{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/cr5n874n1c/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Linz, Werner"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2011-09-13 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Linz, Werner (Interviewer)","Berman, Sandra (Interviewer)","Einstein, Ruth (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eWerner Linz was interviewed by Sandra Berman and Ruth Einstein in LaGrange, Georgia on September 13, 2011.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eWerner Abraham Linz was born in Waltershausen, Germany on April 29, 1928. He was the oldest of two children born to Leopold and Rita Nussbaum Linz. The Conservative Jewish family lived a comfortable life in Waltershausen, where Leopold and his father-in-law operated a department store. After the Nazis came to power, however, Werner’s family decided to leave Germany. In 1936, Werner’s older brother, Gerhard “Gerry” David Linz (1927-2009), was sent to the United States. Gerry lived with a foster family, the Kopples, in Albany, Georgia. A year later, Werner also arrived in the United States and lived with the Kopples.  Over the next two years, Werner and Gerry settled into an American life, learning English and attending school. In Germany, Leopold was arrested on Kristallnacht and only released after promising to emigrate. Finally, in the spring of 1939, Leopold and Rita arrived in the United States. Reuniting with Werner and Gerry, they settled in Augusta. The family remained in Augusta throughout the war and eventually all converted to Episcopalian. In 1945, Werner graduated high school. He attended the University of Georgia in Athens and then entered the Medical College of Georgia. He became a urologist and served in the U.S. Navy. In 1960, he came to LaGrange, Georgia, where he practiced until retiring in 1996. After retirement, Werner was active in his church, as a board member for the symphony, and published two books of poems. Werner had three children with his first wife and a stepchild with his second wife. He passed away on August 14, 2018.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eWerner recalls his family and childhood in Germany. He recounts how he and his brother left Germany for the United States. Werner describes settling into American life. He remembers his parents’ arrival in the United States and settling into new routines. Werner talks about leaving for college and attending medical school. He considers segregation. Werner shares what happened to his grandmother. He discusses what made his family convert from Judaism. He reflects on sharing memories of the Holocaust. Werner recollects his medical school experience. He shares how he met his wife. Werner recalls encountering a former German soldier. He mentions his father’s arrest on Kristallnacht. Werner talks about the challenges of applying for reparations. He considers his fortune in immigrating and antisemitism in America. Werner discusses the challenges of emigrating from Nazi Germany. He remembers his journey to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eWerner Linz was interviewed by Sandra Berman and Ruth Einstein in LaGrange, Georgia on September 13, 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWerner Abraham Linz was born in Waltershausen, Germany on April 29, 1928. He was the oldest of two children born to Leopold and Rita Nussbaum Linz. The Conservative Jewish family lived a comfortable life in Waltershausen, where Leopold and his father-in-law operated a department store. After the Nazis came to power, however, Werner\u0026rsquo;s family decided to leave Germany. In 1936, Werner\u0026rsquo;s older brother, Gerhard \u0026ldquo;Gerry\u0026rdquo; David Linz (1927-2009), was sent to the United States. Gerry lived with a foster family, the Kopples, in Albany, Georgia. A year later, Werner also arrived in the United States and lived with the Kopples.\u0026nbsp; Over the next two years, Werner and Gerry settled into an American life, learning English and attending school. In Germany, Leopold was arrested on Kristallnacht and only released after promising to emigrate. Finally, in the spring of 1939, Leopold and Rita arrived in the United States. Reuniting with Werner and Gerry, they settled in Augusta. The family remained in Augusta throughout the war and eventually all converted to Episcopalian. In 1945, Werner graduated high school. He attended the University of Georgia in Athens and then entered the Medical College of Georgia. He became a urologist and served in the U.S. Navy. In 1960, he came to LaGrange, Georgia, where he practiced until retiring in 1996. After retirement, Werner was active in his church, as a board member for the symphony, and published two books of poems. Werner had three children with his first wife and a stepchild with his second wife. He passed away on August 14, 2018.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWerner recalls his family and childhood in Germany. He recounts how he and his brother left Germany for the United States. Werner describes settling into American life. He remembers his parents\u0026rsquo; arrival in the United States and settling into new routines. Werner talks about leaving for college and attending medical school. He considers segregation. Werner shares what happened to his grandmother. He discusses what made his family convert from Judaism. He reflects on sharing memories of the Holocaust. Werner recollects his medical school experience. He shares how he met his wife. Werner recalls encountering a former German soldier. He mentions his father\u0026rsquo;s arrest on Kristallnacht. Werner talks about the challenges of applying for reparations. He considers his fortune in immigrating and antisemitism in America. Werner discusses the challenges of emigrating from Nazi Germany. He remembers his journey to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/252/904/small/Linz_Werner.m4v_1727198354.jpg?1727198355","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Linz_Werner.m4v"]},"duration":3122.72,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/252/904/small/Linz_Werner.m4v_1727198354.jpg?1727198355","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/252/904/original/Linz_Werner.m4v?1727198351","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3122.72,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Linz, Werner [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: [Today is September] 13, 2011. I am with Werner Linz, who has agreed to participate in the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project for the William Breman Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum, as well as the Legacy project of the same. My name is Sandy Berman. I am the archivist with the museum. I am very grateful that you have agreed to participate in this project. [We are] in LaGrange, Georgia. I wanted to begin by asking you when you were born, where you were born, and the names of your parents, and if there's any towns or names that sound the least bit confusing for the transcriber, if you could spell them out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=0.0,43.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: All right. I was born April 29, 1928. My parents were Leopold Linz and Rita Linz. I was born in Waltershausen, which is W-A-L-T-E-R-S-H-A-U-S-E-N, in Thuringia, that is T-H-U-R-I-N-G-I-A, in Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=43.0,79.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Can you describe some of your early memories of growing up in in Germany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=79.0,86.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: That's a bit difficult. But I was the second son in the family and being then that I was the youngest since there were only two of us, I remember that I was pretty well spoiled by my parents and grandparents. My brother had to put up with me quite a bit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=86.0,117.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What was your brother's name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=117.0,119.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: His name was Gerhard, G-E-R-H-A-R-D.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=119.0,125.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Can you describe your home? Do you …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=125.0,127.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: We lived in a three-story building on the square in Waltershausen. The first floor was my grandfather's store, which was a dry goods store. My father was in partnership with him. The grandparents lived on the second floor, and we lived on the third floor, and there was an attic above us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=127.0,158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did you go to public school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=158.0,161.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I did go to public school until I left the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=161.0,166.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: At what age did you leave?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=166.0,170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I was nine. I was just nine years old because I left in June of 1937.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=170.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: A couple more questions about your childhood in Germany. Was the family Orthodox?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=180.0,190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I would say if they were anything, they were Conservative. My father had a service every Saturday and we did try. They did try to obey most of the dietary rules. There was no synagogue in Waltershausen. The nearest one was in Gotha, that's G-O-T-H-A, which was about 12 kilometers [7 miles]. I don't remember for sure. You can look it up on the map. We would go to the synagogue for the holidays.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=190.0,232.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What about holidays in the home? Did you celebrate them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=232.0,235.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: We did. Yes, we did. We had the Passover seder and in the photographs, you'll see a photograph of me as a baker for Purim.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=235.0,252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: That is great. It amazes me. I spoke to your cousin yesterday and he credits your father with really having the foresight to get you boys out of Germany. I was wondering if you have any thoughts about why he did that or how he knew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=252.0,281.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Well, family history that we have heard was that it was my maternal grandmother in the house where we lived who pushed him to get the boys out of Germany. You know, at that age, we didn't really … I didn't really know what was going on. All I know is that my brother had to leave, and we couldn't leave until we were nine, and he was nine in 1936. He left in October of that year. He was born in January. I couldn't leave til I was nine, which was April of 1937.  I had some problems with the American Embassy as I was … For some reason, my health was not all that great. I don't remember what the problem was. I have no idea, but apparently, I overcame whatever it was cause here I am.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=281.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I did not realize that you and your brother did not come at the same time. So, you … He left and you were still at home. Do you remember how it felt when he left?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=360.0,371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I was delighted. I was in charge then. The Kopples in Albany [Georgia], who took him in, were kind enough to agree to take me, which didn't always happen with brothers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=371.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Were you with your parents when they took him to the … I guess he took the train from there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=391.0,403.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I'm sorry?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=403.0,404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: How did he traveled? Did you travel by train to a port?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=404.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes, traveled by train to a port, and put him on ship, and me, too. But I was not … I don't recall being with him when he left the shores. You know, it's all a little bit hazy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=408.0,429.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: You were young.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=429.0,430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes. I think I had little second thoughts because the story was that he was already here, I would go to where he was, and then my parents would come later. Of course, we didn't know how much later or how much problems they would have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=430.0,459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Do you remember or can you describe how you felt when you left? Were you excited or were you afraid?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=459.0,467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I'd hate to say. I don't remember.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=467.0,470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Well, it was so … Those kinds of memories are …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=470.0,474.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=474.0,475.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: … sometimes really difficult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=475.0,477.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Probably excited would be the thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=477.0,481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I know your cousin, George [Prager], said he was extremely excited because he loved cowboys and Indians and that's what he thought he was going to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=481.0,490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes, but he was then …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=490.0,492.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Older.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=492.0,493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Two or three years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=493.0,495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=495.0,495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I don't remember what year he left.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=495.0,500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Can you describe your crossing, what it was like on ship? Do you have any recollection of that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=500.0,506.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I remember that I only got sick one time. Other than that, I remember that the quarters were rather cramped.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=506.0,517.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What was the food like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=517.0,520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I don't recall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=520.0,525.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Do you remember who met you when you arrived? Did you go into New York originally?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=525.0,530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Went to New York, was met by a family, or a lady, or somewhere that I was to stay with for about a week and then was taken by train to Atlanta [Georgia].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=530.0,545.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Do you remember seeing the Statue of Liberty?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=545.0,549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: As a matter of fact, no. But I will tell you this: as well as I know, I arrived in New York on June the 28th. It took about a week, and New York realized I was there, and they put on a great fireworks display. The family I stayed with, they spoke German, so since I didn't speak English to amount to anything or hardly anything, I stayed with these German people, German speaking people. I went … I remember we went somewhere by subway and there was a vending machine on the wall, or post, whatever. As kids will do, I pull the lever, and I got a little packet. I didn't know what it was, but it must be something good to eat. I opened it up and ate it. A few years later, I figured out it was chewing gum because it had very little taste and it broke up funny. I'd never been exposed to chewing gum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=549.0,633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: That is great. Well, when you arrived in New York, you said you had very little English.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=633.0,641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I knew one sentence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=641.0,643.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=643.0,644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: That was, 'The teacher is large.' But actually, that was my father's translation. The German is 'Der Lehrer ist gross,' but it would translate to me now as 'the teacher is tall.' But he said, \"large,\" because gross and large, they are interchangeable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=644.0,669.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Why was that the sentence?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=669.0,672.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: What was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=672.0,672.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Why did you know that? Why was he … What was in the context of that sentence?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=672.0,679.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Something in my father's mind, I guess. That's all he taught me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=679.0,685.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Were you frightened?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=685.0,689.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I don't think so. I got a little homesick from time to time, but I don't think there was any fear. I was only nine years old, and I didn't know beans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=689.0,704.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Before you left, did you overhear or do you remember any discussions about the Nazis and what was going on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=704.0,711.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Oh, yes, we knew all about that because we saw the cartoons in the newspaper. You can't hide that. Then, the swimming pool where we used to swim had a nice big sign put on it, \"Jews forbidden.\" We were gradually ostracized from the local community, but that was not so evident til after I left.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=711.0,746.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Was your father and grandfather still able to do business during that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=746.0,753.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: At that time, it was all right, but after I left, things got much worse. All I … It's all hearsay what I heard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=753.0,765.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: How did you end up in Albany? How did your brother first end up in Albany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=765.0,770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Well, it was my understanding—you probably know more about this than I do—that there was an organization at that time that placed refugee children. The people in Albany, the Kopples, had a son and she was—Mrs. Koppel—shall I say, a generous soul. They asked her or asked the community and she said she would take one of the children in. That's how we ended up in Albany. When I came of age, she agreed to take me as well. Naturally, the parents would go, if possible, where the children were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=770.0,827.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What were the Kopples like and what were their first names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=827.0,831.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: His name was Lewis, L-E-W-I-S, and her name was … Anyway, she went by Betty. She was a community worker. She sang in the choir. She started the Albany Little Theater and I don't know what all she did. Lewis was a traveling salesman. He and his brother, Marcus Kopple, they had a business in Albany that required them to travel. I think they were mostly into dry goods. As well as I can recall, he was originally from Mississippi, and she was, believe it or not, from New York City. Her maiden name was Hirschberg. Her mother would come down and visit for a while, so she was our grandmother there. I can't think of her first name. She had a brother lived in New York, Neil Hirschberg. Let's see. Where were we?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=831.0,921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: We were talking about the Kopples. Were they warm? Were they welcoming to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=921.0,927.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Oh, yes. He had a … His brother, of course, lived in Albany, Marcus. Yes, she tried to teach me English. She did teach me English, but you try to hold a nine-year-old down and read to him in a book and he wants to go out to play. That's tough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=927.0,952.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: When you got there, did Gerry already have … Did he, your brother, already have a good command of English?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=952.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Oh, yes. He's pretty quick. He's always a little smarter than I was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=960.0,970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Were you excited to see him? How did you feel when you were together again?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=970.0,976.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Oh, my goodness. I don't know. Of course, I must have been. I don't know. It's all conjecture then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=976.0,985.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=985.0,985.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I don't remember for sure. I do remember when my parents came over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=985.0,992.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: That was my next question. But I wanted to ask you, did you and the Kopple boy … What was his name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=992.0,999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: His name was Alexander Joseph and we called him Skippy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=999.0,1004.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did the three of you get along?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1004.0,1008.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Skippy was … He didn't like me, no. He was a bit of a bully to me, anyway. He got along well with my brother. They were close to the … They were the same age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1008.0,1022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1022.0,1022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Or pretty near. I was the young brat that got in the way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1022.0,1029.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I know then that your parents were able to get out, I think in 1941?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1029.0,1036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Thirty-nine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1036.0,1037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: In 1939, okay. So ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1037.0,1039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Just before the war in Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1039.0,1045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Was there correspondence? Were you worried about them? Did you know they were trying and having a difficult time or ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1045.0,1054.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I'm not sure that it entered our consciousness how much problem they were having. I don't think we were told. When they arrived in 1939 in Albany, they came by bus and we met them at the bus station. You would think that these two boys and their parents would jump in each other's arms, but you know, we hadn't seen them in two years. They hadn't been parents to us. They were sort of strangers and we were strange to them. It took us a while to form a family unit again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1054.0,1108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Was that difficult, the transition?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1108.0,1112.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I'm sure it was, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1112.0,1114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did you move directly back in with your parents or did they ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1114.0,1118.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Oh, yes, they got … They were … They moved into an apartment and we joined them, I think, very shortly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1118.0,1131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What did your parents do for a living in Albany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1131.0,1136.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Oh, my goodness. Well, Father's first job was opening rusty jars. He got an infection in his thumb from that and gradually moved up to more what he was more used to. When his English improved enough, he became a traveling salesman again, but my mother turned out to be the breadwinner. She went to work at Sears Roebuck and became head of the catalog department at that time. She was not used to that, but she forged ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1136.0,1193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: How did you like Albany? Did you like growing up, having your formative years there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1193.0,1199.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Oh, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1199.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What was it like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1200.0,1201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: [What]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1201.0,1201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What was the town like when you got there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1201.0,1204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Well, in 19 … I remember looking at the census in 1940, and it was somewhat over 18,000 population. It's changed a little since then. At that time, you walked to school or you rode your bicycle. We had friendly relations with our neighbors. There was … I would say there was minimal, if any, antisemitism; a little bit. There's always a little bit. I sort of followed in my brother's footsteps. He got a paper route, delivered the paper. When I was old enough, I got a paper route, delivered the paper, and we contributed to the family finances.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1204.0,1266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did they ever think of moving to a bigger city?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1266.0,1270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I don't think that ever came up, no. They were pretty well satisfied.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1270.0,1279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did the family join the … I know there's a temple in Albany. We have been there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1279.0,1285.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes, we joined the Temple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1285.0,1287.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Do you remember? Was it Rabbi [Edmund] Landau still when you were there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1287.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Landau, yes, right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1290.0,1291.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Any memories of him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1291.0,1294.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Well, he was a little, bald-headed fellow, very pleasant. That's … He tried to lead us in the right direction, I think. I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1294.0,1309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did the …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1309.0,1311.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Of course they're Reform, you see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1311.0,1313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1313.0,1314.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: That is entirely different from what we were used to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1314.0,1321.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did your parents have a hard time getting involved because of that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1321.0,1327.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I don't know. No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1327.0,1335.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Do you still have contacts in Albany? Any friends?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1335.0,1339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: No, the Kopples moved out. There was no one left that I was [or] that the family was particularly close to. I left there in 1945. I went to college. The parents left about ten years later, moved to Florida.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1339.0,1367.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Where did you go to college?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1367.0,1369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Athens, [Georgia, at] the University of Georgia. Is there another school? Then, I went to medical school at the medical college in Augusta [Georgia].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1369.0,1381.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Augusta. Did you know Dr. [Robert] Greenblatt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1381.0,1387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Did I know Dr. Greenblatt? Oh, I could tell you stories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1387.0,1391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Tell me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1391.0,1394.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Well, I like to tell the story he told the graduates. He said, \"Now, when you see me again, I want you to be like the Englishman.\" He said, \"You know, the American went over to England and he was invited to the hunt. And he did. He enjoyed the hunt. And after the hunt, he asked his host. [He] said,' How did I do?' The host said, 'You did very well, except for one thing. [He] said, 'When we see the fox, we say, 'Tally ho,' not, 'There goes the son of a bitch.' So, when you see me on campus, I want you to say 'Tally ho!'\" That was Robert Greenblatt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1394.0,1457.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: His daughter's on our board.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1457.0,1462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Oh, well, maybe she's not heard that story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1462.0,1466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Maybe not. Who knows? I want to get back to a little bit more about Albany. Did you feel, as a boy … This is a difficult question, I think, because you were so young, but did you notice at all or think about the signs, since you experienced a sign in Germany where you couldn't go into the swimming pool?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1466.0,1498.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1498.0,1498.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: When you got to the Deep South and you saw signs for separate drinking fountains and separate restroom facilities, did you relate it at all either then or later? Any thoughts on that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1498.0,1516.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I don't think it ever sunk in. You know, it was when in Rome, do as the Romans do. If that's the way it is, that's the way it is. Later, thinking about it, of course, you realize it was all terribly wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1516.0,1542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Because we have been back to Albany a few times, and we have interviewed there, and that's where the Albany Movement … But of course, you were gone by then already, during the Civil Rights years. I was just curious to … If your family spoke about that at all, or your parents?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1542.0,1563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I don't recall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1563.0,1567.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Okay. I know it is … You were so young, it is like … But even older people we have asked, it is kind of what you said, \"When you're in Rome co...\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1567.0,1578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: It just … That's the custom, so that's … You do what …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1578.0,1584.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Now, as the war progressed, your parents were already there. You still had family left in Germany. Did your parents talk about what was going on? Were they trying to keep up or trying to get anyone else out?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1584.0,1599.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: We got some mailings from my grandmother for a while. My grandfather died before things got really terrible, but we didn't know what happened to my grandmother. Ultimately, she was sent to a death camp. She was sent to Theresienstadt. The Czechs call it Terezin. We were over there and saw it a few years ago. And from there, [she was sent] to somewhere in Poland. That's the only one I know of. So many of the family went to Israel and let's see, the rest of them were over here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1599.0,1672.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did your parents ever go back?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1672.0,1674.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1674.0,1678.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: How did they feel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1678.0,1678.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I don't believe you could have paid them enough to go back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1678.0,1681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Yes. I mean, were they … How did they … Did they ever discuss how the whole …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1681.0,1693.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: [No].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1693.0,1693.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: It was kept quiet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1693.0,1695.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes, as my mother said, \"That door has shut. Don't talk about it.\" You know, when you talk about it, you have to relive it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1695.0,1707.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1707.0,1707.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: And they …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1707.0,1713.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Do you think that, in retrospect, that's a good thing or was it a bad thing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1713.0,1718.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I think it's wrong because sooner or later something will come out. If you don't discuss it while you're here, what you hear in later years, may be erroneous, so you should, but then there's the other side to it. Maybe the parties that you want to tell it to have no interest at that time in life, which happens, too, too often, I think. You know, my children don't ask me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1718.0,1753.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Why do you think?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1753.0,1756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1756.0,1758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Do you think perhaps they think it is too painful for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1758.0,1762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I have no idea, but if they asked me, I would tell them, but you don't want to grab them by the arm and say, \"Hey, listen to this,\" so they're …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1762.0,1779.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: That leads me to a question, and it is just one that I actually discussed it with George yesterday, but I know that Gerry became converted to Episcopalian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1779.0,1790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1790.0,1790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: And you also?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1790.0,1792.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1792.0,1792.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I was wondering what led you both to that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1792.0,1798.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I don't know. I can't speak for him, except that, when he was at Georgia Tech [Georgia Institute of Technology], this elderly lady took him under her wing and looked after him. She was Episcopalian, so when he … Something in there changed. I think I changed because of the antisemitism that I found in medical school. I was first experimenting around when I was in Athens. I left high school. I graduated from high school and went directly to the university, because I had an idea that I could get through university in two years and go on to medical school, but it didn't work out that way. That's another story. The first summer I was there, I went to the local temple. Well, Jews being Jews, they shut up for the summer. They don't go to the service on Saturday during the summer. Then, I started looking around the other churches because Gerry had already converted, which was the impetus, and my parents finally did, too. When I went to the medical school, I was invited to join a fraternity. When I accepted the invitation, somebody said, \"Oh, you can't join. You're Jewish.\" That was the impetus for my final change or whatever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1798.0,1954.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: And your parents, why do you think they …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1954.0,1962.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I can't tell you whether they did before or after I did. I don't know. I can't answer for them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1962.0,1974.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Is there still a part of you that, when Passover rolls around, thinks about celebrating that seder, or is it you are totally done?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1974.0,1986.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Well, it brings back memories, yes, when you see the matzos in the store.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1986.0,1998.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: That is true. I want to talk a little bit more about you. In just moving on, you mentioned that you got diverted from finishing college in two years and you said that was another story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1998.0,2016.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: That's pretty simple. They had a program at that time that you could go to college for two years. Then, if you were acceptable, go to medical school. When you finished your first year in medical school, you got a B.S. [Bachelor of Science] degree in medicine. But this was 1945. The war ended and they had a big influx of …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2016.0,2052.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Soldiers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2052.0,2052.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: … veterans, so they said in the medical school, they wrote me back and said, \"You're very acceptable. However, we have so many veterans, you go ahead and get your degree in Athens and then we'll take you if you keep your grades up.\" So, that's what I did. I went, completed the coursework in three years, and then went on to the medical school in 1948.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2052.0,2094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: You are a neurologist?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2094.0,2096.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Urologist, urology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2096.0,2098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Urologist. I thought I heard you say …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2098.0,2098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes. Kidney stones, and prostate, and all that sort of thing, surgery ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2098.0,2106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Do you still practice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2106.0,2108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: [What]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2108.0,2108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Do you still … Are you still in practice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2108.0,2111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Oh, no, I retired in … When did I retire? In 1998.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2111.0,2117.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Okay. You mentioned earlier, you had lots of Robert Greenblatt stories. I was just curious ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2117.0,2127.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I mentioned what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2127.0,2128.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Robert Greenblatt stories. I was curious if there were any more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2128.0,2129.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Oh, no, I don't have any more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2129.0,2132.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What kind of person was he?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2132.0,2135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: He was very outgoing, an ego. 'Youthful forever' is what his theme was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2135.0,2144.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2144.0,2144.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: He gave the ladies all the hormones and they'd come from miles around to see him. He was a very pleasant person. He was not hard to get along with at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2144.0,2164.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did you end up joining the fraternity?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2164.0,2167.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2167.0,2168.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2168.0,2169.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: No, I was independent the rest of the school year, school time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2169.0,2181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: How did you meet your wife?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2181.0,2183.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: This is my second wife. We were both divorced. We met in 1981 or 1982 on a blind date. She had a ten-year-old son and I had three children, but only one at home. We had a couple of dates together and then a friend of mine suggested I need to go out a little bit more. He suggested that I learn to square dance. I said, \"Okay, Tom.\" He said, \"Now, the only problem is if you square dance, you have to have a partner, and I'll get you one.\" I said, \"All right.\" I didn't know who it was. So, at the appropriate time, I turned up for the square dance class, and he said, \"I'm sorry, Werner. She said she couldn't come.\" I said, \"That's all right, Tom. I'll get my own partner.\" We've been partners ever since.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2183.0,2282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Ever since. That is great. And do your children live in the area?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2282.0,2287.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Do they what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2287.0,2288.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Your children, do they live in the area?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2288.0,2291.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: No. I have a daughter who lives in Warner Robins [Georgia]. She is a dental assistant and her husband bakes pizzas at Shakey's Pizza Parlor. She's the oldest. My middle son is in Huntington, West Virginia. He's head of the psychology department at the medical school there. He's a psychologist. The youngest boy, he works for Wal-Mart in Bentonville, Arkansas, so he is … My daughter is the closest one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2291.0,2337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: [Yes]. I really … I wanted to know if, on your trips back to Germany …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2337.0,2349.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2349.0,2349.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I wanted to know how you felt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2349.0,2356.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I think I was just another tourist who could speak German. I think I related well to the people. There was no animosity, but I did run into … We went on bicycle tours with groups, and I did run into a young man about my age, same age as I was, as our leader. He was in the German Army. I can't imagine. He was 16 or 17. He told me that the propaganda was of such magnitude that he didn't know anything that was going on, except lies. They told him that the Americans wanted to wipe out the Germans, or the Allies [did] rather, that Germany was on the defensive, not the offensive, and that he didn't know anything about the concentration camps until after the war. He was appalled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2356.0,2441.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: When your parents found out about what happened after, in 1945, 1946, when all the news came out about what happened at the camps, do you remember their reaction, or your own and your brother's?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2441.0,2461.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Throughout … My father had been imprisoned in a concentration camp for three months before they got out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2461.0,2473.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Was that after …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2473.0,2474.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: My mother got him out of the concentration camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2474.0,2476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2476.0,2477.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: [What]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2477.0,2481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2481.0,2481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I think it was Buchenwald, but I'm not sure. She got him out because he had served in the First World War and she had all his medals. She had to pay some fee and they told him, said, \"We'll let you out, but you have to leave the country,\" which is what they were wanting to do anyway. So, they managed to … I don't know how they did this, but they managed to get all the household goods out and then they had to leave through the Netherlands to get on a ship. I don't know. The details are lost, but the shipment came to Jacksonville [Florida].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2481.0,2536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: [Yes]. That is amazing they were able to get so many of their things out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2536.0,2540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: It's fantastic. The whole … I don't understand how that happened. They got the whole … They got a tremendous amount of furniture, and valuables, and so forth on that ship to get out of--it wasn't the same ship--of Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2540.0,2566.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did they ever try to seek reparations later?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2566.0,2569.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Oh, yes. My father, when the war was over, he got an attorney to see if he could get reparations when the law was passed in the new Germany. He couldn't get a dime because it was East Germany. Then, the law was changed after the [Berlin] Wall came down and there was some. There was available some reparation. My brother applied when it was time. He went on for several years trying to get some help in that. They told us … They told him he needed an Erbschein [German]. Do you know what an Erbschein is? It's a certificate of inheritance. You don't need that here, but in Germany you need an Erbschein. He didn't know how to get an Erbschein. He had aged considerably. His mental facilities were not so good anymore, so he gave it all to me. I had a friend here. I have a friend here who is from Berlin. I asked her to see if she could find out how we get an Erbschein. She was over in Germany and she called a few people. She has family over there. It's real easy. You just go to the German Embassy. Can you imagine that? Nobody told us that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2569.0,2690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Unbelievable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2690.0,2691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: So, I went to the … We went. I took him. We went to the German Embassy and we filed for an Erbschein. We got that. We got the reparations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2691.0,2703.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Was it for the house, the loss of education?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2703.0,2707.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: The house and the business. It wasn't … You didn't get 100 percent, but it was a significant help. Of course, it would have helped my parents so much more because they really could have used the money. For us, it was nice money, but we didn't need it. They could have used it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2707.0,2733.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: When did your parents pass away?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2733.0,2736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Let's see. My father died in 1972 and my mother died in about 1980, I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2736.0,2745.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: So, none of … They did not ever try beforehand?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2745.0,2749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: As I say, they tried.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2749.0,2751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: They tried. I thought it was your brother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2751.0,2753.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2753.0,2753.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2753.0,2753.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: But after. They had … My father was dead before the Wall came down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2753.0,2762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2762.0,2763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: And my mother was not mentally capable of handling it anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2763.0,2770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I know Ruth [Einstein] had a question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2770.0,2771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: I was just wondering whether during the early 1940s, your father, I suppose, was traveling with this, I assume, heavy German accent. When America got into the war, did he ever encounter any anti-German sentiment, or any antisemitism, or some combination of those things while he was out on the road?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2771.0,2795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Well, I was … No, I don't … He was referred to as a \"little Jew,\" but he could take that because he was only five [feet]-five [inches]. He was a real shorty. I do remember we were classified as enemy aliens. The FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigations] or somebody--I think it was the FBI--came to search the house for radio equipment, which was their right. They looked everywhere and couldn't find anything. My father said, \"You missed one place.\" We had a big bookcase. It was as big as that fireplace and really tall. Tall as that cabinet there. The top of it raised up and there was a compartment underneath where he kept some newspapers or something. He showed them that they had missed looking there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2795.0,2867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did he say, \"I'm Jewish? I'm not a Nazi spy\"?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2867.0,2874.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I don't know that. That, I am not aware of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2874.0,2879.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: That is interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2879.0,2881.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: It would not make any difference anyway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2881.0,2883.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2883.0,2884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: You know, to deny it …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2884.0,2887.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: I was also wondering, since this is a … We are doing this interview partly in hopes of showing some of it for this exhibition on refugees and [I was] wondering whether you had any thoughts about being a refugee and finding safe haven here in America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2887.0,2914.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I don't quite follow you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2914.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I think what … I think it is more how do you feel about being an American?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2916.0,2921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Hey! All right!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2921.0,2921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: How do you feel about being allowed to come here? What did that mean to you and your family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2921.0,2938.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Of course, it meant everything. We would have been gone if we hadn't come here. My father decided on America rather than Israel. Don't ask me why. We had some distant relatives in this country that helped get them over here, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2938.0,2959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: You, and your brother, and all the other children, you are so … There is such a small number of you. Only about a little over a thousand children got out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2959.0,2973.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2973.0,2974.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Do you ever think about how the luck of it all or the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2974.0,2979.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I do. I think what … I think about all the people that tried and couldn't. It's ghastly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2979.0,2988.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2988.0,2988.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: You say, \"Well, we were the lucky ones.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2988.0,3002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3002.0,3004.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I mean, look at me. A nine-year-old refugee with no prospects becomes a urologist, president of the local symphony board, accepted physician.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3004.0,3026.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: It is amazing. I only wish our government at that time would have allowed …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3026.0,3035.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3035.0,3037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: There were so many rules and so many restrictions. Did your parents ever talk about how difficult it was for them to get the paperwork in order?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3037.0,3046.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes. Just me, I had to go to Berlin twice to the American Embassy before I was acceptable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3046.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Do you remember the experience at all?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3060.0,3063.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Vaguely, very vaguely. You do what you're told. You don't ask why. You don't get told why. You just do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3063.0,3082.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: One more question about the ocean crossing. You said that there was an individual on board who was …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3082.0,3088.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Apparently …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3088.0,3088.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: … taking care of all of you, all of the children?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3088.0,3092.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: There were two. I just remember Mr. Lipschitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3092.0,3097.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: He kind of just oversaw the boys?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3097.0,3100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3100.0,3100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Were you all boys? It looked like they were all boys in that photograph.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3100.0,3102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: I think we were all boys, yes. I was the one with the hat. I always had a hat on. Don't ask me why I wore a hat all the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3102.0,3112.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Well, I think on that note, we are done. I appreciate it. Thank you so much for participating in the project.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3112.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LINZ: You're welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3119.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/transcript/71064/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Okay. BERMAN:","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3120.0,3122.72"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLaGrange is a city in Georgia, approximately 60 miles southwest of Atlanta and 10 miles from the Alabama border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=0.0,43.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWaltershausen is a town in central Germany, in the state of Thuringia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=43.0,79.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeopold Linz (1897-1972) was married to Rita Nussbaum (1904-1990), whose father, Joseph (1869-1940), owned the Kaufhaus Nussbaum department store in Waltershausen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=127.0,158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=180.0,190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=190.0,232.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder[Hebrew: order], the central event of the holiday, is celebrated. The seder incorporates prayers, candle lighting, and traditional foods symbolizing the slavery of the Jews and the exodus from Egypt. It is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=235.0,252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePurim is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people in the ancient Persian Empire from destruction in the wake of a plot by Haman, a story recorded in the Biblical Book of Esther. According to the Book of Esther, Haman planned to kill all the Jews, but Mordecai and his adopted daughter Queen Esther foiled his plans. The day of deliverance became a day of feasting and rejoicing. Some of the customs of Purim include drinking wine, wearing masks and costumes, and public celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=235.0,252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Prager (1923-2014) was the oldest son of Leopold Linz’s sister, Elsie Linz Prager. George came to the United States in 1938 and settled in Atlanta. George’s testimony is housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=252.0,281.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlbany is a city in South Georgia, approximately 150 miles south of Atlanta. Albany’s Jewish population went from 290 Jews in 1937 to 475 in 1960, before peaking at 525 in 1968. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=371.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLewis Kopple (1896-1953) was originally born in Poland. His wife, Bertha “Betty” Hirschberg Kopple (1902-2003) and her brother Cornelius Hirschberg (1901-1995) were born in New York to Lillian Hirschberg (1876-1958). Lewis and Betty had one child, Alexander Joseph Kopple (1927-2003).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=371.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNazi leaders began to make good on their pledge to persecute German Jews soon after their assumption of power. Organized attacks on Jews began in March 1933, just weeks after Hitler assumed power. In April, a general boycott against German Jews was declared. SA members stood outside Jewish-owned stores and businesses to prevent customers from entering. A week later, the first of multiple laws which banished Jews from the civil service, judicial system, public medicine, and the German army were passed. Ceremonial public burnings of books by Jewish authors took place throughout Germany. Increasingly restrictive decrees targeted Jews at all levels of society. Jews were banned from universities; Jewish actors were dismissed from theaters; publishers rejected Jewish authors and journalists. The exclusion of Jews from German cultural life was highly visible, ousting their considerable contribution to the German press, literature, theater, and music. In September 1935, the “Nuremberg Laws” were passed, stripping Jews of their citizenship and forbidding intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews. Many cities and towns banned Jews from entering certain streets, squares, parks, woods, and other public places, while private organizations, associations, and enterprises also excluded Jews. Jews were increasingly isolated and ousted from German life. By the outbreak of war in 1939, more than 400 decrees and regulations restricted all aspects of their public and private lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=711.0,746.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFunded by B’nai B’rith, the Hebrew Orphan’s Home opened in Atlanta in 1889. Although it closed as a residence facility in 1930, it continued to operate as the Jewish Family and Children's Bureau (and another variation—Jewish Children's Services). During the years immediately prior to, during and after World War II, the organization was responsible for placing Jewish refugee children with foster families in Georgia and Alabama. The organization in now known as the Jewish Education Loan Fund, which provides low-interest post-secondary education loans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=770.0,827.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1039.0,1045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSears, Roebuck and Co., commonly known as Sears, is an American chain of department stores founded by Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck in 1886. It began as a mail order catalog company and opened retail locations in 1925.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1136.0,1193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple B'Nai Israel in Albany, Georgia has been a Reform congregation since its founding in 1854 and was a charter member of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, now the Union for Reform Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1285.0,1287.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Edmund A. Landau (1875-1945) was the first permanent rabbi of Temple B’nai Israel, a Reform congregation in Albany, Georgia. He was born in Ontario, Canada and raised in Michigan. His family was originally from East Prussia. He became rabbi of Temple B’nai Israel in 1898 and led the congregation for 47 years. In 1909, the congregation of Temple Beth-El also hired Rabbi Landau to lead services in Bainbridge, Georgia on every other Sunday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1287.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom that began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1311.0,1313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Benjamin Greenblatt (1906–1987) was a Canadian physician and internationally celebrated researcher in human reproduction, fertility and contraception. Greenblatt was also a scholar at the Medical College of Georgia (later Georgia Health Sciences University) in Augusta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1381.0,1387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil the Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended what were known as “Jim Crow” laws, racial segregation was mandated in practically every aspect of public life in the South beginning in the 1890's. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. Private businesses, political parties, and unions also created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring Blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1498.0,1516.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn November 1961, residents of Albany, Georgia, launched an ambitious campaign to eliminate segregation in all facets of local life. Mass meetings were called, protestors marched, and hundreds of demonstrators were jailed. The movement captured national attention one month later when local leaders invited Martin Luther King, Jr. to join the protest. King was also jailed while in Albany. Despite King's involvement, the movement failed to secure concessions from local officials and was consequently deemed unsuccessful by many observers. However, the movement as a formative learning experience for King and other civil rights organizers and credited it with hastening the ultimate desegregation of Albany's facilities, which occurred only one year following the movement's conclusion in August 1962.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1542.0,1563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against Black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1542.0,1563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWerner’s maternal grandmother, Klara Eisemann Nussbaum (born 1874), was deported to Theresienstadt from Bunde, Germany in July 1942 and then taken to the Treblinka extermination camp in September 1942. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1599.0,1672.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt (Terezín) \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present-day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. It served as a ghetto, an assembly camp, and a concentration camp. During its existence, approximately 140,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia were sent to Theresienstadt. Roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself due to starvation and disease. Nearly 90,000 Jews were deported from Theresienstadt to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1599.0,1672.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Episcopal Church, also officially the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere. It is a mainline Protestant denomination and is divided into nine provinces. Werner’s brother Gerhard “Gerry” David Linz (1927-2009) became an Episcopal priest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1779.0,1790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated. Seder [Hebrew: order] is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted on the evening of the fifteenth day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar throughout the world. Some communities hold seder on the first two nights of Passover. The seder incorporates prayers, candle lighting, and traditional foods symbolizing the slavery of the Jews and the exodus from Egypt. It is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1974.0,1986.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMatzo, or matzah, is an unleavened flatbread that is part of Jewish cuisine and forms an integral element of the Passover festival.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=1986.0,1998.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called “Kristallnacht,” which means “Night of Broken Glass,” because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2461.0,2473.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald was a Nazi concentration camp established on Ettersberg hill near Weimar, Germany, in July 1937. It was one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps within Germany's 1937 borders. Many actual or suspected communists were among the first internees. Prisoners came from all over Europe and the Soviet Union—Jews, Poles and other Slavs, the mentally ill and physically disabled, political prisoners, Romani people, Freemasons, and prisoners of war. There were also ordinary criminals and sexual \"deviants.\" All prisoners worked primarily as forced labor in local armaments factories. The insufficient food and poor conditions, as well as deliberate executions, led to 56,545 deaths at Buchenwald of the 280,000 prisoners who passed through the camp and its 139 subcamps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2481.0,2536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War I, 100,000 Jews fought for Germany. As Nazi racial laws were implemented in the 1930s, veterans were initially exempted from many. These exceptions reinforced the way many veterans identified themselves—as Germans rather than as Jews—and created a false and short-lived sense of security. Eventually, all German Jews—regardless of their earlier service to their country—were disenfranchised and suffered under the increasing anti-Jewish laws and abuses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2481.0,2536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eApproximately 304,000 of the 523,000 Jews in Germany emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship. In 1938—especially after Kristallnacht—Jewish emigration increased dramatically. Only about 202,000 Jews remained in Germany by the end of 1939. By October 1941, when Jewish emigration was officially forbidden, the number of Jews in Germany had declined to 163,000. Until then, German policy had officially encouraged Jewish emigration. However, American immigration quotas and the increasing reluctance of European and British Commonwealth countries to accept additional Jewish refugees combined with increasingly restrictive German policies to make emigration increasingly difficult. The cost for Jews to leave Germany was increasingly and prohibitively high in the years leading up to World War II. Most of the German Jews who managed to emigrate after Kristallnacht were completely impoverished by the time they were able to leave. To pay the various taxes and restrictions imposed on Jews leaving Germany and the high cost of emigration, many Jews were forced to sell their real estate, possessions, and other assets for far less than their actual worth. To keep the purchase and sale of Jewish property and assets “legal,” local currency offices policed emigration. German authorities considered Jewish belongings and their financial capital to German property and Jews who emigrated were not allowed to take anything of material value with them. The amount of currency (10 Reichmarks, or about 4 USD) and assets Jews were allowed to take out was also highly restricted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2481.0,2536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 2018, the German government paid approximately $86.8 billion in restitution and compensation to Holocaust victims and their heirs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2566.0,2569.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Berlin Wall [German: Berliner Mauer] was a 160 kilometer (99 mile) guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin from 1961 to 1989, separating it from Soviet-controlled East Berlin. Built by the German Democratic Republic (GDR) to prevent its population escaping to the West, it became a physical symbol of the Cold War’s ideological split between East and West. In the 1980s, increasing political and social destabilization in the GDR led to mass demonstrations and calls for reform. On November 9, 1989, a declaration of freedom of travel was announced. When border guards opened one of the crossings, a flood of East and West Berliners gathered to celebrate and began physically dismantling the barrier. The fall of the Berlin wall is considered a watershed event that led to German reunification in October 1990 and was followed by the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2569.0,2690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eImmediately after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the FBI and other American law enforcement agencies detained thousands of suspected enemy aliens, mostly individuals of German, Italian, or Japanese ancestry, living throughout the United States. Many were released after hearings and some were repatriated to Italy, Germany, or Japan, but over 31,000 suspected enemy aliens and their families, including a few Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany, were interned at camps and military facilities throughout the United States. Along with detainment and internment, several hundred enemy aliens were also excluded from designated military zones or subject to curfews and other restrictions on their conduct.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2795.0,2867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommonly called the “One Thousand Children” or “OTC,” over 1,400 Jewish children were rescued from Nazi Germany and Nazi-occupied or threatened European countries and came directly to the United States between 1934 and 1945. The rescue efforts in the United States were strictly non-governmental. The children were rescued through the organized efforts of private American citizens and organizations in the US and Europe. Most of the children came through official programs run by private refugee agencies such as the German Jewish Children’s Aid (GJCA), The Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (colloquially known as “the Joint”), and the Society of Friends (Quakers). The first small group of OTC children arrived in New York in November 1934. This and subsequent small groups, totaling about 100 annually in the early years of operation, were taken to foster homes, many of which had been arranged through appeals to the members of congregations and organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=2959.0,2973.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904/annotation_set/1544/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Immigration Act of 1924 had imposed limits on the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted to the United States from any country. Germany was assigned a quota of about 26,000 immigrants per year. Increasing antisemitism and persecution led approximately 125,000 Germans, most of them Jewish, to immigrate to the United States between 1933 and 1935. However, immigration became increasingly difficult as new restrictions were put in place that made it more difficult for Germans to obtain visas. In 1936, about 7,000 German immigrants were approved for visas. By 1938, that number had increased to more than 20,000. After Germany annexed Austria in March 1938, the United States had combined the German and Austrian quotas into one “German” quota. In 1939, the quota allowed for 27,370, but 7,818 went unissued, even though increasing antisemitic persecution made the waiting list grew to over 139,000. After World War II began in September of that year, the waiting list grew to more than 300,000 people, mostly Jewish. The German quota was almost filled in 1940, but in the summer of 1941, all U.S. consulates in Nazi-occupied territory had been closed. When the U.S. officially entered the war in December 1941, Jews trapped in Germany had no hope of immigrating.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/136330/file/252904#t=3037.0,3046.0"}]}]}]}