many languages. I'm going to erase the ones I don't need.\" I\nerased Romanian from my mind. Can you believe it? I grew up with it. I go to\nIsrael and my sister talks Romanian and starts signing songs. It's completely .\n. . I recognize it but it's like completely erased it from my mind. I don't use\nthat. You can completely erase or forget about. That's what the mind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"does with\nso many things that you don't want to remember and never heard since you were in\ncamp. Then you read about it and it triggers your memory again.\n\nKENT: What do you do when something triggers a memory?\n\nBOWMAN: Then you have to fight have to push it in the background again, so it\nwon't interfere with your life, so you can go on. Otherwise, you just . . .\n\nWhen we were first married,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harold used to wake me up. I used to have the\nnightmares. I would constantly have nightmares of fires. That's because I saw\nthe smoke and the fires in Auschwitz-Birkenau. He would shake me, wake me up. I\nwould have constant nightmares about that, nightmares about being arrested,\nbeing rounded up, and starving, and people around you dying, and all the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scenes\nthat you see near the fences, and the German SS soldiers. I still visualize . .\n. I thought it was [Josef] Mengle that, when we Hungarians arrived . . . That\nimage is so clear in my mind--the uniform with the black boots and the cane, and\nthe way this way and that way pushing people, so you just . . . The only way to\nget rid of it is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to play Mahjong, or go cook, or go with your children, read a\ngood book, or garden, or do a needlepoint. I found that the most relaxing things\nthat a person can . . . just keeping your hands busy with needlepointing or\nknitting just does something relaxing to the inside of your body. A lot of my\nfriends, including my sister, do not do that. I found that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so many survivors who\ndo not have enough hobbies and do not have enough interests, seem to carry their\nburdens every day so much more than I do. I have a pretty positive attitude.\nWhen we did the taping for the Spielberg thing, my children and my son-in-law,\nthey all spoke and that's what impressed them--that I don't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel that terrible\nburden every minute and [have a] positive attitude. That's a salvation.\n\nKENT: To put some of these big themes together . . . Zionism was a big part of\nyour life. I'm wondering what your outlook is. Not to get too much into\npolitics, but looking at the Israeli situation now with your background both as\na Zionist and the Holocaust experience,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what is your opinion about it? What does\nit do to you to follow the situation there?\n\nBOWMAN: I firmly believe that Israel has to exist. It's the only place that we\ncan call our own. I'm not clear how much Israel we need. As far as dividing the\ncounty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just feel that's so . . . I had written some articles and sent to\npublishers and they were published in Houston and Chicago. I felt that at one\ntime that the Arabs have 13 or 23 countries. Just let Israel have one tiny\nlittle . . . I feel very firmly about that--that Israel should exist, no matter\nhow small, and gather all the people from the corners of the world that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to\nbe there. As far as dividing the country and what size, I'm not free to say\nbecause I don't live there. I don't have the right to say it really because I\ndon't live there. We visited in Israel 13 times since 1946. I saw the change and\nthe amazing things that the country did. I don't think there's another place in\nthe world that accomplished that much in fifty-some years. It's so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unlike any\ncountry. We've travelled all over the world and been so many places, but Israel\n. . . To have the topography, to have in one small area the mountains and the\ndesert and the sea . . . You have to travel in this country for days before you\nreach that kind of topography again. It's just so special. I just wish we could\nhave peace there. That's my biggest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fear.\n\nKENT: What lessons could be applied from World War II to the Mideast? What\nshould people learn?\n\nBOWMAN: I think that, like any lesson from war, just try not have armies. As\nsoon as you put a gun in a person's hand, their personality changes. I found\nthat to be when we arrived in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cyprus. It was the end of the war and the British\nwere the overseers. The conditions in Cyprus was the same as in\nAuschwitz-Birkenau, except they did not have gas chambers and crematories. The\nBritish were . . . That was the biggest disappointment. With the guns in their\nhands, they were just as mean, as cruel. They were forcing us off with hoses.\nThe conditions were unbelievable. We had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing. We slept on boards. We just\nhad blankets. We made bras from handkerchiefs. We made makeshift ovens from\ncans. We didn't have utensils. The food was just as bad. I mean, we did not have\nfood. We lived in the conditions in Cyprus . . . The British were behaving just\nlike another soldier with the gun. We had to ration water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got sick in Cyprus\nfrom lack of food. I had the vitamin deficiency problem. Nurses from Palestine,\nfrom the Hadassah hospital came to help out the refugees at camp. I feel that\nthe minute you put a gun in a person's hand, the personality changes. They just\nbecome different and there's war. I think it's . . . Just have to figure out how\nto get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along with each other, which is not easy.\n\nKENT: You know that common line that it should never happen again? What types of\nthings need to change . . .\n\nBOWMAN: So it will never happen [again]? One of the first things that changed so\nthat it will never happen again is that we are a people and we have a voice. If\nsomebody does something bad to you, at least you have a government to speak up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what we did not have. It doesn't mean that everybody has to go to\nIsrael--there wouldn't be room for everybody--just so that you also have a gun,\nand you have a government that can fight for your rights, and for your freedom.\nIt's a balance among the countries.\n\nI think that will never happen again because we have a voice, but I'm not that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"100% sure it could never happen again. I mean, we saw signs, slow things\nhappening throughout the world with Bosnia and things like that happen all the\ntime. We just have to be alert and stop it when it starts. We have to educate\nour youth, our children and their future because if you forget the past, you\nwill repeat what happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKENT:\u003c/strong\u003e Should Jewish people or Jewish leaders do things differently or understand\nthings differently? Should Jews learn something from that?\n\nBOWMAN: I'm sure they learned something. I think they are passing it on to\nfuture generations to watch out for freedom, to watch out for . . . especially\nthe laws, and the small","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little things that are passed everyday, and changes that\noccur--you can't do this and you can't do that--to watch small things build up\nand become the law of the land. I think we all should be active in politics, and\ntry and get the best leader, and pass the laws in ways that we think are fit,\nand watch what's going on. I've always felt very strongly about it. In my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"younger days, I belonged to the League of Women Voters. I couldn't see one\nelection time not voting, even though my family would not take it that\nseriously. I just followed the elections. I tried to find the best person, and\nvote for the best things, and express my patriotism through voting. I think\nthat's one thing everybody should watch out for--what the leaders that are going\nto be elected stand for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if it's what you stand for and if it's . . . I don't\nfeel it should just go by if it's good for the Jewish people, you vote for it. I\ndon't feel that way. I think it has to be good for the country and for the\nworld. To have compassion and to have all the good things you desire, and the\nbest person. If there are two bad people running, vote for the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"best. It could\nhappen in this country. Look at the character of [Joseph] McCarthy in the\nMcCarthy era. He was such a charismatic person. He could sway people and say,\n\"This is Communism.\" When I'd listen to him, I'd say, \"Gee, this sounds just\nlike during the Hitler era.\" Pretty soon, he found everybody [was] bad and we\nwere beginning to believe him.\n\nKENT: As we close, is there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything you'd like to say to your siblings if they\nshould ever see this? Is there any message you would like to pass on to your\nsisters and brother?\n\nBOWMAN: [For] my children, I hope they never have to go through what we went\nthrough. I hope they keep alert, and learn from the past, and keep it alive for\nthe future so that . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just want them to learn about it at whatever stage\nthey are ready for it, because I feel that if you don't know it and you don't\nknow history, it's going to repeat itself. I feel that sometimes my children\ndon't want to go back into history that much, but it's good to study history and\nto keep the memory of the Holocaust alive to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pass it on from generation to\ngeneration, and to be happy, not to have the past interfere to a point that they\ncan't be a full, complete, and happy person.\n\nSometimes, the children of survivors don't have the family, don't have the\ngrandparents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to relate to. They feel this void and sometimes they can never\nforget that. I could see it with some of my friends' children. I can see it. I\njust found so much replacement for it with having a close circle of friends.\n\nKENT: How satisfied do you suppose your mother and father would be with you,\nwith what you've done with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rest of your life?\n\nBOWMAN: They probably would have liked to have seen me more religious, very\nOrthodox, to keep a kosher home, from A to Z, to abide by all 630 commandments,\nI'm sure. But I think there would be some certain things they would be proud of.\nI think my mother would be proud that I learned so much about cleaning house,\nbeing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"domesticated, being able to cook, and bake, and pass it on to my children,\nand observing the holidays. We observed the holidays with the proper atmosphere,\nwith the decorating for Sukkot and Passover. Our Passover meal lasts from eight\nuntil midnight. We read Hebrew and we sing all the songs. All the holidays are\ncelebrated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think they would be proud of that. I think they probably would\noverall be satisfied. They probably would like to have more grandchildren [and]\ngreat-grandchildren. I can't help that, I guess. That's one thing I regret. I\nwould have loved to have a house full of grandchildren because grandchildren are\nthe most fun thing in life. You love them and leave them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a bigger pleasure\nthan with your own children when you have all the trials and tribulations with\nthem, raising them, and saying, \"No.\"\n\nKENT: It is fun without the work?\n\nBOWMAN: No, it's work. Our granddaughter now comes over from 3:30 to 8:30. I\nhave to keep her amused so we cook, and bake, and teach her, and garden, and do\nall this. It's work. She's so bright. Then when they come to pick her up at 8:30,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's \"I love you, but I'm glad you're leaving.\" I don't have the\nresponsibility after that. It's just the most wonderful feeling in life to have\ngrandchildren. We lived in Houston [Texas], so our daughter and all three\nchildren lived here. When our grandsons were growing up, we just saw them like\ntwo times a year. Then we moved. Mathew and Robert, they're around 19 and 22\nnow. We saw them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every few months or twice a year. It's a different feeling\nwatching them grow. This little one is six. We saw from the time she was two.\n\nKENT: One last question before the tape runs out: How can you convey the reality\nof the injustice, and the horror, and all that to a child and still have the\nchild feel that life is oaky? How do you put the two together?\n\nBOWMAN: It's very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard, but that's life. You go through many things. People are\ncruel and brutal. I had a magnet that said, \"If life gives you lemons, you make\nlemonade.\" I just feel that you're always going to encounter it. You just have\nto try and overcome it and make it better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just where you can.\n\nIf I try to think about what happened, I myself cannot believe it, that it\nhappened, that people so educated could play the music and then kill you with\none hand and listen to the music. I myself can't believe all the horrors, what\nhappened, and what we went through. But the human being is so strong","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and such\nunimaginable power that overcomes you when the need is there, that gives you\nextra strength that you can live again--strength that you never thought you had.\nI didn't think how I could . . . I can't imagine that I could be without food\nand water, and no clothing, and be cold, and stand in line, and freezing, and\nstill","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how I survived it. I think it's just the human spirit rises to the moment\nand this happened many times. I think that's the only way to explain. Just keep\nhope that the human being is good and things will work out. Just snap out of it\nbecause depression doesn't help you.\n\nKENT: Do you have anything else to add?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/transcript/24458/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBOWMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm sure it's long enough and you're going to condense it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=7200.0,7205.5"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Bowman_Penina [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween the end of World War I and 1940, the area Penina grew up in was part of Romania. The 1930s in Romania were marked by social unrest, high unemployment, and strikes. Nationalist parties and the fascist Iron Guard grew in popularity and political rivalries soon put the country on the verge of civil war. At the outbreak of World War II, a royal dictatorship was in place and Romania adopted a position of neutrality. In 1940, Romania lost about 30 percent of its territory (mostly gained after World War I) to the Soviet Union, Hungary, and Bulgaria as part of the Second Vienna Award. Northern Transylvania—the area where Penina lived—reverted back to Hungary, which had already allied itself with Germany. Meanwhile, the increasingly unpopular Romanian king was forced to abdicate and by November 1940, Romania had also formally joined the Axis powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=17.25,41.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=17.25,41.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCluj [Romanian; Hungarian: Kolozsvar; German: Klausenburg] is a city in northwestern Romania and is traditionally considered to be the capital of Transylvania. Today the official name of the city is Cluj-Napoca.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=46.58824,55.27059"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=101.18331,139.26915"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Broadway musical Fiddler on the Roof was based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Dairyman), a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=101.18331,139.26915"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=55.27059,101.18331"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=55.27059,101.18331"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Judaism, a ritual bath, or mikveh [Hebrew] is a pool of water, gathered from rain or from a spring, which is used for ritual purification and ablutions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=55.27059,101.18331"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere are a total of 613 different mitzvot [Hebrew: commandments] given to the Israelite people, the most famous of which being the Ten Commandments, in the Torah. In the 12th century, the scholar Maimonides recorded and classified the commandments. The 613 commandments include \"positive commandments\", to perform an act (mitzvot aseh), and \"negative commandments\", to abstain from certain acts (mitzvot lo taaseh). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=101.18331,139.26915"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzah, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday is celebrated.  The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life. In addition to eating matzah during the seder, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats unless those foods are labeled ‘kosher for Passover.’ Jews traditionally have separate dishes for Passover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=101.18331,139.26915"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSukkot is one of the Harvest Festivals. It is seven days long and comes after the ingathering of the yearly harvest. It celebrates G-d’s bounty in nature and G-d’s protection, symbolized by the fragile booths in which the Israelites dwelt in the wilderness. During Sukkot, Jews eat and live in such booths, which gives the festival its name and character.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=139.26915,160.22644"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. In a kosher kitchen and home, meat and dairy are kept separate, so a separate sets of dishes, cookware, and serving ware are needed. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: Day of Atonement] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement that supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890’s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBaruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was a Jewish-Dutch philosopher. Spinoza helped to lay the groundwork for the eighteenth century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism. Citing his “evil opinions and acts” Spinoza was ostracized and censured by the Jewish community in Amsterdam, Holland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Darwin (1809-1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist. His scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeginning in April 1944 the Soviet Army had advanced further into Romania, which was still an ally of Germany. In August 1944, Romania was realigned with the Allies after a coup put King Michael I in control. Although Romania was then aligned with the Allies, the Soviet army occupied most of Romania as enemy territory until a formal armistice was signed on September 12, 1944 and the army requisitioned whatever resources it could find as it pushed further west toward Germany. Even after the armistice and end of the war in 1945, Romania’s scarce post-war resources were further drained by the Soviets as war reparations paid to the Soviet Union and through policies that allowed the Soviet Union to control Romania's major sources of income. By 1947, an economic crisis gripped Romania. The 1944 armistice made Romania subject to joint Allied control, but with the Soviet military already prominent, the Soviets became the de facto authority. Gradually, communist-aligned parties gained control of the administration and pre-war political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life. In December 1947, King Michael abdicated and the People’ Republic of Romania was declared. Over the next decade, communist leaders laid the foundations of a totalitarian regime. Romania remained under military and economic control of the Soviet Union until the late 1950s. After Stalin's death in 1953, Romania had begun to distance itself from Moscow. Romania's national communist government began to assert more independence. Soviet troops withdrew from Romania in 1958 and Romanian leaders started to pursue independent policies, including resuming relationships with the West.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II, the Brichah [Hebrew: “escape” or “flight”] was an underground effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape to what was then the British Mandate for Palestine in violation of the White Paper of 1939. Officers of the Jewish Brigade of the British army, along with operative from the Hagana (the Jewish clandestine army in Palestine) helped to smuggled as many displaced Jewish persons as possible into Palestine through Italy. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee funded them. Brichah ended when Israel became independent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs early as May 1938, Hungary had adopted comprehensive anti-Jewish laws and measures. In 1941, racial laws that were modeled on Germany’s Nuremberg Laws were introduced. Among other provisions, the laws defined \"Jews\" in so-called racial terms, forbade intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews, excluded Jews from full participation in various professions, and restricted their opportunities in economic life. Immediately after Hungary’s annexation of Romanian territory, anti-Jewish persecution began through a number of anti-Jewish measures and economic restrictions imposed on Jews throughout the region. In July 1941, hundreds of Jewish families in Cluj who did not possess Hungarian citizenship were deported to Galicia and murdered near Kamenets-Podolski. In the summer of 1942, most of the military-age men in Cluj were conscripted for forced labor and transported to the Nazi-occupied area of the Soviet Union, where many perished. Hungarian authorities commenced issuing anti-Jewish decrees immediately after the German occupation in March 1944. The Germans isolated the Jewish population from the outside world by restricting their movement and confiscating their telephones and radios. Jewish communities were forced to wear the yellow star on their clothing. Jewish property and businesses were seized, and from mid- to late April the Jews of Hungary were forced into short-lived ghettos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Watergate scandal was a major federal political scandal in the United States involving the administration of President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974. It began when burglars were arrested in the office of the Democratic National Committee, located in the Watergate complex of buildings in Washington, D.C. When it was discovered the burglars had been wiretapping phones and stealing documents, President Nixon took aggressive steps to cover up their connection to his reelection campaign. When his role was later revealed in the conspiracy, Nixon resigned from office. However, the scandal’s biggest implication may be that it caused Americans to question their leaders more critically.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944 and, by May, a makeshift ghetto with no real livable conditions was set up in the Iris brickyard in the northern part of Cluj. The Cluj Jews were driven out of their homes and marched to the brickyard, where they waited in the yard for a week or so. They had only what they could carry or gather in 20 minutes. They had been told there were going to a work camp. Jews from other communities were also brought to the ghetto and at its peak the population was close to 18,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom May 25, 1944 to June 9, 1944 six transports took the majority of the Cluj ghetto inhabitants to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMahrisch Weisswasser [German: Mährisch Weisswasser] was a sub-camp of Gross-Rosen. It was established in September 1944 in Bila Voda [Czech: Bilá Voda], a small village in present-day northern Czech Republic, on the border of Poland. The young Jewish women from Hungary, Romania, Poland and France who were sent there worked at the Telefunken factory. A transport of female Jews from Auschwitz was also sent there. The camp was not even built yet when they arrived. Some of the women had to go out in the forest and cut the wood to build the barracks. It was surrounded with electrified barbed wire and was designed for 500 inmates, although at least 650 passed through the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMahrisch Weisswasser [German: Mährisch Weisswasser] was a sub-camp of Gross-Rosen. It was established in September 1944 in Bila Voda [Czech: Bilá Voda], a small village in present-day northern Czech Republic, on the border of Poland. The young Jewish women from Hungary, Romania, Poland and France who were sent there worked at the Telefunken factory. A transport of female Jews from Auschwitz was also sent there. The camp was not even built yet when they arrived. Some of the women had to go out in the forest and cut the wood to build the barracks. It was surrounded with electrified barbed wire and was designed for 500 inmates, although at least 650 passed through the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location: the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941 for Soviet prisoners of war. In March 1942, tattoos were used to identify prisoners at Auschwitz II (Birkenau). By the spring of 1943, the SS authorities throughout the entire Auschwitz complex adopted the practice of tattooing almost all previously registered and newly arrived prisoners, including female prisoners. Prisoners were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Hungary had initially been resistant to mass deportations of its Jewish population, after the German occupation in March 1944, Hungarian authorities complied. In coordination with the German Security Police, police, gendarmerie, and local administrators began to systematically roundup and concentrate the Hungarian Jews in ghettos before forcing them onto the deportation trains. With the deportations from Hungary, the role of Auschwitz-Birkenau as an instrument of the German plan to murder the Jews of Europe achieved its highest effectiveness. Between late April and early July 1944, approximately 440,000 Hungarian Jews were deported in more than 145 trains, around 426,000 of them to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Under the guidance of German SS officials, the Hungarian police carried out the roundups and forced the Jews onto the deportation trains. The SS sent approximately 320,000 of them directly to the gas chambers in Auschwitz-Birkenau, and deployed approximately 110,000 to forced labor in the Auschwitz concentration camp complex.  Thousands were also sent to the border with Austria to be deployed at digging fortification trenches. As many as 8,000 Hungarian Jews were murdered on a daily basis during this period. The crematoria were unable to keep up and open-air pits were used. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrior to World War II, Cluj had a vibrant Jewish community with a population of 16,148. A few survivors from Cluj returned to the city after the war and were joined by survivors who came from other areas. In 1947, Cluj was home to 6,500 Jews. Disappointed with the realities of the Communist regime established after World War II, eventually most Jews from Cluj emigrated to Israel or other areas. By 1970 there were 1,100 Jews (340 families) remaining in Cluj. At the end of the 20th century, the Jewish population had dropped by more than half, and the community had about 500 members. A census conducted in 2002 indicated that there were 223 Jews living in Cluj.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz II, or Auschwitz-Birkenau had the largest total prisoner population. It was divided into more than a dozen sections separated by electronic barbed-wire fences, and was patrolled by SS guards. The camp included sections for women, men, a family camp for Roma (Gypsies), and a family camp for Jewish families deported from the Theresienstadt ghetto. Auschwitz-Birkenau also contained the facilities for a killing center. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization in the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. In 1943, there was a guard shortage and Nazis began recruiting women to fill the guard positions. The Aufseherinnen [German: overseers or attendants] were female guards who served in Nazi concentration camps. The first female guards arrived at Auschwitz and Majdanek camps from Ravensbruck in 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sudetenland was an area along the border of Bohemia and Moravia near the Sudeten Mountains. The Sudetenland had a predominately German population that was incorporated into the boundaries of Czechoslovakia after World War I. The area became a major source of contention between Germany and Czechoslovakia until the Munich Conference yielded it to Germany in 1938 as an attempt at appeasing the Germans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mahrisch Weisswasser camp was officially liberated on May 8, 1945 but since the female SS guards had already fled the camp in fear as the Russian army approached, most of the 650 prisoners had already left the camp and spread out in the nearby countryside by the time the Russians officially got there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSalzburg, Austria was in the American occupied zone. By the end of 1946, over 13,000 Jewish DPs (displaced persons) were living in Salzburg’s three permanent and five transient camps. UNRRA (the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation administration) administered the three permanent camps: Bad Gastein, New Palestine and Baunau. UNRRA and thee AJDC (The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee) administered the five transient camps: Frenz Josef, Beth Bialik, Puch, Riedenburg and Saalfelden. Most of the transient camp residents were Jews from Hungary, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia. Emigration was a major component of DP camp life and, within the transient camps, polls revealed that about 80 percent saw Palestine as their ultimate destination.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kibbutz [Hebrew: ‘gathering’ or ‘clustering’] is a collective community in Israel traditionally based on agriculture. They began as utopian communities that combined socialism and Zionism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunkacs [also Minkatch, Munkács, or Munkachs] is a town in present-day southwestern Ukraine. Munkacs changed hands many times over the years and has many alternate spellings. It was part of the Kingdom of Hungary from the eleventh century until 1918, when Munkacs and the surrounding area became part of Czechoslovakia. In 1938, this part of Czechoslovakia was ceded back to Hungary. After the war, it became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Today, it is called Mukachevo.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHanoar Hatzioni, fully \"Histadrut Halutzit Olamit Hanoar Hatzioni\", or \"HH\" for short, is a youth movement established in 1926, with its head offices now in Israel. During the late 1930's up until the outbreak of World War II, the association focused on training and preparation for aliyah [immigration to Palestine].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGI is an abbreviation for “Government Issue” and commonly refers to a member or former member of the United States armed forces. The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, also known as the ‘G.I. Bill,’ was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans. It provides low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, as well as educational assistance to service members, veterans, and their dependents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Republic of Cyprus is an island in the eastern Mediterranean that is separated into a Greek south and Turkish north. At the end of World War II, Britain continued to strictly limit Jewish immigration to Palestine. Jewish resistance organizations managed to smuggle hundreds of thousands of survivors from Europe into Palestine via “illegal” immigrant ships. The British intercepted most ships, however, and began to intern the immigrants they caught in camps, some of which were in Cyprus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War I, Britain took over Palestine. Although protested by the Arab states, the League of Nations authorized the British mandate over Palestine, which continued throughout World War II. Beginning in 1929, Arabs and Jews openly fought in Palestine, and Britain attempted to limit Jewish immigration as a means of appeasing the Arabs. Jewish immigration had already been restricted by a series of official reports (known as White Papers) issued in 1922 and 1930 by the British government. The Arab Revolt of 1936–1939 further caused Great Britain to dramatically limit the numbers of immigrants allowed into Palestine in subsequent years and throughout the Holocaust. In 1939, a third White Paper was issued, which limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 for the first five years, subject to the country's \"economic absorptive capacity,\" and would later be contingent on Arab consent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Technion—Israel Institute of Technology is a public research university in Haifa, Israel offering degrees in science and engineering.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Exodus 1947 was a ship that carried Jews intent on entering Palestine illegally. At the time the British, who had restricted entry, controlled Palestine. Most of the passengers were Holocaust survivors who had no legal immigration certificates to Palestine. The ship left France on July 11, 1947. Following wide media coverage, the British Royal Navy seized the ship and escorted it to the port of Haifa. The passengers were put on three different ships and returned to France. When they got there they refused to get off and went on a hunger strike. The British government refused to back down. Further negotiations resulted in them being sent them to DP camps in Germany. The women and children got off voluntarily but the men had to be removed forcibly. Eventually most of the refugees made it to Palestine via Cyprus, illegal smuggling, or legal immigration after Israel became a nation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Chief Rabbinate of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth is an institution that first arose in the 18th century, when a chief rabbi was recognized as the spiritual head of the Jewish community. Israel Brodie served as chief rabbi from 1946 until his retirement in 1965. Since his retirement, the Jewish community has become less homogenous. While there is still great respect for the chief rabbi and his views are frequently sought, they are not always adopted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. During World War II, the Red Cross—although limited by the Germans—had access to and was a crucial source of information about civilians, prisoners of war, and concentration camp prisoners. At the end of World War II, the Red Cross worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected by the war and to help locate survivors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLocated on the Mediterranean coast, about 15 miles south of Haifa, Atlit served as a detention camp for Jewish refugees from Nazi Europe who arrived on Israel’s shores during the British Mandate. Established in the 1930’s, the camp was set up by the British to appease the Arab population. Many thousands of Jews were interred at Atlit, some staying for as long as two years. The camp was temporarily shut down between 1942 and 1945, when it was reopened to handle Holocaust survivors. Surrounded with barbed wire, the men were separated from the women. They had to strip, were sprayed with DDT, and entered showers—all reminders of Europe. After 200 detainees broke out of the camp on October 10, 1945, the British began to send refugees to Cyprus instead. Atlit later became a detainee camp for Arabs, and later for Egyptian prisoners of war in 1967.  Today, the site houses a museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1947, the U.N. General Assembly set up the Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP). This committee recommended that the British mandate over Palestine be ended and that the territory be partitioned into two states. On November 29, 1947, the U.N. General Assembly passed the partition plan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration. It was carved out of Ottoman Syria after World War I, and consisted of the territories of modern-day Israel and Jordan. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 to 1948. It was formalized with the League of Nations’ consent in 1923 and contained two administrative areas. The land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British rule until 1948, while the land east of the Jordan was a semi­autonomous region known as Transjordan under the rule of the Hashemite family. It gained independence in 1946 as Jordan. When the British Mandate over Palestine expired on May 14, 1948, the State of Israel declared its independence. It was recognized that night by the United States, and three days later by the Soviet Union. A day after the declaration of independence of the State of Israel, armies of five Arab countries, Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, and Iraq, invaded Israel. This marked the beginning of the War of Independence. Despite the numerical superiority of the Arab armies, Israel defended itself and won, maintaining its independence. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás (1863-1952), known in English as George Santayana, was a Spanish-born philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist. Among his best-known quotes is: Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler applied for entrance into the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Austria twice and was twice rejected, once in 1907 and again in 1908. For the next five years, Hitler struggled to earn money by selling small paintings, mostly images of buildings and other landmarks in Vienna that he copied from postcards. By 1914, Hitler was serving in World War I and would later enter politics. In his autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf, Hitler claimed that his antisemitic views formed during his time as a struggling artist in Vienna. His frustrated art career became part of the myth making—by Hitler himself and by his followers—that helped drive his fateful rise to power in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchindler’s List is a 1994 film directed by Steven Spielberg based on the book by Thomas Keneally of the same name, in which businessman Oskar Schindler arrives in Krakow in 1939, ready to make his fortune from World War II, which has just started. After joining the Nazi party primarily for political expediency, he staffs his factory with Jewish workers for similarly pragmatic reasons. When the SS begins exterminating Jews in the Krakow ghetto, Schindler arranges to have his workers protected to keep his factory in operation, but soon realizes that in so doing, he is also saving innocent lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. The roughly 1,500 km (932 mi) long arc stretches through the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Neolog synagogue is the only functioning synagogue left in Cluj, and serves the local Jewish community. It is dedicated to the victims of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Diary of a Young Girl, also known as The Diary of Anne Frank, is a book of the writings from the Dutch language diary kept by Anne Frank (1929-1945), a German-Jewish girl, while she was in hiding for two years with her family and others during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. After almost two years, they were discovered and deported to concentration camps. Anne died in Bergen-Belsen in April 1945, at the age of 15. Anne’s father, Otto Frank, is the only one of the eight people in hiding to survive. After the war, her father retrieved her diary and published it in 1947. The diary has since been published in more than 60 languages and has undergone many theatrical and film adaptations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Mengele (1911-1979) was a German doctor and member of the SS, who served at the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination amp from 1943-1945. He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins—thus earning him the nickname the ‘Angel of Death.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Auschwitz-Birkenau, the selection of mass Jewish transports took place on three railroad unloading platforms, or ramps. SS doctors made most of the decisions about who was qualified for labor, and who was killed immediately. The selection procedure carried out on the ramps was as follows: families were divided after leaving the train cars and all the people were lined up in two columns. The men and older boys were in one column, and the women and children of both sexes in the other. Next, the people were led to the camp doctors and other camp functionaries conducting selection. They judged the people standing before them on sight and, sometimes eliciting a brief declaration as to their age and occupation, decided whether they would live or die. Age was one of the principal criteria for selection. As a rule, all children below 16 years of age (from 1944, below 14) and the elderly were sent to die. As a statistical average, about 20% of the people in transports were chosen for labor. They were led into the camp and registered as prisoners. The remainder was killed in the gas chambers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMahjong (also spelled ‘mah jongg’) is a popular game that originated in China, played by four players using tiles with Chinese characters and symbols.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hadassah Medical Organization (HMO) is a medical and research organization founded in 1912. HMO pioneered the development of standards and practice of health care in Israel. It began in 1913 when Hadassah sent two nurses to Palestine to provide pasteurized milk to infants and new mothers, and to eradicate trachoma, an easily cured eye disease, that was robbing thousands of sight. By 1918, Hadassah had sent an entire medical unit, comprised of 45 doctors, nurses, dentists and sanitary workers, to bring American-style medical care to the Middle East. The Hadassah Hospital - Mount Scopus hospital was built in 1939, but closed in 1948, after an Arab attack on a convoy of medical personnel making its way up Mount Scopus. From 1948-1967 it stood in no-man's land, during which time a new Hadassah Hospital was built in Ein Kerem. After the Six Day War and the reunification of the city (1967), the hospital was rebuilt. Today, it is headquartered in Jerusalem, Israel, where it operates two world-class medical and research centers. It is a 300-bed regional hospital serving Jewish and Arab neighborhoods of northern and eastern Jerusalem, Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe League of Women Voters is an American civic organization that was formed by Carrie Chapman Catt in 1920 to help women take a larger role in public affairs after they won the right to vote. It does not support or oppose candidates for office at any level of government but rather works to increase understanding of major public policy issues and to influence public policy through education and advocacy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/annotation_set/437/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph McCarthy (1908-1957) served as a United States Senator from Wisconsin (Republican) from 1947 to his death in 1957. He latched onto Communism and exposing Communist sympathizers in the government and military and made the issue his cause célèbre. The whole anti-Communist fever of the 1950’s became known as ‘McCarthyism.’ According to McCarthy there were 205 Communists in the State Department (or 87 or 51, depending on which speech he was giving). Although McCarthy carefully avoided any antisemitic innuendo linking Jews and Communism, many Jewish organizations responded negatively. In fact, 21 percent of people in 1948 believed that “most Jews were Communists” and more than half associated Jews with spying. Of the 124 people hauled before McCarthy’s committee (House Committee on Un-American Activities), 79 were Jews, thus leading to their sensitivity on the matter. McCarthy eventually got so carried away finding “Communists under every bed” that he himself was the subject of a congressional investigation and he was censured by the Senate. He died in 1957.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6780.0,6810.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Penina Bowman [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A Strict Upbringing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1.0,536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Penina describes her life before the war. She grew up in a strict \"extreme Orthodox\" household, and says she appreciates it now later in life. She believes her background helped her survive in the camps. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1.0,536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could you start with your original name and spell it?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1.0,536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miriam Weisz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mordecai Weisz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yaffa Weisz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1.0,536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Background","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cluj","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fiddler on the Roof","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holidays","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rebellion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Transylvania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1.0,536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews And Non-Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=536.0,796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Penina thought the attitudes of non-Jews towards Jews were mixed, though some were glad to see them go. Some were helpful, saving their things and giving them back.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=536.0,796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How much interaction was there with the non-Jewish people?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=536.0,796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gentile","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Brigade","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Photo Album","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Seamstress","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=536.0,796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Increasing Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=796.0,1099.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Penina remembers her parents whispering about what was going on, but she didn't know much beyond rumors. No one knew about the extermination camps. Before the war, she experienced many incidents of antisemitism. There started to be many different antisemitic rules and laws, but they still continued with their lives.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=796.0,1099.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before getting into the later part of your story, I'd like to stay with your earlier years just a little bit more. 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","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1099.0,1158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What were some of the teachings from your mom that might have helped you get through the war?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1099.0,1158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Attitude","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Positivity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Survival","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1099.0,1158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Train Ride","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1158.0,1377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before the train ride to camp, her mother packed several onions, something that helped when the train ran out of food. She remembers people dying on the train.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1158.0,1377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could you describe how you personally coped with the train ride, entering the camp, and that whole horrible phase?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1158.0,1377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bad Conditions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Onions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Train Ride","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1158.0,1377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Surviving The Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1377.0,2054.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Penina credits the encouragement of her sisters for her survival in the camp, even when she wanted to give up. They survived Auschwitz-Birkenau for six months, through escaping selections, avoiding work, and getting help from an overseer.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=1377.0,2054.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you describe what you were like in the camps? 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Although they were free, they felt both happy and scared. They wanted to know who else survived. When they returned home, Penina remembers the neighbors not being happy to see them. New people lived in their house. They learned their brother survived after being separated from the women. Neither of their parents survived, and 42 members of their immediate family were gone.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=2534.0,2941.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was your condition on liberation day? 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Of Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3584.0,3841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Penina knew that Palestine was going to be small and she, and her group, had plans to work the land. They imagined it all being desert. She later married Harold in Palestine in 1947.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3584.0,3841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After learning about the history of Palestine, what were the expectations about how much room there might be for all these immigrants in Palestine and what you might expect?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3584.0,3841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GI Bill","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Haifa","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Homeland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kibbutz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tel Aviv","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3584.0,3841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her Father's Opinion On Zionism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3841.0,3965.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Penina's father was not a Zionist. 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Many local Israelis wanted to know if they had any relatives who survived the Holocaust. Harold and Penina initially had difficulty keeping contact, but managed to engage in correspondence with each other for months.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3965.0,4467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you talk about what the attitude of the local Israelis and the people who had gotten there before the war towards the new immigrants and survivors?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3965.0,4467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlit","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"British Rabbinate","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brivio","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chicago","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cyprus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Innsbruck","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israelis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Red Cross","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Technion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=3965.0,4467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moving To America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=4467.0,4743.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everyone loved Harold. Although they only planned on leaving Palestine for a short time, they kept postponing their return. Penina says she held out because she didn't want to return to a war environment. 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What types of things need to change . . .","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6544.0,6777.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joseph McCarthy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6544.0,6777.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"League of Women Voters","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"McCarthy era","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Never Again","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Patriotism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6544.0,6777.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Message To Her Siblings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6777.0,6892.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Penina wants her children to learn from history and keep the memory of the Holocaust alive.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6777.0,6892.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As we close, is there anything you'd like to say to your siblings if they should ever see this?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6777.0,6892.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6777.0,6892.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What Her Parents Would Think","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6892.0,7060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Penina says she thinks her parents would have wanted her to keep a kosher home and follow all 630 commandments. But, she says there are aspects they would be proud of. She observes the holidays and decorate and read Hebrew. She jokes that they probably would have wanted more grandchildren.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6892.0,7060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How satisfied do you suppose your mother and father would be with you, with what you’ve done with the rest of your life?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6892.0,7060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"630 Commandments","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandchildren","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holidays","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kosher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=6892.0,7060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Explaining The Holocaust To A Child","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=7060.0,7206.7"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One last question before the tape runs out:  How can you convey the reality of the injustice, and the horror, and all that to a child and still have the child feel that life is okay?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=7060.0,7206.7"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926/index/47178/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29273/file/96926#t=7060.0,7206.7"}]}]}]}