{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/bk16m33m6q/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Alembik, Aaron"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-02-16 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAaron Alembik interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on February 16, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia. Please note that audio cuts in and out between 57:10 and 58:30.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eAaron Alembik was born on September 28, 1930 in Mont-Saint-Martin in northeastern France. He was the middle of three children born to Harry Lewek (1898-1984) and Gitle Frejlich Alembik (1895-1972), who had immigrated from Poland in the 1920s.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939, Aaron, his parents, sister Ida (1928-2020), and brother Michael (1936-1993) were evacuated to the Bordeaux region in southwestern France. After the Germans invaded France in 1940, Aaron’s family lived in relative safety within so-called “unoccupied France,” which was administered by the collaborationist Vichy government. His father worked as a gardener on the chateau of a wealthy woman named Madame Sudre. The family lived in a barn on the property. Aaron and his sister attended nearby boarding schools.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, relatives on his mother’s side, the Gerson family, helped the family immigrate to Columbus, Georgia. Aaron, his parents, and brother arrived in New York City on June 2, 1947 aboard the Marine Flasher. His sister joined them a few months later. In 1948, they moved to Portsmouth, Virginia, where Harry was offered a job as a kosher butcher.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAaron finished high school in Portsmouth. He went on to attend William and Mary College before transferring to Georgetown. He then graduated from George Washington University Law School. Aaron’s brother later became a lawyer as well and his sister immigrated to Tel Aviv, Israel.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter briefly working at the Bangel, Bangel, and Bangel law firm in Portsmouth and then practicing in New York City, Aaron settled in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1960, he opened a law firm called Shulman and Alembik. He later opened his own practice and became a successful real estate attorney.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAaron married Judy Miller, a successful family law attorney, in 1960. They had two sons, Mark and Gary. Marc is a doctor in Virginia. Gary became a lawyer and judge, and continues to run the Alembik and Alembik law firm in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAaron died on November 7, 2013.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eAaron introduces his family. He explains how his family was evacuated from northeastern France when Germany invaded Poland and World War II began. Aaron describes his family’s life in Vichy controlled southwestern France during the war. He credits locals with protecting his family. Aaron recalls coming to the United States with his family after the war. He remembers liberation and an uncle that survived. Aaron relates how another uncle was killed by Germans and French collaborationists shortly before the end of the war. Aaron talks about visiting Europe as an adult and feeling compelled to visit his parents’ native Poland and Auschwitz-Birkenau. He discusses his early years in the United States, when his family moved from Columbus, Georgia to Portsmouth, Virginia. Aaron talks about attending college after high school and his later decision to enroll in law school. He reminisces about his jobs in college, including as an elevator attendant on Capitol Hill. Aaron shares how he met his wife. He discusses his early career as an attorney and coming to Atlanta, Georgia. He remembers his wife’s decision to become a lawyer after their children were born. Aaron reflects on the hard work and long hours he and his wife put in to build successful careers. He proudly discusses his sons becoming an attorney and a doctor. Aaron reflects on the value of Judaism in his own life and shares his perspectives on Israel, the French Jewish community, and assimilation of Jews in the United States. He fondly considers his younger brother’s successes and his grief at losing him to cancer. Aaron describes a trip with his sister back to France, where they visited their hometown and the small, provincial village where they had spent the war years. He considers his interactions with other survivors and how lucky he was to have choices many others did not have after the war. Aaron talks about his relationships with surviving family members and his enjoyment of retirement. He considers the antisemitism of the 1930s and its continuation today. He discusses his opinions on intermarriage and conversion. Aaron talks about sharing his own story with others and what legacy he hopes to leave behind.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28316"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["World War, 1939-1945 (topical)","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) (topical)","Jews -- United States (topical)","Jewish lawyers (topical)","Jews -- France (topical)","World War, 1939-1945 -- Jews -- Rescue -- France (topical)","Jews -- France -- History -- 20th century (topical)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAaron Alembik interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on February 16, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia. Please note that audio cuts in and out between 57:10 and 58:30.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAaron Alembik was born on September 28, 1930 in Mont-Saint-Martin in northeastern France. He was the middle of three children born to Harry Lewek (1898-1984) and Gitle Frejlich Alembik (1895-1972), who had immigrated from Poland in the 1920s.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939, Aaron, his parents, sister Ida (1928-2020), and brother Michael (1936-1993) were evacuated to the Bordeaux region in southwestern France. After the Germans invaded France in 1940, Aaron’s family lived in relative safety within so-called “unoccupied France,” which was administered by the collaborationist Vichy government. His father worked as a gardener on the chateau of a wealthy woman named Madame Sudre. The family lived in a barn on the property. Aaron and his sister attended nearby boarding schools.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, relatives on his mother’s side, the Gerson family, helped the family immigrate to Columbus, Georgia. Aaron, his parents, and brother arrived in New York City on June 2, 1947 aboard the Marine Flasher. His sister joined them a few months later. In 1948, they moved to Portsmouth, Virginia, where Harry was offered a job as a kosher butcher.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAaron finished high school in Portsmouth. He went on to attend William and Mary College before transferring to Georgetown. He then graduated from George Washington University Law School. Aaron’s brother later became a lawyer as well and his sister immigrated to Tel Aviv, Israel.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter briefly working at the Bangel, Bangel, and Bangel law firm in Portsmouth and then practicing in New York City, Aaron settled in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1960, he opened a law firm called Shulman and Alembik. He later opened his own practice and became a successful real estate attorney.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAaron married Judy Miller, a successful family law attorney, in 1960. They had two sons, Mark and Gary. Marc is a doctor in Virginia. Gary became a lawyer and judge, and continues to run the Alembik and Alembik law firm in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAaron died on November 7, 2013.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAaron introduces his family. He explains how his family was evacuated from northeastern France when Germany invaded Poland and World War II began. Aaron describes his family’s life in Vichy controlled southwestern France during the war. He credits locals with protecting his family. Aaron recalls coming to the United States with his family after the war. He remembers liberation and an uncle that survived. Aaron relates how another uncle was killed by Germans and French collaborationists shortly before the end of the war. Aaron talks about visiting Europe as an adult and feeling compelled to visit his parents’ native Poland and Auschwitz-Birkenau. He discusses his early years in the United States, when his family moved from Columbus, Georgia to Portsmouth, Virginia. Aaron talks about attending college after high school and his later decision to enroll in law school. He reminisces about his jobs in college, including as an elevator attendant on Capitol Hill. Aaron shares how he met his wife. He discusses his early career as an attorney and coming to Atlanta, Georgia. He remembers his wife’s decision to become a lawyer after their children were born. Aaron reflects on the hard work and long hours he and his wife put in to build successful careers. He proudly discusses his sons becoming an attorney and a doctor. Aaron reflects on the value of Judaism in his own life and shares his perspectives on Israel, the French Jewish community, and assimilation of Jews in the United States. He fondly considers his younger brother’s successes and his grief at losing him to cancer. Aaron describes a trip with his sister back to France, where they visited their hometown and the small, provincial village where they had spent the war years. He considers his interactions with other survivors and how lucky he was to have choices many others did not have after the war. Aaron talks about his relationships with surviving family members and his enjoyment of retirement. He considers the antisemitism of the 1930s and its continuation today. He discusses his opinions on intermarriage and conversion. Aaron talks about sharing his own story with others and what legacy he hopes to leave behind.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/818/small/Screen_Shot_2021-03-04_at_8.33.00_PM.png?1614890007","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Alembik_Aaron.mp4"]},"duration":3578.703,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/818/small/Screen_Shot_2021-03-04_at_8.33.00_PM.png?1614890007","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/103/818/original/Alembik_Aaron.mp4?1609338913","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3578.703,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Aaron Alembik [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Today is February 16, 2001. Start with your name, please, and where and\nwhen you born.\n\nALEMBIK: Okay. Aaron, A-A-R-O-N, Isaack Alembik, A-L-E-M-B-I-K. I was born\nSeptember 28, 1930 in France. I was the second child of my parents, Harry and\nGitle, G-I-T-L-E, Alembik. I had a sister, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ida, who is two years older. I had a\nbrother, Michael, [who was] six years younger.\n\nKENT: What city?\n\nALEMBIK: Mont-Saint-Martin, M-O-N-T, which is, let's say, about 100 miles from\nNancy, in the northeastern part of France. The small place where I was born is\nequidistant--in the corner [of France]--from Luxembourg and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Belgium.\n\nKENT: Give an overview of your years before the war. What was life like?\n\nALEMBIK: Nine years old you don't remember very much. We had a happy family. My\nfather was always connected with Jewish organizations. What I remember vividly\nis the beginning of the war, September ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939. Immediately when Germany invaded\nPoland, and there was a treaty between Poland, England, and France, in which a\ndeclaration of war against one would be tantamount as a declaration of war\nagainst the others. France and England declared war against Germany. A few days\nlater, we were evacuated. [We were sent] from the northeastern part of France to\nthe southwestern part, not far from Saint-Emilion, if you are familiar with\nFrench wines, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 50 or 60 miles from Bordeaux. [We] spent the war years\nthere. We were very lucky. We lived under the Vichy government, allegedly the\nfree zone. Except for my father, who was not French and could not be drafted\ninto the military service, was taken to work in a camp in the center part of\nFrance, cutting trees and making ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"charcoal out of wood. We were lucky enough the\nlocal mayor and a lady who owned a big estate, got him out under the pretense he\nwould become the gardener. That's how we spent the war years in the southeastern\npart of France--very lucky. I was sent away at the age of 13 to a boarding\nschool for boys and my sister to a girls' boarding school, so that if something\nhappened we would not all be caught in one place at one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. [We] spent the war\nyears there. I won't go into detail. Then [we] found out after the war we had\nrelatives in Georgia. There was one gentleman [from the Gerson family] who was\ninstrumental in getting the whole family here. We came in 1947. The war years\nwere painful, but not physically. In other words, there may have been\ndepravation of food, but this was everywhere. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were lucky we lived in the\ncountry. You could have a garden. You could grow vegetables. We had rations and\ncoupons for everything, but we survived due to the kindness of people. Nobody\ncalled the French Milice, which was a collaborating force between the French and\nthe Germans, or the French police, or anybody else and said, \"There are Jews\nliving here.\" We were just lucky. I came here in 1947. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was sixteen years old.\nI had studied English, but no conversational skills at all. My sister could not\ncome with us because she had just turned eighteen, so she stayed. About nine\nmonths later, she came.\n\nKENT: Do you remember what liberation day was like and how you decided what to do?\n\nALEMBIK: When liberation came, one of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uncles who survived the Holocaust, came\nand stayed with us for a while. My mother's brother stayed with us. We lived in\na small village, far removed. It was like a third world country to some extent.\nThere were no modern means, no bathrooms, no . . . But still, I've been back\nthree or four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"times. I have good memories because it was bad, but it could have\nbeen worse. Even the local catholic priest used to visit us. It's just being\nlucky. I've always felt that my whole life has been a series of events where you\nhad to make certain decisions at the right time. Some of them, you had no\nchoice, just events happen. That's the way it worked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. Liberation was a\ntremendous feeling. My uncle who survived, his wife did not. The entire family\nwas wiped out. I had an uncle who lived in this community [where] I went to\nschool called Sainte-Foy-la-Grande. This was a community where the underground\n[Resistance] had taken over the city and then the Germans had taken it back. I\nbegged my uncle, \"Come on down to the country with me.\" It was about 15 miles.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"No. I've been here so long, I'll take my chances.\" The Germans were\ngoing to burn the city down as they threatened in many other places, but the\nmayor said, \"No, I'll give you a list of the Jews.\" They caught eight Jews--of\nwhich, one of them was my uncle--and shot them. That was right toward the end of\nthe war. Now, the war was still going on on the Eastern Front and in Germany,\nbut this was the southwestern part [of France]. There was no war there. Germans\npassed through but there was no fighting or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything except the underground blew\nup bridges, tried to hinder the Germans' ammunitions trains, and so on.\n\nKENT: What was your uncle's name?\n\nALEMBIK: My uncle's name--believe it or not--was Aaron. My name was not Aaron.\nMy name was Adelphe. My wife and I visited Auschwitz[-Birkenau] a few years ago\nwith the American Jewish Congress. As we were leaving Auschwitz[-Birkenau],\nthere was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a site where there was about ten names. It said, \"Mort pour la France\"\n[French], died for France. The first one was Aaron Alembik. It's like reading\nyour own obituary. I took a picture of that and sent it to my Uncle Aaron's\nchildren that I communicate with in Paris. It was a funny feeling. I did not\nwant to carry the name Aaron. The Orthodox do not believe in naming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"someone\nafter a living person, but my uncle was dead. I took his name. That's how it happened.\n\nKENT: Could you mention how your father got to France? You had mentioned he was\nnot French originally.\n\nALEMBIK: My parents came to France [from Poland] in 1926, shortly after they\nwere married. My sister was born in 1928. I was born in 1930. My brother [was\nborn] in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1936. Poland . . . I don't know. Maybe it was the country where there\nwas the largest Jewish population, but I consider today Poland as a Jewish\ncemetery. I was there once. I'll never go back there again. We spent almost\nthree weeks traveling through eastern Europe, concentration camps in Lithuania,\nin Poland, in Czech ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Republic. But I would never go back there. I had an\nimaginary conversation with my mother and dad. They said, \"Why should you go to\nPoland? You've never been there. You don't speak the language. There's nobody\nthere you can see. We didn't leave under the best of circumstances. There's\nnobody to talk to.\" But I wanted to go. I needed to go. Call it curiosity--maybe\nmorbid curiosity--but . . . I'm glad I went, but I would never go back. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a\nmatter of fact, we went on a cruise that went to Antarctica a few years back.\n[We] met this gentleman who was the instigator of building the synagogue at\nAuschwitz[-Birkenau]. He's the one who contributed and raised funds to build a\nsynagogue so visitors can come and say Kaddish in Auschwitz[-Birkenau]. Coming\nto-- Unless there are some other questions about--\n\nKENT: You had mentioned making important decisions. What were some of the\nimportant decisions after the war?\n\nALEMBIK: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't have much . . . I was 16 when I came over. First thing, I had\nto learn English. It was in the summertime. My first job was basically I was a\njanitor, mopping and stocking up. I'd never done any kind of work of that kind\nbefore. Then my next job was part-time selling shoes, which was good because\nthat's a way I could communicate and learn English. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started as a junior in\nhigh school in Columbus [Georgia]. I went there for one year. Then my dad got a\njob as a shochet in Portsmouth, Virginia. He had a small congregation also. I\nstayed with some of my cousins in Columbus for the remainder of the scholastic\nyear. Then I went to Portsmouth, Virginia, where I finished high school, my\nsenior year. I graduated in 1949. I was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"valedictorian in my class. Then I\nwanted to go to Georgetown. To me, that was the epitome of . . . But I couldn't,\nso I went to William and Mary, which was a division of William and Mary in\nNorfolk, Virginia. It was a struggle because I had to take a bus to the ferry, a\nferry to cross the river, and another bus to the school. It took me an hour and\na half plus to get there each way. I made it for two years, then transferred to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgetown [to study] foreign service. I finally got there.\n\nKENT: What made you decide that particular profession?\n\nALEMBIK: I've always been interested in international affairs. I'm a news junkie\nor whatever you want to call it. I read everything I can get that pertains to\nforeign affairs. I've always been interested. I speak French and I speak\nEnglish. I used to . . . I've studied German and I've studied Spanish. I felt it\nwould be a good way. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I went to Georgetown, graduated, and I had obtained, I\nthink, two or three deferments. It was the Korean War at that time. One of my\nroommates was in law school. He said, \"Aaron, what is your choice?\" He said,\n\"Why don't you go to law school?\" At that time, you didn't even have to take a\nLSAT. I called up for a transcript. I walked down the street to George\nWashington University, which was two blocks [from] where I lived. [I] registered\nand got admitted to law ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. The reason I didn't go to Georgetown is I got\ntired of taking a bus to school. I couldn't afford a car. I didn't have a car.\nIn fact, I didn't know how to drive until after. My late brother taught me how\nto drive in a parking lot right on Rock Springs Road in Atlanta. I went to law\nschool. In the meantime, I was lucky in the sense that I got a room at the\nHillel House. I was what you call a house mother. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I used to mop the floor, clean\nthe house, see that it was clean for social events. I had a free room there. We\nhad three or four fellows who lived there. One of them did the cooking and I\ncleaned the dishes. Everybody had their responsibilities. It was an interesting\nexperience. Everybody who went there did well. Either they went to law school,\nor graduate school, or succeeded in whatever endeavor they had. I finished law\nschool. Now, another thing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened. I worked in a shoe store for a while on\nSaturdays and Friday evenings. The principal from the high school I graduated\nfrom in Portsmouth, Virginia liked me. [He] got me what you call a patronage job\nwith my congressman running an elevator. You could get two kinds of patronage\n[jobs]. One of them was being a policeman at [Capitol] Hill. The other one was\nrunning an elevator for about four hours a day. I think it was in the afternoon.\nThe pay was reasonably good. It didn't involve any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mental gymnastics; just\nrunning an elevator. Meeting another congressman was fascinating. That's how I\nfinished law school, with that job. My second year of law school, I decided I'll\ntake a bar review course and take the Virginia Bar [exam]. I did and I passed\nit. The day after graduation in May of 1956, some friends and I drove to\nRichmond [Virginia] and got sworn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. Another interesting thing happened. My\nbrother--my late brother--who was going then to William and Mary College, came\nto my graduation. His date or his friend was my wife. I was twenty-five. She was\neighteen. She was a freshman in college. I was finishing law school. To ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her, I\nwas like an old man. I liked her. She was very attractive and everything. [We]\nkept in touch. Then she graduated from college four years later. She was\npre-med. I tried to communicate with her, establish a relationship. Finally we\ngot engaged in 1960--40 some years ago almost. After I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finished law school, I\nreceived a call. Somewhere near Portsmouth had a fairly large law firm. [They\nsaid,] \"Why don't come to work for us?\" I said, \"Well, I'll try.\" I went down to\nPortsmouth. I didn't like Portsmouth. It was a Navy town, just . . . I don't\nknow. I stayed there six months, then I said, \"No.\" I always wanted to go into\nthe import and export business. I gave up [on the idea of working for] the State\nDepartment ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you have to be a citizen for . . . I don't remember now if it\nwas five or ten years to take the foreign service exam. I didn't want to wait.\nThat was after I finished high school. I said, maybe when I finish college. Then\nI said, \"Well, maybe after I finish law school. Then I'll go in the back door to\nthe State Department through the legal department.\" After a while, most of my\nfriends worked for the government. I said, \"No, I don't want to work for the\ngovernment. I'm a believer in private ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"industry. Let me see I can do.\" At that\ntime, lawyers were making about $300 or $350 a month or $4,200 a year. It's mind\nboggling. I have a son who's a medical doctor. When he finished medical school\nabout eight or nine years ago, his first job he made $200,000. That's what time\ndoes. Be as it may, I went to Portsmouth, Virginia, stayed there about six\nmonths, then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moved to New York. I got two jobs. One was working for a ship\nbroker, which was interesting. Instead of making a commission on real estate,\nyou sell multimillion-dollar ships. Then I got a job with a freight\nforwarding--just for your own documentation for what it takes to do\nimport-export. After a while, I said, \"No. New York is a nice place to visit but\nnot to live.\" I came back to Atlanta. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That means I had to acquire residence.\nThey discriminated; the law does. Now it's no longer a fact. If you did not\ngraduate from [a Georgia university] as a resident, you had to wait one year to\ntake the bar exam. Now, this was clearly unconstitutional. They did away with\nthat law because why should you discriminate against people who don't live in\nGeorgia to take the bar exam? After one year, I took the bar exam, passed it. I\nwas lucky also in getting a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job with Arnall, Golden and Gregory. Now, Ellis\nArnall was Governor of Georgia in the mid-1940s. He was a very bright man way\nahead of his times. He's the only one who beat the Talmadge family, which was\nthe typical Southern demigod. They had them in Georgia, they had them in\nMississippi, they had them all over the South, even Louisiana and so on. I spent\nabout two and a half years in his law firm. I enjoyed it. It was a good\nexperience. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got to meet many people. Then I said, \"No, I'll go on my own.\" By\nthat time, I had gotten engaged. It was almost 1959 or 1960. I asked my wife,\nJudy, what does she think if I go on my own. She said, \"Do whatever you would be\ndoing if you were not getting married,\" so I left the firm. [I] rented a\none-room office, did my own typing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After about a year and half or two, I joined\nanother gentleman who became a judge subsequently, Arnold Shulman. He and I\npracticed law for a number of years together. Then my wife . . . We got married\nin 1960. Our son, Marc, was born in 1962 and our other son, [Gary, was] born a\nyear later. I told my wife that neither one of us knew what we were doing except\nI went to Catholic school and maybe that's why. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to Georgetown. I didn't\nwant to end up with the Jesuits. Georgetown is the oldest Catholic institution,\nfrom 1789. Be as it may, my wife said, \"I'd like to go back to school.\" I said,\n\"That's not going to work. You have two children.\" She was a biology major. If\nyou go to medical school, you major in biology or chemistry, one of the two. Our\nson majored in chemistry. I said, \"Why don't you try law school? You might like\nit.\" We went away one summer for two weeks to the Caribbean. I bought her a\nlittle book, Introduction to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Law. She liked it. She's got a very good mind. She\nstudied a little law and passed the bar. Then nobody wanted to give her a job.\nThey said, \"We give you a job, you'll take the business away. You'll take it to\nyour husband later.\" There was a lot of jealousy. Lawyers don't have that much\nsecurity. Lawyers at that time could not advertise. That's why lawyers become\npoliticians, active in civic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affairs, or work with the church. Their name has to\nbe disseminated. The big firms didn't advertise but many of them represent\nbanks. When a new person comes to a bank, they send them to their lawyers.\nThat's how . . . the difference between . . . Another thing they had, which was\ngood for young lawyers, they used to have a minimal fee schedule. Young lawyers\nsaid, \"Look, if I charge, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if I go less than this minimal fee schedule, I'm in\nviolation of my code of ethics.\" It was also for the protection of young\n[lawyers]. It was a two-way street. The law business was good. As soon as I\nstarted, friends of mine--CPAs [certified public accountants], real estate\nagents--sent me business. I did reasonably well. I have been fortunate in the\nsense that . . . I tell my friends I am 70, I have worked very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard, and there\nare three or four things that are important at this stage in life. One is to be\nhealthy and have a spouse who is healthy; to have a positive outlook on life;\nand the third one, to have the economic means to do the things you want to do.\nWe've been very fortunate. We both worked. I used to work 18 hours a day, night\nand day. You're busy with the phone during the day. You've got to drive\ndocuments at night. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I found Atlanta to be a wonderful city. I decided when I\nstarted practicing law that the fact that I have an accent, I don't want to go\nto court. Why should I litigate and have someone who doesn't like an accent to\nthe detriment of my clients? I said, \"No, I'm going to have an office practice\nin real estate business transactions, corporation organizations, that sort of\nthing.\" It's been very good to me. My wife on the contrary, used to play the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"theatre when she was in high school. She loved it so she became a litigation\nlawyer mostly in family law, but she was in court all the time taking\ndepositions, trying cases--today they have mitigation--mediating cases. She did\nvery well on her own, very successful. I would say my wife was one of the top\nten in the state when it came to representation [of] both men and women. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our son\nwho is a lawyer, he took over her practice basically.\n\nKENT: How would you describe the cultural, the environment of Atlanta when you\nfirst moved here?\n\nALEMBIK: It was a difficult adjustment. Culture is what you make it. The\nunfortunate thing, especially when you are a lawyer . . . I had partners but I\nwas a sole practitioner. I had a secretary but I didn't have a paralegal or I\ndidn't have a younger ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lawyer I could delegate to. I had to do it all by myself.\nYou're limited how much you can do on the outside. I love to read books. I could\nspend all day Sunday on CSPAN, watching interviews, authors, book reviews,\nthings like that. But when you practice law--this is why they say that law is a\njealous mistress--it's very demanding. Your time is not your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own, but you have\nto make a livelihood. I remember shortly after I started practicing, I was\ntaking a briefcase home in the evening. I saw one of my friends in the elevator.\nHe was an older gentleman. He said, \"Aaron, what are you doing?\" I said, \"I'm\ntaking work home.\" He said, \"Aaron, either you don't know what you're doing or\nyou need help.\" Another lawyer told me, \"Aaron, if you want to make a decent\nlivelihood practicing law, you can work from nine to five. But if you want to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"build up an estate, you've got to work nights and weekends.\" I decided I'd work\nnights and weekends, which was good to me in the sense that you have to give up\nsomething. We sent our two sons to boarding school. Whether it was good or bad,\nI don't know. One went to the military school of [unintelligible; 24:20]. The\nother went to the Taft school in Connecticut. One of his roommates one year was\nthe great grandson of J.P. Morgan. This was the kind of school--the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Taft\nSchool--where your grandfather went there, your father went there, your uncle\nwent there, and you know your children are going to go there when they reach the\nright age. It's a snobby school but he met a lot of interesting people. Your\nchildren have to make the decision what they want to do. The reason we separated\nour two sons is that they are twelve months apart. Marc was the oldest. Gary\nemulated him. We said, \"We've got to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"separate you two,\" so went to one [school]\nand the other went to the other [school]. When they started college, both\ndecided they wanted to go to George Washington University. We decided we'd buy a\ncondominium in Arlington, Virginia, so they lived in Arlington. One was\n[majoring in] political science. I used to tell him, \"Gary, that degree with\nfifty cents will buy you a cup of coffee.\" Marc said, \"No, I'm going to major in\nchemistry.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trying to get in med school, I don't have to tell you how\ncompetitive it is. I was talking yesterday or two days ago to the dean. There is\na new dean at the law school at George Washington who wants to meet me so we're\ngoing to have a meeting in a few weeks in Atlanta. She was telling me that from\nabout 250 freshmen, or 300, they have 8,000 applications. That's just for law\nschool. [It is] same thing medical school. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our son applied to Georgetown--where\nI went to for undergraduate and recieved my undergraduate degree--and maybe ten\nothers. When you have a son or daughter in medical school, first you spend a\nfortune on traveling to get int. Then, the second time is for your residency.\nYou have to start hunting all over the country for who is going to accept you as\na resident. That's the modus operandi, I guess, of what you have to go through.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was lucky enough. It took him two years. He finally ended up with a masters\nin chemistry. He kept going to school. I asked him once, \"Would you go for your\nPhD?\" My wife said, \"He's going to get in. Don't worry about it.\" My wife is\nalways the optimist. She's always up, which is very important in a family. I'm\nconservative. I don't like to jump too much. We complement each other in our\noutlook. Same thing in Atlanta. I was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small-time lawyer. I met a gentleman\nthat I represented for many years. He ended up building . . . an empire, maybe a\nhundred-million-dollars of real estate. I was his lawyer for twenty-some years.\nAs I said, not only you have to work hard and be good at it, but you have to be\nlucky. You have opportunities otherwise. I know many friends of mine who have\ndone very well with large law firms and others who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have done mediocre. It's a\nmatter of choice. That's the way I look at it. It's never bothered me. I've\nalways felt very good about myself, worked very hard at it, and tried to\nmaintain some balance between my professional life and my personal life.\n\nKENT: In what way has ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewishness been a part of your life? What has it meant to you?\n\nALEMBIK: I'm not a very religious person, but I'm very conscious of my Judaism.\nTo me, it's very important. Every time I hear that somebody--like these eight\nsoldiers that got killed in Israel a few days ago--I ache when I hear that. It\nbothers me. I was in Israel. It was few years ago. You go to a restaurant in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel and you see these beautiful Jewish girls who are waitresses. It's always\nfascinating. I always like to ask. I know the parents were born there, but I\nask, \"Where did your grandparents come from?\" That's another generation. To me,\nI feel very proud, very proud to be a Jew, proud of Israel [and] the success of\nthe Jewish community in the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States. There are things that concern me\n[like] intermarriage, but I guess Jews thrive in bad times more than in good\ntimes. You forget your identity sometimes, which is bad, though . . . I am very\nconscious of it. My wife, who came from a Reform home, is more religious than I\nam. She goes to synagogue almost every week. I don't necessarily. I'll go to say\nKaddish for my brother or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my parents, High Holy Days, but I read a lot of books\nabout Judaism.\n\nKENT: After the war was over and you learned more extensively what happened in\nEurope around you, how did you react to that?\n\nALEMBIK: I wanted to leave France even though I was born there. The French as a\nwhole acted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"abominably towards the Jews in the Second World War. Most of them\nare a bunch of cowards. I hate to say that but, even though France has been\nanticlerical since the [French] Revolution, with a complete separation of church\nand state, you have a greater assimilation in France than anywhere else. I think\nthe Jews in France ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would have almost disappeared if after the war, the Jews in\nNorth Africa had not come to France--the Sephardic movement in France. The\nSephardic have done tremendously well in comparison. They changed their name.\nThere are so many politicians today in France who are Jewish or were Jewish.\nThey changed their name. You can't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell. In the States, I'm surprised. You see a\nlot of names like . . . I went to a relative the other day for the naming of\ntheir daughter. The name was . . . Shana Adelle. I said, \"Why did you name her\nAdelle first and Shana the middle name?\" I don't mean to be, but why stigmatize?\nTo me, I don't see the need for it. You don't have to hide ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, but . . . I'm\nproud of my name, Aaron, but if I had been born in the States, I don't know\nwhether I would have wanted it or not. I had a choice when I became a citizen if\nI wanted to change my name. Our relatives in the States wanted to change our\nlast name. I said, \"No.\" Do you know what an alembic is? If you look in the\ndictionary, an alembic is an apparatus to distill water or alcohol. You see the\nsymbol or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the item which is used. It used to be used in chemistry. I always tell\nmy friend, \"I come from an old line of alcoholics, that's why.\" That's what an\nalembic is. Now, I've said, \"Let's eliminate the 'k' and put a 'c'.\" But I'm\nvery proud of my name. It's been that way for . . . golly knows how long.\n\nKENT: How much involvement did you have with the Jewish community in the early\ndays here?\n\nALEMBIK: I was on the board at one time of Shearith Isreal here. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was active.\nThen, when my mother died . . . One of the problems a young lawyer has is\ntime--the lack of time. I was active for a while with Shearith Israel, active in\nsome others in the community, but within limitations. [I was] not as active as I\nwould have liked to be. When I reached this age, I would like to be . . . Look,\nI am 70. Young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, it's their obligation to . . . The next generation is\ngoing to do. My generation already something of the past. When I came here, what\ndid we have? Twenty or 25,000 Jews in Atlanta metropolitan [area]? We have now\nover 100,000. I am proud of it. I never feel . . . I used to kid my clients. I\nsaid, \"You know, in the old days, every son or daughter had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be a lawyer, a\ndoctor, a CPA, a stock broker.\" People in Atlanta are in every field of\nendeavor, whether it's retail, wholesale, manufacturing . . . I'm a Director of\na bank. I sit on the loan committee. I deal mainly with a lot of Chinese,\nKorean, Vietnamese who are very similar in their ambition for their children. I\nhave a friend of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mine whose son went to Westminster. He went to Harvard. Now\nhe's getting a PhD from Oxford. Like my late brother Michael. He would have been\nwhat [Adolf] Hitler would have looked at like a typical \"Aryan.\" I called my\nbrother a Swede or Norwegian. [He was] tall, blonde, blue-eyed, very handsome.\nMy brother went to William and Mary, made Phi Beta Kappa, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a fellowship to\nExeter University to study law for one year, then he went back to law school,\ngraduated. Then he went to Harvard to study Law and Taxation. He had a very\nphenomenal education. He was a very successful tax lawyer. He died at the age of\n55 or 56 of cancer. Outside of the loss of my parents and the concerns you have\nabout Jews all over the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world, his loss was to me, the greatest loss of my life.\nPersonally, I've been very successful, very happy with my life and happy with my\n. . . I have a very wonderful marriage, wonderful wife. We travel extensively.\nWe've gone all over the world and we're going to continue doing so. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We both\nenjoy it. Two years ago, I met my sister and brother-in-law in Paris. My sister\nhad never been back where we were born, where we spent the war years. We spent a\nweek in Paris with her, and her husband, and one of our sons came down there,\ntoo. Then we rented a large van. For about three and a half ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks, [we drove,\nwent back where we were born, then went all the way back to the southern part of\nFrance where we spent the war years. Most of the people are gone what we knew\nexcept we went to the grammar school where my sister was in school before the\nwar. It was right before July 14th, Bastille Day. Somebody was hanging lamps and\nflags. She was looking through the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"window. The gentleman said, \"Would you like\nto go inside? I have the key.\" She did. She remembered the classroom she was in.\nThat was, what, almost fifty years ago? You don't forget. The good things, you\ndon't forget. The bad ones, you like to [forget. You just don't think about it.\nI do a lot of presentations at the Breman Jewish Museum. It's not like Murray\nLynn. Murray Lynn went through the concentration camps. How he survived, I don't\nknow whether I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could have. I've heard so many stories where they just gave up.\nThey went to the electric wires there and that was the end of it. I never went\nthrough that. I was concerned, but when you are 10, 11, 12, or 13 years old, or\n14, you don't comprehend what goes on.\n\nEINSTEIN: I wanted to ask you. You came to Atlanta in 1949, you said?\n\nALEMBIK: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1947. I came back here after I finished law school in 1959.\n\nEINSTEIN: By that time there already were quite a number of survivors--Polish\nsurvivors and German survivors--who were here in Atlanta, many of them in real\nestate. . .\n\nALEMBIK: I represented many of them. They had small grocery stores. I compare\nthem to people I meet in the bank. They buy a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grocery store. Then they buy the\nbuilding. Then they sell the grocery store and keep the building and buy another\none, a bigger one. That's the way it is. I represented dozens of them. It's\nfunny. They lived in the black neighborhood. [It was] maybe a little safer than\nit is today. They put their children through college and everything. Then when\nthey get older, they sold the business or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sold the property. Usually a black\nperson bought it and within six months, they were out of business. They forgot.\nWhen you sell milk, you've got to replenish it. You've got to buy new inventory.\n\nEINSTEIN: Your experiences as a child in a small town in France, as you've\nmentioned, were very different from those who went through the camps.\nNevertheless, did you find you had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something in common with the survivors?\n\nALEMBIK: Came to the States? I feel that I skipped a generation. In other words,\nmany of the people in my shoes, who were children of survivors [and] the\nsurvivors themselves, had sometimes a family. They married young. They could not\nafford to go back to school so they had to make a livelihood and they were not\ntrained for anything. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember when I came to Columbus, Georgia, there used to\nbe a company here called Schwob, S-C-H-W-O-B. They built, they used to have\nretail stores of men's clothing. The original Schwob was Jewish who came from\nAlsace Lorain, close to where I was born. One of my cousins suggested maybe I\nshould go to work there. My mother said, \"No, there are enough Alembik tailors.\nWe don't need any more Alembik tailors.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would say my situation is a little\ndifferent in that I was fortunate to pursue my education and not to be forced\nafter high school to either open a small business . . . I became a lawyer as an\naccident but I'm glad I practice my profession. I was able to go into business\nventures with some of my clients. You couldn't do that with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big law firms.\nThey were afraid of conflicts of interest and so on, but I was on my own. I did\nit the right way and it worked out beautifully for me. I was able to have the\nbest of both worlds.\n\nKENT: When you relate it to survivors over the years, how do you compare your\nreaction and your outlook to theirs?\n\nALEMBIK: It's hard to tell. I never had too many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"philosophical discussions. I\nwas talking to someone recently about someone I knew who came here. He said,\n\"You know he's worth over $20,000,000?\" I said, \"I'm glad for him. I'm glad he\nmade it.\" I don't have that kind of wealth, but I think that, with all due\nrespect, I have more enjoyment with my life. I have a library downstairs of\nthousands of books. I built myself a beautiful office downstairs. The whole\nbasement is completely full of bookshelves. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've got my computer, my TV sitting,\na beautiful music system. We all have to make choices in life. I wouldn't turn\nthe clock back. I wouldn't change anything. I wish more relatives had survived\nthe war. I found a cousin of mine whose father, who was my mother's brother, who\nmarried a German woman, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived the war. I met my cousin. It's ironic. I\nhave another cousin here who spent the war years in Russia. They look alike\nbecause both of their fathers were [brothers]. Here, they changed the name to\nFraley if I remember right. You know Simon Fraley or you know Phyllis [Fraley]?\n\nEINSTEIN: I've talked with her on the phone. I don't know if I have . . .\n\nALEMBIK: Phyllis and I have . . . Her father's my first cousin. I meet Phyllis\nfor lunch. Every three or four months ,we have lunch ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together. But I never\ntalked philosophically. Most of these people worked very hard. They were good\nparents. They tried to give to their children what they didn't have materially.\nMost of them have done very well academically or successful in business, but I\nwas reading a statistic. Someone said, \"You know, the next generation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will not\ndo as well economically as the present generation.\" I meet professionals, mainly\ndoctors, who complain because they don't make the kind of money they made twenty\nyears ago, especially with the HMOs, and the insurance companies, and so on,\nMedicaid or whatever it is. I've always said it's a quality of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life, to have a\npositive outlook, to . . . I attribute a lot of my success to my wife. We've\nalways gotten along well. We discuss things together. It's been a wonderful life\neven now. We've retired. We have two treadmill upstairs. We exercise in the\nmorning for an hour and a half. I have a nice CD [compact disc]. I can play\nmusic while I exercise ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or watch TV. Whatever we want to do, we do. My wife is a\nnut when it comes to exercise.\n\nKENT: You mentioned that you have always been interested in international\naffairs, politics, and things like that. In your studies of the war period and\neverything that happened, do you have any particular opinions or assessments?\nHow do you process that whole part of history?\n\nALEMBIK: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany in the 1930s or beginning of the 1900s was the most educated\ncountry in the world. [There were] doctors, lawyers, poets, writers, composers.\nThere came a person like Hitler, who was not a German and was able to mesmerize\nan ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entire nation. I would call, personally, the tragedy of Western civilization\nhas been Christianity's war with Jews. I think they . . . I'm a believer . . .\nBasically, the Catholics are the ones who started it. The jealousy between the\nbeginning of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christianity and Judaism . . . Look at Martin Luther, who thought\nthat he could take the Jews by creating the Protestant movement. Who quoted\nMartin Luther more than anything else was Hitler. His antisemitism was the kind\nof language Hitler used. I don't want to accuse the Christian world of it, but\nbasically they are the cause of this antisemitism. Now, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today, you've got a new\nantisemitism, even though we're both Semites, against the Muslims. Look at a\nnation like England, who [unintelligible; 46:15] was elected to Parliament. The\nonly way he could be admitted was to swear on the New Testament, taking the\noath. He refused to do so. Religion ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plays sometimes a very negative aspect on\npeople's lives. Even today in Italy . . . Italy is what, 99 percent Catholic or\n98? The lowest birth rate in the world is Italy. They have the lowest birth\nrate. Don't tell me they listen to the Pope about contraceptives or the lack of\ncontraceptives. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You've had it in the States. Who was that Catholic priest who\npreached all that antisemitism in the 1930s? Father . . . What's his name? I\nforgot his name.\n\nEINSTEIN: [Charles] Coughlin.\n\nALEMBIK: Yes. This is what's so difficult. This is why, if it happened in\nGermany, it could happen here. You see, as a whole, the American public is very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ignorant. They're all decent people, hardworking, decent people, but not very\nwell educated. What brought about to me the success of the United States after\nthe Second World War was the G.I. Bill. People who could never have gone to\ncollege, came from poor families, they are the ones who brought about a new\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"society. The average income in the United States today is between 35 and 45,000\ndollars here. Nothing wrong with that, but when you see executives who make a\nmillion dollars or two million dollars a year . . . It used to be at one time,\nwas it ten or fifteen times? I think today, it's at about 80 times what the\nexecutive makes compared to the average worker. They don't live in equality, but\nit's still the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"best place in the world to live. You can be critical, but I love\nthe United States. I was in a foreign country once. There was a contingency of\nAmerican soldiers. It was a French speaking country. I've forgotten. They came\nin a restaurant or eating place and I was helping them translate from English to\nFrench and whatever. I'm very proud of my American citizenship. This is why I\nconsider anyone who spies for the US, is the lowest form of degradation for a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person to do. I have no respect for anyone like that. Atlanta has been good to\nus. The United States has been good to us. As a Jew, I'm very proud of my\nJudaism and wanted to see it succeed. The trouble with Judaism in the US is that\nour population decrees. We barely reproduce ourselves. From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intermarriage, less\nthan ten percent of the children are Jewish. It's a problem we have to face. It\nhappens in every . . . Whether you are Reform, Conservative, or Orthodox, it's\nin every movement. I don't know what's the answer. To me, the success and\npermanency of the state of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel is a very important factor. Whatever I give,\nI'm glad to give for the benefit of the state. It concerns me about what goes on\nin Israel today. The only problem is that we've got some extreme Jews which feel\nthat they are closer to G-d than anybody else. People like that bother me.\n\nKENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is there anything that Jewish people ought to learn from what happened in\nthe war? Could anything be done differently or understood differently because of that?\n\nALEMBIK: Jews were innocent victims. You can't say that Jews brought it upon\nthemselves. Sure, so far I've never heard anybody say that this fellow [Marc]\nRich, \"He's Jewish.\" I'm surprised that nobody's said that. That man should\nnever have been pardoned. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To me, a thief is a thief is a thief. I don't care. I\nused to tell my clients when they came up with a little . . . There's no such\nthing as being a little bit pregnant. Either you are or you aren't. I have no\nrespect for people like that. I don't care how much money they've got. There are\ncertain principals, a standard of ethics, behaviors that you've got to live by.\nThat's the most important thing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether it's in the eyes of G-d or in the eyes\nof man. All of us have something to offer somewhere. I'm glad my parents came to\nthe States after. I met some people in France who were rich before the war, who\nsome survived, did very well, are very rich. Sometimes I've asked myself how\nwell I would have done if I had stayed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. I've gone through periods where\nI've felt a little guilt for surviving. You ask yourself, \"Why did I survive?\"\nIt's a matter of luck. You couldn't be smarter than somebody else. At the right\ntime, at the right place, with the right people . . . I've always considered\nmyself lucky and tried to maintain a sense of humility, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fairness, justice,\nwhatever. We both learned . . . My wife was a divorce attorney, but I've always\nsaid whoever came to my office left happy. Either they sold something and got\ncash or they bought something and got property. And they did it voluntarily.\nNobody pushed them into certain actions.\n\nEINSTEIN: You mentioned that you have been speaking at the Breman Museum. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could\nyou tell us a little bit about why you have chosen to speak and what message you\ntry to give the kids when you talk with them?\n\nALEMBIK: My message is basically that I was a victim of circumstances in the\nsense that, whatever was done, people were good and kind and that if they see\nsomething wrong, speak up. Don't be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"silent. You see an injustice--whether its\nreligion, whether its color, whether its background, or ethnic, or whatever it\nis--speak up. Don't be ashamed of it. We were on a cruise recently and there\nwere two priests--not dressed with the habits--Catholic priests. I always have\nsomething . . . I went to Georgetown so I lived with the Jesuits extensively.\nOne of them asked me, \"Aaron, do you believe in a Messianic age ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or that a\nMessiah will come?\" I said, \"I believe in a Messianic age.\" I said, \"I don't\nbelieve in Messiahs.\" I said, \"You accepted one one time. We still haven't\naccepted him.\" Jesus is not the answer. The problem to me with Christianity is\nthat . . . I was talking to a friend of mine recently. He said, \"You know, the\nmost difficult thing for a person who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"converts is the idea of having to give up\nJesus.\" Now, I don't know. I don't deal with conversions [to Judaism]. It's been\n. . . I call it \"brainwashing,\" but maybe there's some other way [to put it]. I\nfind . . . Just to give you an example, we had dinner at a fancy restaurant the\nother day, my wife and I. There was a couple sitting next to us. Somewhere along\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the line, we engaged in a conversation. The wife was sitting on my side. My wife\nwas sitting next to her husband. She said, \"What do you do?\" I said, \"Well, my\nwife and I are both lawyers.\" She said, \"So are we.\" It's interesting. She was a\ngraduate of Yeshiva University. Her husband--also a lawyer--has converted to\nJudaism. I found it very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting because, in the past, most of the\nintermarriages have been the other way. Jewish man marries a Gentile girl; she\nconverts. There are not too many men who convert. He used to be with Jones Day,\nwhich is one of the national law firms. I'm sure he had a tremendous academic\nstanding in law school and everything. They were both very bright. She used to\nwork for the legal department of Delta. [They were] a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"charming couple. I\nhave a lot of respect for a person like that, whether he did it for love . . .\nIt's a combination, I guess. You do a lot of things for love. Look what happened\nto the King of England. That's why I'm very proud of my religion. I would never\ngive it up under any circumstance. I do not think I have to go to the synagogue\nweekly to prove it. That's my own way.\n\nKENT: As far as a legacy goes, what are the main things you want to pass on to\nyour ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids, and grandkids, and so on? What would you want people to learn from\nyour own experience?\n\nALEMBIK: Who was it? The Baal Shem Tov who said the good name . . . To leave\nwith a good name. I don't know who it was, but principal, to be respected for\nwhat you did. It's not necessarily about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"material things, but.. [audio breaks up\nbetween 57:10 and 58:30] we have an expression, I guess. My mother used to say:\n\"No matter what you do in life, try to be a mensch?\" I picked up a little\npamphlet somewhere, which I've got, \"What does it mean to be a mensch?\" Written\nby some rabbi or something. It's interesting. All of us want to leave a legacy.\nNeither of our sons are very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious. My wife had to bride our son that he's\ngoing to come down here for High Holidays. He would meet us in Fairfax,\nVirginia. Maybe when people are free to choose religion and to live their way of\nlife, they become less dependent upon religion as a means of sustaining\nthemselves or livelihood. We take it all for granted. What countries do you have\ntoday? Now, France is a fairly . . . during that, recently ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a lot of\nantisemitism in France . . . people who wear long hair were being attacked,\nsynagogues being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bombed, and we had it in Atlanta too. I hope that the clergy,\nor whether it's a Baptist, or whatever, any denomination. I resent the Southern\nBaptists having as one of their plans the conversion of Jews. They could spend\nmoney saving lives instead of souls. It would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go much further. There's enough\npoverty and sickness in this world.\n\nKENT: Thank you for the interview.\n\nALEMBIK: Thank you. I hope I haven't disappointed anybody or [unintelligible]. I\nlike to feel, personally, with all respect, that I've been very lucky. But at\nthe same time, I'm very appreciative for what my wife and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/transcript/21476/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have and the kind of\nlife we're leading. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3570.0,3600.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMont-Saint-Martin is a town in north-eastern France. It is part of the urban area of Longwy, France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBritain and France responded to Germany invasion of Poland by declaring war on Germany on September 3, 1939. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the fall of 1939, more than one million civilians were evacuated on both sides of the French and German border in the areas between the Maginot Line and Siegfried Line. The evacuations were aimed both at clearing the area for military activities and to protect civilians from ground and arial attacks. France had begun preparing evacuation plans for the Alsace-Lorraine region as early as 1934 and evacuation orders for some 520,000 French civilians were issued immediately after the Germans invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Evacuees in France were allowed to bring 30 kilograms (66 pounds) of luggage with them as they were loaded onto trains and buses. The French Red Cross and Secours National, a humanitarian organization, cared for the evacuees during their journey to the southwest of France. Upon arrival, local mayors arranged for lodging, usually in private residences.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaint-Emilion is a commune in southwestern France. It is a medieval city located at the crossroads of Bordeaux, Saintonge and Périgord. During World War II, the town was occupied by Germans as it fell just inside the demarcation line that separated Occupied France and Free France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter passing anti-Jewish legislation in October 1940, the Vichy regime broadened its actions to arrest and detain Jews in its territory. They were incarcerated in 15 concentration camps which included the camps of Gurs, Le Milles, Rivesaltes and St. Cyprien. By the beginning of 1941 some 40,000 Jews had already been arrested. In addition to those arrested, some 35,000 Jewish men were conscripted by force into the “Labor Corps”, or Compagnies de Travail. Almost all the foreign Jewish men, more than a third of the population of foreign Jews in France, were either conscripted into the Labor Corps or incarcerated in concentration camps. There were additional concentration camps run by the Vichy government in the vicinity of Paris and in northeastern France. Among these were Pithiviers, Beaune-la-Rolande, Besançon, Compiègne and others. Thousands of Jews were deported from these camps to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The concentration camps in France continued operating during the summer of 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVichy France, known officially as the French State (État français), was the government headed by Marshal Philippe Petain (French: Pétain) from July 1940, after the Germans invaded France, until September 1944, when the Allies liberated France. An armistice signed in June 1940 divided France into two zones: one under German military occupation and one left under French sovereignty (the Vichy government). Although it was officially neutral, Vichy France collaborated closely with Germany. The Vichy government was complicit with German racial policies, aiding and cooperating with the detainment and deportation of Jews from both occupied and unoccupied France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermany attacked France, Belgium, and the Netherlands on May 10, 1940. The campaign lasted less than six weeks. Paris, the French capital, fell to the Germans on June 14, 1940. Germany occupied northern France and France’s entire Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. A new French government was established in the unoccupied southern part of France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBordeaux is a port city on the river Garonne in southwestern France, close to the Atlantic coast. It is around 500 kilometers (310 miles) southwest of Paris. It is in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine administrative region of France, but is considered the hub of the Bordeaux wine region. The Bordeaux wine region extends 60 miles around the city along three rivers—the Gironde, Garonne and Dordogne—and is known worldwide for its numerous castles and vineyards, which produce France’s famous red Bordeaux wines. The city of Bordeaux served as a final station for countless Jewish refugees who fled southward from northern France in May and June 1940. The city was severely bombed before its occupation by German troops and again by the Allies later in the war. The town, administered within the Occupied Zone after the Franco-German armistice of June 21, 1940, was one of the most important Nazi police and military centers as it was an important air and submarine base. A census of the Jewish population of the city conducted in June 1941 showed only 1,198 of the total 5,177 were originally from Bordeaux or southeastern France. Most were refugees from other parts of France and abroad. In all, two-thirds of the Jewish population were arrested and deported. The city was reoccupied, largely by French forces, in August 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAaron is referring to the College Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, a boarding school for boys in the town of Sainte-Foy-la-Grande. The school was run by Emile Herpe (1891-1970) and his wife, Georgette (1891-1987; née Leblanc). By July 1940, a dozen or so Jewish families had taken shelter in the city. Herpe admitted about a dozen of the Jewish boys in the town and surrounding area to the school, concealing their identities with false identifications. Towards the end of 1943, Emile, who was in contact with Resistance networks, warned the Jewish families in town that the mayor had handed over a list of the Jews to the German authorities. Nearly half the Jewish families fled south toward the Spanish border. Others chose to remain, while some went into hiding with help of locals. Emile and Georgette provided one family with false papers and a hiding place, for which they were recognized as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem in 1999.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Milice Francaise [French: French Militia], generally called the Milice, was a paramilitary organization created by the Vichy regime in 1943 to combat the French Resistance movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere were approximately 350,000 Jews in France when the Germans invaded in the early summer of 1940. Less than half were French citizens. Many were refugees who had fled persecution in the Third Reich or had flooded into France when the Germans entered Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. German forces invaded France on May 10, 1940, but until November 1942, southern and eastern France remained under the control of the Vichy government. Officially neutral, Vichy France collaborated closely with Germany. With the agreement of the Vichy government, German officials and French police conducted round-ups of Jews in both occupied and unoccupied zones of France throughout the summer of 1942.  A significant percentage of Jews deported from Vichy France were foreign or stateless Jews, sacrificed by the Vichy government in a failed attempt to spare French Jews. Deportations slowed after the general population and Catholic Church began to protest, but resumed in January 1943 and continued until August 1944. In all, some 77,000 Jews living on French territory perished. One-third of the victims were French citizens.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter more than four years of Nazi occupation, Paris was liberated by the French 2nd Armored Division and the U.S. 4th Infantry Division on August 25, 1944. Most of the rest of France was liberated by September 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn interviews held by USC Shoah Foundation, Ida and Aaron mention a town called Caplong as where they stayed. Caplong is a commune in southwestern France, 20 miles (33 kilometers) east of Bordeaux and 5 miles (8 kilometers) south of Sainte-Foy-le-Grande, where Aaron attended school.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSainte-Foy-la-Grande is a town in southwestern France about 63 kilometers (39 miles) east of the city of Bordeaux. During World War II, the resistance was very active in the area. Situated along the Dordogne River, the town was on the border of Occupied France and Vichy France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere was a wide range of resistance movements that fought the Nazi occupation of France and against the collaborationist Vichy regime during World War II.  Resistance cells were small groups of armed men and women (called the ‘Maquis’ in rural areas). In addition to guerrilla warfare, they also published underground newspapers, provided first-hand intelligence information and maintained escape networks that helped Allied soldiers and airmen trapped behind enemy lines.  They came from all economic levels and political leanings including Roman Catholics, including priests, Jews, and citizens who were liberals, anarchists and communists. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermany’s military engagements in Europe during World War II are generally divided into two separate headings—the Western Front and the Eastern Front. The Western Front included Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany. The Eastern Front included conflicts against the Soviet Union, Poland and other Allies. The war on the Eastern Front was the scene of the largest military confrontation in history and was particularly brutal. By the end of 1944, the Allies had reached the German borders. American, British, Canadian, and French forces had liberated virtually all of France, most of Belgium, and part of the southern Netherlands in their advance east. Meanwhile the Russians had pushed west through Poland and the Germans were beginning to retreat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn September 4, 1939, 796 refugees from Longwy, in northeastern France, arrived in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande. Before their arrival, there had been only one Jewish family in the town. By 1940, about a dozen Jewish families had permanently settled in the town. Towards the end of 1943, the mayor of Sainte-Foy-la-Grande reportedly gave German authorities a list of the names of the Jews living in the town. By March 1944, German soldiers and militiamen regularly patrolled the town but it was not until August that they began to clamp down on the Resistance, which was active in the area. On August 4, 1944, a column of the German army arrived in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande. Around 40 locals were killed. The same day, the German soldiers, assisted by French militiamen under the orders of Andre Besson-Rapp, arrested the six Jewish families still living in the town. The next day, the women and children were released, but six Jewish men (Aron Alemrik, René Dreyfus, Maurice Ourkevitch, Saül Rappaport, Charles Rosemblum and Léon Wroblewski) were taken into the nearby woods and shot. In the late 1980s, a plaque with their names was installed next to a memorial to the Resistance in the town.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Congress is as an association of Jewish Americans organized to defend Jewish interests at home and abroad through public policy advocacy, using diplomacy, legislation, and the courts. It was established in 1918 as an alternative to the American Jewish Committee, which was dominated by the German-Jewish establishment.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAron Alembik (born 1902) was a tailor from Szcerzcow, Poland. In September 1939, Aron, his wife, Ruchla, and their two children (Ida, born 1926, and Joseph, born 1922) took refuge in the town of Sainte-Foy-la-Grande in southwestern France. On August 4, 1944, Aron was among six Jewish victims shot in the woods near the town.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish babies are given Hebrew names shortly after they are born.  A brief ceremony is performed, which often includes friends and family members of the new baby.  Ashkenazi Jews often select a name that commemorates a deceased relative of the baby in order to honor that person’s memory.  Sephardic Jews often following the custom of naming their children after living relatives. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOnly approximately ten percent of Jews in Poland survived the Holocaust. In all, approximately 3,000,000 of a pre-war Jewish population of around 3,300,000 were murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Chevra Lomdei Mishnayot synagogue, also called the Auschwitz Synagogue, is the only synagogue in the town of Oswięcim, Poland to have survived World War II. Built around 1913, the building was used by the Germans as a munitions warehouse and its interior was largely devastated. After the war, Jewish survivors who had returned to Oswięcim once again used it as a synagogue. However, by the 1950s, most of the Jews had left the town and the synagogue stood empty. In the 1970s, the Communist government nationalized the building and turned it into a carpet warehouse. In 1998, the synagogue became the first Jewish communal property to be returned to a Jewish community in Poland. The recipients of the property, the Bielsko-Biala Jewish Community, donated the synagogue to the Auschwitz Jewish Center Foundation, which restored the building to its pre-war condition as described by survivors. It was reopened in September 2000. Although it has neither a rabbi nor a local congregation today, it is the only Jewish house of worship near Auschwitz-Birkenau and provides visitors with a sanctuary for prayer, reflection, and solace.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaddish [Hebrew: holy] is a hymn of praises to G-d found in the Jewish prayer service that is recited aloud while standing. The central theme of the Kaddish is the magnification and sanctification of G-d's name. Along with the Shema and Amidah, the Kaddish is one of the most important and central elements in the Jewish liturgy. Mourner's Kaddish is said at all prayer services and certain other occasions. Following the death of a parent, child, spouse, or sibling it is customary to recite the Mourner's Kaddish in the presence of a congregation daily for 30 days, or 11 months in the case of a parent, and then at every anniversary of the death. It is important to note that the Mourner's Kaddish does not mention death at all, but instead praises G-d.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shochet is an adult male Jew who is trained and accredited by a rabbinic authority in the Jewish dietary laws. Specifically, a shochet slaughters animals in a way prescribed by Jewish dietary laws to avoid pain to the animal as much as possible, and to safeguard the health of the consumer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Korean War began when North Korean forces invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. American troops entered the war in defense of the Republic of Korea to the south against the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north. Fighting ended on July 27, 1953, when an armistice agreement was signed maintaining a border between the Koreas near the 38th Parallel and creating the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between the two Korean nations that still exists today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Law School Admission Test (LSAT) is an integral part of law school admission in the United States, Canada, and a growing number of other countries. It is a half-day standardized test administered seven times each year at designated testing centers throughout the world. The Law School Admission Council administers the LSAT.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1923 and adopted by B'nai B'rith in 1924, Hillel is the Foundation for Jewish Campus Life. It is the largest Jewish campus organization in the world, working with thousands of college students globally. A Hillel chapter was founded at George Washington University in the 1930s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar examination is an examination administered by the bar association of a jurisdiction that a lawyer must pass in order to be admitted to the bar of that jurisdiction and a licensed attorney.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere were two Talmadges that each played a significant role in Georgia history: Eugene and Herman. Herman was Governor twice; one in 1947 and then from 1951 to 1955. Herman is not to be confused with his father, Eugene, was also elected Governor of Georgia in 1946, but who died before he could take office. His son Herman took over for him, but then he was kicked out by the State Supreme Court as unconstitutional, and Ellis Arnall took over until the next election, which Herman then won.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEllis Gibbs Arnall (1907-1992) was the 69th Governor of Georgia from 1943-1947. Arnall was a nationally recognized litigator and served as Attorney General of Georgia before becoming Governor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arnall, Golden and Gregory law firm opened in Atlanta in 1949 with partners Sol Golden, Cleburne Gregory, Jr and former Governor Ellis Arnall. Today (2020), the firm has 180 attorneys in offices in Atlanta and Washington, D.C. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArnold Shulman (1914-2010) was born in Philadelphia but moved to Georgia as young child. After attending Emory University, Shulman graduated from the University of Georgia in Athens’ law school in 1936, passed the bar exam, and went into private practice. After Pearl Harbor, he enlisted in Army. In 1943, Shulman married Mary Frances Johnson, with whom he had three children. After the war, returned to private practice. In 1977, Shulman was appointed to the Georgia Court of Appeals by Governor Busbee. He retired from the Court of Appeals, as its first Jewish chief judge, in 1984, at the age of 70. Shulman and his wife were active members of Atlanta’s Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Society of Jesus is a religious order of the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions with the approval of Pope Paul III in 1540. The members are called Jesuits. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCable-Satellite Public Affairs Network (C-SPAN) is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a nonprofit public service. It televises many proceedings of the United States federal government, as well as other public affairs programming.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJ.P. Morgan, in full John Pierpont Morgan, (1837-1913) was an American financier and industrial organizer. He became one of the world's foremost financial figures during the two pre-World War I decades through his founding of private banks and industrial consolidation in the late 1800s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn February 14, 2001, a Palestinian man drove a bus into a group of Israeli soldiers who stood at a bus stop near Azor, Israel. Eight people were killed—seven soldiers and one civilian—and 26 others were injured.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism, sometimes also called Liberal Judaism, is a division within Judaism especially in North America and Western Europe. Historically it began in the nineteenth century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture.   While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah and women rabbis), music is allowed in the services and most of the service is in English.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa and the Middle East and their descendants. In the 1950s and 1960s, about 300,000 North African Jews immigrated to France from the former French possessions of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. As these countries achieved independence, Jews were seen as being supportive of the previous colonial French and many chose to immigrate to France to avoid increased antisemitism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn alembic is a distilling apparatus, now obsolete, consisting of a rounded necked flask and a cap with a long beak for condensing and conveying the products to a receiver. Alembics were used in chemistry and biomedical laboratories as well as in distilling cognac.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960’s, they removed the barrier between the men and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term ‘Aryan’ when used in relation to the Third Reich means the Nazi vision of the blond-haired, blue-eyed physical ideal of men and women. According to the Nazis, ‘Aryans’ belonged to the master race of perfect humans. Everyone else was considered to be racially inferior.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Phi Beta Kappa Society is the oldest academic honor society in the United States, and is often described as its most prestigious one, owing to its long history and academic selectivity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBastille Day is the common name given in English-speaking countries to the national day of France, which is celebrated on July 14 each year. In French, it is formally called Fête nationale. Bastille Day is a holiday celebrating the storming of the Bastille—a military fortress and prison—on July 14, 1789, in a violent uprising that helped usher in the French Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMurray Lynn (Murray Alfred Leicht) was born in Bilke, Hungary in 1930. In 1942, his father was taken away by the Hungarian secret police. In 1944, Murray, his mother and his three brothers were deported to a ghetto and then sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Murray was the only member of his family to survive. After the war, Murray immigrated to the United States and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Murray regularly shares his story with audiences in Atlanta and his testimony is available from the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimon Schwob (1886-1954), was a Columbus, Georgia industrialist and philanthropist. He was president of Schwob manufacturing and four related companies as well as owner of 28 stores. He was a strong supporter of the movement to establish a college in Columbus. He was also concerned with charitable and Jewish activities in the Columbus community. Schwob was born in Alsace-Lorraine and came to the United States in the early 1900’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhyllis is the daughter of Pola Rusinek and Simon (Frejlich) Fraley, Polish Holocaust survivors who met in the Zeilsheim DP camp after liberation and settled in Atlanta, Georgia after coming to the United States in 1949.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the United States, a health maintenance organization (commonly referred to as “HMO”) is a medical insurance group that provides health services for a fixed annual fee.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMedicaid in the United States is a social health care program for families and individuals with low income and limited resources.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther (1483—1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk. Luther is one of the most influential figures in Christian history. He was the seminal figure in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation, a movement that reformulated certain basic tenets of Christian belief and resulted in the division of Western Christendom into Catholics and Protestants. His anti-Jewish statements and writings—including a 1543 treatise titled “On the Jews and Their Lies”—had a significant influence on German antisemitism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Reformation or Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. Martin Luther and John Calvin are among the movement’s leaders who posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in particular to papal authority, arising from what were perceived to be errors, abuses, and discrepancies by the Catholic Church.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSemites, Semitic peoples or Semitic cultures was a term used to refer to a member of any of the peoples who speak or spoke a Semitic language or a language originating in the Near East, including in particular Jews and Arabs. The word “semitic” is derived from the name of Shem, one of the three sons of Noah in the Bible. The term “antisemite” later came to refer to a hostile or discriminatory attitude toward Jews and is now a largely obsolete terminology outside of references to “Semitic languages” in linguistics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles E. Coughlin (1891-1979) was a controversial Roman Catholic priest in Royal Oak, Michigan. He used radio and print to reach a mass audience in the 1930’s. Early on, he was a supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal but later became a harsh critic of Roosevelt and his “Jew Deal.” He formed a political party called ‘Nation’s Union of Social Justice,’ whose platform called for monetary reform, the nationalization of major industries and the protection of labor. The slogan was “Social Justice.” He grew increasing antisemitic. The Church took no action against him. Eventually his radio program and his paper, Social Justice, was closed down.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, also known as the ‘G.I. Bill,’ was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans. It provides low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, as well as educational assistance to service members, veterans, and their dependents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism.  It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance.   They also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis and bat mitzvahs).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarcell “Marc” Rich (1934-2013) was born to a Belgian Jewish family. He became an international commodities trader, hedge fund manager, financier, and businessman who founded the commodities company Glencore. He was charged in the United States on federal charges of tax evasion and making oil deals with Iran during the Iran hostage crisis. Rich was found guilty but was in Switzerland at the time of the indictment and never returned to the United States. Rich later received a controversial pardon from President William J. Clinton.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJones Day is an international law firm based in the United States. It was founded in 1893 in Cleveland, Ohio. As of 2018, it was the fifth largest law firm in the U.S. and the 13th highest grossing law firm in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDelta Air Lines is a major American airline, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1924, it is the oldest airline still operating in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdward VIII (1894-1972), in full Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David, was the eldest child of King George V and Queen Mary. Known as the Prince of Wales after 1911 until 1936, he became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of the British dominions and Emperor of India on January 20, 1936. A constitutional crisis in the British Empire arose when Edward proposed to marry Wallis Simpson, an American socialite who was divorced from her first husband and was pursuing the divorce of her second. On December 10, 1936—less than a year after his coronation—Edward chose to abdicate in order to marry Simpson. He was the only British sovereign ever to voluntarily resign the crown. After his abdication, he was called Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are Rosh Ha-Shanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBaptists are individuals who comprise a group of Evangelical Christian denominations and churches that subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/annotation_set/290/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSouthern Baptists are the largest evangelical Protestant group in the United States. Descended from Baptists who settled in the American colonies in the 17th century, Southern Baptists formed their own denomination (known as the Southern Baptist Convention) in Augusta, Georgia in 1845. The split followed a rift with their northern counterparts over slavery. Similar to the Baptist denomination, Southern Baptists practice baptism and are active missionaries. However, Southern Baptists are generally considered more conservative theologically and socially than Baptists. At its annual meeting in 1999, the Southern Baptist Convention approved a controversial resolution which encouraged converting Jews to Christianity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=3510.0,3540.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/index/47499","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Aaron Alembik [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/index/47499/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early life and start of World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=7.0,268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/index/47499/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aaron, A-A-R-O-N, Isaack Alembik, A-L-E-M-B-I-K. 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I got two jobs...","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818#t=986.0,1452.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34919/file/103818/index/47499/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta (Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bar exam","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Export","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Import","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish lawyer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Law 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