{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/cn6xw48898/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Lewin, Nora Kvint"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2005-12-05 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eNora Lewin interviewed by Sara Ghitis on December 5, 2005 in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eNora Kvint was born on March 2, 1918 East Prussia but she was raised in Shavl, Lithuania. Her father, Michel, was an accountant and her mother, Masha, ran a clothing store. She had a younger sister, Mira, and a brother, Yitzhak. Nora went to business school and before the war started got a job as a secretary in the Jewish Central Bank. In 1940, she met and married her husband, Joel Lewin. When the war started Shavl fell under Russian occupation and she lost her job when the bank was nationalized. In June 1941 the Germans returned and the Jews of Shavl were pushed into a ghetto and put to forced labor. Nora was pregnant and she had a son, Gideon, in the ghetto. Nora and her family were deported from the ghetto in October 1943. During the roundup, Nora gave her baby to her mother. Her father had long since been taken away and executed. She was put on a transport to a labor camp in Estonia and her mother and child disappeared - probably taken to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Nora was sent to the Ereda labor camp and Joel was sent to another labor camp called Kivioli nearby. Ereda wasn't ready to receive the prisoners and the women had to build their own barracks. They were marched for miles to their work sites on the road system every day in the snow. Nora was sent to another nearby camp Goldfield, where she got typhus and was put on a selection list back to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where the sick and dying were murdered. Joel, however, managed to secure her release form the hospital and got permission for her to come to Kivioli. Nora recovered. As the Russians neared Kivioli the prisoners were put on a train and shipped to Stutthof concentration camp in Germany. She was marched out of Stutthof in January 1945 again ahead of the Russians. Nora and some of her friends escaped from the death march and a few days later were liberated by the Russians. She went to Lodz, Poland/Ukraine trying to find any living relatives and then returned to Shavl. She found that her sister and brother had survived as well. She left Shavl and went to Vilna, Lithuania and then on to Germany, where she was reunited with Joel in Munich. In June 1947 Nora and Joel arrived in the United States with their two sons. They lived in New York, then Florida and finally Atlanta, Georgia. Her husband built his own automobile servicing business and was very successful.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNora Kvint Lewin passed away on March 30, 2010 in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eNora discusses her life during the Holocaust beginning with her family’s move into the Shavel Ghetto. She explains life in the ghetto, specifically as a pregnant woman, and how she delivered her children and protected him from the Gestapo when pregnant women and children were especially vulnerable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom Shavel, she is transferred with her mother and son to the Kovno ghetto where her husband was. In the liquidation of the Kovno ghetto, she was transferred to Ereda concentration camp where she spent only a few weeks before being transferred to Goldfields concentration camp. It was there she recounts how her husband found her there and brought her to his concentration camp: Kivioli. She tells the story of how she caught typhoid in Kivioli and survived a air raid there when a bomb fell into her room.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom Kivioli, the couple was transferred to Stutthof where, after a number of days, Nora was transferred to a women’s subcamp called Bydgoszcz. She tells her story of forced labor in the camp with the other women and her eventual escape with these women during a death march to Germany. She celebrates liberation by Russian soldiers in their found home in the abandoned Polish town they escaped to though she does tell stories of the Russian soldiers raping the women.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe rest of her story concerns finding her way home and reconnecting with her husband and other surviving family members after the Holocaust. She also discusses being part of some of the trials against the Nazis. After that, she recounts moving to the United States and her life there.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28312"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eNora Lewin interviewed by Sara Ghitis on December 5, 2005 in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNora Kvint was born on March 2, 1918 East Prussia but she was raised in Shavl, Lithuania. Her father, Michel, was an accountant and her mother, Masha, ran a clothing store. She had a younger sister, Mira, and a brother, Yitzhak. Nora went to business school and before the war started got a job as a secretary in the Jewish Central Bank. In 1940, she met and married her husband, Joel Lewin. When the war started Shavl fell under Russian occupation and she lost her job when the bank was nationalized. In June 1941 the Germans returned and the Jews of Shavl were pushed into a ghetto and put to forced labor. Nora was pregnant and she had a son, Gideon, in the ghetto. Nora and her family were deported from the ghetto in October 1943. During the roundup, Nora gave her baby to her mother. Her father had long since been taken away and executed. She was put on a transport to a labor camp in Estonia and her mother and child disappeared - probably taken to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Nora was sent to the Ereda labor camp and Joel was sent to another labor camp called Kivioli nearby. Ereda wasn't ready to receive the prisoners and the women had to build their own barracks. They were marched for miles to their work sites on the road system every day in the snow. Nora was sent to another nearby camp Goldfield, where she got typhus and was put on a selection list back to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where the sick and dying were murdered. Joel, however, managed to secure her release form the hospital and got permission for her to come to Kivioli. Nora recovered. As the Russians neared Kivioli the prisoners were put on a train and shipped to Stutthof concentration camp in Germany. She was marched out of Stutthof in January 1945 again ahead of the Russians. Nora and some of her friends escaped from the death march and a few days later were liberated by the Russians. She went to Lodz, Poland/Ukraine trying to find any living relatives and then returned to Shavl. She found that her sister and brother had survived as well. She left Shavl and went to Vilna, Lithuania and then on to Germany, where she was reunited with Joel in Munich. In June 1947 Nora and Joel arrived in the United States with their two sons. They lived in New York, then Florida and finally Atlanta, Georgia. Her husband built his own automobile servicing business and was very successful.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNora Kvint Lewin passed away on March 30, 2010 in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNora discusses her life during the Holocaust beginning with her family’s move into the Shavel Ghetto. She explains life in the ghetto, specifically as a pregnant woman, and how she delivered her children and protected him from the Gestapo when pregnant women and children were especially vulnerable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom Shavel, she is transferred with her mother and son to the Kovno ghetto where her husband was. In the liquidation of the Kovno ghetto, she was transferred to Ereda concentration camp where she spent only a few weeks before being transferred to Goldfields concentration camp. It was there she recounts how her husband found her there and brought her to his concentration camp: Kivioli. She tells the story of how she caught typhoid in Kivioli and survived a air raid there when a bomb fell into her room.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom Kivioli, the couple was transferred to Stutthof where, after a number of days, Nora was transferred to a women’s subcamp called Bydgoszcz. She tells her story of forced labor in the camp with the other women and her eventual escape with these women during a death march to Germany. She celebrates liberation by Russian soldiers in their found home in the abandoned Polish town they escaped to though she does tell stories of the Russian soldiers raping the women.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe rest of her story concerns finding her way home and reconnecting with her husband and other surviving family members after the Holocaust. She also discusses being part of some of the trials against the Nazis. After that, she recounts moving to the United States and her life there.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/097/744/small/Lewin_Nora.mp4_1600823473.jpg?1600809074","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Lewin_Nora.mp4"]},"duration":7572.066,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/097/744/small/Lewin_Nora.mp4_1600823473.jpg?1600809074","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/097/744/original/Lewin_Nora.mp4?1600809071","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7572.066,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Nora Lewin [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Today is December 5, 2005. My name is Sara Ghitis. S-a-r-a\nG-h-i-t-i-s. I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interviewing Mrs. Nora Lewin, N-o-r-a L-e-w-i-n. We are in\nAtlanta, Georgia, the United States. The language is English. Camera operator and sound is Mr. Tim Averitt. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A-v-e-r-i-t-t. Nora, could you please tell me the story of your life?\nLEWIN: Well, my name is Nora ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin. I was born in Insterburg, East Prussia, in 1918. which is right after World War 1 and my parents were moving from Russia back to their home in Lithuania. I remember growing up in Shavel, Lithuania, which was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a small town, but there were eleven Jewish people there. I went to kindergarten, and then, in 1929, they formed a Hebrew Gymnasium [German for grammar school], a Tarbut Hebrew Gymnasium, and my parents wanted my sister and myself to go to that school. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was taught in Hebrew but in the higher classes we were taught foreign languages. Like, of course, Lithuanian was the main language of the country. We were taught German. Eventually, they started to teach Russian, so I was able to learn German and Russian, besides Hebrew. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At home we spoke Yiddish, so I knew Yiddish also, and that helped me a lot in the future. My father was a certified public accountant, and my mother had a ladies' factory; She made ladies' undergarments and bras. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a few, about five or six girls, working for her. She was a very outgoing person. She was very active\nin all the Jewish organizations, like the old age home and the nurseries. That,\nI learned from her, to have a desire to do something. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I graduated in [19]38 or\n[19]37. Then I went to Klaipeda, which used to be a German city, but after the\nwar, the Lithuanians took care of Klaipeda. I went to business school there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I learned shorthand, in German, Lithuanian, and typing. When I got back to Shavel, because my father had connections through his work, I got a job in the Jewish Central Bank. I was first a secretary, and then I was the head of the secretaries. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had a very promising, a very important job. Life--I was eighteen. It was very interesting. There were Jewish organizations. I belonged to the Betar and was very active. Of course, the social life was very good. Our home was open for the young people, and my parents were very patient with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. My sister was a year younger than myself, and we had a brother who was--my brother was five years younger than me. We never thought that our life will change. In 1940, I met my husband. He was from Kovno, which was the capital of Lithuania then. A month ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later, we were married. We were married [sic; We met] in June; in July. 1940 [we were married]. I moved to Kaunas, and I was transferred to the bank, where I worked in Shavel, and I did the same job. But not long after that, Russia occupied Lithuania, and our whole life changed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were middle-class people. We had everything. We had cars and beautiful apartments. But the\nRussians changed all that. They took away the cars. They put in Russian people in our apartment. They only gave us one room. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nationalized my bank, and they sent me to work in another place. So, life started to be very hard, very different. But we lived it. We were there. My sister got married. She was a kindergarten teacher, and she was afraid to marry Jewish, so she had to come to Kovno, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my husband's father married them. Otherwise, till January 1941--no, not January; excuse me--June 1941--I was pregnant, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hadn't seen my parents in a few months, so I said to my husband, \"You know, I'm going to go to Shavel and visit with my family.\" Were trains going back and forth. Transportation was very easy. So I came to Shavel and my dad met me there at the train station, and he said, \"Oh. my child, we love having you, but you shouldn't have come,\" he said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"[There are] Germans all over the station,\" all over the train station. So I said. \"I'm here.\" That was Saturday night. Sunday morning, the airplanes started shooting, throwing bombs at Shavel. I said, '\"I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to go to my husband.\" So we went to the train station, and civilians couldn't get on the trains, so of course I went back to my parents. The war started. And whoever had radios--not everybody had radios at that time there--We heard the news that the Germans attacked Russia, and Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, belonged to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians. Three days later, the Germans were in Shavel, and the Lithuanians, who we thought were our friends--took care of the Jews before the Germans came--in the small towns, in the villages, they killed most of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews without waiting for the Germans to come. In our town--like my father said--he was very a gentle\nman. Papa, and he said, \"'So what? The Germans will come. What's gonna happen? We'll have to clean the streets. What are they gonna do to us?\" But he was wrong. The next day, they got together ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the intelligentsia, the doctors, the lawyers, the accountants, and they arrested them. Of course, they took my dad. My dad was only forty-three years old. They put him in the jail in Shavel. I never saw him. We knew that they were killed by the Germans. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I remained with my mother in a big apartment. The Germans started pushing the Jews out of the nice apartments and taking everything away. The Lithuanians robbed us, whatever they could. So we moved in with an aunt of mine, in a little Jewish neighborhood, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was real pregnant and without my husband, without my dad. Just me and my mom. My mother was forty-one years old, but she was a very energetic woman. My mother just wouldn't let anything happen to me. They started moving the Jews to ghettoes. The people that lived where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they decided to make the ghetto, they had to come to our apartments. So they emptied their apartments, and we had to leave everything, just take a little bundle with us. The ghetto was in a very poor neighborhood, but we had no choice. The Jews had to get out of the town. And while we were in town, the Germans put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us to work. We had to clean toilets, we had to clean apartments where they wanted to move in, and they were very mean to us. So we were scared to start with. And when we\ngot in the ghetto, you know, Jews are organized. They organized committees right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away, and the Germans appointed workplaces for the Jews in the city. My mom, being a professional, got a job in the city. She told me not to leave the room, that if a German would saw me walk around and I am pregnant, they might take me out. So I stayed in the room, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my mother used to come back from work, and she used to bring food, and that was dangerous too. They caught you--there were gates to get into the ghetto, and Lithuanian and German guards were at the gates, and they used to check the people coming in, and they killed a few that had food on them. But, you know, sometimes you just try ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your luck. Well, time came for me to have the baby, and the women that were pregnant in the ghetto--am I talking too fast?--the women that were pregnant in the ghetto either hid their delivery or they had them in the hospital and the babies were taken away. So ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my mom said to me, \"You're not going to have the baby here.\" She said: \"We know [a] doctor in Shavel who was a friend of ours. I'm going to talk to him.\" And while she was in town, she talked to the doctor, and the doctor said: \"Bring her to my hospital.\" And the next morning, my mom walked me to the hospital, and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was treated just like a patient, and I had my little boy, who was a healthy and a normal baby. While I was in labor, I just said to myself, God, let the baby be\nborn before Mama comes home from work, she shouldn't be worried all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night. And sure enough, when my mother came from work, the baby was already born. I stayed in the hospital. At that time, you had to stay a week in the hospital. But I stayed there longer--I don't remember how long--and then I went back with my baby to the ghetto. We had a bris. My father's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother was there, and he had a rabbi who came to the bris, and we named the baby Gideon. We lived in [the] ghetto for a while. The baby must have been six or seven months old. A cousin of mine, who was the head of the ghetto came over. He said to me: \"Nura\"--in Lithuanian they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called me Nura [pronounced NYU-uh], not Nora. It's N-u-r-a--He said: \"Your husband is at the gate.\"\nI said: \"What do you mean, at the gate? Why don't you bring him in?\"\nHe said: \"The Lithuanians arrested him.\" He did not have a number from the\nghetto. They took him to [the] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo. So through connections, we found out\nthat German drivers that were going to Riga, Latvia, and my husband worked in the German hospital as a mechanic. The head of the hospital knew that my husband had family in Shavel. So he let him go with the crew, and they dropped him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off in Shavel by the ghetto, and that's where he got arrested. So I don't have to tell you what we went through. Three days later, we got word from Kovno that my husband was released. The drivers that dropped him off came to the Gestapo to pick him up. and the Gestapo told them: \"He's in jail.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They went to the Lithuanian jail: they got him out and they brought him back to Kovno. Since then, his manager felt so sorry for him that he went to the Gestapo and got permission to bring me, my baby and my mother to Kovno. which was a miracle at that time. [The] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo sent a special bus. We were the only ones on the bus. And when we got to Kovno ghetto and I saw my husband, I didn't believe myself, and when he saw the baby, that was just a miracle. He had a large family there. My husband had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his parents and two sisters with their families. They had a nice apartment. So we settled. He took care--he had a crib for the baby, and they gave us a special room so my mom could be in the room with my husband and myself. And he had a good job. For us, for me it was like a new life. I wasn't alone. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had my husband. And, you know, all [the] people came to find out if I knew the relatives in the other town and all that. But little by little, the Germans started to have actions -- aktionen. They took out a lot of people. We were lucky for a while. Then in--October ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1943--1944--1944, there were rumors that the Germans are taking most of the Jews to a camp, the families. So we said: \"Okay, at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"least we'll be together.\" My mom had gotten a job in the ghetto, also because of her trade. And she was not on the list; They had a list of people who had to go. My husband's parents, my husband, myself with the baby. Not my mother. But my mother said: \"No. I'm not staying. I'm going wherever you go.\" So of course she went with us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They took us out. They put us outside. They\nalways did, like they counted the Jews and then they go, \"Du, du, du, du,\ndu\"--you know, whoever they put on the side. They separated the women from the men. I was holding my baby, and my mother was at my side. They put us in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bus, and they took the women separate, the men separate, to the train station. At the train station, they started separations. I didn't see my husband anymore. We were just old people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women and children. I was holding my baby, and the German comes over and grabs the baby from me and pushes me aside. My mother saw that, so she took the baby right away, and she told me I should go where the Germans told me to go. A minute later, I saw that they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took all the old people and the babies in a different car. They pushed us to a different direction, and I was alone. They put us on a train, young women, just young women. Most of us lost their babies, their parents. And we were on the train for about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three days. We didn't know where we were going. No food, no toilet, nothing. Finally on the third day. the train stopped, and we were told that we are in Estonia. And they got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us all out of the trains. and they put us in a camp. The camp's name was Ereda [pronounced EHR-eh-duh]. I remember it. From the train, there was no transportation to Ereda. We had to walk, and it was cold. In Estonia it gets\ncolder in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fall. Till we got there, we were all so exhausted that we didn't\neven care what we are or where we're going. Am I right. Ereda? The next day, we found out that we are in a concentration camp. There were Jews from Czechoslovakia there, from Poland, and then they sent us every day to work ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the road, because it was snowing a lot and we had to clean the snow. We had to walk about maybe ten miles back and forth from work in the snow, and we had those wooden--you know, wooden boots, and the snow used to stick on the boots. A lot of people just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died on the road. They just couldn't make it. I was young. I was strong. I made it. I didn't know anything. We didn't know anything about our men. There were just rumors that the children and the elderly were put in crematoriums in Auschwitz. A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few months later, they made selections again, and I was among the women that they sent to another camp. The camp was Goldfields. I remember the names. There, I was luckier. They put me as a maid--you know, I used to clean the barracks. But that, I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to be outside; I was inside. It wasn't very bad. There were a lot of actions. People that got sick were sent to Auschwitz. One day while I was cleaning the room, somebody knocked at the door. I saw a German. I said. U-oh. And behind the German, I see my husband. He   ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfound out where I was, and the camp he was in was very good to him. He was a very good mechanic, and he was a very fine person, and they let him come to see me. So I can't even express my feelings when I saw him. I didn't believe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. So he looked so well, so he looks at me and he goes: \"Oy, you don't look so good. You're hungry?\"\nI said: \"Yes.\" So he took out some food he brought me.\nAnd he said: \"Don't worry. I am going to bring you Kivioli.\" He was in Kivioli\nwhich was one of the best camps in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Estonia.\nSo the German said, \"Genug, genug. that's enough.\" And he took him back. I was like in a dream after that. It was a couple of weeks later that I got typhoid\nfever, and they put me in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital. And all typhoid fever patients were\ntaken out of that hospital and transferred to Auschwitz to be cremated because they were afraid of an epidemic. I was on the list to go to Auschwitz, and like God was good to me, my husband shows up with a German in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital, and he said: \"Come on. Hurry up.\"\nI said: \"I can't move.\"\nHe said: \"Come on.\" I looked for my boots. They weren't there. Somebody had stolen them. So he says: \"Come on without boots.\" So we got out from the hospital, and we had to go to the Lagerfuehrer [camp leader], and he looked at me.\nThe Lagerfuehrer said: \"Do you want to get ten ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clubs or do you want to go with your husband?\"\nI said: \"I want to go with my husband.\"\nSo he said: \"So go,\" And he goes to my husband: \"Take her right away.\" So as sick as I was, without shoes, with--I don't know what I had on. My husband put a blanket over me and put me on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the bus that brought him, and we came to his camp. But they wouldn't put me in the hospital: they put me in isolation because I still had typhoid fever. And I was all by myself in a room, away from all the people, and my husband used to come to the window and throw some food to me. I shouldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be hungry because the Germans didn't care if I eat or not. And one night, the Russians attacked the Germans, and they threw a bomb into my room. And I was on the second--you know, like, they had one room with one bed on the bottom?  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nGHITIS: Tape two, interview with Nora Lewin. We were talking about the time when there was an explosion caused by the Russians after you had left with your husband and you were in a new place, in his camp, right?\nLEWN: I was isolated.\nGHITIS: In isolation.\nLEWIN: I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"isolated, and there was nobody with me in that room. And in the middle of the night, the Russians were bombing Kivioli, and they threw a bomb into my room. I did not get hurt, but I fell off my bed. And after the bombing, the Germans came running. They knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody was there. They came running, and my husband heard in his barrack that something happened, and he knew I was there, so he said to the German--he said that I am dead. And then when they opened the door, and, I say, I saw my husband, I said, \"Joel\"--he looked.\nHe said: \"She's alive?\" And the Germans-- they couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe it. So they took me to the regular hospital, and one of the Germany Nazis--I'll never forget him--His name was Rundi, said to me in German, \"Du bist eine glucklicher. Du bist nochmal in Amerika sein.\" It means, \"You are a lucky one. One day you'll be in America.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I stayed there in the hospital till I felt better, and I went back to my place, to my room, and a few months later--that was in--I don't remember--like, in December, I think, there was an action. They took away about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"500 people. And by the action, they go--they point fingers. If you're young or old or a woman or a man, it doesn't matter. The way it fits them [the Nazis]. So I was lucky. My husband in the crowd: he was working. And we knew if they took out those people, they are not going to be coming back. And sure enough, about three or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four hours later, the bus came back, and we found torn clothes and some notes in Yiddish saying that: \"We're being shot, we're being killed,\" and all the people were killed. So, of course, our mood was terrible. We knew next is our turn, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever, because news were that the Russians are advancing. About a week later, they called us all out and told us to take our packages, and they put us on trains, and we didn't know where we were going. I was with my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"husband on that train. He said: \"Whatever happens, happens.\" So we're all on the train till Danzig, in Poland. From there, they put us on boats. A few people escaped. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"escaped from the boats, but we didn't hear either they were saved or they were drowned; we didn't know. And they took us to a concentration camp in Poland. I forgot the name. I'll remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the name. It also had a crematorium, and people were picked, sent to the side, to the right side, to the left side. And there was no place--we slept on the floor on the outside, no food. But the younger people had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a chance. They used to send them to work. So I was young. I didn't have my husband to me anymore; they separated the women from the men. What was the name of the camp? And one morning, while we were--we were always sitting around and waiting for them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to call us, either to the crematorium or to work, and I hear my name, and they sent twenty women to a new camp that was in Poland, and the name of the camp was Bydgoszcz [pronounced BID-gosht]. Bydgoszcz was in Polish, and Bromberg was in German. We were about from--Stutthof. The camp was Stutthof. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were a lot of Lithuanian Jewish women, in Stutthof, and I met two of my aunts, my dead brother's wives. [Transcriber's note: Brother's wife would be  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsister-in-law: father's sisters would be aunts.] And one of them said to me:\n\"Nuraleh [pronounced NUR-uh-luh], Nuraleh. take my bread,\" she said, \"I am on the list for tomorrow to go to the crematorium.\" [??? 07:34 Fanya?], [??? 07:36 Fanya?] Kvint. I'll never forget her face. She said: \"I am sure I am not going to be needing the bread. You eat it.\" And ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my other aunt said the same thing. So back to Bromberg. In Bromberg, was very strict. You know, they put you in barracks, and there is a different crowd of people. It's not that you think\nyou're better than others, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they are different than you are, and those people boss around the newcomers. You know, they tell them, \"Don't do this\" and \"Don't do that.\" But we got used to it. The first day we went to work, they put us on a train, railroad passing. In the winter, we had to clean the snow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the train, where the train goes and see if the lining was okay. Without gloves, without anything. So we worked like that for the winter, the whole winter. And we had to walk back to the camp. But we were used to it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I always encouraged the girls. I said: \"We'll survive. We'll survive. You'll see.\" But at the end, I said: \"No more. I'm giving up.\"\nSo one woman said: \"You're giving up? What about us? If you give up. we give up.\"\nI said: \"Okay. let's try again.'\" In January--it was already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"close to January.\nIn the middle of January, they tried to send us all to Germany, to march us to\nGermany, and they closed the camp, and they put us on the road, and the German guards with their guns were walking with us and watching ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us, and in the middle of the transport, I said to one of the women--they were from Poland, from Vilna--I said: \"Girls. I am leaving. Come with me.\" We saw a wagon not far away from where we were walking. They were young. They were younger than me. I was only twenty-four years old, twenty-five maybe. And ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we ran out. We ran out from the line, and we ran into the barn. There was a cow there, and straw, so we hid for the night. And then the lights went on outside. We saw a house. I said: \"Let's see what's there.\" So we went in. There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was nobody there, and there was food on the table.\nSo we said: \"Uh-oh, the Poles ran away from the Russians,\" because they were afraid. They were turncoats. They ran with the Germans. So I went outside, and I found the cow and one of the women knew how to milk a cow. We went to the basement. We found potatoes. So we said: \"We're okay.\" We were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about ten women. Without hair. Our heads were shaved, and in our striped clothes. That's all we had. But we were saying that the Russians are close and they will liberate us soon. And soon enough, one morning I was outside, and I see Russian soldiers marching toward ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our house, and I speak Russian, so I went over to them, and I spoke to them: \"You are here?\"\nHe said: \"We just liberated the town that we are coming from.\" He said: \"You're liberated.\" He said: \"Who are you?\"\nSo I said, \"We're from a concentration camp that the Germans kept.\" The Russians didn't know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything about-- those Russians didn't know anything about it [the concertation camps]. And I said to them, I said: \"Don't touch the girls because we're all sick. The Germans made us all sick, and if you touch us--you see our hair and you see what we look like? The Germans made us all sick.\" So some of them listened, and some of them just didn't give a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"damn, and they raped a few girls, and they were trying to rape another one, an elderly woman, and she wouldn't let them, and they shot her. Right there. To dead. So when I spoke to the captain, I said to him: \"Isn't that terrible?\" I said, \"You just liberated us from the Germans.\"  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHe said: \"They are soldiers. What can I say? They were without women for a long time,\" he said, \"When those girls let them do what they wanted to do, he didn't touch them.\" Anyway, they were scared [??? 14:15 unintelligible]. So he said to me: \"You want to listen to me? Leave. Don't stay here because that is a point where soldiers pass by, and no matter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what, they're going to hurt the girls,\" he said: \"You go toward a train station, and I'll tell you how to get there, and then you get on a train and you go to Lodz, which is the Polish city where there are a lot of Jews there and committees, and people will take care of you.\" So we took our whatever we had, which was nothing, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we were marching. We were marching to the train station. On the way, we met French war prisoners. They were liberated also. And we asked if--we couldn't talk to them, but, you know, somehow we connected, and they asked him: \"Where is the train station?\" They told us how to get there. So we got to the train station, and we couldn't get on because it was packed. So ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the stationmaster said: \"You cannot get on because there is no room.\"\nSo I looked at him. I said: \"We'll get on.\" You know, the place between the\ntrains and the head train? There is like a platform between there? So I\nsaid--three girls were with me--I said: \"Come on, get on.\" And we got on that\nlittle place between the train and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"locomotive. And we got to Lodz. In Lodz,\nwe met a lot of Jewish people, survivors, a lot of them that came from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia. I knew my sister and her husband--[Cameraman asks her to lean back.] Well. it's a little difficult when you talk about such a past, to sit still. [Cameraman tells her she is positioned all right.] I'm okay?\nGHITIS: Hold one moment. Is there any way you can--[Pause.] [Cameraman indicates he is ready again.]\nNORA: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All right. Okay? So while we were in Lodz, there was a committee there that tried to put the refugees in places where they were safe and where they could eat and sleep, and there were a lot of people that came from the Soviet Union that escaped the Germans, and my sister and her husband were one of them. And they told me that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they saw my sister and they know that they're alive and they're on the way. So I knew at least my sister and her husband were--and my brother was in the army, they told me, people from my town that knew about it. I was still alone. So a family came over to me and the woman spoke in Polish. I don't speak Polish. So ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she asked me if I speak Russian. I said: \"Yes.\"\nShe said her parents are from Russia, and she knows Russian. She said, \"Would you like to come to live with us? I'll give you a room, and you'll take care of our children. They are seven and eight years old. They go to kindergarten or to school,\" she said, \"We were just liberated.\" In Lodz they have a factory, and they have their own apartment. She says: \"'Come with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us.''\nI said: \"I don't speak Polish.\"\nShe said: \"It doesn't matter.\" So I came with them, and they treated me just\nlike their own. And I stayed there--that was January. We were liberated on\nJanuary twenty-second. The war was over in July, but we were liberated already. Poland was all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated: Lithuania was liberated: all the Baltic states were liberated.\nSo I said: \"I think I am going to start on my way to Lithuania. That's my home.\" So in Russia you don't do what you want to do. Either you are free, but there\nare still limits.\nSo when I started to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"move, the Russians stopped me, and they said: \"Where are you going?\"\nI say: \"I'm going to Shavel, to Lithuania.\" [Cameraman says something\nunintelligible at 19:46]. [Laughs.]\nSo they said: \"No, you are not going,\" they said, \"We'll need people that speak Russian to work in a hospital. You come with us, and you'll work in the\nhospital, and we're going toward ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin, and you'll come with us.\" So I\ncouldn't--I mean, I couldn't say no because I had no way. So I went there, and\nthey gave me a nice room, and they were interested that I could talk to the\npeople. There were some Lithuanian soldiers there and some Jewish soldiers that were sick. Anyway, I stayed there for a while, and finally they let ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me go. I\ntook a train, and after a few days, I got to Shavel. Shavel was my hometown. And I had an aunt there, and I stayed with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, and a lot of refugees used to come back. They all told me: \"Your sister will be back, your sister\"--and I used to go to the train station every single day to wait for my sister. And one day they showed up. My sister had two little ones; She didn't have any children when she left. She had two little girls. She was there with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her husband. And she looked twenty years older than me. She looked terrible. They were traveling two weeks from Tashkent [Uzbekistan] to Kovno, two weeks, with a baby. Masha was--she was a baby. She was four, three years old. and Helen was five years old. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a brother. My brother-in-law had a brother in Shavel, so they lived with them. And then Shavel became a small town, and a lot of Jewish people moved to Vilna, which--Vilna was very nice. I had a nice business in Shavel. In Russian they call it ларек, ларек [pronounced la-ree-oak, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian for 'stall']. That's a beer place. It's on the railroad station. It's like a booth, and I used to sell beer. And soldiers used to come and go, and business was wonderful because you sell beer, and the foam doesn't count, and the money is just beautiful. And I got the job through somebody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who knew my dad and wanted to help me. But things got a little too difficult with the people, with the soldiers, and so I said to the manager: \"I have to leave.\" So I went to Vilnius [Lithuania], and I got a very good job as a secretary. My sister moved to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilnius also. And then the Brichah started to take care of the refugees, of the survivors. And in the meantime, I heard from my husband that he was alive: he's in Germany, and he hopes I'll be coming to Germany. And that's what happened. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a few months, I got permission, through friends, to go to Germany, and we stayed in Berlin for a while. They had beautiful accommodations for the refugees. You knew, the Americans were exceptional. But the Germans also-- they treated the Jews very careful [sic]. My sister stayed in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin for a while, in a camp, and I went--my husband was in Munich. And when I got on the train and got off in Munich, my husband was waiting for me. He had a nice apartment. He had a nice job with HAIS [Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society]. He was head ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of transportation there. And I got a job also, in HIAS, because I knew typing. And I could read and write in English: I couldn't speak English, but I could read and write, so I learned a few words to register the survivors ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who wanted to move to the United States. So I learned the word, \"to seek relatives.\" And that's how I put in all the applications. And we sent away a lot of people. A few months--a year later, my husband got in touch with his cousin in Newburgh, New York. His name was Lou Shapiro. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they sent an affidavit. At the beginning, the refugees still needed affidavits. A year later, the United States had a law that survivors could come just with permission. So anyway, in June 1947, we came to the United States, June 7th, 1947. And ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we came to Newburgh, New York, and we lived there. My husband had a gas station and a tire place, a used car place. I never worked. I just was a housewife. We had two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sons, and that's\nwhy I am in Atlanta. My younger son lives here. He's a businessman. My older son\nis in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Connecticut.\n\nGHITIS: Tape three, interview with Mrs. Nora Lewin.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEWIN: We came to the United States from Germany on July 7th, 1947. We got to\nNew York, and right away, I felt that I didn't know a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot. When they were\nquestioning my name, I said: \"LEV-in.\" That's how we pronounced it in Germany.\n\nAnd they looked the way it was written, with a \"w\"; they said: \"No. it's\nLEW-in.\" So that moment, I knew that our name is not LEV-in anymore, but LEW-in.\nMy husband's cousin, Lou Shapiro, picked us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up. He drove us to Newburgh, New\nYork, which is about ninety or a hundred miles from New York City. It's a small\ntown. They had a beautiful home, and his wife--he had a sister there and a\nchild, [who] welcomed us. They couldn't speak a word of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish, and only Lou\nunderstood a little, and his sister, so it was very hard for us to communicate.\nBut the little girl was five years old. Her name was Geri. She liked for me to\nread to her because I babysat a lot. Read, I could, but I couldn't speak. So\nwhen I used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"read to her. she used to correct me and that's how I learned,\nlittle by little, to speak English. My husband, in the meantime, got a job in an\nautomobile place, and I didn't work. Finally, we got our own place, and we went\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night school. I went to night school for a whole year, and it didn't take me\nlong to be able to converse in English.There were a lot of foreigners at the\nschool, and the teacher was an elderly lady. I said: \"You know, it's a little\nembarrassing when you come here and you do not speak the language.\"\n\nShe said: \"If I would come to your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country, I wouldn't speak your language,\neither, so don't be embarrassed.\"' And that's how we--We joined the synagogue,\nand I joined the Sisterhood. I joined Hadassah. and I became quite active. I was\nsecretary and treasurer. I became pregnant, and I gave birth to my older ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"son in\n1948. His name is Michael, after my dad. They had a very good school in\nNewburgh. The school system was excellent at that time. He graduated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"college,\nand he wanted to become a doctor, but at that time, it was very difficult to get\ninto medical school, so he applied in Guadalajara, Mexico, and he was accepted,\nand he finished medical school there. We went to his graduation in Guadalajara,\nand I was very impressed. It was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fascinating, very interesting. And then he\ndid his internship in New York Hospital, and he's in practice now. He's an\nallergist, and he is married. They have a son, a fifteen-year-son, and they live\nin Connecticut. That's my older son. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, my husband decided it's enough to\nwork for somebody else; he wants to go into business. So he opened a gas\nstation, a used car lot, and a tire place. He built his own building, and he was\nvery successful. In the meantime, five years later, I became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pregnant again, and\nHank was born. Hank lives with his family in Atlanta, his wife, Jan, and two\ndaughters. He has an advertising business in Atlanta. After I lived nineteen\nyears in Florida, they decided it's enough; I should ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come and stay in Atlanta\nand be closer to them, and we did move here in 1943--no, 1990--no, in 2003.\nWe're here two years. You want me to tell you about Florida or about Atlanta?\nAbout Florida.\n\nWe were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"snowbirds in Florida. A lot of people started moving from up north for\nthe winter to Florida, so we did the same. We bought a condo and we used to go\nfor the winter, and the summer, we used to come back to our home in Newburgh,\nNew York. It was a very nice life. Florida had a lot of survivors. We had a lot\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends, and we were together, my husband and me, and my sister was there.\nLife went on pretty good till my husband got a stroke, and he was sick for four\nyears. And in 1995 he passed away. So I still had my home in Newburgh, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New:York,\nand I used to go for the summer, but it wasn't the same. So I sold it and I\nbecame a resident of Florida, till we moved here in 2003. Life here is\nwonderful. I am very independent, thank God, so far. I take care of all my\nthings, all my business, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I still know that my kids are here, and whenever I\nneed them, I know I have them here. My daughter-in-law is exceptionally,\nexceptionally devoted to me. I am content. I can say I'm happy here. It's a very\nnice Jewish community. Huntcliff is a very nice place to live ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. I'm getting\nolder. That hurts or this hurts, but I can take it. We go for the holidays--we\ngo to my son's temple. We do different things that older people do. And the\nJewish organizations are very much interested in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivors. I had a few\ntapes. I had a few talks about survivors in the Hebrew school and other places,\nand I'm very grateful to God that I made it and I'm here to tell it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you please tell me what was your name at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"birth?\n\nLEWIN: My name at birth was Nura Kvint.\n\nGHITS: Would you spell your last [name]?\n\nLEWIN: K-v-i-n-t, Kvint.\n\nGHITIS: Did you have a Hebrew name, or do you have a Hebrew name?\n\nLEWIN: Yes, I do. My Hebrew name is Chana.\n\nGHITIS: And after whom were you named?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEWIN: After a great-grandmother.\n\nGHITIS: What were the names of your parents?\n\nLEWIN: My mother's name was Masha. Her maiden name was Yoselevich [pronounced\n\nyo-suh-LEV-itch] Kvint. My dad's name was Michel [pronounced MICH (guttural\n\"ch')-uhl] Kvint.\n\nGHITIS: Where were they born?\n\nLEWIN: I think they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"born in Russia, both of them, yes.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know where in Russia?\n\nLEWIN: No, no.\n\nGHITIS: Did you know any of your grandparents?\n\nLEWIN: Oh, yes, yes. My mother's father died very young; he died when he was\nfifty years old and after her children got married, my grandmother's, she moved\nin with us. Her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name was Dina, Dina Yoselevich.\n\nGHITIS: And your grandfather's name was?\n\nLEWIN: Shmuel Yoselevich.\n\nGHITIS: What about your grandparents on your father's side?\n\nLEWIN: My father's father was a rabbi, but he was a very intelligent and a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learned\n\nman, and he did not push--he only had sons. He never pushed his sons toward religion.\n\nMy father was an observant Jew. Shabbat. He did not go to shul, but we observed\nall the holidays. My grandfather was very educated, beside being a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbi. My\nfather's mother\n\ndied when we were little, and Grandpa remarried later on, and we called his\nsecond wife\n\nAunt, Tante [German for Aunt]. She was also a very religious, very nice lady.\nThey both died natural deaths.\n\nGHITIS: And what were the names of your grandparents on your father's side?\n\nLEWIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandfather's name was--I forges |She lapses into a half-Yiddish.\nhalf-English word.] My grandmother's name, I know, was Esther. I don't remember\nmy grandfather's name. Moishe [pronounced MOY-sheh] [??? 15:12 Baer?].\n\nGHITIS: Now, you said you were born in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Insterburg?\n\nLEWIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: Where is it now?\n\nLEWIN: I don't know. You see, I was born right after World War I and people were\n\ntraveling from Russia. My parents were in Russia during the war, the Soviet\nUnion, in\n\nRussia, actually. It wasn't Soviet Union yet. So they were traveling toward\nLithuania, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably they went through the borders of East Germany. East\nPreuβen which was Germany.\n\nGHITIS: Prussia.\n\nLEWIN: Prussia. So that's where I was born. And I was probably just born there;\nI wasn't\n\nraised there. And from there, they came back to Lithuania, and that's where we\n\ncontinued our life.\n\nGHITIS: Approximately ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around what dates, what years, would you say, your mother and\n\nyour father were born? Can you calculate that?\n\nLEWIN: Yes. My father was born in 1899, and my mother was born in 1900.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me about the city where you grew up.\n\nLEWN: Shavel?\n\nGHITIS: What kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place was it?\n\nLEWIN: Well, it was the second biggest city in Lithuania. Kaunas was the capital of\n\nLithuania, then. Now it's Vilnius. But Kaunas was then the capital. And Shavel--\n\nSiauliai [pronounced approximately show-LIE] in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuanian, Siauliai--or [??? 17:23\n\nSholan?] in German--it was a--well, when I think of it now. it was an old-fashioned\n\ncity. There were Jews, Lithuanians, and Poles there. Like, our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family, we were never\n\nclose with the Lithuanians. Only we had Lithuanian maids that worked for us, for my\n\nparents. But in general, the Lithuanians did not like the Jews. In fact, just a\nyear before\n\nthe Russians occupied Lithuanian, my father was hit. He used to walk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from work. He\n\nworked as an accountant in a big factory, but he used to walk home for dinner.\nThat was\n\nthe habit in Lithuania; you came home for dinner at three o'clock. So my dad\nused to\n\nwalk every--on the way home, a bunch of Lithuanian guys beat him up, without any\n\nreason, just because he was a Jew. And he was badly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hurt.So the Lithuanians\nstarted doing the job before the Germans came, and when the Germans came, the\nLithuanians did a lot of harm to the Jewish people. There were some exceptions,\nwhere Lithuanians helped Jewish people, like to save the child or to hide them,\nbut in general, the Lithuanian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"population was not nice to the Jews, not during\nthe Nazis or before the Nazis.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know why they decided to settle in Shavel?\n\nLEWIN: Oh, that was home. That was home from before the war. That's where their\nparents lived.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me about your nuclear family. How many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children in the family?\n\nLEWIN: We were three children. I'm the oldest. I have a sister a year older\n[sic: younger] than me, and we had a brother, who was five years younger than me.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of living was your father able to provide?\n\nLEWIN: We had a very comfortable living. We lived in a beautiful apartment, a\nmodern--in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact, in our apartment we had water, which was steady water, a bath\nand a real toilet which--I'm talking about the 1930s, which not every apartment\nhad. It was a beautiful apartment. And we always had the nicest dishes and the\nnicest things. We had a very--we were not very rich, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we were very comfortable.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know the address? Do you remember the address of your house in Shavel?\n\nLEWIN: Yes, our last apartment was on Wishinska Gatvé, Wishinska Street. That\nwas a very nice location, a very good location. And my mother always looked for\nbetter things. She always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liked to prosper, to be more comfortable.\n\nGHITIS: You said your mother also had a business?\n\nLEWIN: Yes, yes. My mother was very handy. She was a very talented woman. When\nthe war started in Poland, when the Germans occupied Poland, she decided ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go\nto Kovno and learn a trade. She knew how to sew, but she wanted to learn better.\nIt was then that she learned how to make bras and girdles, and she came back,\nand we had a large\n\napartment. She took two rooms, and she made like a factory, and she had girls work\n\nfor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her, and women used to come in for fittings. She had a very good business.\n\nGHITIS: And your father's business was?\n\nLEWIN: My dad? My dad was a certified public accountant, a very respectful [sic:\n\nrespectable] and very well-paid job. Don't forget, the schools we went to, the Hebrew\n\nschools were not free; they were very expensive, and all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the children [in her\nfamily] graduated those schools.\n\nGHITIS: So would you say that was equivalent to finishing what level of education?\n\nLEWIN: I would say here it was second year of college. Yes, yes.\n\nGHITIS: Now, after school, you went to another location?\n\nLEWIN: I went to a business ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school in Memel. Memel belonged to Lithuania then.\nIt used to belong to Germany.\n\nGHITIS: Now long did you stay there?\n\nLEWIN: A year.\n\nGHITIS: How did you meet your husband?\n\nLEWIN: Somebody introduced us. And we liked each other, and we decided to get married.\n\nGHITIS: How old were you at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time?\n\nLEWIN: Twenty-two.\n\nGHITIS: And your husband?\n\nLEWIN: Twenty-nine.\n\nGHITIS: What was his name, your husband's name?\n\nLEWIN: His Yiddish name or what you called him? Well, Joel. Joel Lewin.\n\nGHITIS: And what was he doing at that time?\n\nLEWIN: They had a--I don't know what you call it. Like, they did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the\nplumbing for the big businesses. Plumbing. It was a big business in Lithuania\nbecause Lithuania was still putting in bathrooms and the tubs and everything,\nand my husband was in charge of all the people. And then he used to travel, too,\nin different towns to supervise and to do.\n\nGHITIS: On what day did you get married?\n\nLEWIN: July ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"14lh, 1940.\n\nGHITIS: Now, you said that the Lithuanian people didn't treat the Jews well at\nthe time of the war.\n\nLEWIN: And before.\n\nGHITIS: Were you aware of these feelings even before the war started?\n\nLEWIN: Actually, personally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we never experienced anything, but there were talks and\n\npeople that knew some things that happened. We personally never--except that thing\n\nthat I told you about my dad--because we were never too close with those people. I\n\nremember during the ghetto, when we were in ghetto already, they needed people that\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could write in Lithuanian, and they had to have a number, a count of the Jews\nthat are in\n\nthe ghettoes. They came to me because they knew I can type and I can talk in\n\nLithuanian. They took me to City Hall, as a prisoner. I was already in [the]\nghetto. And I was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uncomfortable there. But they tried to make me be\ncomfortable, so I\n\nworked for them a whole day, and then they took me back to the ghetto. They felt very\n\nsuperior to me.\n\nGHITIS: How did you find out about your father's death?\n\nLEWIN: Well, there were always people among the Lithuanians that came back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with\nstories and with tales, because there were a lot of Jewish friends that were the\nguards, and they used to pay them, give them gifts, so they could get\ninformation from them, and that's how we always got information. I knew who was\nkilled and who was alive.\n\nGHITIS: How was he killed?\n\nLEWIN: Huh?\n\nGHITIS: How was he killed?\n\nLEWIN: They were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shot. In prison.\n\nGHITIS: What are your memories of the Kovno ghetto? Actually, you were first in the\n\nghetto in Shavel.\n\nLEWIN: Shavel.\n\nGHITIS: In Shavel.\n\nLEWIN: Yes. Well, the Kovno ghetto was probably ten times as big as the Shavel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto.\n\nWith all the heartaches. I wasn't alone. I had my husband there. I had my baby.\nI had\n\nmy mother. I had my husband's family. So, you know, when you are sad or when you\n\nare in trouble and you have close ones to you, it's easier to bear all those\nhard times. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But\n\nlife in [the] ghetto was--we ate, and we talked, and we laughed, and we cried,\nand we\n\nhoped that tomorrow would be quiet and nothing will happen.\n\nGHITIS: Did you know what was going on in other places in Europe with respect to the\n\nJewish people? How much did you know?\n\nLEWIN: What do you mean?\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At what point did you find out about Auschwitz, about death camps?\n\nLEWIN: Oh, we found out about Auschwitz actually--in [the] ghetto, we didn't\nknow too\n\nmuch about it. When we got to the camps there were such rumors, and people knew\nbecause they also had connections with people that were there, and that's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how we\nfound out.\n\nGHITIS: Tape 4, interview with Mrs. Nora ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin. Let's go back to the Shavel\nghetto. When you were in Shavel, you were pregnant, and your mother would go to\nwork. What kind of work did she have to do?\n\nLEWIN: She did the same, sewing. The Germans had a lot of places where they had\nrepairs and sewing, and my mom found out, and the committee gave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her a job in\none of the places.\n\nGHITIS: What did she tell you about the conditions?\n\nLEWIN: Well, you know, there were Jews--there were Jewish women that were there\nmostly. The head of the group was also a Jewish woman, so they were okay. Nobody\nbothered them.\n\nGHITIS: How did she manage to bring back food for you?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEWIN: We had a maid that works [sic; worked] for us before the war, and when\nshe found out where my mother was, so she used to leave outside some things for\nmy mother to take back, because my mother wouldn't go in the streets to buy. A\nlot of Jews did that. They used to take off the sign and used to go to the goyim\nor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exchange clothes and things with them and get food for it. But it was\ndangerous to bring it into the ghetto because at the gate the guards used to\ncheck, and if they were suspicious of somebody, they put them in jail.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember what food she brought you?\n\nLEWIN: A little bread, sometimes a piece of fruit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nothing fancy but enough to\nkeep me going. I was pregnant. I needed a lot of food.\n\nGHITIS: Go back to the day, to the time, when you delivered your baby. What was\nthat like?\n\nLEWIN: Oy, if I can remember. The only thing that I remember that I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worried\nabout is that I should have the baby before mama comes from work. She shouldn't\nhave to worry all night if I delivered the baby all right. But otherwise, I--you\nknow, I was young. It was my first delivery. I didn't know what pain was. I\ndidn't care, really. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just wanted it to be over.\n\nGHITIS: When you were separated from your mother and your baby, did you know\nwhere they were being taken?\n\nLEWIN: We had a feeling. We knew that they were taken to camps. We knew that\nthey were taken to Auschwitz. We had it in our hearts, in our mind, but we still\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hoped that maybe, maybe--but then a few weeks later, rumors started to spread\nthat they were taken to Auschwitz and put in the crematorium.\n\nGHITIS: When did you find out for sure?\n\nLEWIN: I never found out for sure, but we knew that the people that did not\nreturn and were not in labor camps were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killed, because otherwise, if they would\nhave been alive--very few children were saved. A niece of mine, a niece of my\nhusband's was saved. She was a baby. She was born a year after my son. She was\nborn to my husband's sister in [the] ghetto, but they kept her for a few months\nand gave her to Gentile ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, who were not Lithuanians but Polish. And after\nthe war, they returned with that baby to Poland, and they brought her up as a\nCatholic. She never knew that she was Jewish. People in the community, in the\nsame town, whose son went to the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school with that girl, had a suspicion\nthat she was not Polish. She was too smart. So his mother went over to them and\ntold them that. So he said, the father said: \"True, we adopted her when she was\nsix months old,\" and they said, \"Well, she's Jewish.\" And they didn't want to\ngive her back, but they went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"court, and at that time, you know, right after\nthe war, they got her back. She was very unhappy because she was a Catholic. She\nused to go to confession; she used to go to church, and she probably hated Jews.\nBut the family [??? 06:27 Mintz?] took her and they brought her to Israel, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nthrough a Jewish newspaper, we found out that she was in Israel, and my husband\nrecognized the picture, and we got in touch. At first she didn't want to\nadmit--because a lot of people claimed her, but then we told her things. It\nturned out that it was her, and we brought her to the United States. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She's a\nteacher now. We sent her to school, and we had private teachers for her and\nshe's married, and she has a twenty-six-year-old daughter. She was active in the\nSecond Survivors, but somehow she--I said: \"Ella, why don't you do all the\nthings that--\" But it was very difficult for me. She\n\ndidn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understand that she was Jewish at the beginning. Now she belongs to\nChabad, and\n\nher daughter belongs to Chabad. Yes, they're very--\n\nGHITIS: The first camp you went to was in Estonia.\n\nLEWIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: On what date did you arrive at that camp, approximately?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEWIN: It was in October, the end of October.\n\nGHITIS: What year?\n\nLEWIN: 1944.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of work did you do there?\n\nLEWIN: In Estonia?\n\nGHITIS: Yes.\n\nLEWIN: I told you, I worked on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"railroad. I worked on the railroad. All the women\n\nworked on the railroad. When the train has to pass, the foreman--they give a\nsignal that\n\nwe should get off the rails, and when the trains weren't there, we used to clean\nup and\n\ncheck if the railings were okay. And it was in the winter. We were cold. It was very\n\ndifficult. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n[Pause in conversation, for technical reasons.]\n\nGHITIS: Could you describe a day in your life at that time? At what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time did you\nget up in the morning? How did you get to work? How were you treated?\n\nLEWIN: Well, you know, we were locked into the barracks at night, and we\ncouldn't go to the bathroom, so they had a barrel outside, in the barrack,\noutside the door, by the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"door.\n\nThat's where you had to go. We used to be woken up at five o'clock in the\nmorning. It was\n\nstill dark, and the barracks were cold, and we were half naked; we just had a\nlittle suit,\n\nwhat the refugees wore. We were thrown out--we were sent out to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the big outside,\n\nwhere they used to count us. And if not everybody was there, we could stay there for\n\nhours till they had the amount of people that they had on their list. And it was\nbitter cold.\n\nSometimes it was snowing like mad. After they had counted us all, we used to go\nto the\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gate, and we used to walk to work. It was about, at least eight or ten miles, in\nthe snow,\n\nin the cold.\n\nGHITIS: Who was in charge?\n\nLEWIN: The Germans and the Estonians. The Estonians were also big antisemites. Yes,\n\nthe Germans and the Estonians.\n\nGHITIS: Were there people who were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not Jewish at this camp?\n\nLEWIN: I don't think so, but there were Jews from all over there. From Romania, from\n\nCzechoslovakia. I remember there was a very beautiful girl from Czechoslovakia, and\n\nthe German Lagerfuehrer had an eye on her. But they weren't allowed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have\nanything to\n\ndo with Jewish women. But rumors were that he slept with her.\n\nGHITIS: You were also a young woman.\n\nLEWIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: Did you ever receive advances of that nature?\n\nLEWIN: No, never, never, never. No, they were looking--look, I'm a short girl.\nThey were looking for those others The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakian girls are tall and have\nfigures, like\n\nGermans, so the Germans took after them.\n\nGHITIS: Now, from there you went to Goldfields?\n\nLEWIN: Yes. It's another camp, yes.\n\nGHITIS: Were there non-Jews at that place?\n\nLEWIN: Not that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember, no.\n\nGHITIS: How big a camp was it?\n\nLEWIN: Oh. it was a big camp, over a thousand people probably.\n\nGHITIS: At this point, had you established a friendship, a close connection with another\n\n prisoner?\n\nLEWIN: A friendship, I wouldn't say. Acquaintance, yes. I was friendly with everybody.\n\nSee, I used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clean the rooms. I used to be more inside in Goldfields, and\nthere was\n\nnothing that I could fight with the women about because most of the women fought\n\nterribly, but there was nothing I had to fight with them. Somebody says: \"You\ntook my\n\nbread,'' and she says: \"You took my blanket,\" and she said: \"You took everything from\n\nme.'' They were fighting something terrible. And it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so ugly. With all the\n[trouble] that we had, you know, if you still listened to those things, it was sad.\n\nGHITIS: You fell sick with typhoid fever.\n\nLEWIN: I didn't know I had typhoid. I felt sick, and they took me to the\nhospital, and then\n\nthe doctor decided--I don't know if they tested us or what, or they wanted to\nget rid of\n\nmore Jews as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"possible, so they probably decided that we had typhoid. And a lot\nof Jews\n\nbefore me were taken out of the hospital.\n\nGHITIS: How did it happen--tell me again--that your husband was able to find you?\n\nLEWIN: Well, you know, sometimes you were lucky with the Germans. If you were a\ngood ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worker and you knew what you were doing and you were not demanding, they\nliked you, and my husband was very likeable. He was a very good mechanic, and he\nworked very hard. He spoke German, which not too many Jews did, and it was\neasier for him, too.\n\nAnd he got acquainted with those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, and he told them his story. He was so anxious\n\nto find me or to bring me to him that he didn't hesitate to talk to the head of\nthe Lager\n\n[German for camp] or to ask them to find me. He was very brave. Not too many\nhusbands found their wives.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Once your husband found you, he took you with him.\n\nLEWIN: The second time, yes.\n\nGHITIS: Give me a little more details about the time when you were in isolation\nand a bomb exploded. Tell me again that story.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEWIN: Well, when I heard the thunder, I thought I am gone. Then, when I was on\nthe floor, I just touched myself. I remember that. And I said to myself. I'm\nalive. So then,\n\nwhen I heard voices outside the cabin and the Germans were saying: \"Sie ist tot.\nSie ist\n\ntot.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(\"She's dead, she's dead\")--and then I heard my husband's voice. I didn't answer\n\nto the Germans because I was afraid they'll kill me. And when I heard my husband's\n\nvoice there, so I yelled at him and said: \"I am alive.'\" I heard when he said to the\n\nGermans, in German. So right away they opened the door, and they picked me up from\n\nthe floor. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just didn't know what was happening.\n\nGHITIS: At this point, did you know about your baby and your mother?\n\nLEWIN: Oh, yes, yes, we knew already. We knew. It was almost a year since it\nhappened, and the rumors were spreading that all the people, the people from the\n[??? 18:22 unintelligible--airport?] where we were, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were all taken to Auschwitz.\n\nGHITIS: How did your husband handle the news?\n\nLEWIN: Handle what? The loss of the baby?\n\nGHITIS: The loss of the baby.\n\nLEWIN: Well, my husband was very strong. My husband was very strong. He lost a lot.\n\nHe lost his parents: he lost a sister, two sisters and their families, except\nthat girl that was\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saved. One sister was in a camp in Estonia that the Germans burned to death. Oh, I\n\nforgot the name of that camp. [Exhales through pursed lips.] I'll have to\nremember that.\n\nYou must have heard of that camp. They killed all the Jews in that concentration\ncamp. His sister was brought there from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kovno, and her husband was brought to\nanother camp.\n\nHe was for a while with my husband, and then he wanted to go to his wife, and\nthere was\n\na group from Kivioli that was sent there, and he said: \"I want to go to my\nwife,\" and he\n\nwent. Nobody was alive. A few people escaped, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of the people were killed in\n\nthat camp.\n\nGHITIS: You were eventually sent to Stutthof.\n\nLEWIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me more about what that camp was like.\n\nLEWIN: It was a like a dead cemetery.\n\nGHITIS: What do you mean?\n\nLEWIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I remember, I remember faces. I remember people walking like ghosts.\n\nPeople were thin, naked, without hair. They were just walking without any hope. People\n\nwere standing there. Sometimes at night, I still can see--I can still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see some people.\n\nYou know, when you're young and you see the people who maybe were my age. But it\n\nwas terrible. And everybody was waiting. Everybody was waiting for the end.\nLike, the\n\nolder people, I told you, with my aunts--they were waiting. They knew that there\nis no\n\nother way from them than to go to be executed.\n\nGHITIS: Did you have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hope at that point?\n\nLEWIN: Oh, yes, I did. I did. That's what kept me going.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know how you looked?\n\nLEWIN: No, I don't know, but when I came back from concentration camp, and I\ntold you I saw my sister at the train, and she saw me, she said--we talked about\nit later--she said: \"I thought you looked twenty years younger than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, and you\nlooked as if you came\n\nfrom a vacation, not from a concentration camp.'\" I was thin, of course, but I was--what?\n\nHow old was I? Twenty-three, twenty-five. [Telephone rings.] Excuse me. Oy.\nTwenty-five years old. That's my sister, probably, calling. Yes. [Telephone\ncontinues to ring.] CAMERAMAN: Do you want to stop?\n\n[Recording interrupted so Mrs. Lewin could answer telephone.]\n\nGHITIS: When you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Stutthof, were you made to work?\n\nLEWIN: No. No. The thing in Stutthof was they put out the people every morning,\nand they got some people to go to work, and they sent them away, outside the\ncamps, and the ones they thought are no good anymore, they sent to another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side,\nand those went to the crematorium. I was in Stutthof maybe ten days, because\nthey looked for the younger people to send to work, and they picked a group of\nreally young women when they sent us to Bromberg, because they had opened a new\ncamp and they needed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workers.\n\nGHITIS: Did you work in Bromberg?\n\nLEWIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: Again, did you do the same kind of work you had been doing, cleaning the rails?\n\nLEWIN: Yes, yes, that's what I was doing in Bydgoszcz, in Bromberg, yes. And the\nheadmaster was a Pole, a Polish man. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He watched over us. We were about twenty\nwomen on that railroad. He liked me. and I was a smoker, a very heavy-smoker.\nand he knew that, and they didn't have cigarettes, so he used to give me once in\na while a cigarette. And I'll never forget: He went home for Christmas, and when\nhe came back, he brought me something to eat. And he used to call me \"Nura,\nNura, [??? 24:34 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starababa?]\"--\"Nura, Nura, old woman.\" I'll never forget. He\nwas really nice to me, very nice.\n\nGHITIS: What did he mean when he said \"old woman\"? LEWIN: The way I looked.\n\nGHITIS: How long did you walk after Bromberg? There was a march right?\n\nLEWIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: I low ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long did you walk?\n\nLEWIN: [Exhales through lips.] Oh, a couple of hours.\n\nGHITIS: And where were you taken?\n\nLEWIN: We were taken to Germany because they wanted all the refugees, all the people,\n\nthe Jews, in camps in Germany. They closed all the camps in Poland, and they marched\n\nall the Jews toward Germany. And they killed a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few. They killed a few on the way that\n\ntried to escape.\n\nGHITIS: Eventually you made it to Lodz.\n\nLEWIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: More or less when did you arrive in Lodz? What time was it? What month?\n\nLEWIN: What month? I would say it was the beginning of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"February. The war ended in--\n\nwe were liberated the 23rd --yes. it was in February.\n\nGHITIS: When you look back, what gave you the courage to do certain things such as\n\nescape? When you escaped into that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"farmhouse with other young women?\n\nLEWIN: The thoughts and the hope that the war will be over soon, that the\nGermans are\n\nrunning away, and maybe, maybe we will be free one day.\n\nGHITIS: But you were also, from what you tell me, the kind of person ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who encouraged\n\nother prisoners.\n\nLEWIN: Right. Yes, I did, because some of the women were younger than me, and they\n\ncouldn't fight; they couldn't hope. I had to do it. I had to encourage them,\nbecause otherwise we wouldn't be a group, and it's better to escape in a group\nthan alone.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: How did you find out that the war was over?\n\nLEWIN: Oh, when the Russians came to our house, and when I saw the Russians, I knew\n\nthe war was over.\n\nGHITIS: Where were you? Where was your house at that time?\n\nLEWIN: In a village. I don't know the name of the place, in Poland. It was about three\n\nhours from Bromberg.\n\nGHITIS: What did you feel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in your heart when you heard that the war was over?\n\nLEWIN: First, I wanted to kiss the Russian soldiers. I just wanted to hug them.\nWhen I saw the uniform, before they came to us, I saw from far away, I said to\nthe women: \"Those are Russians! Those are Russians!\" We were very grateful.\nThere was no question about\n\nthat. Very grateful that they liberated us.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: But then they raped some of the women.\n\nLEWIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: What happened in your insides--\n\nLEWIN: Let me tell you something--\n\nGHITIS: The other woman.\n\nLEWIN: You do not have any inside, my dear. You only have one thought: to be\nfree. Any other feelings ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are not there, because your wish to be free and be away\nfrom the Germans is so strong that any other wishes or thoughts are not there.\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tape five, interview with Mrs. Nora Lewin. I understand you were asked\nto testify against some Nazis. Could you tell me about it?\n\nLEWIN: Yes. The German government had trials for the Nazis that worked in the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps, and we, as survivors, were invited, were asked to come to testify at the\ntrials. So we went to Germany--what was that place? And two German women picked\nus up at the airport and took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us to the hotel, and greeted us very friendly,\nvery nicely, very respectful. The next day, they picked us up and they took us\nto court. There were Nazis that my husband recognized.\n\nGHITIS: Names?\n\nLEWIN: I don't remember. I cannot remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"names. And then there was one Nazi\nthat I recognized, and his name was Rundi, the same Nazi that I told the story,\nthat he said to me: \"You are lucky. You will someday be in America.\" And I saw\nhim there. He was a doctor's assistant, and he did a lot, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of harm. And I\nrecognized him. And before I spoke, I told them, in English: \"I speak German,\nbut I prefer to talk in English because I'm from the United States.\" And the\nones that my husband recognized, they never got the death penalties, but he told\nthe stories, in German. Then we read in the paper, in the German paper, that\nthey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were convicted for--you know, and some time [in jail] but never to dead.\nAnd it was very important to us. It wasn't easy to go back to Germany and face\nthe killers, but we had to do it. And to this day, I'm glad I did it.\n\nGHITIS: To what city did you go?\n\nLEWIN: I don't remember. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich, I think, Munich, München.\n\nGHITIS: What year was it?\n\nLEWIN: I don't remember the year. I can find it. I have all the documents. One\nwas in 1962 or 1963.\n\nGHITIS: Then there is a story about a ring your mother gave you.\n\nLEWIN: Not my mother: it was my engagement ring. It wasn't that my mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gave.\n\nThat's what it says here. It was my engagement ring. I kept it. and I saved it\nthrough the\n\nghetto, and then when I came to--I don't remember what camp--when I saw that\nthey were taking everything away, so I went to the bathroom, and I discarded it,\nand a few\n\ndays ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later, I went to the same place, and I found the ring. And then when I got together\n\nwith my husband before Stutthof, I gave him the ring. No, he asked me--he said: \"Give\n\nme the ring because you're going to lose it anyway.\" So I gave it to him, but the\n\nGermans took it away from him anyway. But that is a very minor, unimportant story.\n\nBut my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"granddaughter was so impressed with it that the interviewer had to put it\nin for\n\n her.\n\nGHITIS: Do you have something you want to tell future generations, as a survivor?\n\nLEWIN: Well, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a Jew, I say we have to keep our faith, we have to know who we\nare and\n\ndo good and stay Jewish. To non-Jews I'll say try to understand the Jewish\npeople. The\n\nJewish people are not enemies of non-Jews, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together we can build a wonderful world\n\nand live together.\n\nGHITIS: Thank you very much.\n\n[Recording interruption.]\n\n[Looking at a picture of two people. A woman with dark, short hair with earrings\nand a necklace, rather fancy looking, and a dark coat over a light dress of fine\nlooking material, perhaps silk, and a bald man with round wire glasses and a\nnice suit.]\n\nGHITIS: Who is this, Nora?\n\nLEWIN: Those are my parents, Masha and Michel Kvint.\n\nGHITIS: When was this picture taken, approximately?\n\nLEWIN: Maybe in 1930.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Where?\n\nLEWIN: In Shavel.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Cameraman instructs her to hold the photograph for a while.]\n\n[A new picture of people against a postcard background. There are five people,\nwith two young women sitting together being the largest and most prominent.]\n\nGHITIS: Who is in this picture?\n\nLEWIN: This picture was taken many years ago, when we were little, and it was\nsent to an aunt of mine in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. When I came to the United\nStates in 1947, my aunt gave me those old ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pictures, and my daughter-in-law, Jan\nLewin, did it as a photo, which is very interesting. And the picture is my\nsister, Mira. Next to her is Nora--that's me. Next to me is my brother,\nYitzchak, who passed away two years ago. Then there is my grandma, and next to\nmy grandma is my mother. That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is really a treasure, a beautiful picture.\n\nGHITIS: You are the one on the left?\n\nLEWIN: Well, I said my sister is Mira. She's on the right. I'm next to her.\nThat's me. It\n\ndon't look like me, huh?\n\nGHITIS: How old would you say you were in this picture?\n\nLEWIN: Oh, maybe twelve.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CAMERAMAN: Okay.\n\n[New picture, a young woman with dark hair in a finger wave bob and in a dark dress]\n\nLEWIN: Yes, that's me. That's Nora Lewin. And I was here eighteen years old. It was\n\ntaken in Shavel in 1936. Yes.\n\n[Another picture of a young woman, the same young woman with dark hair and a\ndark dress but she's older]\n\nCAMERAMAN: Okay.\n\nLEWIN: That's Nora Lewin. That's me, and that was taken in Munich, Germany, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1946.\n\n[A picture of a young man with close cut hair and in a gray suit with a striped tie]\n\nCAMERAMAN: Okay.\n\nLEWIN: That's Joe Lewin, my husband, and that picture was taken after the war. I don't\n\nknow what year.\n\n[A picture of three people. A young woman with dark hair sitting in a chair, a\nman in what looks like a uniform with close cut and balding hair sitting on the\narm beside her, and another man leaning on the back of the chair with a dark\nsuit and dark hair]\n\nCAMERAMAN: All right.\n\nLEWIN: Okay, that picture was taken in Munich, Germany, in 1946. That's me, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nora\n\nLewin, my husband Joe Lewin, and my brother, who is deceased, Yitzchak Kvint.\n\n[A color picture of two older men in suits, one bald and the other with a bit of\nhair, standing behind an older woman in a champagne colored, beaded dress]\n\nCAMERAMAN: Okay.\n\nLEWIN: That picture was taken in 1998 or 1999 in Atlanta. That's me, Nora; my\nolder son Michael ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my younger son Hank. He's not that heavy anymore.\n\n[A picture at a Bat Mitzvah. A heavy set bald man in a suit and prayer shawl\nstands at the left with an older woman with blond hair in dark clothes stands in\nfront of him. In the center of the picture is a young woman reading the Torah.\nBehind her stands a woman with brown hair wearing a red pantsuit and behind her\nis a young girl with long brown hair, white jacket, pink shirt, and a skirt]\n\nCAMERAMAN: Okay.\n\nLEWIN: That was at my granddaughter Carol's bat mitzvah two years ago. That's my\nson Hank, Nora (me), Carol, Jan, and Michelle. See, the Torah is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"open.\n\n[A collection of well dressed people]\n\nCAMERAMAN: All right.\n\nLEWIN: That was the same year. That's two years ago, at the bat mitzvah. My son\n\nMichael, his wife Simone, Nora, my granddaughter Michelle, my daughter-in-law Jan,\n\nand my son Hank.\n\nCAMERAMAN: Leave that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/transcript/19158/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up there for just a little bit longer.\n\nLEWIN: It's a good picture.\n\nCAMERAMAN: While she was talking about it, it was sliding down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7560.0,7590.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShavel is the Yiddish name for the Lithuanian town called Šiauliai. It is the fourth largest city and unofficially known as the capital of Northern Lithuania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Tarbut movement was a network of secular, Hebrew-language schools in part of the former Jewish Pale of Settlement, specifically in Poland, Romania, and Lithuania. Its existence was primarily between World War I and World War II, although some schools affiliated with the movement continue to operate today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLithuanian:  Klaipėda.  From 1252-1923 and from 1939-1945 Klaipeda was called ‘Memel.’  After World War I the area was nominally an independent protectorate but was essentially under the control of Germany.  In 1923 the Lithuanians forcibly annexed it and renamed the city ‘Klaipeda.’  Today it is called ‘Klaipeda’ and is in Lithuania.  During the interwar years the Nazi party was strong in Lithuania and in the second half of 1938 the situation of Klaipeda /Memel’s Jews deteriorated. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn March 1939 Germany pressured Lithuania into returning it to them. On March 20, 1939, after years of increased tensions between the two nations, Germany issued an ultimatum demanding Lithuania give up the Klaipeda region. Also known as the Memel territory, the region had been detached from Germany following World War I. The demand came just five days after Germany had occupied Czechoslovakia. With no support from other nations and under the threat of German invasion, Lithuania complied with the demand. By that time about half of the Jewish population (about 7,000) had already left and fled to cities in western Lithuania. On March 23, 1939 the Germans occupied the city and German warships arrived in the port of the city of Klaipeda, where Adolf Hitler gave a speech to a cheering crowd. By that time there were only a handful of Jews left in the town.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Betar Movement is a revisionist Zionist youth movement founded in 1923 in Riga, Latvia by Vladimir Jabotinsky. It was one of the most militant and nationalistic of the Jewish youth movements in Europe.  Chapters sprung up across Europe. After World War II, and during the settlement of Mandate Palestine, Betar was traditionally linked to the original Herut and then Likud political parties of Jewish pioneers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA city in Lithuania, also known as Kaunas, that was the capitol city leading up to WW2. It had a Jewish population of 35,000-40,000. The city was occupied by the Soviets in 1940, but after Germany pushed against the Soviet line, they retreated and left Kovno to be occupied by the Nazis. Einsatzgruppen began systematically murdering the Jews before a ghetto was erected.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnother name for Kovno\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “ghetto” originated in sixteenth-century Venice from the Jewish quarter, where authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live. The term’s usage spread across Europe and referred to areas within cities where members of minorities (typically Jews) lived and were often restricted to by the authorities as a way to separate them from the majority Christian population. During World War II, Nazi Germany established ghettos in segregated city districts to further isolate and imprison regional Jewish populations.  Starting in 1939, the Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Jews living in ghettos experienced miserable conditions and overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA rabbi is a Jewish scholar and teacher of the Torah and typically someone appointed as a religious leader.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bris, formally known as the ‘brit milah’ (Hebrew: Covenant of Circumcision) involves surgically removing the foreskin of the penis.  Circumcision is performed only on males on the eighth day of the child's life. The brit milah is usually followed by a celebratory meal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Gestapo was the German secret police essential to the Nazi’s suppression of their chosen victim groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman word meaning ‘action’. It refers to the mass murders and deportations that happened typically in ghettos during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Kovno ghetto was liquidated in the summer and fall of 1943 thousands of Jews were promised that they were being resettled to work in the east. A large majority of the time they were being sent to their death.   However, some Jews from the Kovno ghetto were actually sent to forced labor in Estonia.  Some of the deported Jews were even allowed to bring their entire family with them to strengthen the illusion of resettlement.   Although they may not have been sent straight to a death camp or shot, for most of the Jews the camps were Estonia were a slow-motion death sentence.  \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEstonia is a tiny country that had been part of the Soviet Union (today it is a republic).  Nevertheless it had a concentration camp system.  Vaivara was the main camp and there were sub-camps, most of them on the sites of mines, coal pits and oil refineries.  The useless Jews (those who couldn’t work) were often executed when they got there and the survivors labored under inhuman conditions. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEreda was a sub-camp of Vaivara and was really two camps.  The inmates had to build their own accommodations and there wasn’t even a kitchen.  The huts provided no shelter from the cold and the inmates’ hair sometimes froze to the ground during the night and they had to cut it off to be on time for roll call.  Only in June 1944 was the camp connected to a water supply.  The death toll was very high.  The prisoners had to march considerable distances to their workplaces even in the winter.  They had only wooden clogs.  By February 1944 the camp had become so overcrowded that inmates could hardly lie down.  In January/February 1944, typhus broke out adding to the chaos and death.  Corpses were burned in a nearby woods.   In July 1944 the camp was evacuated and the inmates were transported west by rail.  About 100 Jews were left behind to be liberated by the Russians.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term ‘concentration camp’ refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. In Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, concentration camps (Konzentrationslager; briefly ‘KL’ or ‘KZ’) were an integral feature of the regime. The Nazis differentiated between concentration camps, which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the Nazi state, and extermination camps, whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the Nazi regime came to power, they systematically persecuted both Jewish and non-Jewish Germans perceived to be opponents of the regime. Political opponents (Communists, Social Democrats, liberals) were some of the first victims housed in “temporary” detention centers like Lichtenburg. Jews, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, clergy who opposed the Nazis, and any others whose behavior—real or perceived—could be interpreted as being in opposition to Nazi political and racial ideologies were also persecuted and incarcerated. The Nazi regime refused to tolerate criticism, dissent, or nonconformity from the German people. Non-Jewish German political activists were treated harshly but other political opponents remained potentially valuable members of the German race. The goal behind their internment in and subsequent release from concentration camps was often a kind of reeducation that would see them fall into line with the regime’s political and racial ideologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBetween 1933 and 1939, tens of thousands of Germans were sentenced by the criminal courts. If authorities were confident of a conviction in court, the prisoner was turned over to the justice system for trial. If the outcome of criminal proceedings were unsatisfactory, the acquitted citizen or the citizen who was sentenced to a suspended sentence would still be taken into “protective detention” and incarcerated in a concentration camp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first concentration camps were established in 1933. Various authorities set up the makeshift “camps” in empty warehouses, factories, and other locations. Camps were established in Oranienburg, north of Berlin; Esterwegen, near Hamburg; Dachau, northwest of Munich; and Lichtenburg, in Saxony. By the end of July 1933, almost 27,000 people were housed in these camps. Most of the prisoners were political opponents of the Nazi regime. By the end of 1934, most of these early camps were disbanded and replaced by a centrally organized concentration camp system under the exclusive jurisdiction of the SS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the 1930’s, antisemitism became more intense in Poland. At the universities, Jews experienced discrimination and exclusion. Unofficial quotas restricting Jewish enrollment to around 10 percent was introduced at some universities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJewish students often endured harassment. Most were required to sit in segregated areas of the classroom known as “ghetto benches” [Polish: getto ławkowe]. There was physical violence as well. Right-wing students frequently assaulted their Jewish classmates. In Lodz, organized attacks wounded and killed Jews in April 1933, May 1934 and in September 1935. Wealthy Jews were arrested in 1938 and guards were placed outside Jewish shops to prevent non-Jewish customers from entering them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the invading German forces advanced east in September of 1939, hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees fled westward. Most fled so suddenly, they took only what they could carry and had no specific destination in mind. Few made contingency plans or took the time to prepare adequately for a long journey. When the Russians then annexed eastern Poland and a German-Russian demarcation line was established, 300,000 Jewish refugees found themselves trapped on the Soviet side of a heavily guarded border. Some of the refugees returned home, while about 40,000 continued their flight fearing arrest and persecution in either German- or Russian-occupied territory. Many headed to Romania, Hungary, and Lithuania, only to later become victims of mass killing operations when German forces advanced deep into Soviet territory in 1941. The vast majority of the Polish refugees, however, remained in Soviet-occupied Poland. In 1940 and 1941, Soviet secret police officials arrested many of the refugees, who were considered “unreliable elements,” and deported them to Siberia, central Asia, and other locations in the interior of the Soviet Union. While they endured horrible conditions, this paradoxically saved the lives of a few hundred thousand Jewish refugees. Most of those Jews who survived were in Russian during the war – 170,000 returned to Poland during the first repatriation in 1946 and an additional 19,000-20,000 returned in the second repatriation from Russia in 1956.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs German forces entered Poland, the Jews they encountered were immediately singled out for abuse or massacre. Anti-Jewish persecutions were introduced that impoverished and separated Jews from their Polish neighbors. After the German occupation of Poland, restrictions were immediately placed on Jewish communities that were meant to economically and socially isolate them. The Germans decreed that every Jewish business must have a German Treühander [German: trustee]. In November 1939, all Jewish bank accounts in German-occupied Poland were frozen and Jews were limited in the amount of money they could withdraw.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn November 1939, all Jews in German-occupied Poland were forced to wear an armband or yellow star on their clothing to identify them as Jews. Jews in the Warthegau (the German-annexed territory of western Poland) were required to wear a badge on their chests, which was a yellow Star of David on a black field with the word \"Jew\" inscribed inside the star. In the General Government, that part of Poland directly occupied by Germany, Governor General Hans Frank ordered on November 23, 1939, that all Jews over the age of ten wear a \"Jewish Star\": a white armband affixed with a blue six-sided star, worn over the right upper sleeve of one's outer garments. There were heavy penalties for those caught not wearing it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the Germans invaded and made their way east through Poland, Reinhard Heydrich, a high ranking German official, instructed that Jewish communities of less than 500 persons were to be dissolved and their populations transferred to the nearest concentration center. 100,000 Jews from German-annexed territories in Poland (the so-called province of Danzig-West Prussia, District Wartheland, and East Upper Silesia) were deported in the fall and winter of 1939-1940. In October 1940, around 7,000 Jews from southwestern Germany were deported to unoccupied France and interned at the Gurs concentration camp near the French-Spanish border.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1940 (one year before the Germans commenced their program of extermination), Soviet ruler Joseph Stalin ordered the deportation of at least 200,000 Polish Jews—including thousands of Jewish refugees who had fled from German-occupied Poland—from Russian-occupied Eastern Poland. They were sent to Siberia, central Asia, and other locations deep in the interior of the Soviet Union. Many died in appalling conditions in Gulag labor camps in Siberia, where they were forced to work excessive hours in extreme cold and little food. Those Polish Jews who were not deported by the Russians were not spared misfortune, however, as the majority were killed after the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs German forces entered Soviet-occupied territories of Poland in 1941, the Jews they encountered were also immediately singled out through policies of exclusion for abuse or massacre. Mobile killing squads called “Einsatzgruppen” followed the German army as it advanced, carrying out mass-murder operations in Jewish communities in what is sometimes called the “Holocaust by Bullets.” Those who survived were typically forced into ghettos. Most of the Polish ghettos were short-lived and destroyed after the 1942 Wannsee Conference, which framed the policy of the \"Final Solution.\" Then, in June 1943, SS chief Heinrich Himmler ordered the liquidation of the remaining ghettos in Poland. Jews capable of work were removed to forced labor camps and those incapable of work were sent to killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThroughout German-occupied Europe, a concerted effort was made to locate Jews in hiding. Anyone who aided Jews was harshly penalized and rewards were offered to individuals willing to turn in Jews. Neighbors often betrayed others for money or out of support for the regime and blackmailers squeezed money or property from Jews by threatening to turn them in to the authorities. Some German collaborators acted out of opportunistic motives and others from antisemitic sentiments. In German-occupied Poland, helping Jews was a crime punishable by death for both the helper and his or her family. Nevertheless, according to Yad Vashem, Poles represent the biggest number of people, grouped by nationality, who rescued Jews during the Holocaust. Examples of Polish attitudes towards their Jewish neighbors varied widely from actively saving Jewish lives to passively refusing to inform on them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnly approximately ten percent of Jews in Poland survived the Holocaust. In all, approximately 3,000,000 of a pre-war Jewish population of around 3,300,000 were murdered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Soviet defeat of Germany in Eastern Europe led to a tremendous geographic shift in Polish territory and, ultimately, to the establishment of a communist dictatorship in Poland which was largely antisemitic. After a surge of anti-Jewish violence in 1946, over 75,000 Jews streamed out of Poland into the Allied-occupied zones in Germany, Austria, and Italy. In many cases, emigration was illegal and Jews had to rely on clandestine organizations to escape Poland as the relationship between the western allies and Russia had significantly deteriorated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis camp only opened in February 1944 with 1,200 inmates and was part of the Vaivara labor camp system in Estonia.  The number of inmates rose but the death toll was high.  Prisoners from Ereda (another Vaivara sub-scamp) were brought there when that camp was evacuated.  By that time no productive work was getting done as everyone knew the end was near.  The prisoners were evacuated ahead of the Russians by truck and ship, ending up at the Stutthof concentration camp. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSelections happened (mostly) when people arrived at concentration camps and those fit to work (or the serve the Germans in some similar capacity) were divided from those not fit to work and were sent to the crematoriums.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKivioli was an industrial center and the headquarters of several oil and raw natural resource companies in Estonia. The prisoners worked on construction jobs for the industry in the area.  There were two camps but they were administered as one camp.  Sanitary conditions were initially bad but they improved.  Selections of sick prisoners were made and they were taken outside the camp and shot. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman:  Danzig.  Today it is Gdansk in Poland.  It is Poland’s port on the Baltic sea, thus it is the export point for Polish or Russian wood products.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBydgoszcz [in Polish]/ Bomberg-Ost [In German] was a subcamp of Stutthof exclusively for female prisoners. It was set up in the North Polish city of the same name. It was established later in the war in 1944-45 and averaged around 300 female prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStutthof was established in 1939 near Danzig (present-day Gdansk, Poland), on the Baltic Sea. There were a series of sub-camps attached to the main camp, which acted as a reserve for slave labor for the others. Conditions in the camp were brutal and more than 60,000 people died there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Russian army drew near the extermination and slave labor camps in the East, the Germans marched the prisoners on foot out of the camps to the West, usually back into Germany where they were often abandoned in camps such as Bergen-Belsen and Buchenwald.  These marches could last for weeks, without food or water, during which time many of the prisoners died and were left along the side of the road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePolish:  Łódź. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLodz was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles from Warsaw. Lodz was approximately 230 kilometers (143 miles) east of the German border. Jews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.) Jews owned many plants and factories in Lodz, including one of the largest in Europe, which was owned by Izrael Kalmanowicz Poznanski. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. Lodz also had a sizable German population, amounting to 10 percent of the total. The vast majority of Jews living in Lodz before World War II spoke Yiddish, but increasingly used Polish.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Germans occupied it on September 8, 1939 and renamed it “Litzmannstadt.” Immediately after occupying Lodz, anti-Jewish violence broke out in the city.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the German invasion, Lodz was annexed into the Reich. To make room for “repatriated” ethnic Germans [German: Volkesdeutschen], waves of Jews and Poles were deported to the Generalgouvernement. Even before the ghetto was set up Jews were deported in waves and by March 1940 almost 70,000 Jews had already been forced out or fled the city voluntarily. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn December 10, 1939, a ghetto was established. It was to be established on 4.13 square kilometers (almost 1.6 square miles) in the northern neighborhoods of Baluty, Stare Miastro (Old Town), and Marysin. The ghetto was publically announced in February 1940. Jews were to move in by April 19 and Poles and ethnic Germans were to move out of the neighborhoods by the end of April.  In March and April 1940, the Germans encircled the ghetto with a barbed wire and wooden fence. On April 30, the gates closed on its 163,777 residents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApproximately 13,00 people were sent to 160 forced labor camps from Lodz. In the spring and summer of 1940 Jewish males aged 16 to 45 were taken to labor camps in the Lublin area to build fortifications on the frontiers of the Soviet Union. Most died in the camps or from illness. The Germans also often captured men for forced labor or the Judenrat would supply workers. Forced labor involved backbreaking work such as street cleaning, repairing the roads, draining swampy fields, or digging trenches and canals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBetween January 1, 1943 and March 31, 1943, German SS and police authorities deported approximately 105,000 Jews from Lodz to Auschwitz-Birkenau.  The first major deportation from Lodz took place from December 21, 1941 through May 15, 1942. A total of 57,064 people were sent to Chelmno. A major deportation Aktion took place on September 1-2 and 5-12, 1942. 15,682 children, elderly and infirm Jews were sent to their deaths at Chelmno.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy August 1944 the ghetto had been completely liquidated.  Some Jews were sent to a temporarily re-opened Chelmno and murdered.  Most were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Some Jews were kept to clean out the ghetto and when the Russians liberated the city in January 1945 only about 900 Jews were still alive.  Another 10,000 to 20,000 survived in other camps in the Reich or in the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew word for “escape” or “flight.”  It was an underground effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escaped post­World War II to what was then the British Mandate for Palestine in violation of the White Paper of 1939. Officers of the Jewish Brigade of the British army, along with operative from the Hagana (the Jewish clandestine army in Palestine) helped to smuggled as many displaced Jewish persons as possible into Palestine through Italy.  The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee funded them.  After the Kielce pogrom of 1946, the flight of Jews accelerated and Brichah helped about 250,000 survivors in Eastern Europe (under the Russians) get into Austria, Germany and Italy and then on to Palestine through elaborate smuggling networks. Brichah ended when Israel became independent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHIAS was founded in 1881.  Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating.  During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East.  They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas.  After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold, with more than 300,000 members and supporters worldwide. It supports health care and medical research, education and youth programs in Israel, and advocacy, education, and leadership development in the United States. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHadassah Greater Atlanta (HGA), the metro Atlanta chapter of Hadassah, was founded in 1916.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA group of women in a synagogue congregation who join together to offer social, cultural, educational, and volunteer service opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays.  Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShul is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt was called Klaipeda when in Lithuania\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGoy is a Yiddish term meaning “people” or “nation.”  In common usage, it designates a non-Jewish or Gentile person.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/annotation_set/136/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChabad is a Hasidic movement in Orthodox Judaism. In Atlanta, Georgia, Congregation Beth Tefillah and Chabad Intown are affiliated with the movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5640.0,5670.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Nora Lewin [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pre-War Situation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=78.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin talks about what she and her family did before the war, including Lewin’s school attendance and how she met her husband.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=78.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nora, could you please tell me the story of your life? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=78.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Betar","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Central Bank","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuanian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prussia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=78.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bras","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business school","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"capital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"foreign languages","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew Gymnasium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Insterburg [East Prussia]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish organizations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaunas [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kindergarten","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Klaipeda [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kovno [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ladies factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nurseries","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old age homes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public accountant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"secretary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shavel [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shorthand","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tarbut","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"undergarments","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=78.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Start of the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=383.0,715.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin recalls how occupation and then the war changed her and her family’s lives, including the ceasing of civilian travel and the disappearance of her father.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=383.0,715.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But not long after that, Russia occupied Lithuania,","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=383.0,715.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Estonia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lativa","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=383.0,715.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accountants","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bank","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bombs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intelligentsia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jail","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kindergarten teacher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kovno [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lawyers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"middle-class","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nationalized","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pregnant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shavel [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train station","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=383.0,715.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=715.0,846.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin discusses how the Germans moved the Jewish people into ghettos.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=715.0,846.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They started moving the Jews to ghettoes.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=715.0,846.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"committees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghettoes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guards","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workplaces","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=715.0,846.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pregnancy in the Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=846.0,983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin talks about being pregnant in the ghetto and how she and her mother handled the dangerous situation.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=846.0,983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, time came for me to have the baby,","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=846.0,983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bris","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"delivery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patient","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pregnant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shavel [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=846.0,983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miracle","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=983.0,1185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin recalls when her husband managed to come to the Shavel ghetto and get her, her mother, and newborn son transferred to the Kovno ghetto with him.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=983.0,1185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A cousin of mine, who was the head of the ghetto came over.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=983.0,1185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Latvia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=983.0,1185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrested","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kovno [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mechanic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Riga [Latvia]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shavel [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=983.0,1185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To the Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1185.0,1456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin discusses being transferred from the ghetto to a concentration camp and being separated from her family.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1185.0,1456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But little by little, the Germans started to have actions – aktionen.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1185.0,1456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ereda [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Estonia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1185.0,1456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aktionen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rumors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"separations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train station","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1185.0,1456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ereda and Goldfields","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1456.0,1579.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin talks about being in Ereda and then being transferred to Goldfields concentration camp.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1456.0,1579.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The next day, we found out that we are in a concentration camp.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1456.0,1579.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Goldfields [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1456.0,1579.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barracks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crematoriums","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maid","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rumors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"selections","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wooden boots","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1456.0,1579.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Transfer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1579.0,1776.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin discusses how her husband got her transferred to Kivioli (another concentration camp in Estonia) but not before she got typhoid fever.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1579.0,1776.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One day while I was cleaning the room, somebody knocked at the door.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1579.0,1776.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Estonia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kivioli [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1579.0,1776.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cremated","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"epidemic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fever","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lagerfuehrer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mechanic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"typhoid","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1579.0,1776.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Isolation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1776.0,1952.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin shares the story of being put into isolation in Kivioli where she almost killed by a bomb attack.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1776.0,1952.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But they wouldn't put me in the hospital:","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1776.0,1952.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kivioli [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1776.0,1952.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bomb","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"isolation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"typhoid fever","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1776.0,1952.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stutthof and Bromberg","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1952.0,2328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin talks about being transferred to Stutthoff and Bromberg concentration camp ahead of the advancing Red Army.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1952.0,2328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I stayed there in the hospital till I felt better, and I went back to my place,","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1952.0,2328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bydgoszcz/Bromberg [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stutthof [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1952.0,2328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"action","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barracks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boats","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crematorium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Danzig [Poland]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=1952.0,2328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escape and Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2328.0,2826.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin discusses escaping from Bromberg and being liberated by Russian soldiers where she and other women had taken refuge in an abandoned town.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2328.0,2826.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first day we went to work, they put us on a train,","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2328.0,2826.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2328.0,2826.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"committees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guards","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberate","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz [Poland]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train station","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilna [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war prisoners","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2328.0,2826.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Returning Home","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2826.0,3037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin recalls her journey to get home, which involved living with another family as a nanny and being recruited by the Russians to work in a hospital. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2826.0,3037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So while we were in Lodz, there was a committee there","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2826.0,3037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baltic states","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2826.0,3037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin [Germany]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"committee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz [Poland]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refugees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shavel [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=2826.0,3037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hometown","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3037.0,3243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin talks about returning to Shavel and eventually moving to Vilnius where she worked a couple jobs.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3037.0,3243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I took a train, and after a few days, I got to Shavel.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3037.0,3243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brichah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3037.0,3243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kovno [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"manager","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"railroad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refugees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"secretary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shavel [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tashkent [Uzbekistan]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train station","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilna/Vilnius [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3037.0,3243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coming to the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3243.0,3473.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin recalls reconnecting with her husband in Germany and eventually immigrating to the United States. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3243.0,3473.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's what happened. In a few months,","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3243.0,3473.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Connecticut","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HAIS [Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3243.0,3473.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affidavit","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"applications","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta [Georgia]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"automobile","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin [Germany]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"businessman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"car place","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gas station","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"housewife","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich [Germany]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York City [New York]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Newburgh [New York]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nigh school","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refugees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"register","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3243.0,3473.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adjusting to America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3473.0,3862.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin discusses adjusting to life in America.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3473.0,3862.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tape three, interview with Mrs. Nora Lewin.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3473.0,3862.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Connecticut","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Florida","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hadassah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mexico","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sisterhood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3473.0,3862.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"allergist","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta [Georgia]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"automobile","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gas station","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"graduation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Guadalajara [Mexico]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"internship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical school","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York City [New York]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Newburgh [New York]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night school","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pregnant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school system","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"secretary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treasurer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3473.0,3862.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Husband's Death","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3862.0,4134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin talks about her husband’s death and what she did following.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3862.0,4134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You want me to tell you about Florida or about Atlanta?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3862.0,4134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flordia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3862.0,4134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta [Georgia]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"condo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew school","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holidays","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Huntcliff","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Newburgh [New York]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organizations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"snowbirds","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stroke","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tapes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"temple","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=3862.0,4134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4134.0,4433.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin discusses her family’s history. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4134.0,4433.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could you please tell me what was your name at birth?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4134.0,4433.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prussia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4134.0,4433.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew name","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holidays","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Insterburg [Russia]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"observant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shul","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4134.0,4433.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuclear Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4433.0,4821.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin talks about her nuclear family, including her parents jobs and the educations she and her siblings received.  ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4433.0,4821.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell me about the city where you grew up.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4433.0,4821.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4433.0,4821.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bras","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fittings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"girdles","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew schools","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaunas [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public accountant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shavel [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilnius [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wishinska Gatvé [street]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4433.0,4821.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meeting Her Husband","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4821.0,4929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin recalls how she met and married her husband.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4821.0,4929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, after school, you went to another location?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4821.0,4929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4821.0,4929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business school","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"husband","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memel [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plumbing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supervise","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"travel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4821.0,4929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism Prior to the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4929.0,5027.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin discusses what she remembers of experiencing antisemitism before the war.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4929.0,5027.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, you said that the Lithuanian people didn't treat the Jews well","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4929.0,5027.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prisoner","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=4929.0,5027.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Father's Death","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5027.0,5080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin talks about her father’s death. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5027.0,5080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did you find out about your father's death?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5027.0,5080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gifts","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guards","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"information","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killed","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prison","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5027.0,5080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memories of the Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5080.0,5204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin discusses what life in the ghettos was like and what she and other people in the ghetto knew about the rest of the Jewish persecution across Europe.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5080.0,5204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are your memories of the Kovno ghetto?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5080.0,5204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5080.0,5204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"death camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kovno [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rumors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shavel [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5080.0,5204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mother's Work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5204.0,5351.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin shares the work her mother did while in the ghetto and how she snuck food in for Nora.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5204.0,5351.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tape 4, interview with Mrs. Nora Lewin.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5204.0,5351.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"committee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goyim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guards","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maid","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pregnant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"repairs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sewing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shavel [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5204.0,5351.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Niece's Survival","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5351.0,5656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin talks about loosing her mother and child and how one of her niece’s survived.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5351.0,5656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Go back to the day, to the time, when you delivered your baby.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5351.0,5656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chabad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Second Survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5351.0,5656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catholic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"church","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"confession","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crematorium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"delivered","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gentile","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"labor camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newspaper","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rumors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teacher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5351.0,5656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Day in the Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5656.0,5897.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin explains what a day in the concentration camp was like.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5656.0,5897.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first camp you went to was in Estonia.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5656.0,5897.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Estonia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5656.0,5897.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemites","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barracks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"railroad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refugees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5656.0,5897.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Advances","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5897.0,5955.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin talks about witnesses the sexually predatory nature of some Nazis in the concentration camps.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5897.0,5955.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember there was a very beautiful girl","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5897.0,5955.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5897.0,5955.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"advances","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lagerfeuhrer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rumors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5897.0,5955.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Goldfields Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5955.0,6072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin discusses some of her experiences in Goldfields concentration camp.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5955.0,6072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, from there you went to Goldfields?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5955.0,6072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Goldfields [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5955.0,6072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friendship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"typhoid fever","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=5955.0,6072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bomb in Isolation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6072.0,6246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin talks about her husband taking her to the other concentration camp where she is put in isolation. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6072.0,6246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did it happen—tell me again—that your husband was able to find you?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6072.0,6246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bomb","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"isolation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lager [camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mechanic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6072.0,6246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Loss","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6246.0,6372.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin recalls how her husband handled the news of Lewin’s mother and baby’s death.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6246.0,6372.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At this point, did you know about your baby and your mother?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6246.0,6372.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Estonia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kivioli [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6246.0,6372.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kovno [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rumors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6246.0,6372.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dead Cemetery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6372.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin describes Stutthof concentration camp as a dead cemetery.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6372.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You were eventually sent to Stutthof.\t","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6372.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stutthof [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6372.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cemetery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghosts","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vacation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6372.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Work in Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6510.0,6652.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin recalls the work she did in the concentration camps. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6510.0,6652.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you were in Stutthof, were you made to work?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6510.0,6652.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bromberg [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bydgoszcz [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stutthof [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6510.0,6652.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cigarettes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crematorium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"headmaster","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"railroad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rails","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smoker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6510.0,6652.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arriving in Lodz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6652.0,6736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin talks about arriving in Lodz before liberation.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6652.0,6736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How long did you walk after Bromberg? There was a march right?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6652.0,6736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bromberg [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6652.0,6736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"escape","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz [Poland]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"march","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refugees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6652.0,6736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Courage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6736.0,6812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin explains how she had the courage to escape.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6736.0,6812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you look back, what gave you the courage to do certain things","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6736.0,6812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"courage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"escape","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"farmhouse","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prisoners","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6736.0,6812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"End of the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6812.0,6931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin talks about finding out the war was over.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6812.0,6931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did you find out that the war was over?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6812.0,6931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bromberg [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6812.0,6931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"village","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6812.0,6931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Testifying","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6931.0,7130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin recalls testifying against several Nazis in Germany.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6931.0,7130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tape five, interview with Mrs. Nora Lewin.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6931.0,7130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6931.0,7130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"airport","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"court","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"death penalties","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctor’s assistant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"documents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hotel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich [Germany]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"testify","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trials","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=6931.0,7130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Ring","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7130.0,7272.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin recounts the story of losing her engagement ring.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7130.0,7272.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then there is a story about a ring your mother gave you.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7130.0,7272.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stutthof [concentration camp]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7130.0,7272.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"engagement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faith","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ring","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7130.0,7272.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pictures","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7272.0,7572.066"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lewin explains several pictures of her family.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7272.0,7572.066"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who is this, Nora?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7272.0,7572.066"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Torah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7272.0,7572.066"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744/index/47228/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bat mitzvah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lancaster [Pennsylvania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich [Germany]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shavel [Lithuania]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29823/file/97744#t=7272.0,7572.066"}]}]}]}