{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/cj87h1f78m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Lynn, Murray (2005)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2005-05-12 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta","Slave and Forced Labor"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMurray Lynn was interviewed by Sara Ghitis on May 12 and 25, 2005 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eMurray Lynn discusses his life during the Holocaust in this interview. He starts with his life in Bilke, a small community that was originally part of Hungary and is today part of Ukraine, describing how antisemitism worked its way into his and his family’s life. This antisemitism led to the disappearance and death of his father and the eventual deportation of his mother, three younger brothers, and himself to Auschwitz. He focuses on the brutal conditions of the camp and how he managed to survive when others did not. This leads to discussions of his relation to his faith, then and now, and how he’s gone on in the United States to reconcile his faith and his past.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBetween these topics, Lynn discusses coming to the United States after liberation. He talks education, careers, and family in his life after Auschwitz.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28452"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Murray Lynn (Murray Alfred Leicht) (personal name)","Abraham Leicht (personal name)","Rosa Leicht (personal name)","Herman Leicht (personal name)","Eli Leicht (personal name)","Joseph Leicht (personal name)","Sonia Lynn (personal name)","Roberta Lynn (personal name)","Anita Lynn (personal name)","Allen Lynn (personal name)","Rabbi Solomon Schonfeld (personal name)","Eliezer \"Elie\" Wiesel (personal name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","Jewish Federation of North America (corporate name)","Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) (corporate name)","Temple Beth Tikvah (corporate name)","Yeshiva University (corporate name)","New York University (corporate name)","Bernard Baruch College (corporate name)","Washington Irving High School (corporate name)","Bilke, Hungary (geographic term)","Budapest, Hungary (geographic term)","Prague, Czech Republic (geographic term)","Dublin, Ireland (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","New York State (geographic term)","Carpathian Mountains (geographic term)","Clonyn Castle (geographic term)","Hungary (geographic term)","Czech Republic (geographic term)","Ukraine (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Buchenwald Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Warsaw Ghetto (geographic term)","Concentration Camps (topical term)","Ghettos (topical term)","Displaced Persons Camps (DP Camps) (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Holocaust Experience (topical term)","Holocaust Survivors (topical term)","Crematorium (topical term)","Gas Chambers (topical term)","Selection Process (topical term)","Death March (topical term)","Slave Labor (topical term)","Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Sonderkommandos (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)","Resistance (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Allied Forces (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","Prejudice (topical term)","Jewish People (topical term)","Judaism (topical term)","Religion (topical term)","Religious Holidays (topical term)","Democracy (topical term)","Hungarian Fascists (topical term)","Zionism (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMurray Lynn was interviewed by Sara Ghitis on May 12 and 25, 2005 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMurray Lynn discusses his life during the Holocaust in this interview. He starts with his life in Bilke, a small community that was originally part of Hungary and is today part of Ukraine, describing how antisemitism worked its way into his and his family’s life. This antisemitism led to the disappearance and death of his father and the eventual deportation of his mother, three younger brothers, and himself to Auschwitz. He focuses on the brutal conditions of the camp and how he managed to survive when others did not. This leads to discussions of his relation to his faith, then and now, and how he’s gone on in the United States to reconcile his faith and his past.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBetween these topics, Lynn discusses coming to the United States after liberation. He talks education, careers, and family in his life after Auschwitz.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/293/small/Murray_Lynn.jpeg?1619289984","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Lynn_Murray.mp3"]},"duration":10279.26204,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/293/small/Murray_Lynn.jpeg?1619289984","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/111/293/original/Lynn_Murray.mp3?1617963817","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mp3","duration":10279.26204,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Lynn, Murray [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Today is May 12, 2005. We are in Atlanta, Georgia, the United States.\nMy name is Sara Ghitis, and I am interviewing Mr. Murray Lynn. Murray,\nM-u-r-r-a-y. Lynn, L-y-n-n. We are at his home. Mr. Lynn, would you please tell\nme the story of your life?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LYNN: My family history was rooted in Eastern Europe where we lived for six,\nseven centuries, as far as I know. I was raised in Eastern Europe roughly 150\nmiles east of Budapest [Hungary], in a community ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called Bilke, B-i-l-k-e, which\nwas formerly Eastern Europe. Prior to that, it was part of the Czech Republic.\nNow it is part of the Ukraine. That piece of eastern Hungary, which was also\nreferred to as the Carpathian section of eastern Hungary, was ceded to the\nSoviet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Union after the [Second World] War, who ceded it to Ukraine, so it is now\npart of the Republic of Ukraine. I was in that part of Europe. I lived there\nuntil the age of fourteen. My parents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were business people. My mom and dad were,\nby European standards, reasonably well-educated people. My mom was a Hungarian\nbeauty queen. My father was a businessman. And we had four children, I was the\noldest of four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sons. I was fourteen years old at a time I was taken to\nAuschwitz. My younger brother was twelve, ten, and eight, respectively--four\nboys. Over the centuries, for [the] most part, I often refer to Europe as the\ngraveyard of democracy. Its ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"history was rooted in intolerance, injustice that\nstripped our people of all humanity. Over the centuries, its practitioners of\ninjustice and prejudice have included saints and scoundrels, skeptics and\nbelievers, the meek and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mighty, authors and politicians, Fascists and\nCommunists, people of every creed and culture, in every station in life, whether\nout of pious faith or primal fear. They all had a common cause and a common\nmission--to demonize, to debase, to marginalize our faith and extinguish every\nflickering vestige of our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heritage. In 1942 the Hungarian Fascist soldiers\nknocked on our door in the middle of the night and asked for my dad. My dad\nwanted to know what the problem was, and he was told to get dressed and to go\nwith those soldiers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We protested and wanted to know why he was taken and where\nhe was taken, but there was no response. The Fascist soldiers were in our home\nwith snarling German shepherds and bayonets at their side, and it was too risky\nto confront them, so my dad got dressed in the middle of the night ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and followed\nthem in the darkness of the night to an unknown destination. Four weeks later,\nwe found out that Dad and a dozen or so other Jewish community leaders were\nsurrounded that evening, and they were taken on a death march to the Carpathian\nMountains, and they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were asked to dig their own mass grave. They were then\nsummarily executed as they were pleading for mercy and divine intervention. At\nthe age of fourteen--at the age of twelve, excuse me--at the age of twelve, in\n1942, I became an orphan. My mom was thirty-six at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time and was left as a\nwidow with four children. It was a difficult period. It was a very, very\nmemorable nightmare for us to be without Dad. As the war in Europe was heating\nup and the Jews were threatened, we became more and more uneasy about our\nsafety. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was also very difficult for us financially to survive without Dad.\nTwo years after Dad's grisly murder, in 1944, all the Jews in our community were\nsurrounded-- our community had roughly 200 Jewish people--They were all\nsurrounded and were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"given one hour to pack our bags and follow them to the train\nstation, to an unknown destination. We were initially taken to a ghetto roughly\na hundred miles from our community where we were kept for about ten days, and\nfrom there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were herded into boxcars and taken to Auschwitz. The ride to\nAuschwitz was a nightmarish experience that still resonates in my consciousness.\nWe were roughly a hundred people [that] were herded into each boxcar, without\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food, without sanitation facilities, without air, and it was a two-day ordeal\nfrom our community or from our ghetto to Auschwitz. It was a nightmarish scene\nonly approximated in Dante's horrific ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poem about Hell, The Inferno. When we got\nto Auschwitz after two nightmarish days, my family and I were separated. My mom\nand my three younger brothers were taken on one side, and I was assigned to a\nwork camp. I was fourteen at that time, and I was assigned to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a work camp. Mom\nand my three younger brothers were consigned to the gas chambers. That\nexperience of being separated from my mom in 1944 was an experience that still\nlingers in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"consciousness. After about six or seven hours in Auschwitz, I\nrealized what happened. We initially didn't know what was going to happen to us.\nWe suspected that something bad is going to happen to us, but we had no idea\nwhat was awaiting us, that there was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"massive extermination program awaiting us\nin Auschwitz. I found out by asking some of the prisoners where they thought my\nmom and three brothers might be, and they took me out of a barrack. They asked\nme to come out of a barrack, and they pointed to the crematorium and showed me\nwhere my mom and my three brothers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were. It was a devastating experience for me\nto find out what happened to my mom and three brothers. I sought solace in the\nBible. I sought an explanation from some of the inmates, what happened. I could\nnot find rational answers why they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did what they did to us, and our only guilt\nwas our religion. I was in Auschwitz for roughly one year. Again, it was an\nexistential nightmare. We were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treated as sub-humans. It was one of the most\ndehumanizing experiences anyone can ever imagine. Turn this off. Let me describe\n. . . At Auschwitz we lost our identity, our souls and spirits. It transformed\nus from human beings to dehumanized, nameless victims. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the largest\ndeath camps, with two ghastly killing machines, the gas chambers, and starvation\nand disease. Besides being an extermination camp, Auschwitz was also a savage\nand barbaric slave labor camp. We were subjected to endless privations, endless\nbeatings, endless cruelty, endless starvation and sadistic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"murders day after\nday. Approximately one-third of our inmates had died during the initial four\nmonths of starvation, dysentery and disease. The death rate accelerated as our\nbodies had weakened and our immune system [was] destroyed. Our daily rations\nconsisted of one slice of bread and unsweetened black coffee ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the morning and\none cup of foul-tasting turnip soup or potato soup at night. It was an\norchestrated program to starve us to death. Like animals in the wild, we\nscavenged the woods and fields for morsels of edible food and vegetation. Hunger\nwas like a bottomless abyss that mercilessly ravaged the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"body and the mind. It\nwas a relentless assault on the spirit and the body until one becomes delirious\nand dysfunctional and sinks into a state of apathy and surrender. Nothing,\nnothing can be more maddening and dehumanizing than death of starvation. Our\nbeds were lice and rodent infested pits ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with running rivers of filth, vomit,\nurine and excrement. We slept in three-tier wooden bunks, belly to back, on bare\nwood, without a mattress, and most of the time without blankets. For nearly one\nyear, I wore a tattered, lice-infested striped suit and shirt, without socks,\nwithout underwear and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without ever washing it. It looked like we were retrieved\nfrom a sewage plant. It was grotesquely dehumanizing, and it sucked away our\nsoul and our spirit. It was a reflection of the craven contempt the Nazis had\nfor Jewish prisoners. In the final days of the war, when a German defeat\nappeared certain and imminent, the Gestapo, poster boys of savagery and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brutality, evacuated us from Auschwitz to a more remote camp in Germany so we\nwould not be liberated by the Allied forces. For several tormenting weeks, we\nwere marched and meandered from one place to the next, from one abyss to the\nnext. The revolting carnage, barbaric treatment, death from starvation and\nexhaustion gained new heights in ruthlessness. The country roads, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fields, and\nforests were littered with casualties left behind to be cast in nameless graves.\nIt was the final act of a tragic human drama that left an ugly legacy deeply\nseared in our consciousness. Half a century later, these atrocities still invade\nmy life and my dreams. Americans liberated us in April ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1945. I was fifteen years\nold at the time, sick, skeletal, disoriented, and on the brink of death. I\nweighed approximately sixty to sixty-five pounds. Suffering from severe\nmalnutrition and dysentery, I was taken to a makeshift hospital, where I was fed\nintravenously for several weeks and then nursed back to life. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After being\ndischarged from the hospital, I had to make some agonizing choices, to remain at\nthe displacement camp, where I will be cared for by the American liberators or\nreturn to my native Hungary to face an uncertain future. I had no illusions\nabout what I would find at home. Nonetheless, I chose to go home, for closure\nand to look for remnants of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"past. What I found was a home occupied by hostile\nstrangers and only smoldering images of an irretrievable past. The two-mile trek\nfrom our train station to our house, walking under the moonlight, evoked a wide\nrange of emotions and memories. When I knocked on the door and the occupant\nopened it, he was horrified to see me. \"I thought you were all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dead,\" he\nexclaimed. \"I'm the ghost,\"' I said, reflexively, as he slammed the door in my\nface only to reopen it when he realized that a ghost would not disappear. After\na few tense and wrenching weeks at home, it soon became apparent that old myths\nhad not died and that the bloodshed had not tamed ancient prejudices. The brief\nexperience was a sobering ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reminder that I had no future in our ancestral land,\nand it spurred me to abandon our European legacy to the ages. Alone, starting\nanew at the age of fifteen without financial resources was an overwhelming\nchallenge. Nonetheless, I resolved to move forward and to nurture the Horatio\nAlger mythology without emotional shackles. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't want the past to hijack my\nfuture. For the next three and a half years, my daring exploits took me across\nfive different countries, among them were three Communist countries, in search\nof a springboard to America. It was a highly risky and, on one occasion, a\ndoomed adventure. Undaunted by incarceration, homelessness, extraordinary\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hardship. I resolved to continue my saga with fervor and perseverance until my\ngoals were achieved. By dint of fate, I ended in Dublin, Ireland, in the fall of\n1947 where I happily lived and studied for one year. It was a liberating\nexperience and a step closer to my goal, which was America. By the fall of 1948,\nat the seasoned age of eighteen and a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half, I triumphantly landed at these\nshores, full of new hope but still wounded spirit and searing memories that can\nnever be erased. Against all odds, I restored my life with freshness and\noptimism, intent on reinventing myself and starting anew. It was testimony to\nthe indomitable power of the human spirit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hardship is a tough taskmaster. It\ntaught me some enduring values, how to live. I learned that cynics don't change\nthings, believers change things, idealists change things, dreamers change\nthings, people who believe in the power we all have within ourselves change\nthings. The Holocaust shaped the way I saw the world. It changed my vision,\nopened new frontiers to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conquer and unleash my pent-up aspirations for a better\nlife. My yearnings ran deep to have a life free of strife, to get a college\neducation, to dare to dream, to broaden my universe, to achieve my maximum\npotential without historical constraints and shackles that mired our parents and\ngrandparents in poverty, degradation and powerlessness for eighteen centuries.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stop . . . I came to this country at the age of eighteen and a half by following\na dream that was both deeply hopeful and profoundly American. The second chance,\nthe place of redemption in a country of meritocracy, where anyone can start\nover, where the only barriers one would face are the limits of our dreams ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nambitions. It was a great stride toward the realization of my hopes and dreams,\nbut the road ahead was still fraught with onerous challenges and\nbarriers--finding a home, securing financial resources, dealing with cultural\nshock, loneliness, lack of marketable skills and language ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barriers. Most of all,\nunloading onerous emotional baggage and putting the past to rest was yet another\ndaunting hurdle I had to confront and overcome. Straddling between two worlds\nendlessly sapped me of much of my emotional energy and became a zero sum game.\nIn the end, I had to make peace between my heart and mind. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resolved to\nreinvent and recast my life and to transform it from victim to self-empowerment.\nIt unleashed my pent-up yearnings and summoned my inner resources to aim beyond\nmy reach and to maximize my unrealized potential. Going back to school and get\nan education was a top priority and the only viable option to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enhance my\nambitions and aspirations. After six years of undergraduate and graduate\neducation, I moved south to Atlanta, Georgia in the fall of 1956. And I might\nsay I moved south from New York. I went to college in New York. So I moved south\nin the fall of 1956 to pursue a business career. Two years later, I met ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my\nfuture wife in Atlanta. My various business careers ultimately led me to senior\nexecutive positions as VP, President, and CEO, respectively. But my most\ncrowning achievement was raising a generation of children involved in human\nservice professions and in community leadership. They will be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heirs to my\nlegacy, bear witness when I'm gone, retell my narrative and keep our experience\nalive about man's capacity for cruelty and monstrous evil. They will also tell\nthe world how it felt being raised without the tender love of paternal\ngrandparents, and the void in their childhood without aunts, uncles, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and cousins\n[which are] so critical to a child's healthy development. What lessons should be\ndrawn from our life journey? What should you tell future generations about our\nexperience? The most compelling lessons to bear in mind is that Auschwitz marked\nthe abysmal fall of humanity when it betrayed and abandoned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a persecuted and\nmaligned minority. It was a searing indictment of our religious leaders for\nfailing to invoke the teachings of the Gospel, to speak out against social\ninjustice and insidious prejudice. Silence and apathy emboldened the purveyors\nof hateful ideologies to carry out their convoluted and ruthless violence\nagainst ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews. Our convulsive history reminds us that the greatest threat to\npluralism and religious freedom are the apostles of purity and fanaticism, who\nclaim sole possession of the truth about how to live and what ideologies and\ntheologies to invoke. Worse yet, the dangerous precepts that those who differ in\ntheir beliefs are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"subversives, unpatriotic, and evil apostates. Similarly, when\nreligion becomes a political force, the ideals of democracy are threatened, and\nintolerance of minority rights becomes a real and present danger. We have seen\nthe consequences of such ideologies during the religious Crusades, Spanish\nInquisitions and during the Nazi and Communist era. Hundreds of thousands of\nJews have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been murdered by these fanatical ideologues well before Hitler came to\npower. The sound and fury of Hitler's madness took us to the world stage, but\nsoon our voices and indelible memories will be muted by age and infirmities and\nremembered only by history. Our legacy will belong to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ages. Do you want me\nto elaborate? . . . History taught us that when any ethnic group is degraded, it\ndegrades all human values. It degrades the teaching of religious doctrines. It\ndegrades the core values of pluralism and democracy. Most of all, it degrades\nthe moral character of a nation. It is difficult to quantify ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the psychic damage\ninflicted on a person when hatred is systematically foisted in one's heart and\nconsciousness. When I came to these shores in my late teens in 1949, I could not\nshake loose of the deeply embedded prejudices. I was dogged by fear of\nrejections, nagging insecurities, and a low self-esteem. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a struggle to\nescape from the shackles of a ghetto mind-set. Anti-Semitism works by making\nJews the defendants of a trumped up social, political, and economic charge. As\nan example, Socialists attacked us as greedy capitalists and exploiters of the\nmasses. Racists assaulted us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as Communist saboteurs, subversives, and\ntreacherous manipulators of its economy. Conservatives and right-wingers\ncondemned us as revisionists and revolutionaries. The church maligned us as\nrebels against God and unrepentant sinners and heretics. Groups from a broad\nspectrum of ideas and ideologies and ideological perspectives ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"found a common\ncause. The common cause was pinning the blame on Jews for all of European ills.\nIronically, even atheists like [Francois-Marie Arouet de] Voltaire found common\ncause. Voltaire advocated anti-Semitism because he was part of a school of\nphilosophers who were against religion. They thought religion in general kept\nthe masses down. They thought religion was something like an opiate for the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"masses, whatever religion was. Who was responsible for religion? The Jews, of\ncourse. Why the Jews? Because Jesus was Jewish. Therefore, not only were Jews\nresponsible for giving birth to Jesus, Jews were also responsible for killing\nJesus, so either way, you'll have it.\n\nGHITIS: You said that when your father was taken away, you protested. Do you\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember that scene?\n\nLYNN: That scene is very, very vivid in my mind because it happened in the\nmiddle of the night. I was only twelve years old, but there are certain things\nthat are seared in your memories, and this was one of them. My mom and dad\nwanted to know why Dad was being taken, where Dad was being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taken, but they\nwould not respond. When I say 'They', I'm talking the Fascist soldiers would not respond.\n\nGHITIS: What was the nationality of those soldiers?\n\nLYNN: Hungarian. They were collaborators. Nazi collaborators.\n\nGHITIS: What was the date when he was taken away?\n\nLYNN: That was approximately April of 1942.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Was there a struggle?\n\nLYNN: There was no struggle because we had two Fascist soldiers with two\nsnarling German shepherds and bayonets aimed at Dad and we were overpowered.\nThere was no way to struggle. We knew that struggling with them would have meant\ninstant death, so Dad tearfully went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along.\n\nGHITIS: How did you survive after your father was taken away? You did say that\nit was a struggle. Can you give me more details?\n\nLYNN: Yes. Well, we owned a retail clothing store. We had to liquidate the\ninventory because my mom did not know how to run a business, plus it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was very\ndifficult for Jews to have businesses at that point because we were boycotted by\nnon-Jewish people. We lived a little bit on that, and we had also a farm, a\nlittle farm, and we grew all our own vegetables. We managed to survive, but\nbarely so.\n\nGHITIS: Were you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to continue going to school?\n\nLYNN: I went to school until we were taken to Auschwitz, until the age of fourteen.\n\nGHITIS: How do you know how your father died?\n\nLYNN: That's a good question. The police, those Fascist soldiers who took out my\nfather to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mountains, they told other people who knew them, who were friends,\nassociates, who in turn told us the story of what happened. Because there was a\nsmall community, and those soldiers that took our father, we knew those\nsoldiers. We knew those Fascist soldiers. They informed some other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people about\nwhat happened, and that is how we found out about it.\n\nGHITIS: What was the attitude of those Fascist soldiers towards the Jewish population?\n\nLYNN: Totally contemptuous of us, unsympathetic and contemptuous.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember any episodes?\n\nLYNN: No, because they were highly disciplined ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, and they did not want to\nintimidate us too much to cause problems.\n\nGHITIS: You said you were initially taken to a ghetto. What was the name of that ghetto?\n\nLYNN: I don't remember the ghetto, the name of the ghetto. It was roughly a\nhundred miles from where we lived. It was a Hungarian name. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was changed by\nthe Russians and Ukraine since then. I don't remember the name of it.\n\nGHITIS: What do you remember about the conditions at the ghetto?\n\nLYNN: The conditions of the ghetto were appalling. Well, let me also mention\nsomething, on the way, when we were taken to the ghetto that is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worth\nmentioning, that we were given one hour to pack our bags, and we put everything\nin sheets and blankets because in those days we didn't have luggage. And the\nnatives, the local population lined up the streets, spectators lined the streets\nas we were taken to our doom. They were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jeering and taunting us and hurling\nepithets at us. It was one of the most ghoulish experiences. They knew that we\nwould never return, and they showed no compassion, no sympathy for us. They\nlined the streets and shouted epithets at us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ghetto was ten days--I believe\nwe were there roughly ten days. I don't remember exactly, give or take a day.\nThey [the ghetto] were very cramped, surrounded by soldiers. We could not go\nanyplace. It was a stifling and suffocating experience. We didn't get food. Some\nof us had some food left ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we brought with us. We were ultimately given some\nbread, if I remember, but we were mostly there without much food other than what\nwe took with us. That was, again, a very stifling and suffocating experience.\n\nGHITIS: Did you stay in an apartment?\n\nLYNN: No, we were just in the open. They had tents, erected tents, and we slept\non the floor.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: What do you remember about the trip from there, from the ghetto to\nAuschwitz? How did it happen?\n\nLYNN: Well, they told us that we are moving to a resettlement program. That's\nwhat they told us. None of us suspected the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worst. They put us all in trains, as\nI mentioned earlier, roughly a hundred passengers, a hundred victims to a\ntrain--to a boxcar, not a train. They shut the doors and locked the doors, so\nall we had was just a little window, a little opening. We were given no\nsanitation facilities. We were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"given no food. It was a two-day existential\nnightmare to Auschwitz. Kids crying, older people dying, sick people dying.\nPeople--we had no facilities for bathrooms, they relieved themselves in pots and\npans that we took with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us, on the floor, and blankets. People were pleading for\ndivine intervention. It was a surreal scene.\n\nGHITIS: Who were with you as far as your family was concerned?\n\nLYNN: My mom and three younger brothers were with me.\n\nGHITIS: What was the date of your arrival in Auschwitz?\n\nLYNN: We arrived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz in April. Again, I don't remember the exact date,\nbut it was in April of 1944.\n\nGHITIS: What do you remember about your arrival in Auschwitz?\n\nLYNN: What I remember is that we arrived on a misty April morning, and we were\nimmediately, as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the freight train got there with its dehumanized cargo, we were\nmet by throngs of terrorizing Gestapo, and we were immediately surrounded by\nthem. They were accompanied by Sonderkommandos, which were Jewish prisoners who\nhelped us unload the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train, and they helped the Gestapo with the separation\nprocess. We suspected the very worst when we arrived. We saw the crematoriums\nbelching out plumes of black smoke and we smelled the stench of flesh. We had\nthe premonition that this was the end, that the end was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sight. But we still\nhoped against hope. The separation process started. They told us where to leave\nour clothes, where to put our clothes, and they stripped us immediately of our\nclothes, of our humanity. Those who were assigned to work were tattooed, and\nthose who were assigned to the crematoriums ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were separated from us. My mom and\nmy three younger brothers were separated, and they went to a different line. The\nlast thing I remember that my mom shouted at me when she was separated with my\nthree younger brothers, the last farewell, is, \"I love you, son.\" Those are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nlast words that my mom uttered, and I've never seen my mom since. That was the\nend. I was assigned the striped suits. I was not tattooed because I was fourteen\nat the time, and I was sort of in a twilight zone. They kept me, I suppose, as a\nspare tire, but only those who were assigned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to [the] work camp were tattooed.\nThe rest of us, who were not tattooed--that implied that we were going to the\ncrematorium. I was fortunate enough to fall through the cracks, and I did not\nend in the crematorium, any crematorium.\n\nGHITIS: At fourteen, how did you relate to the other inmates?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LYNN: At that point, age differences and backgrounds became very irrelevant. I\nwas just another prisoner, and we all looked at each other with a sense of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pity\nand indifference. We were all interested in our own survival more than anything\nelse. We were more concerned at that point what's going to happen to us, how are\nwe going to survive, and we didn't dwell much on age or social status or station\nin life.\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What about work?\n\nLYNN: We went to work. After a few days, we were assigned to work. We were\nbuilding four or five miles away from the camp, from Auschwitz--I was in\nBirkenau, not in Auschwitz. They were building plants, underground plants or\nabove-the-ground plants, and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked twelve-hour shifts on those construction\nsites. I carried concrete bags from the freight train to the mixer.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know what the name of that site was?\n\nLYNN: I cannot remember what site it was, but I remember we were walking from\nBirkenau every day to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that site, to that construction site.\n\nGHITIS: Could you give me more details about your work? Did you get a job from\nsomeone else? Were you in a line? Or did you have your own spot where you had to\nconclude a project?\n\nLYNN: German soldiers were with us, and they assigned each one of us various\ntasks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also, they had foremen on the job and they told us what to do. We all had\nvarious job assignments. As best as I can remember, for most parts, for most of\nthe time, I worked in the mixing plant area, where they mixed concrete. I\ncarried concrete ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bags into the mixer and poured them in the mixer, from the\ntrain, from the railroad train, remember the railroad car. We carried it from\nthere to the mixer. There are two prisoners that put a bag on my back, and we\ncarried the bags to the mixers, to the mixing plant.\n\nGHITIS: Did your body react to this?\n\nLYNN: As time went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by, it was more and more difficult to do that. We also knew\nthe consequences if we couldn't do it, that we will be shot on the spot. What\nthey also did each morning, they called all the sick prisoners. We had roll call\neach morning, and they selected the weak, the disabled, and they would send them\nto the crematorium. We knew the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"consequences of that selection process each\nmorning, and so we worked on--what do you call when you're all hyped up? We\nworked on an energy that we didn't have. What is that energy that is synergized\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by--I can't remember. A false energy that is synergized by the body that we\ndidn't have. It was very difficult for most of us to continue because as time\nwent by, our bodies were weakened from starvation, and we were less and less\nable to perform.\n\nGHITIS: How did the foremen treat you on the job?\n\nLYNN: They treated us like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slaves, worse than slaves. They abused us. They hit\nus with two by fours. They treated us worse than stray dogs. We were shown no\nkindness, no mercy, no compassion.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember a specific episode on the job?\n\nLYNN: Oh, yes. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would get abused every single minute of the day, every single\nhour of the day. I remember one particular episode, and I'll mention this in\nGerman. This is the only German that I can remember because it's so deeply\nseared in my consciousness. A guard came over to me on the job, and he said to\nme--I was emaciated, I was after six months in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz--He says, \"Junge,\nJunge, was hast Du ausgefressen, dass Du hier bist?\" Do you understand what that\nis? And I said to him--I didn't quite understand-- and I said, \"Gar nichts.\" He\nslapped me so hard that the thrust of his slap threw me about six or ten feet,\nand I was deaf from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my left ear and blind in my left eye for weeks after that,\nfrom the slap that he hit me. But I always remember that, \"Junge, was hast Du\nausgefressen dass Du hier bist?\"\n\nGHITIS: Can you translate that sentence?\n\nLYNN: Well, it's an idiom that's very difficult to translate. It says, \"What did\nyou eat that brought you here?'' Or in essence what it says, \"What kind of crime\ndid you commit that you are here?\" He said, \"Junge, was hast Du ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ausgefressen\ndass du hier bist?\" I'll never forget that slap that he administered that threw\nme ten feet away from him. For no reason at all, because I said, \"Gar nichts.\"\nHe thought that was a disrespectful answer.\n\nGHITIS: What did the other inmates do while you were being mistreated?\n\nLYNN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They all feared for their lives. No one stood up for the other person. No\none defended another person because we wanted to be the less obvious. The lower\nof a profile you had, the better you were off. Once they got to know you or\ntyped you as a person who is a troublemaker, you were gone. They would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"execute\nyou, or they would abuse you until you could no longer--they would maltreat you,\nabuse you until you were disabled, and then shoot you. Our goal was to not to\nmaintain a high profile. Once you maintained a high profile, they got to know\nyou for something, you were a marked man.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Tell me what a day in your life was like at that time.\n\nLYNN: We got up at four thirty or five every morning. We were awakened sometimes\nby ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the guards and a prison[er] with bats. They came into our barracks, and they\nwoke us up with water, and they used bats to wake us up with. They were\nprisoner-guards. We started roll call at five in the morning. My number was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"083000. They kept a meticulous record of those of us who were in each barrack.\nFirst we went through the selection process. We called it 'culling process'.\nWhat they did is they culled out all the weak and the sick, and they sent them\nto the gas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chambers each morning, and that was a daily routine. Then we were\nserved a cup of black coffee and one slice of bread. By six, six thirty,\napproximately, we were lined up to be escorted to the construction site, to\nwalk--it was, again, roughly a four- to five-mile walk. I don't remember. It\ncould have been a little less, maybe a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more, but I know we must have\nwalked for about an hour each morning. That is how our nightmare each day\nstarted. After working at this construction site, we were escorted back at\nnight, sometimes after twelve long hours. We had no clothing protection during\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"winter. Temperatures were running below zero degrees temperature. The\ntemperatures were running ten, fifteen, twenty below zero. It was so brutally\ncold that I would take the concrete bags, the paper bags, and make holes in the\nconcrete bags and put them on as a vest to protect ourselves from the weather,\nfrom the cold, wet weather. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Gestapo didn't like that. When they saw us doing\nit, they would abuse us. They would kill us. But we had no socks, only the\nstriped suits, no underwear, and many of us took the blankets that we had in the\nbarracks and tore them up and made vests out of them, and some of us wrapped our\nfeet with those blankets to protect our toes and feet from being frozen during\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"winter. That was a typical occurrence, where all of us tried to protect\nourselves not only against the Gestapo but against nature, by using, again,\npaper bags and using blankets to wrap our feet from this brutal, cold weather.\nAfter we were back by five o'clock or six--I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember, it was nighttime\nmost of the time--we were served a cup of foul-tasting turnip soup. Sometimes\ndead horses, we were told, that were killed on the battlefield were cut up as\nfood for us. That was our day. That was what our day looked like. Those who were\nsick, who came back sick, they told them they were taking them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the hospital.\nThe hospital was a euphemism for the gas chamber.\n\nGHITIS: Could you repeat for me again the construction site? What were they\nbuilding there?\n\nLYNN: I don't remember what they were building. I cannot remember who the\ncompanies were that were building. The only thing I remember is that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was in\nBirkenau, and we used to walk from Birkenau to that construction site every day,\nso it was walking distance. In fact, I'm going back to Auschwitz, for closure,\nin July, I'm taking my daughter with me. I would like to find this construction\nsite, myself, to know where I lost my blood for so many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"months, where I suffered\nfor so long. I would like to find that place. I presume that it is fairly close.\nI'm going to ask about that place.\n\nGHITIS: You said your immune system was destroyed. How did that show?\n\nLYNN: Because we were more vulnerable to illnesses, to diseases. When you don't\neat much--we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roughly trying to survive on 150 to 200 calories a day. It was\na mission impossible--what happened was that our bodies were so weakened that we\nwere vulnerable to diseases.\n\nGHITIS: Did you get a disease?\n\nLYNN: I was fortunate. The worst thing that happened to me, I was shot. You can\nprobably see it right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. [Shows scar.] I was shot on one occasion, where the\nGestapo were randomly shooting when we were evacuated from Auschwitz, and a\nbullet zipped through my collarbone, and I was shot.\n\nGHITIS: How was that treated?\n\nLYNN: It wasn't treated.\n\nGHITIS: What happened with your wound?\n\nLYNN: It just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ultimately healed, but it took a long time for it to heal.\n\nGHITIS: When was that?\n\nLYNN: That was towards the end, when we were evacuated from Auschwitz, after\nabout eleven months in Auschwitz, when the Allied forces were getting closer.\nThe Gestapo, the poster boys of murderers, they did not want us to be liberated.\nAs we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evacuated, people were walking in different directions, and the\nGestapo felt that some people would walk astray and disappear, and so they took\ntheir rifles and machine guns and [were] just shooting at us at random.\n\nGHITIS: Did you also say that you scavenged in the woods for food? Could you\ntell me more about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\n\nLYNN: Yea. When we were working on that construction site, they had woods in\nthat area. We would look for mushrooms, we would look for worms, we would look\nfor anything, any vegetations that we thought could be eaten. That's what we\nscavenged for.\n\nGHITIS: You have used the word \"dehumanized\" a few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"times. Could you explain a\nlittle more what you mean when you say prisoners were dehumanized, especially if\nyou have examples?\n\nLYNN: When they take everything away from you-- your dignity, your clothes, your\nname-- and they treat you worse than a slave, far worse than a slave, they treat\nyou in an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inhuman manner, they don't feed you, they treat you with the deepest\ncontempt, they abuse you, that is dehumanization. When you are physically\nabused, mentally abused, taken away everything that human dignity stands ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for.\nDignity is the edifice of life, and when that is taken away from you and you are\nstripped of everything in life that is meaningful to life, that's\ndehumanization. We were stripped of all humanity. Everything that humanity\nstands for, we were stripped, and when you are stripped of all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"humanity, you're dehumanized.\n\nGHITIS: How did it show?\n\nLYNN: We had no self-respect. We had no respect for each other. We lost all our\ndignity. We lost our humanity. We were living like animals and acted like\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"animals. We fought each other for a morsel of food. All we cared is about\nourselves, for most part. There are a few people every now and then who were\nhumane, but for most part, we--\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember anyone in particular caring for you?\n\nLYNN: I had a person who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in my bunk who was in charge of my bunk, who was a\nJewish prisoner, and he had some access for an extra slice of bread every now\nand then, and he would have some compassion for me. I was among the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"youngest in\nthe barrack, and he would occasionally give me an extra little piece of bread or\nan extra half a cup of soup. Other than that, we were all out for ourselves. It\nwas a dehumanizing experience. We cared very little for each other or about each\nother, for most part. There were some exceptions, but for most ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part, we were\nreduced to bestial existence.\n\nGHITIS: What did you know about your family at this point?\n\nLYNN: Well, I knew that they were gone, that they were gassed and cremated, and\nI knew that I was alone. At that point I didn't think much about my family\nanymore because we were consumed with survival, self-survival every day. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\na fight for survival moment by moment. Not day by day, but moment by moment, we\nwere fighting for survival. Hour by hour we fought for survival.\n\nGHITIS: How did you know your mother and siblings were dead?\n\nLYNN: When I was checked into the barracks, when I arrived at Auschwitz and they\nassigned me a striped suit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with my number, 083000, prisoners were already in\nthose barracks. I asked one of the prisoners, \"Do you have any idea where they\nmight have taken my mom and my three brothers?\" He paused for a second, and he\nsaid, \"Come on out. I'll show you where they are.\" It was an underground bunker.\nI remember walking out the bunker, and he pointed the crematorium to me,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"belching out smoke, and he said. \"That's where they are.\" That was an awakening\nexperience, a rude awakening. That's when I realized that I lost everything.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: You were on a death march?\n\nLYNN: I was on a death march roughly after eleven months in Birkenau. It was\nobvious that the Russians, the Allied forces, were getting closer. So they\ndecided to evacuate us. The Gestapo decided to evacuate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us to a more remote camp\nin Germany. We were first loaded on freight trains, and the Allied forces\nthought that they were soldiers on the freight trains, and they bombarded the\nfreight trains with the prisoners and destroyed the tracks and killed hundreds\nof prisoners, Jewish prisoners. From that point on, those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who survived, hundreds\nof us, perhaps thousands of us, probably more thousands of us, many\nthousands--we walked. It was a death march from that point on because our\ntransportation was destroyed by the Allied forces.\n\nGHITIS: What was the name of the camp in Germany?\n\nLYNN: You know, this is something I still don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember. I wrestled with this.\nI don't remember what camp I ended up. I think it's in Buchenwald. I think I\nended up in Buchenwald. Remember this, I was fifteen at the time, I was in\nsemi-comatose condition when I was liberated. The reason I say Buchenwald, that\nI was liberated in Buchenwald, because we were liberated by the Americans, and\nAmericans liberated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buchenwald. And Elie Wiesel was there, and he came from the\nsame part of the country that I was, so I'm assuming that it was Buchenwald that\nwe were liberated.\n\nGHITIS: How do you know Elie Wiesel was there?\n\nLYNN: Because I read that he was liberated in Buchenwald.\n\nGHITIS: How long did you stay there?\n\nLYNN: When I was liberated in Buchenwald--again, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe it was Buchenwald--I\nwas in a comatose condition. I was dysfunctional, and I was taken to a makeshift\nhospital, where I was fed intravenously for about two or three weeks. After I\nwas fed intravenously and after I recovered and nursed back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life, I decided\nthat I wanted to go home to find remnants of my past, and for closure. I stayed\nmaybe at the camp for another few days, enough to get myself oriented, and then\nI left, on a train. I left on a freight train to--didn't know where the freight\ntrain was going, I just wanted to get out of there.\n\nGHITIS: I want to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to--\n\nLYNN: I need to--\n\nGHITIS: I want to go back and ask you about the day of liberation, how it happened.\n\nLYNN: We suddenly realized that the German guards disappeared, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it became\nobvious that either the liberators are close to us or were here, in fact, at\ncamp, but we didn't see anyone for a while. It took us hours before we saw some\nstrange soldiers. I've never seen an American soldier before. None of us, in\nfact, had. We were a little confused and frightened when we saw the strange\nsoldiers pouring ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in and shaking their heads in disbelief when they saw the piles\nof corpses and the emaciated walking dead. Some of us older people were wiser\nthan I was, or around longer, realized that they were American soldiers. It was\na mixture of euphoria and sadness. Euphoria because we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were finally liberated\nfrom the abyss of the concentration camp, but we also had a feeling of sadness\nbecause now we didn't know where to go, what to do. You're liberated, but we\nlost our homes, we lost our families, we lost our identity. Where do you go?\nWhat do you do from here? We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were in a quandary. Many of us ventured out to go\nhome, as I have, for closure. Others have remained at the liberation camp\nbecause they had a sense of security there. We were fed by the Allied soldiers,\nAmericans and British and French. We were fed and taken ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"care of, so we were\ngiven temporary shelter at the liberation camp. Tell me where you want me to go\nfrom here.\n\nGHITIS: What were you doing when the Americans arrived? Specifically--would you\ngo into your memory?\n\nLYNN: The only thing I remember at that point is--it's very hazy in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mind\nbecause, as I mentioned earlier, I was in a semi-comatose condition. I was sick.\nI was disoriented. I was barely alive, and the only thing I remember--it was\nstill fuzzy in my memory--the only thing I remember was the strange-looking\nsoldiers that came there. I don't even remember when I was taken to the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital. I was literally gone, literally gone. I was taken to a makeshift\nhospital after liberation, immediately after liberation or within hours after\nliberation, and fed intravenously there. What others have done-- I understand\nthe first thing many of them did is ran out of the camp to see if this is in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact true, if they are liberated, if anyone is going to shoot at them. Still\nothers were searching for those soldiers that were torturing us. They wanted to\npunish those soldiers, those German soldiers.\n\nGHITIS: You were saying that you got on a freight train just to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away?\n\nLYNN: When I was finally released from the hospital, I was at a camp for a few\ndays until I definitely decided which way to go. I wanted to go home, and I\nstopped--they did not provide us any service or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transportation. We were all on\nour own, and it was chaos, it was mayhem, our train station. Soldiers were going\nhome, people were going home, many civilians were going home--at least they were\ndressed in civilian clothes, they lived in occupied countries, were going back\nto Germany because they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afraid that they would be persecuted. I remember\nthose trains were packed, freight trains and passenger trains were packed to\ncapacity. I asked those people where these trains were going. I wanted to get an\nidea whether I'm going in the right direction. No one knew where Bilke was, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my\nnative community. They knew where eastern Hungary was, but they didn't know\nwhere my community was. What I did is I got on trains that claimed they went in\nthat direction. Remember, I was a fifteen-year-old kid at that time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was on\nfreight trains probably for ten days, meandering from one place to the next\nbefore I got close to where I wanted to go, which was Bilke, my community.\n\nGHITIS: How did you support yourself?\n\nLYNN: When I came home, strangers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived in that home. They were Nazi\nsympathizers, and they were given our home as the spoils of the war, by the\nNazis. As I mentioned earlier, when I knocked on the door, he greeted me--he\nsaid, \"I thought you were all dead.\" I didn't recognize him, but he knew who I\nwas. He let me come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in, and I slept in our home for a while, and he fed me for a\ncouple of weeks. He was afraid of me, and I was afraid of him. I was afraid that\nhe might murder me because he thought that I came to reclaim our home. So I was\nafraid that he would murder me and he was probably afraid of me also, because he\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a Nazi sympathizer. He knew that part of Hungary was liberated by Russia,\nand he knew that he was probably being watched by the Russians as a Nazi\nsympathizer and that I could do him in with the Russians if he did not treat me\nwell. After a few weeks, he decided to move out. He was not comfortable with me,\nand I was not comfortable with him. He decided to move ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. Well, that was a\nmixed blessing. It relieved me of some anxieties to live there in our home, with\nour furniture, but it deprived me of food, and the way I lived is I begged. I\nwent to neighbors that I knew as a child, and I begged them for food, for bread,\nand they provided me some bread, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some vegetables, and that's what I lived on.\n\nGHITIS: During the ten days when you meandered, so to speak, from one train to\nthe other, how did you survive?\n\nLYNN: I was begging people for food. Whenever somebody ate, I asked them for a\npiece of bread. Or when we stopped at a train station, I would get off and beg\nfor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food.\n\nGHITIS: You said you moved from one country to the other. Is that when you were\non those trains?\n\nLYNN: No, when I moved from one country to the next is after I came back to our\ncommunity and after a few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"months, when I realized that I had no future there and\nwhen I fled that part of Europe, I moved through different countries. I moved\nfrom that section of Eastern Europe, which was called the Carpathian section of\nEastern Europe. It was annexed by Russia, so it's no longer Hungary, so now I\nwanted to go to Hungary. But I was told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that going through the border to Hungary\nwith the security guards--security was very tight-- and I could never get across\nthe border without being caught, and the mandatory imprisonment was five years.\nThey advised me it would be easier to get to Romania, so I fled to Romania\nwith--somebody helped me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Jewish underground helped me get to Romania. From\nthere, I moved--it was easier from Romania to Hungary-- I ended up in Budapest.\nFrom Budapest I went to the Czech Republic. It took me close to three and a half\nyears from the time of liberation to the time I got to America. I lived in the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukraine, my native land, then Romania, then Budapest, Hungary, then to\nBratislava, which is in Slovakia, and from there I moved to Great Britain, to\nDublin, Ireland, where I lived for a year, and then to New York as a student.\n\nGHITIS: You were saying that you spent a year in Dublin.\n\nLYNN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right.\n\nGHITIS: How did that happen?\n\nLYNN: I looked for a country when I fled my roots, which was Bilke, I looked for\na country that will be an appropriate launching pad to America. Hungary, I found\nout, was not a good place because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia was tightening its grip after the war,\non Hungary. So I moved from Hungary to the Czech Republic. I lived in Bratislava\n[Slovakia]. I lived there--I enlisted to a yeshiva. I lived there for about a\nyear in Bratislava . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". When I was in Budapest, I was told that the Czech\nRepublic--at that time, and I'll correct myself in a minute--the Czech Republic\nin general, which included Bratislava, which was at that time part of\nCzechoslovakia, or Prague [Czech Republic]--it would be easier from there for me\nto go to my final destination, which was the U.S. So ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I made arrangements with a\nJewish community to help me to flee to Bratislava, which ultimately became a\nseparate country. Bratislava is now part of Slovakia. I found that in Bratislava\nthey had a yeshiva of survivors, people who survived, young people and older\nthan I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. They had a fairly active yeshiva of maybe 150 students. I felt that\nwas a good place for me to enlist, which would be a launching pad for me from\nthere. While I studied, they would feed me. They were supported by a Jewish\nFederation, American Jewish Federation, HIAS [Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society]\nsupported them. They were getting money. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we studied there. Most of us had no\nintentions of remaining there, but it was a transitional place for most of us,\nto study while we looked for an oasis to get established. Many of us, after\nabout a year there, some of them decided to go to Israel. I didn't want to go to\nIsrael. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanted to go to U.S. A gentleman by the name of Dr. [Solomon]\nSchonfeld from Great Britain, a humanist, a humanitarian--he was the chief rabbi\nof Great Britain--heard that in Slovakia and the Czech Republic and Hungary that\nthey have hundreds of children who were either hidden by Gentiles ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or some of\nthem, like myself, survived the concentration camp. He decided that he was going\nto come to the Czech Republic, to Bratislava, which was still part of the Czech\nRepublic at that time--Czechoslovakia--decided to come to find out for himself.\nHe came on a mission. And he indeed found a Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enclave in Slovakia that had\na yeshiva, and we had a noted rabbi who was also a survivor, who ran the\nyeshiva, and he [Dr. Schonfield] decided that he is going to take us, all the\nyoung kids under eighteen. That he's going to take us out of there because he\nknew that within months or shortly thereafter, Russia would take over. The Iron\nCurtain would come down on all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Czechoslovakia. So he took all our names,\nthose that qualified. To qualify, you had to be an orphan and to be under\neighteen. So those who qualified--there were 120 of us--he got us passports. My\nname at that time was Leicht. Alfred Leicht, L-e-i-c-h-t. He got us passports ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nGreat Britain. It took him, of course, months. It wasn't an overnight deal. He\ngot us all passports, 120 of us, with the help of the Jewish British Federation.\nHe moved 120 of us, which was a difficult task because Russia would not allow\nanyone out, and they were already under Russian influence, even though they were\nsupposedly independent, but they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already felt the Russian bear was already\ninfluencing their foreign policies. When we got to Great Britain, they could not\nfind a permanent home for us, for 120 of us, so he decided that he's going to\ncheck with the Irish government after a few weeks in Great Britain. The Irish\ngovernment gave us temporary visa for one year, for all of us, for 120 of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. A\nJewish philanthropist bought us a castle in Dublin, Ireland, just forty, fifty\nmiles outside Dublin. It's called the Clonyn Castle, where we were taken, to the\nClonyn Castle, just outside Dublin. We lived there for one year. There was 120\nof us, and we came from Hungary and Slovakia and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czech Republic, some from\nRomania. We studied. We had--private tutors came from Great Britain. We were\nalso given some psychiatric help. They had psychologists and counselors and all\nkinds of social workers there. Many of us needed some help. Many of us were\ntreated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for various dysfunctions that we had, emotional dysfunctions. After a\nyear, we were given the option of going to Israel. Ireland would not let us stay\nthere. The Irish government would not let us stay there. I received a\nscholarship, I and another friend of mine. The two of us received a scholarship\nto the Yeshiva University in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York, so I came to the U.S., to Yeshiva\nUniversity, in late of 1948.\n\nGHITIS: This was a university?\n\nLYNN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: Had you completed your high school studies?\n\nLYNN: No, I completed it in New York while I was there, while I was also going\nto college. While I was going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to university, I needed or they required that I\nfinish English and what they called Problems of Democracy, a course in Problems\nof Democracy, and I finished high school. It was called Washington Irving High\nSchool. I finished that six months after I got to New York.\n\nGHITIS: Why were you so set on coming to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States?\n\nLYNN: Because I knew that Israel was still in the throes of war and chaos, and I\ndid not want to subject myself anymore to hardships. I felt that I have been\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through enough. I looked for an oasis where I could establish myself for life,\nas opposed to going through another phase of hardship in Israel. I knew that\nIsrael was not going to be an easy path, and while I had Zionistic inclinations,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did not want to go through more hardships.\n\nGHITIS: What about another country in Europe?\n\nLYNN: Europe was not an option. I wanted to get out of Europe because Europe was\nthe graveyard of democracy for many centuries. I did not want to live in a\ncontinent that was the graveyard of democracy for 2,000 years.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: When you first arrived in the United States, where did you live? Who\nsupported you?\n\nLYNN: I found through the HIAS--I told the HIAS in Great Britain--I don't\nremember whether this happened--yes, I think in either Great Britain or the\nCzech Republic. I told the HIAS that I had some aunts and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uncles--my mom had a\nsister in Brooklyn [New York], and my mom had a brother also. They found out\nwhere they lived, the HIAS did, and I got their names, and I started\ncommunicating with them. When I came to this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country, I lived with an aunt of\nmine. She was my mother's oldest sister, moved to this country in 1912.\nWonderful human being. Poor people. They had a laundry. They were poor people.\nMy uncle lived, at the time I got to New York--that was in the late forties--my\nuncle had lived in Brooklyn for thirty-odd years and still misspelled Brooklyn\nfour ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ways. He never had much of an education, but they were wonderful human\nbeings. She was better than a mom. She treated me with all the tenderness and\nlove that any mom could have treated a son. I will miss her sorely. I'll never\nforget her. She was a wonderful, wonderful human being. I lived with her while I\nwas going to school. I was working during the day in New York, part time while I\nwas going to college, and I would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come home at night at ten, eleven at night\nevery night from school, and always had a hot meal ready for me, waiting for me,\nand had a hot meal ready for me. She was a wonderful human being.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of work did you do during the day?\n\nLYNN: Initially I worked in a liquor store as a clerk, and then I worked in New\nYork also part time in a retail store, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ladies' retail store. That didn't work\nout too well because they put me in the brassiere department, and I was very\nyoung, and I was supposed to ask the ladies what cup they wore. They knew I was\nvery shy, and a lady would come in and said, \"I want a brassiere,\" and my job\nwas to ask her, \"What cup is it, ma'am, A, B, or C?\" One lady attacked me one\ntime. She said, \"Don't call me madam.\" I asked her, \"What cup do you wear,\nmadam?\" or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something like that, and she said, \"[unintelligible].\" I decided this\nwas not for me, and I resigned that job quick. They wanted to cure me of my\nshyness. Remember, I was nineteen years old, and I was very insecure, very shy,\nand here they put me in a brassiere department. From there, I went to work in a\nplant where they made lingerie, and I worked there part ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time.\n\nGHITIS: What was your biggest challenge at that time?\n\nLYNN: My biggest challenge was to be able to support myself initially, and then\nachieve the American dream.\n\nGHITIS: From where did you get your zest for education?\n\nLYNN: I knew that the only opportunity ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I had to better myself, if I got an\neducation. I knew that without an education, I will end up working in a factory,\nand that was not what I wanted my life to be like. I wanted to achieve the\nAmerican dream, the Horatio Alger legend. I knew that the best way to do it and\nthe only way to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is to get an education, so everything focused, my entire\nlife, around improving myself.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of education did you have after you came to the United States?\n\nLYNN: I got a business--after I came to the United States? You mean in the U.S.\nor after? A business education. I majored in business in undergraduate and\ngraduate work.\n\nGHITIS: Where did you go?\n\nLYNN: I went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a city university [of New York], which is called the Bernard\nBaruch School in New York, which is--I don't know if you remember the famous\nphilanthropist, Bernard Baruch. In those days, that was a premiere business\nschool, business college. And then NYU [New York University] graduate school.\n\nGHITIS: You mentioned your children. How ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many children do you have?\n\nLYNN: I have three children.\n\nGHITIS: What are their names?\n\nLYNN: My oldest daughter's name is Roberta, my second daughter is Anita, and a\nthird child is a son. His name is Allen . . . Her name is Roberta Lynn. She's\nsingle, in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mid-forties. She is an administrator for an Israeli company.\nShe's never been married. My middle daughter, her name is Anita, she is an\nattorney in Atlanta. Specializes in family law, and she says that she sees too\nmuch misery in marriages and does not want to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married. My third child is my\nson, Allen. He's a very successful businessman. He is in a mortgage brokerage\nbusiness. Owns his own company. He's married, happily married.\n\nGHITIS: I just want you to repeat what you name was before it became Murray Lynn.\n\nLYNN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My middle name was Alfred. For some reason, I always used my middle name.\nMy friends in school and my friends in Europe used to call me Alfred, but my\nlegal name was Murray. My name was Murray Alfred Leicht, L-e-i-c-h-t. I changed\nmy name when I moved to Atlanta in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1956.\n\nGHITIS: I understand you changed your name once, but what was your name at birth?\n\nLYNN: Turn off this, and let me give you a little background, and I don't know\nwhether we--\n\nGHITIS: What was your father's name?\n\nLYNN: My father's name was Abraham.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of a person was he?\n\nLYNN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father by nature was a very passive person, very easygoing,\nfamily-oriented individual.\n\nGHITIS: What about your mother? What was your--\n\nLYNN: My mother was certainly more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outgoing than my father. She was more\nassertive than my dad. My mother was--in her late teens, she was a Hungarian\nbeauty queen. She was a beautiful, stunning woman, even in her twenties, late-,\nmid-twenties. She went down very rapidly when she turned to thirty because of\nhardships that we went through, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and her appearance deteriorated, her mind-set,\nher attitude, but during her earlier years she was a very vivacious, very\noutgoing, very dynamic individual.\n\nGHITIS: What hardships are you talking about?\n\nLYNN: The hardship after 1940, when the Fascists became more prominent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and their\nprofile was raised, and more daring. They caused us a great deal of concern at\nhome. My mom was very much concerned about our future, about our survival, and\nit became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extraordinarily difficult for us, in 1942, when my dad was arrested in\nthe middle of the night by the Hungarian Fascists and then taken to the woods,\nwith a number of other Jewish leaders of the community and executed. This took a\ntremendous toll on my mom, and she aged exponentially ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beyond her years.\n\nGHITIS: By the way, what kind of occupation did your father have?\n\nLYNN: My dad was a businessman. He owned a clothing store.\n\nGHITIS: What about your mother?\n\nLYNN: My mom was not--in her younger years she was a librarian, but she did not\nwork per se. She was a housewife.\n\nGHITIS: How would you describe your standard of living before the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war?\n\nLYNN: It was very modest. Our standard of living was very modest. We didn't have\nmuch, but we were reasonably content because we didn't know any better. We did\nnot have any luxuries. We had the very rudimentaries of life as we knew it. By\nEuropean standards, we were well off, but [by] American standards we would be\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"characterized as being poor.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember where you lived?\n\nLYNN: I have a dim view, dim picture of where we lived. It's very faded in my\nmind. But I--\n\nGHITIS: What do you remember in terms of the house where you resided?\n\nLYNN: I remember that we had a house that was like a Mediterranean type of a\nhouse, with stucco outside, and it had a red ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roof. We had outdoor--an outhouse.\nWe did not have running water. We had a well in front of the house where we got\nour water from. Our water came from the well, and we used an outhouse when we\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needed to use one. And we had no hot water facilities. We took a bath, we had to\nheat water and use the tub to clean.\n\nGHITIS: And what was Bilke like in those years when you were growing up? What\nkind of city, town was it?\n\nLYNN: It was a community of roughly 30,000. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Carpathian Mountains\nof Europe, where poverty was very prevalent. People did not have much. It was\nreally underfoot of the Carpathian Mountains. The soil was very poor. We had a\nlittle more than some of the peasants, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly better living than some of\nthe peasants, local people, but none of us had very much in those days. It was a\nvery scenic area. I remember we had no paved roads. It was basically an\nagricultural community, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where most of us produced our own produce, and it was\nour primary means of survival. I would say probably 90 percent of the community\nwas agriculture oriented. We also had a farm, where we produced all our needs.\n\nGHITIS: Such as?\n\nLYNN: Such as wheat and corn and beans and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"potatoes, so that is how we were able\nto survive.\n\nGHITIS: What was the Jewish community like?\n\nLYNN: We had a Jewish community. I guess--it would be a guess at this point--out\nof 30,000, we had a Jewish community of roughly 150 to 200 people. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had two\nsynagogues. I only remember one, but another survivor told me that we had two,\ntwo synagogues in the community. They were both one-room synagogues.\n\nGHITIS: How would you describe the rite? Was it Orthodox?\n\nLYNN: All of us were Orthodox. We had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no Reform or Conservatives. The community\nin general was very much a God-fearing community, very law abiding, very\nGod-fearing, very much committed to the precepts of the Bible.\n\nGHITIS: In your home, what place ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did Judaism have?\n\nLYNN: We were religious. We were God-fearing, but we were not ultra-Orthodox. As\nyou can tell from the picture of my dad, he was a modern man. My mom and dad\nwere modern people. My parents were probably better educated than most people in\nthe community. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But nonetheless, we were a God-fearing people.\n\nGHITIS: You said better educated. What grade, what level of education did they have?\n\nLYNN: They were high school-plus educated. In Europe in those days, that was\nconsidered a good education.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me about your siblings.\n\nLYNN: My siblings, I remember very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaguely. I had a younger brother, who was two\nyears younger. His name was Herman. He was twelve years old when he was taken to\nthe concentration camp. He developed tuberculosis during an early age and I\nremember how distraught my parents were because we had no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cure in those days. I\nalso remember so clearly this one particular episode, where a doctor told us\nthat he coughed a lot, that he needed to use the fat of bacon, to have a piece\nof that to soften his cough and it would help him with his tuberculosis, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to cope\nwith it better. That was a terrible ordeal for us, given that we were Orthodox,\nto have to go to the store and purchase periodically a pound of unsliced bacon\nand feed our son [sic] unsliced bacon. We did not have a Frigidaire. We had to\nkeep it, I remember, in the well, because it was cold. We had to lower it in the\nwell, where it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cold, so it would not get spoiled during the winter. I\nremember that particular incident of my younger brother, Herman. He was a very\ngood student, but he suffered a great deal with tuberculosis at the age of\ntwelve. The next brother that I had was Eli. He was ten. He's the one I pinned\non the picture, that is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not on the picture, because he visited my grandma in\nanother community when my grandma was a widow and my mom wanted her to have\ncompany. So she would send my brother, Eli, for summers to our grandma so she\nwould not be alone. Then the youngest brother was Joseph. He was eight at the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. I remember very little about him. 1 le was the youngest of the four boys,\nand he, too, was taken to Auschwitz.\n\nGHITIS: From the children, you were the oldest?\n\nLYNN: I was the oldest of the four boys. In 1944, when we were taken to\nconcentration camp, I was fourteen, my younger brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was twelve, ten, and\neight, respectively.\n\nGHITIS: Your grandparents. You mentioned your grandmother living in the country,\nbeing a widow. What were the names of your grandparents?\n\nLYNN: Their names were Leibowitz. My grandfather was a rabbi, a local rabbi, but\nalso derived a good part of their living from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the farm.\n\nGHITIS: These were your--\n\nLYNN: --These were my maternal grandmother.\n\nGHITIS: And your paternal grandfather, grandparents?\n\nLYNN: Turn it off.\n\nGHITIS: On your father's side, could you tell me about your grandparents?\n\nLYNN: That is a very interesting story. My father's parents died in this\ncountry. What happened was that they had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daughter who came here in the\ntwenties to this country, and she sent my grandparents tickets to come to visit\nAmerica in 1939. Just as the war was raging in Europe, they came to New York,\nand luckily for them, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived the Holocaust because they could not go\nback, and we lived in their home when they moved, when they came to this\ncountry. When I say my parents and I lived in their home, we lived in another\ncommunity before then, with my grandmother, where my maternal grandmother lived.\nWhen my grandparents moved to this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country, we moved into their home, which was\nBilke. Their son at that time I think was in the twenties, and he moved in with\nus when my grandparents came to this country. They both died--my grandparents\nboth died in New York.\n\nGHITIS: What about your uncle? What happened?\n\nLYNN: My uncle survived the concentration camp. He was not [in] a concentration\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp. He fled, when the Germans got closer, he fled to Russia and was in the\nRussian army, and he came back after the war. When I got home, I found nobody at\nhome. I was living in the house by myself for a while after those strangers\nmoved out, and then my uncle came home several months later from the Russian\narmy. His name ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was Sam. He decided that he was going to stay there. He did not\nwant to give up his ancestral land. He felt very attached to the home and to the\nland, and he felt that he owed this to his heritage to remain there. I fled that\npart of the world after a few months. My uncle ultimately ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married a local girl,\nand he died in Europe.\n\nGHITIS: Let's talk again about faith in your life, religion. How did you\ncelebrate the religious holidays? Let's say it's Passover. What happened in your home?\n\nLYNN: We had--it was a very important and festive ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holiday because it had a lot\nof symbolism, not only religious symbolism but it had also historical symbolism.\nWe all looked forward to Passover. It was a very family-oriented holiday, and we\ncleaned out all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old dishes, removed all the old dishes and made room for the\nPassover dishes. We were preparing for the holidays for weeks and weeks because\nit required a total change of the dishes and the food and the eating habits for\neight days. It was a very festive, religious, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"historical, and memorable\nexperience for us to go through the holiday. We celebrated the holiday to the\nnth degree. We did not leave out anything, because it had so much symbolic\nmeaning to us.\n\nGHITIS: Who would be sitting around the Seder table?\n\nLYNN: It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family. At times we invited some friends, at times we invited some\nstrangers. In Europe, in the old days, it was considered a good deed or a\nmitzvah to invite homeless people, strangers. My parents were very charitable\npeople, and we would occasionally invite some strangers, people who did not have\na home or did not have the means ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have Passover. We would invite them to our house.\n\nGHITIS: How about public celebrations, like Independence Day? Did you participate?\n\nLYNN: We did not participate very much. I don't recall our participating very\nmuch in public holidays because in our country we were considered as aliens. We\nwere considered as strangers. So we did not participate in the national\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holidays, per se, because we were persona non grata.\n\nGHITIS: So as strangers, do any memories come to your mind of being reminded\nthat you were a stranger?\n\nLYNN: We were always reminded. I remember as a child, when I was going to\nschool, that we were always taunted by the other kids as, \"Jews, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why don't you\ngo back to Palestine?\" In those days it was Palestine. \"You don't belong here.\nYou are Christ killers. You are not welcome here.\" We were taunted and\nthreatened and maligned always by hostile neighbors, hostile children. I must\nadd not all neighbors were hostile. Some of them were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compassionate and caring,\nbut by and large we were like transplanted people, like a transplanted heart in\nan organ that rejects the transplanted heart. We were rejects in a community,\nunwanted strangers.\n\nGHITIS: Let's go back to your earlier childhood and tell me about your schooling.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LYNN: I went through--I was fourteen years old, and I went through the eighth\ngrade and probably two more grades, like a junior in high school. That is when\nwe were taken to the concentration camp, when I was fourteen.\n\nGHITIS: What school was it?\n\nLYNN: I don't remember the name of the school. It was a local school.\n\nGHITIS: What do you remember about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school?\n\nLYNN: The only thing I remember about the school was unpleasant, that we were\nalways isolated. We seldom played with the non-Jewish kids. We were always\ntreated as outlaws, as strangers, as aliens. So we sought out other Jewish kids\nto socialize ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with, and it was a very awkward relationship. They let us know, by\nisolating us, we were made aware of our identity always. We were always reminded\nthat we were strangers in another part of the world, where we did not belong.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember a particular ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"episode?\n\nLYNN: No, because it was an ongoing relationship, an ongoing unfriendly\nrelationship. This relationship that we had in our community was probably less\ntrue in a more educated environment, in a larger community. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews were not\ntreated with the same hostility, with the same attitude, as they were in smaller\ncommunities. In smaller communities such as ours, where ignorance was very\nprevalent, where prejudice was inbred and their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"genetics, kids were taught to\ndislike Jews, and it was also preached at their churches, preached almost every\nweekend. On Sundays, they preached about the Christ killers. This was an\nattitude that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"imbued in those people who went to church, who in turn\ninculcated their children with that kind of philosophy. It was a feeding frenzy\nof hate that was fed from the preacher or the priest to the parents to the\nchildren to the grandchildren, and it was an ongoing thing. It was a chain\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"event. But as I understand it, in larger communities, people were a little more\nresponsive toward Jews. They were more accepted, like in Budapest or in Prague.\nThey had fewer incidents than we did in the rural setting. The rural settings\nwere the worst.\n\nGHITIS: Did you have the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunity to participate in other activities outside\nof school?\n\nLYNN: Yes, we played--we had our own team. The Jewish kids played together, and\nwe played always football, kickball--that was the favorite sport. I was very\nactive in those days in those activities.\n\nGHITIS: How about religious education?\n\nLYNN: We would go to synagogue--I mean ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious school every day, six days a\nweek. Saturday was the only day that was the exception, but we would go\nreligious school every day. We would go to secular school in the morning, and\nthen after that we would go to religious school after we came home and had\nlunch, and then we would then go to religious school, and we would spend the\nrest of the day at our religious school.\n\nGHITIS: I want to ask you about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"language you spoke at home with your parents.\n\nLYNN: We spoke Hungarian, we spoke somewhat German, and a little Yiddish. My\ngrandparents spoke Yiddish more so than we. We spoke Hungarian, Slavic, we spoke Slavic.\n\nGHITIS: Where is Bilke now? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In what country?\n\nLYNN: It's now in the country of Ukraine.\n\nGHITIS: You say that happened--\n\nLYNN: Right. That was after the Second World War. Russia made a claim that the\nCarpathian section of Hungary historically belonged to them because people were\nspeaking sort of a Slavic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"language. They made a historic claim to that, and that\narea was ceded to them, the area where I live. That area was part of the\nAustro-Hungarian Empire until the twenties, then it was the Czech Republic, then\nit was Hungary again, and now it's part of the Ukraine.\n\nGHITIS: What were your family's aspiration for you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had the war not happened?\nWhat did they expect you to become?\n\nLYNN: I don't specifically remember what they wanted me to become, but I do\nremember that their aspirations were for me to get the best possible education I\ncould get, because they knew that education was a vehicle to a better life. As\nfar as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how far my education would take me, they did not have those long-term\nvisions for me because our opportunities in those rural areas were very limited,\nand I'm not sure that my parents had the vision to see how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"far or where an\neducation would take me. The thing they did know is that an education would\nimprove my life, but they didn't know how and where.\n\nGHITIS: When did things really change for you? What was that moment?\n\nLYNN: Oh, the turning ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point in our lives was 1942, which became a nightmare, an\nexistential nightmare, in our lives, when our dad was picked up by the secret\nHungarian police. That was our turning point.\n\nGHITIS: Describe that moment.\n\nLYNN: We were sound asleep at night, and we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heard a powerful, overwhelming knock\non the door, followed by a thunderous voice to open the door. When my father\nwent to the door, he said, ''Who is this?\" They identified themselves as the\nsecret Hungarian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"police, and they said, \"Open the door.\" The secret Hungarian\npolice burst in with two menacing German shepherds and asked my father to get\ndressed immediately. They gave him--I forget what it was--fifteen, twenty\nminutes to get dressed and follow them. My parents protested. They wanted to\nknow why ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dad was taken and where he was taken, what he did to be taken. We got\nno response from the police. They were silent. They did not respond to my\nparents' questions. But we knew that challenging or confronting those people\ncould have dire consequences, so my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father got dressed and, with tears in his\neyes, picked up the Bible--I remember that very vividly--kissed us all farewell,\nand followed the secret police in the dark--followed the secret police, and they\ndisappeared in the darkness of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night. It was a nightmarish experience for\nus. We were all hysterical, pleading with them not to take our dad. We were\nyoung. The kids were terrified. My mom was hysterical. It was an experience that\nwill live in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infamy. I remember how disruptive how that was to our life, and it\nwas the beginning of the end. We were terribly distraught by that, and we were\nstill hoping against hope that maybe they would return our dad, that he was just\ntaken for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"questioning. Two or three weeks later, we heard the horrible story\nthat he and a number of other Jewish community leaders were taken on a death\nmarch to the remote Carpathian Mountains, because we were in the Carpathian\nsection of Europe, and they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"asked to dig their own mass grave, and they\nwere all executed. It was a turning point in our lives. It was going downhill\nfrom that point on. It had a very, very terrible effect on our lives, not only\nin terms of economics but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it made us very insecure. It made us fear of our\nlives. We didn't know when we were going to be next. We said, \"If they did this\nto Dad for no good reason, they could do it for us. If they did it to him today,\nthey could do it to us tomorrow.\" We lived in fear, and gripping fear. For two\nyears, my mom struggled to raise ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the four children with meager means and the\ndark cloud over our heads, not knowing how long we're going to be safe. We heard\nthe war was getting intensified, that Hitler talked about liquidating all Jews,\nand we had a feeling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that a time is going to come when we would be next, we just\ndid not know when.\n\nGHITIS: Were you able to continue your studies after your father was taken away?\n\nLYNN: I was able to continue the studies, but I did not have my mind and my\nheart in it because I lived in constant fear and anxiety, and we were very, very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depressed. We knew we were trapped, and we just didn't know how to get out of it.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember seeing German troops for the first time?\n\nLYNN: No. We did not see the German troops in our community, although they were,\nI understand, at that time, they were beginning to trickle into Budapest, but\nthey didn't come to our community.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about your deportation.\n\nLYNN: Three years after my father's grisly murder, one early morning, four or\nfive in the morning we heard a second knock on the door, and, again, we were\nhorrified to learn that it was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"secret police again. We were told that we had\none hour to get our belongings in shape, whatever we could carry with us, and to\nfollow them to the train station. It was mayhem. Here, Mom ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and three young\nchildren, fourteen, ten, twelve and eight. They gave us I believe it was one\nhour or a half an hour--I don't remember. I believe it was one hour--to pack. We\ndidn't know what to pack. We didn't know what to take. We didn't know where we\nwere going. We didn't know whether to take food. We didn't have enough food even\nif we wanted to take. We didn't have luggage in those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days, so we used blankets\nand sheets, and we put our belongings in blankets and sheets. We took as much\nfood as we could, and we tied those blankets and sheets on the backs of our\nlittle brothers and mine, and I remember trudging, a two- or three-mile walk\nfollowing the policemen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the train station. The spectators were lined up on\nthe street as we were led to our deaths, to our gallows. Spectators were lined\nup on the streets, applauding the police, shouting epithets at us, taunting us.\nIt was a ghoulish scene ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I will never forget. I never realized until then\nthe inbred hatred of those people when we were led like sheep to the\nslaughterhouse, and they were applauding the Germans for taking us to the gallows.\n\nGHITIS: You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said your mother had to take care of three children?\n\nLYNN: Four of us.\n\nGHITIS: The four of you. You were older.\n\nLYNN: I was the oldest.\n\nGHITIS: Had you--[Unintelligible] Did your parents, when you were all together,\never discuss the possibility of leaving? Did they have an inkling of what could\nbe ahead? Do you remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conversations?\n\nLYNN: I remember very vaguely we talked about going to America, but we did not\nhave the means. We were already isolated. We could not write--during the war, no\nletters could be sent to America or to our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relatives. We lost track of some of\nour relatives. In some cases, we wrote letters, we never got answers. We didn't\nknow whether those letters ever got there or not. We were trapped. We had no\nplace to go. We were liked trapped animals. We couldn't go up or down.\n\nGHITIS: Going back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the story, you boarded the train. What was your first destination?\n\nLYNN: The first destination was to our ghetto, where we spent two weeks.\n\nGHITIS: We covered that story.\n\nLYNN: Yes, we already covered that.\n\nGHITIS: You eventually ended up in Auschwitz.\n\nLYNN: Right.\n\nGHITIS: Who gave you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support, or did you get any support when you were there\nfrom any of the inmates? Was there anyone who was kind to you?\n\nLYNN: Auschwitz was a death camp, and by and large everyone looked out for\nhimself or herself. On occasion you would find a saint, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tried to share the\nlittle they had with us, but I would say the preponderance of those of us who\nwere there, the majority of those of us who were there, animal instincts came\nout of all of us. Our primal instincts for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survival were all the same. We all\nfought for a crumb of bread, for an extra spoon of food. There was little\ncompassion there from others, or little help. There could be exceptions, but I\nhave not seen them.\n\nGHITIS: Do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember incidents of exceptional brutality?\n\nLYNN: I can remember an incident of exceptional passiveness more than brutality.\nBrutality was part of the order, part of the day, part of the environment, part\nof our being there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was more exception was that on occasion we saw some\nguards who had a more passive attitude, who did not participate in the\nbrutality, but that was an exception rather than the rule.\n\nGHITIS: Do you have a positive story about those days? Anything remarkable ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that\ngave you hope?\n\nLYNN: The most remarkable story that I can relate to is that faith played a big\npart to those of us who survived. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refused to give up. We felt that faith\nwould save us, faith would salvage us, faith would redeem us. That was the most\nremarkable thing. I had a rabbi, chief rabbi from--he was called the Satmar\nrabbi--I remember his name was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Halberstam. He and I bunked together. In fact, I\nalso bunked together with Leon Blum. He was the former prime minister of France.\nBut this rabbi was probably one of the most remarkable persons, Halberstam. He\nprayed. None of us cared about religion. We had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faith, but there was a\ncontradiction. We were angry with God because He turned His back on us. But this\nrabbi never gave up on God, on faith, and he kept on encouraging us to have faith.\n\nGHITIS: Did you?\n\nLYNN: No. I did not have a great deal of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faith. I did not have faith in religion\nor God, but what sustained me was my mind-set, my powerful mind-set, my keen\ninterest, my keen zealousness to survive. But my religion was the first victim,\nor the second ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"victim. My parents were the first victim, and my religion was the\nnext victim. This was not uncommon. We lost touch with God. Some of us still\nretained the faith, but we were very ambivalent about God and faith. On one\nhand, we felt that faith would redeem us. On the other hand, we were angry with\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"God. We said how can any loving God allow this to happen to His chosen people?\n\nGHITIS: This contradiction, apparent contradiction, where your religion was your\nfirst victim, did it change after the war years, after time went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by? Did you\nrecover your faith?\n\nLYNN: I was cynical about religion for many years. I did not want to participate\nin any religion. In fact, I was cynical not only about Jewish religion, but I\nwas cynical about all religions because I felt that there was a conspiracy. How\ncould any faith, any God-fearing person, any person who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believes in the precepts\nof the Gospel allow for this to happen to innocent people, to God-fearing\npeople? So I became very cynical about all faiths. But as the years went by, as\nI got older, I drifted back to my religion. I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more mindful of the need to have\nconnection to a faith because faith is a seatbelt in life. We all, when we have\nproblems in our, when we are in our last days in life, when we feel that we're\nagainst the wall, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always invoke faith. So yes, I became somewhat more\nattached to religion. In fact, until recently, I was on the board of our temple.\n\nGHITIS: Which is?\n\nLYNN: Temple Beth Tikvah. I resigned from the board last year, but I was on the\nboard, and I was very active. I'm a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contributor, one of the bigger contributors\nto the temple. But I still have some reservations about religion. I have not\nbeen able to eradicate my doubts totally. I became--initially was an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"atheist.\nNow I moved from atheism to--I became an agnostic somewhat, so that's progress.\nI call myself a born-again Jew.\n\nGHITIS: In terms of survivor associations, what is the history of your\nparticipation? I know you're an active speaker these days, but are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you currently\ninvolved in any survivor or war victims organizations?\n\nLYNN: No, and I have never been active, and the reason being that I have always\nwanted to disconnect myself from the past. I did not want to, for many years, to\nconfront the past. Talking to survivors is confronting again a past that I\nwanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forget. The best way to forget a past is not to be connected to other\nsurvivors because when you talk to other survivors, it starts: \"Where are you\nfrom? Where have you been during the war? How did you survive?\" These are fairly\ncommon questions, and I did not want to confront those questions and talk about\nthose. So I have chosen over the years not to be involved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with survivors. In\nfact, when I moved to Atlanta in 1956, I was unaware of any survivors being in\nAtlanta other than me. I understand we have a handful of them now, probably two\nor three dozen of them. They came from different parts of the country. I didn't\nthink we had any other survivors. But while I was in New York--I was a student\nin New York. There were many survivors, but I did not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"associate with many of them.\n\nGHITIS: How would you say your experience during the war years affected your\nfamily life? Or did it? Do you think that the fact that you are a survivor has\nhad an impact on your family life?\n\nLYNN: Oh, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes. The impact is that you are more protective of your family. You\nfeel more insecure. One of the side effects that it had, you feel insecure about\nyour children. For example. I'm always concerned about them being hurt, about\ndriving, habits, about their lifestyles, and you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become very, very insecure\nabout your own life and your children's lives. That is a direct effect of my\nexperience. You also have a higher regard for life, for the values, the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"civilized values, for freedom, for democracy, for pluralism. It had a tremendous\nimpact on me because, as a kid, we never had freedom of choice. We never had\nfreedom of religion. We never had the freedom to become what we wanted to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become. So now that we had all those options--when I came to this country, I was\ngiven those options by virtue of my presence. That has had a tremendous impact\non my life.\n\nGHITIS: Did you share with your children your experiences during the war as they\nwere growing up?\n\nLYNN: No, I never went into detail with my children. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know considerably more\nabout me or whoever reads my life story will know far more about me than my\nchildren. I shared with my children a very cursory view, a very shallow view, so\nto speak, of my experiences. They know that I was in concentration ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp, but\nthey don't have any idea of what I went through. They know where I was raised in\neastern Hungarian, but they don't know the community and what life was like in\nthose days. I did not want to burden my children with those stories, and I\ndidn't want to give my children any guilt feelings about them having a better\nlife ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or about anything else that might cause them discomfort. So I never shared\nmuch with my children.\n\nGHITIS: What are your children's names, by the way?\n\nLYNN: The oldest one is Roberta, the next one is Anita, and my youngest one is\nAllen. There's two daughters and a son.\n\nGHITIS: Could you tell me a little about what they do, who they are?\n\nLYNN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roberta works for a software company. She's a graduate of American\nUniversity in Washington, D.C. She is single, by choice. She has not found the\nright mate, and she claims she is happy with her status, quote.\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How old is she?\n\nLYNN: She is forty-six. My middle daughter, Anita, is also, to my chagrin,\nsingle. She's an attorney. She is forty-four, and she is involved in family law\nand divorces, and she claims that that has been a negative in her life, that she\nhas seen too much grief and does not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to get connected with a man. Whether\nthat's true or not, I'm not sure, but--My son is forty-two. He's married,\nhappily married. He owns his own business. He's a mortgage broker. He has his\nown business, very successful business.\n\nGHITIS: What is his name?\n\nLYNN: His name is Allen.\n\nGHITIS: Allen?\n\nLYNN: Allen, A-1-l-e-n.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Did you share with your spouse your wartime experiences?\n\nLYNN: No. No.\n\nGHITIS: What is her name, by the way?\n\nLYNN: Sonia. My wife's name is Sonia, S-o-n-i-a., She was born and raised in\nNashville, Tennessee.\n\nGHITIS: How did you meet her?\n\nLYNN: She was in Atlanta visiting, and I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"introduced to her by a mutual friend.\n\nGHITIS: How long have you been married?\n\nLYNN: We've been married for forty-seven years.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me a little bit about your profession, your occupation. I know you\nhave been a successful business executive.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LYNN: When I came to Atlanta in 1956 after school, after my school years, I\njoined a company in the chemical field, and I was placed on a management\ntraining program. I became ultimately ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the president of that company. I was with\nthat company for over twenty years. I ran that company, and we were an\ninternational company. I traveled to many parts of the world, setting up\ndivisions for that company. We sold the company in the eighties, early eighties,\nI ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe. Then I joined another company that the former owner and I formed, and\nI was president and chairman of the board of that second company. We sold that\ncompany, and I later became a consultant for a company in Chicago, Illinois,\nfrom where I retired.\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What were the names of those companies?\n\nLYNN: They sold out. They're divisions of other companies. You wouldn't know\nthem because they sold out to other companies and ultimately folded in, in other companies.\n\nGHITIS: You talked about two of your friends from the time when you were a young\nrefugee. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could you say a little about them?\n\nLYNN: Two of my friends?\n\nGHITIS: You told me one was a physicist.\n\nLYNN: Physicist, right.\n\nGHITIS: Talk to me about those friendships.\n\nLYNN: I had this friend of mine. He and I were very close. We went to college\ntogether in New York. His name is Alfred Kahn. We were in Ireland together, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came\nto this country together, and we were like twin brothers for many years in New York.\n\nGHITIS: While you were in Ireland together, I know your story--\n\nLYNN: He was part of the group that was rescued by Dr. Schonfeld. He was from\nRomania. I was from Hungary. And Dr. Schonfeld found him also somewhere--I don't\nknow where--and take him to Ireland with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, and he and I and a third friend,\n[Gustav] \"Gus\" Lowy [pronounced LOW-vee], formed a strong friendship for many\nyears. This friend, Alfred Kahn, when he finished school in New York, he met a\nlady from Boston-- no, no, he met a lady in New York and decided that he was\ngoing to--he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accepted by MIT [Massachusetts Institute of Technology]. He\nwent to MIT, and from there to Harvard [University] to get his PhD in physics\nand became a physicist. He married this lady in New York. She was a\npsychologist, child psychologist, and they made their home in Boston for many\nyears. He and I maintained ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a close friendship for fifty years. He has also a\nvery successful family of children. All graduated from Harvard. Three children,\ntwo of them Harvard graduates and one from Yale [University]. My second friend,\nGus Lowy, became an engineer. Also New York. He and I had a very close\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friendship until he died. He passed away roughly fifteen, twenty years ago. And\nthat was pretty much the end of my relationship with people from the past. As I\nsaid earlier, I am not associated with many people from the past because of the\nfact that I did not want to be reminded. This friend, by the way, Alfred Kahn,\nwho is the physicist--he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not in Auschwitz. He was hidden by Gentiles in Romania.\n\nGHITIS: How about your other friend?\n\nLYNN: My other friend, Gus Lowy--he was in Budapest. He lived in Budapest, and\nhe was hidden in Budapest by family, so he was not in Auschwitz. Of the three\nfriends, I was the only one in Auschwitz.\n\nGHITIS: Did you ever receive any kind of restitution?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LYNN: I never applied for restitution--and that's a good question, and it's good\nfor them to hear this--because I felt this was blood money. I refused to apply.\nI refused to take any money. I was urged by many people to sign up. I refused to\ndo it.\n\nGHITIS: What about long-term effects of your imprisonment, of forced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"labor? Have\nyou been feeling them? Are they part of your life?\n\nLYNN: In terms of psychological, there are two types of effects. I don't know if\nyou're referring to psychological or physical effect. Which is the one that you\nare asking about?\n\nGHITIS: Both. Both.\n\nLYNN: Psychologically, yes, it has had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I would refer to as an onerous or\noppressive effect on my life, psychologically, because there is not a day that\ngoes by where my experiences are not evocative. As I get older, it becomes more\nand more of an issue because, as you sum up your life, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you ask yourself, What\nwould life have been if this did not happen to me? Where would I have died?\nWhere would I have lived? What would have become of me? How would I have fared\nin life? I always feel that I never made it to the finish line in life. In spite\nof my financial ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"success, I feel I never made it to the finish line because my\nlife has not been whole in that respect. I feel like there was a vacuum left in\nmy life, an emptiness in life that has never been filled. So psychologically, I\nfeel very much unfulfilled, and I have not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been, per se--as a child, I was a\nvery happy child, but the scars of my experience have affected my mind-set, and\nso it became a daily--it became an everlasting experience. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Physically, I'm\namazed that I have not been affected more than I have. When I was liberated from\nconcentration camp, for about ten years I had some heart conditions, developed a\nheart condition that was my heart was racing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"constantly. It was beating too\nfast, and I had periodic pains in my chest, but luckily none of this became a\ndisability and none of this impaired my life in any way. I outgrew it over the\nyears. I have not felt the effects, physical effect. The body is an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"amazing\nthing because it has the tremendous healing power, and I healed physically\nquicker than mentally. My physical condition has been by and large fairly good.\nIt took me a number of years before I physically recovered from my ordeal, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9870.0,9900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but\non the whole, over the years, I have not had any physical effects, or lingering effects.\n\nGHITIS: I heard you use the expression, \"like sheep to a slaughterhouse.\" What\ndo you think of this widely-held, somewhat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9900.0,9930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"predominant opinion that many of the\nprisoners went like sheep to the slaughterhouse? What is your thinking on that?\n\nLYNN: Well, you know, I would be contradicted by some people, Jewish people in\nparticular, that we did not fight or we did not resist. By and large, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nresistance of our people was very low. With the except of the Warsaw Ghetto and\na few more isolated incidents, the resistance was very low, and the reason for\nthat--and I have thought about this throughout much of my life, why we were led\nlike sheep to the slaughterhouse--we were raised in a ghetto mind-set, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be\npassive, to be obedient, not to be confrontational. We never had the confidence,\non top of that, because we were oppressed all our lives, and we did not have the\nconfidence to rise and to fight. So when the time came when we were led to the\ngallows, to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9990.0,10020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crematoriums, to the gas chambers, we were passive. Had we known\nwhere we were being led, maybe we would have put up a resistance. I don't know.\nBut by and large, the people, especially in the smaller communities, where we\nwere more oppressed than people in the larger communities, where we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=10020.0,10050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"less\nself-confidence, where we were more deprived, where we lived in greater\ndeprivation, we were very passive people, unfortunately, and that did not\ncontribute to our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safety. We had a messianic mind-set. We felt that God is going\nto redeem us. God is watching over us, and we had the messianic mind-set that we\nwould be redeemed by God or by the Messiah, so that was a third problem that\ncaused this kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=10080.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"passiveness that we did not fight for our survival.\n\nGHITIS: I want to thank you very much for doing this.\n\nLYNN: You're welcome.\n\nGHITIS: End of interview with Mr. Murray Lynn, Atlanta, Georgia, March [sic.\nMay] 25th, 2005. Resumption of interview with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Murray Lynn.\n\nLYNN: I just would like to make a final statement to those of you interested in\nhistory and justice, to those of you who will read our stories in the years to\ncome and generations to come. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=10140.0,10170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And my message is that the war of ideas and\nideologies continue to divide and polarize nations across the universe.\nExtremist ideologies are once again the greatest threat to pluralism and the\nprecepts of a free and inclusive society. We paid the ultimate price for our\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=10170.0,10200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beliefs in ethnicity. I fear, deeply fear, that the rising tide of fanaticism\nand resurgent hatreds casts yet another cloud of uncertainty and danger to our\npeople that must be confronted. The leadership of your nation has a special\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=10200.0,10230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"responsibility, indeed a moral mandate, to be on the forefront, to inculcate\nyour children and grandchildren with the precepts of a just and tolerant\nsociety. The greatest danger to the survival of any nation are the apostles of\npurity and fanaticism, who claim sole possession ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=10230.0,10260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/transcript/24759/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the truth on how to live,\nand what religion and ideologies to invoke and embrace. We have seen the dire\nconsequences of such perverted ideologies. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=10260.0,10290.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the time, what is known as the Czech Republic today was then Czechoslovakia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the period between World War I and World War II, Hungarian Jews were violently persecuted. Anti-Jewish legislation began in 1920, when Hungary had passed one of the first anti-Semitic laws in Europe. Persecution continued in the 1930's with a series of “Jewish Laws” that restricted the number of Jews in universities, liberal professions, administration, and commerce. Hungarian racial laws passed between 1938 and 1941 were modeled on Germany’s Nuremberg Laws. Among other provisions, the laws defined “Jews” in so-called racial terms, forbade intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews, and excluded Jews from full participation in various professions. The laws also barred employment of Jews in the civil service and restricted their opportunities in economic life. By 1939, many Hungarian Jews had converted to Christianity to combat the loss of work and poverty.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Hungarian government began to build an alliance with Nazi Germany soon after Hitler came to power in 1933. The result of that relationship was the annexation of regions from Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia that had belonged to Hungary prior to World War II. In October 1940, Hungary had officially aligned itself with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. By 1941, Hungary’s Jewish population had thus swelled to over 800,000. Although the Hungarian Jews were subjected to wide-ranging discrimination and persecution and tens of thousands were killed, the majority lived in relative safety for much of the war. Initially, the Hungarian government refused to deport the Jews of Hungary.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1941, Hungarian authorities required all Jews in the area to obtain valid Hungarian citizenship papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter Germany’s defeat at Stalingrad and other battles in which Hungary lost tens of thousands of its soldiers, the alliance with Germany began to weaken. Recognizing that Germany was likely to lose the war, Hungary began negotiating an armistice with the western allies. To prevent losing the territory, German forces invaded. In March 1944, Germany occupied Hungary.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite anti-Semitic restrictions and the execution of some 20,000 Jews who had not obtained Hungarian citizenship in 1942, most Hungarian Jews were spared deportation prior to the German occupation of the country in 1944, as the Nazis did not directly control the internal activities of their allies and Hungary had initially refused to deport its Jewish population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs early as May 1938, Hungary had adopted comprehensive anti-Jewish laws and measures. In 1941, racial laws that were modeled on Germany’s Nuremberg Laws were introduced. Among other provisions, the laws defined \"Jews\" in so-called racial terms, forbade intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews, excluded Jews from full participation in various professions, and restricted their opportunities in economic life. Until the German occupation in March 1944, however, Jews were not required to wear yellow stars. After German occupation, Jewish businesses and property were immediately seized and Jews were forced to wear the Jewish badge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn April 1944, Hungarian authorities ordered Hungarian Jews living outside Budapest (roughly 500,000) to concentrate in certain cities, usually regional government seats. Hungarian gendarmes were sent into the rural regions to round up the Jews and dispatch them to the cities, where makeshift ghettos were established. None of these ghettos existed for more than a few weeks and many were liquidated within days. Hungarian authorities began to systematically deport the Hungarian Jews. In May, deportations began. In just eight weeks, more than 420,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Most were murdered on arrival. When the fiercely anti-Semitic Arrow Cross party came to power in October 1944, thousands of Jews from Budapest were murdered and tens of thousands more were sent on death marches.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy the time the Soviet army liberated Hungary in April 1945, up to 568,000 Hungarian Jews had perished.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to a 1941 census, Hungary, including the recently annexed territories, had a Jewish population of 825,000—less than 6 percent of the total population. About 63,000 died or were killed prior to the German occupation in March 1944. Under German occupation, just over 500,000 died from maltreatment or were murdered. Some 255,000 Jews, less than one-third of those who had lived within enlarged Hungary in March 1944, survived the Holocaust. About 190,000 of these were residents of Hungary in its 1920 borders.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Russian army drew near the extermination and slave labor camps in the East, the Germans marched the prisoners on foot out of the camps to the West, usually back into Germany where they were often abandoned in camps such as Bergen-Belsen and Buchenwald.  These marches could last for weeks, without food or water, during which time many of the prisoners died and were left along the side of the road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Carpathian Mountains are a mountain range in Central Europe that form a sort of half circle around the region. It is the second longest mountain range in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDante’s \u003cem\u003eInferno\u003c/em\u003e is an epic poem that is part of a trilogy called \u003cem\u003eThe Divine Comedy\u003c/em\u003e which was written by Dante Alighieri, an Italian poet, in the fourteenth century.\u003cem\u003e The Inferno\u003c/em\u003e describes Dante’s journey through hell.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce anti-Semitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP Camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOften, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. Initially, the Allies herded Jewish DPs and non-Jewish DPs together, but conflicts arose. The need to recognize Jews as a unique and stateless group of DPs was urgent, and became obvious to the Americans. They created the first exclusively Jewish DP camp at Feldafing, which began absorbing Jews from Dachau in the summer of 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost DP camps had been designated as either Jewish or non-Jewish by the end of 1945. In 1946 and 1947, the number of DPs in the camps rose substantially and conditions were often overcrowded and harsh. New organization and policies eventually took shape that substantially improved the DPs camps. Refugees were given some authority to manage their own affairs and some survivors began to establish new political and cultural lives. Many DPs married and started families while in the camps.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHoratio Alger was an American author who wrote rags-to-riches stories of young men finding their way to achieve the American Dream of making one’s own success.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust was the systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the Germans to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of nearly 6,000,000 Jews. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Crusades were religious wars fought in an attempt to spread Christianity and take back the Holy Land from the Muslims. Crusades is also a term that is used to refer to any religiously/church sanctioned campaigns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Spanish Inquisition took place in the late 1400s in Spain and its colonies. It was an attempt to search out heretics in the Catholic religion. It was worsened by royal laws that expelled Jews and Muslims from Spain if they did not convert to Catholicism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi era, as referred to by Mr. Lynn, is also known as the Third Reich. This government lasted from 1933-1945 with Adolf Hitler, head of the Nazi party, ruling as the Chancellor of Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Communist era took place in Russia from 1922-1991 and begin with the establishment of the Soviet Union by Vladimir Lenin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA French Enlightenment writer, Voltaire was known for his championship of civil freedoms and attacks on Christianity. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSonderkommando\u003c/em\u003e (German: special command or detail) refers to several types of special units during World War II. The name was assigned to groups of Jewish slave labor units that were employed in the gas chambers and crematoria of extermination camps. Charged with removing the bodies of those gassed for cremation or burial, they were forced to participate in the extermination process. Jewish \u003cem\u003eSonderkommando\u003c/em\u003e units often were rewarded with better food and physical conditions than other inmates but were also typically executed after a few weeks or months, only to be replaced by a new group of prisoners.    \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz II, or Auschwitz-Birkenau had the largest total prisoner population. It was divided into more than a dozen sections separated by electronic barbed-wire fences, and was patrolled by SS guards. The camp included sections for women, men, a family camp for \u003cem\u003eRoma\u003c/em\u003e, and a family camp for Jewish families deported from the Theresienstadt ghetto. Auschwitz-Birkenau also contained the facilities for a killing center. It played a central role in the German plan to kill the Jews of Europe. Near Birkenau, the SS initially converted two farmhouses for use as gas chambers. “Provisional” gas chamber I went into operation in January 1942, and was later dismantled. “Provisional” gas chamber II operated from June 1942 through the fall of 1944. The SS judged these facilities to be inadequate for the scale of gassing they planned at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Four large crematorium buildings were constructed between March and June 1943. Each had three components: a disrobing area, a large gas chamber and crematorium ovens. The SS continued gassing operations at Auschwitz-Birkenau until November 1944. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald was established in a wooded area near Weimer, Germany at the beginning July 1937. Originally it held political prisoners, criminals, Communists, “asocials” etc. from the area. The camp also came to house Soviet prisoners-of-war.   \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVarious forms of diversion were instituted at Buchenwald for the entertainment of either SS guards or non-Jewish prisoners, including a movie theatre, zoo, and brothel. After \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e on November 9, 1938, German SS and police sent almost 10,000 Jews to Buchenwald. They were subjected to extraordinary cruelty upon arrival and 600 Jewish prisoners died during their brief imprisonment. Due to pressure from the victim’s families and Jewish and International organizations, the Germans released over 9,000 Jews from Buchenwald at the end of 1938.   \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first prisoners were forced to build it from scratch without proper machinery or tools or adequate food. The initial death rate was high. Over time the camp also became a production site in its own right, a military base, and civilian SS settlement. The prisoners were used to clear forests, work in a quarry, at a brick mill, laying water pipes, building gas lines, and in various workshops including armaments factory. In addition to “extermination through work” the camp was also known for its cruel punishment system and medical experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA crematorium was constructed in Buchenwald in 1940. However, by February 1945, the Germans could no longer obtain fuel for its operation. As a result, the corpses piled up and the number of rats increased dramatically. In mid-March, they began burying the corpses in mass graves. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1942-1943 the camp also assumed the role of a transit camp as it absorbed prisoners were other places and assigned them to work camps and factories in the area. A “Small Camp” was established to process these prisoners, who were held in quarantine until they were assigned to other work camps. The conditions in the Small Camp were even worse than in the Main Camp. The prisoners were housed in ex-stables and later tents.   By early 1945 the Small Camp had essentially become a camp of death and disease where prisoners were just dumped to die.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to a large Jewish population, Buchenwald also held political prisoners, criminals, Communists, and “asocials.” Over time, more and more foreign prisoners were sent to Buchenwald, including Czech, Slovak, Dutch, Polish, French, Spanish and Soviet POWs, forced laborers, and resistance fighters. Eventually, there were prisoners from 35 nationalities in the camp. The total population in Buchenwald varied between 8,000-10,000 inmates to a peak of roughly 48,000 prisoners in April 1945.   \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy 1943, the Communist prisoners in Buchenwald had control of all the important camp positions, including the camp elder and almost all block elders, as well as foremen in the important detachments. As one of the larger, more stable groups in the camp, they built an administration structure that secured privileges, improved their chances of survival and, while indispensable to the SS, also managed to channel the SS terror. There also existed a parallel secret organization of (mostly German) Communists, the International Camp Committee Buchenwald (\u003cem\u003eInternationales Lagerkomitee Buchenwald\u003c/em\u003e, ILKB). The ILKB was the largest Communist   underground organization within the camp system and it controlled and coordinated the prisoners’ activities. The organization also included a mobile security force known as the \u003cem\u003eLagerschutz\u003c/em\u003e [German: camp protection]. To some extent, the \u003cem\u003eLagerschutz\u003c/em\u003e was able to limit the SS presence in the camp. They also had plans for an armed uprising by the prisoners, which was to be done on strict military lines with the few weapons that had been smuggled into the camp.   \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Allies deliberately did not bomb camps where only the labor was kept. However, around Buchenwald, there were many legitimate military targets in the form of factories. During the day of August 24, 1944, American bombers attacked the armaments works and SS facilities located near the main camp and largely destroyed them. Because the prisoners were forced to remain near the factory during the air raid, 2,000 of them were injured and 388 killed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the camps close to the advancing Allied front were evacuated in August 1944, Buchenwald’s population increased to 31,491 prisoners and its 64 subcamps had a population of 43,500 prisoners. By the end of the year, 63,048 men and 24,210 women were in Buchenwald and its subcamps. The overcrowding left many lodged in tents or with no roof over their heads whatsoever.   \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald was evacuated in April 1945 ahead of the American army. Due to time, the 48,000 prisoners in the camp only about 28,000 were evacuated—mostly Jews and Soviet prisoners-of-war. It is estimated that only about 1/3 of the prisoners survived the aimless death marches. Buchenwald was liberated on April 11, 1945. Of the 3,000 SS guards most fled; only 80 were captured. In all, approximately 56,000 of the 238,980 prisoners who went through Buchenwald died. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen American troops liberated the Buchenwald concentration camp on April 11, 1945, they found a group of approximately 1000 Jewish child survivors. Most of the children were originally from Poland, though others came from Hungary, Slovenia and Ruthenia. American army chaplains contacted the offices of the OSE (\u003cem\u003eOeuvre de Secours aux Enfants\u003c/em\u003e), the Jewish children's relief organization in Geneva. They arranged to send 427 of the children to France, 280 to Switzerland, and 250 to England.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEliezer “Elie” Wiesel was a Holocaust survivor and author who wrote on his experiences during the Holocaust in both Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps. He is most famous for his book Night which recalls his time in the concentration camps and a look at his life right after liberation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYeshiva\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew for “sitting”) is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a \u003cem\u003eTalmudic\u003c/em\u003e college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzechoslovakia was a country that came into existence in 1918 after separating from the Austro-Hungarian Empire (which dissolved into Austria and Hungary post-WW1). In 1993, Czechoslovakia split into the countries it is known as today: the Czech Republic and Slovakia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation is a non-profit organization that is part of the Jewish Federation of North America. It is an organization that provides services to Jewish communities and exists in many cities across North America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReferred to here by Mr. Lynn as the “American Jewish Federation”, he is speaking of the Jewish Federations of North America, the umbrella organization that includes the Jewish Federation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHIAS was founded in 1881. Its original purpose was to help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere.    \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Solomon Schonfeld was a hero of the Holocaust, managing to save thousands of Jewish lives. He organized various recuse mission throughout the Holocaust, securing papers and transports for Jewish people in danger of extermination on mainland Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Iron Curtain was the division established between Western and Eastern Europe in the time of the USSR’s expansion post-WW2. It blocked Eastern Europeans’ access to West and highly restricted Western Europeans’ access to the East. It was solidified by the constriction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 in Berlin, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Victorian, castle-like house that exists in Ireland. The house served as a home for the Nugent family up until 1922. The house served as a home for the Jewish children rescued by Dr. Schonfeld after the Holocaust before becoming privately owned once more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva University was founded in 1886 in New York City, New York. It is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States that combines Jewish scholarship with studies in the liberal arts, sciences, medicine, law, business, social work, Jewish studies, education, and psychology.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA public high school in New York City, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThose who subscribe to Zionism, that is, support for a Jewish national state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA public university that is part of the City University of New York system. It houses several schools, including a business and arts school. It was named for Bernard Baruch, a famous financier and statesman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBernard Baruch was best known for being a philanthropist and a political consultant to Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York University was founded in 1831 and is today a private university in New York City with satellite campuses in Dubai and Shanghai.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA division within Judaism especially in North America and Western Europe. Historically it began in the nineteenth century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e and women rabbis), music is allowed in the services and most of the service is in English.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. They also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis and \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvahs\u003c/em\u003e). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA fridge\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: \u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e. The anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday is celebrated. The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life. In addition to eating \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e during the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats unless those foods are labeled ‘\u003cem\u003ekosher\u003c/em\u003e for Passover.’ Jews traditionally have separate dishes for Passover. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSeder\u003c/em\u003e (meaning “order” in Hebrew”) is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted on the evening of the fifteenth day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar throughout the world. Some communities hold \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e on both the first two nights of Passover. The \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e incorporates prayers, candle lighting, and traditional foods symbolizing the slavery of the Jews and the exodus from Egypt.  It is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew word ‘\u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e’ refers to precepts and commandments as commanded by God. It is used in rabbinical Judaism to refer to the 613 commandments given in the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e at Mount Sinai and the seven rabbinic commandments instituted later for a total of 620. In its secondary meaning, the Hebrew ‘\u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e’ refers to a moral deed performed as a religious duty.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine’ was the name of the area that is now Israel and Jordan. After World War I, the area came under the administration of the British and was called the “British Mandate.”  After World War II, the states of Israel and Trans-Jordan (now Jordan) were established.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although people may use the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSatmar is a Hasidic group originating from the city of Szatmárnémeti, Hungary (now Satu Mare, Romania), where it was founded by founded by Rabbi Moshe Teitelbaum in 1905.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeon Blum was a French Prime Minister and socialist. Due to his being Jewish, he was imprisoned when the Nazis overtook France. He ended in Buchenwald where he survived and went on to resume political leadership role in France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Beth Tikvah is a Reform Judaism synagogue in Atlanta. It was founded in 1987.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA research university in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMIT is a technical college in Cambridge, Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarvard University is located in Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts and holds the record for being the United States’ oldest university as it was founded in 1636.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA university located in New Haven, Connecticut, Yale was founded in 1701.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/annotation_set/455/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePolish: Warszawa. The Jewish community in Warsaw was the largest in Poland, composing about 30 percent of the entire population of the city (about 337,000 Jews). Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture.   \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Germans ordered the establishment of the ghetto in October 1940 and a \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e was set up with Adam Czerniakow as its head. The Jews of Warsaw were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. Jews from the surrounding area were also pushed into the ghetto, the population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter or basic necessities. After the Warsaw ghetto was sealed in November 1940, there were restrictions on the amount of food allowed in the ghetto. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe daily food rations in the Warsaw ghetto were the equivalent of one-tenth of the required minimum daily calorie intake. The Germans were effectively starving ghetto inhabitants. Although illegal, smuggling food quickly became the most prevalent form of economic activity in the ghetto. Widespread smuggling of food and medicines into the ghetto supplemented the miserable official allotments and kept the death rate from increasing still further. Thousands of Jews died every month. In just 18 months nearly 100,000 Jews died of starvation, privation, disease and overwork.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen it was first established in 1940, the ghetto was divided into a “large” ghetto and a “small” ghetto. A wall over ten feet high and topped with barbed wire surrounded the ghetto was closely guarded to prevent movement between the ghetto and the rest of Warsaw.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first mass deportation began in July 1942 and lasted until August. Every day 6,000 to 7,000 Jews were seized and put on trains. In just ten days, nearly 65,000 Jews were deported. They were told they were being resettled to the east to work but instead they were transported to Treblinka death camp where they were murdered. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started. By this time, most of the Jews knew what had happened to those deported before them and they did not go voluntarily to the trains, but instead hid in bunkers. In order to fill the trains the Germans now had to rout Jews out of hiding.  \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first act of resistance occurred during this period, when a number of armed Jews opened fire on SS guards leading a deportation column. This resistance surprised the Germans who could no longer move through the ghetto without resistance or fill the trains quickly and efficiently and the deportations were discontinued. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe deportations resumed again on April 19, 1943 and this time the entire ghetto was to be liquidated. The Germans were met by stiff resistance from Mordechai Anielewicz and the ZOB (Jewish Fighting Organization.) Again they temporarily withdrew in disorder. A new commander was appointed, General Jurgen Stroop, who returned to the ghetto in full force with 850 soldiers, tanks and armored cars. The Germans literally destroyed the ghetto building by building, block by block, burning and demolishing the ghetto one street at a time. As they routed the Jews out of hiding by fire or poison gas, the Jews they found were either put on a transport or shot on the spot. The resistance continued for three weeks as the Jewish fighters were forced to withdraw steadily before the German onslaught.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn July 19, 1943—after the Warsaw ghetto was officially liquidated—a special concentration camp was set up there. The camp was called \u003cem\u003eKonzentrationslager Warschau\u003c/em\u003e but was known as “Gesiowka” after the prison for the Jews that had been in the ghetto and in which they were now housed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbout 2,000 Jews of Warsaw survived in the camps and about another 10,000 in the Aryan part of the city. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=9960.0,9990.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/index/47804","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Lynn, Murray [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/index/47804/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History, Regional History, and Murray's Early Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=35.0,242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/index/47804/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My family history was rooted in Eastern Europe where we lived for six, seven centuries, as far as I know. I was raised in Eastern Europe roughly 150 miles east of Budapest [Hungary], in a community called Bilke, B-i-l-k-e, which was formerly Eastern Europe.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=35.0,242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/index/47804/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Leicht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bilke, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carpathian Mountains","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czech Republic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eastern Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fascism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Injustice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prejudice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosa Leicht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=35.0,242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/index/47804/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Losing His Father and Taken to Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=242.0,518.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/index/47804/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1942 the Hungarian Fascist soldiers knocked on our door in the middle of the night and asked for my dad. My dad wanted to know what the problem was, and he was told to get dressed and to go with those soldiers. We protested and wanted to know why he was taken and where he was taken, but there was no response.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=242.0,518.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/index/47804/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Leicht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carpathian Mountains","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Execution","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Financial Struggles","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian Fascist Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Leaders","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosa Leicht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=242.0,518.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/index/47804/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Separated From His Family and His Life in Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=518.0,889.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/index/47804/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we got to Auschwitz after two nightmarish days, my family and I were separated. My mom and my three younger brothers were taken on one side, and I was assigned to a work camp. I was fourteen at that time, and I was assigned to a work camp. Mom and my three younger brothers were consigned to the gas chambers. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=518.0,889.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/index/47804/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Barracks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dehumanization","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Extermination Program","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gas Chambers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Prisoners","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosa Leicht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slave Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Starvation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Work Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=518.0,889.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/index/47804/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Evacuated from Auschwitz and Moved to a More Remote Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293#t=889.0,956.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39718/file/111293/index/47804/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the final days of the war, when a German defeat appeared certain and imminent, the Gestapo, poster boys of savagery and\nbrutality, evacuated us from Auschwitz to a more remote camp in Germany so we would not be liberated by the Allied forces. 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