{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/bk16m33m0v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Drum, Leo"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2011-02-10 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eLeo Drum was interviewed by Sandra Berman on February 10 and March 29, 2011 in Montgomery, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eLeo Jacob Drum, Jr., was born in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1915.   He went to Barnes School, a private elementary school.  He attended Georgia Institute of Technology for engineering in Atlanta, Georgia, and graduated in 1935.  After graduation, he worked for York Corporation in Atlanta and Tennessee Valley Authority.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1941, he began military service and was stationed at Craig Air Force Base in Selma, Alabama.  He went overseas during World War II and was stationed in England and in France.  Leo was a staff officer working in the headquarters of the United States Army Corps of Engineers in Europe and became captain in 1943.  Leo worked under the chief engineer of the entire Theater of Operations.   By the end of the war, he had worked his way to lieutenant colonel.  He returned home after the war and started his own air conditioning business in Montgomery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe had been a member of Temple Beth Or since birth.  He had his confirmation class with Rabbi Benjamin Goldstein.  Growing up, his family attended temple on Friday nights and on High Holy Days.   He sat on the board of Temple Beth Or for 17 years and on the board of the Standard Club for 18 years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe passed away on January 6, 2012 at age 96. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eLeo discusses growing up in Montgomery, Alabama.  He talks about his education at Barnes School, a private elementary school.  He discusses his education at Georgia Institute of Technology. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeo describes his family as an aristocratic Reform Jewish family, several generations from Mobile, Alabama.   He talks about his grandmother being a Lobman and describes the Lobmans and Steiners as extremely prominent people in his family.  He recalls the Steiner-Lobman Dry Goods Company.  He recounts having many cousins in the Montgomery area.  Leo talks about friends and neighbors, who were all prominent people in Montgomery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeo describes growing up as a Jewish child as not much different from growing up as a non-Jewish child in Montgomery.  He talks about the wonderful memories of his childhood, of walking to school and going to the movies.  He tells that he never feeling any prejudice.  He describes going to the synagogue as being very important and discusses going to temple on Friday nights and on the High Holy days.   \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeo talks about the civil rights era in Montgomery and having good relations with the black community.  He remembers the impact of Rosa Parks and the Selma marches and how they triggered the civil rights movement.  He discusses how the media helped it achieve national notoriety.  He talks about several rabbis from Temple Beth Or and their relations with the congregation and their involvement with civil rights movement. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe describes going to the black tie events at the Standard Club, a social club formed by German Jews.  He talks about being on the board of the Standard Club for 18 years and his contribution in changing the religious restriction to include all Jews and non-Jews.  He discusses other synagogues in Montgomery and the need to combine services.  He discusses intermarriage in the Jewish community.    \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeo discusses his military service in the United States Army during World War II in Europe.  He describes, with great knowledge, military operations and his experiences and achievements.  He talks about the bombing of Pearl Harbor.  He reflects on the growth of Montgomery today and being on the board of the Montgomery County Historical Society.   \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/27999"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Barnes School (corporate name)","Standard Club (corporate name)","Temple beth Or (corporate name)","Montgomery, Alabama (geographic)","Lobmans (personal name)","Steiners (personal name)","Rabbi Benjamin Goldstein (personal name)","High Holy Days (named event)","World War II (named event)","Bombing of Pearl Harbor (named event)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eLeo Drum was interviewed by Sandra Berman on February 10 and March 29, 2011 in Montgomery, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLeo Jacob Drum, Jr., was born in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1915.   He went to Barnes School, a private elementary school.  He attended Georgia Institute of Technology for engineering in Atlanta, Georgia, and graduated in 1935.  After graduation, he worked for York Corporation in Atlanta and Tennessee Valley Authority.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1941, he began military service and was stationed at Craig Air Force Base in Selma, Alabama.  He went overseas during World War II and was stationed in England and in France.  Leo was a staff officer working in the headquarters of the United States Army Corps of Engineers in Europe and became captain in 1943.  Leo worked under the chief engineer of the entire Theater of Operations.   By the end of the war, he had worked his way to lieutenant colonel.  He returned home after the war and started his own air conditioning business in Montgomery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe had been a member of Temple Beth Or since birth.  He had his confirmation class with Rabbi Benjamin Goldstein.  Growing up, his family attended temple on Friday nights and on High Holy Days.   He sat on the board of Temple Beth Or for 17 years and on the board of the Standard Club for 18 years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe passed away on January 6, 2012 at age 96. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLeo discusses growing up in Montgomery, Alabama.  He talks about his education at Barnes School, a private elementary school.  He discusses his education at Georgia Institute of Technology. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeo describes his family as an aristocratic Reform Jewish family, several generations from Mobile, Alabama.   He talks about his grandmother being a Lobman and describes the Lobmans and Steiners as extremely prominent people in his family.  He recalls the Steiner-Lobman Dry Goods Company.  He recounts having many cousins in the Montgomery area.  Leo talks about friends and neighbors, who were all prominent people in Montgomery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeo describes growing up as a Jewish child as not much different from growing up as a non-Jewish child in Montgomery.  He talks about the wonderful memories of his childhood, of walking to school and going to the movies.  He tells that he never feeling any prejudice.  He describes going to the synagogue as being very important and discusses going to temple on Friday nights and on the High Holy days.   \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeo talks about the civil rights era in Montgomery and having good relations with the black community.  He remembers the impact of Rosa Parks and the Selma marches and how they triggered the civil rights movement.  He discusses how the media helped it achieve national notoriety.  He talks about several rabbis from Temple Beth Or and their relations with the congregation and their involvement with civil rights movement. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe describes going to the black tie events at the Standard Club, a social club formed by German Jews.  He talks about being on the board of the Standard Club for 18 years and his contribution in changing the religious restriction to include all Jews and non-Jews.  He discusses other synagogues in Montgomery and the need to combine services.  He discusses intermarriage in the Jewish community.    \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeo discusses his military service in the United States Army during World War II in Europe.  He describes, with great knowledge, military operations and his experiences and achievements.  He talks about the bombing of Pearl Harbor.  He reflects on the growth of Montgomery today and being on the board of the Montgomery County Historical Society.   \u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/101/265/small/Leo_Drum.png?1619295888","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Drum_Leo.mp4"]},"duration":8650.074,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/101/265/small/Leo_Drum.png?1619295888","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/101/265/original/Drum_Leo.mp4?1605868391","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":8650.074,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Leo Drum [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is February 10, 2011. I am with Mr. Leo Drum, who has\ngraciously agreed to be interviewed for the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral\nHistory Project of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. Thank you so much,\nMr. Drum. I'm very excited to be here today in Montgomery [Alabama]. My name is\nSandy Berman. I'm the archivist at the museum. I would like to begin by asking\nyou to go back in time, really go back in time, and tell us a little bit about\nyour ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family and how your family first came to Montgomery.\n\nDRUM: My grandparents . . . Rosa Lobman, grew up in Pine Apple, Alabama, and\nlater in Greenville, Alabama, just like all of the Lobman's and all the\nSteiner's. How the Steiner's and Lobman's got to Pine Apple, Alabama, neither I\nnor Carol [Lobman] Hart ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. We do know when they went to Greenville, Alabama.\nThe Steiner's and the Lobman's married a lot of each other's families. They all\ncame from Germany. On my mother's side, the Eichold's E-I-C-H-O-L-D, in Mobile\n[Alabama] came from Steinbach S-T-E-I-N-B-A-C-H, Germany. That is near\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt. My grandfather, Aaron Drum, came from a little village near there. I\ncan't call the name up right now. The Steiner's, neither Carol nor I, know\nexactly where they came from or how they got to Greenville. My grandfather,\nAaron Drum, came to this country. I have his naturalization papers from 1869.\nThat was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Rockford, Illinois. How he got to Greenville to marry Rosa Lobman,\nwe don't know. My grandfather died at an early age in Greenville. He and another\nman, named Ezekiel, were New York Life agents in Greenville. My grandmother,\nRosa Lobman and her three children, Tessie, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leo Drum, and Norman Drum, moved to\nMontgomery about 1895. My father [Leo Jacob Drum] was born in 1883 in\nGreenville, as was Carol's [father]. My mother was born in Mobile in 18 . . .\nNo, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the Eichold's were born in Newbern, Alabama, which is West Alabama near\nLivingston. They all moved to Mobile early on when my mother was two or three\nyears old. The family grew up down there in Mobile. You know about the\nSteiner-Lobman. I may duplicate some things that Carol has told you.\n\nBERMAN: It doesn't matter. Everyone has a different story.\n\nDRUM: There were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seven Steiner women. Carol may have told you all of this. There\nwas Emma, Katie, Theresia, Rosa, Gert [Gertrude], Hattie, Susie. I may have left\nout someone.\n\nBERMAN: That is seven.\n\nDRUM: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On my mother's side, she had three brothers. Milton [Myron], Bernard, and\nHugo. [They] all lived in Mobile. They were all married in Mobile. I can give\nyou all the names of everybody the next time you come.\n\nBERMAN: Okay.\n\nDRUM: The same here in Montgomery. My father married Elaine Eichold from Mobile.\nMother and Dad had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two children. Me, Leo Drum, Jr., and my sister, Carolyn Drum.\nTessie, Dad's sister, had one child -- Rose Drum Marks. She went to Vassar\n[College]. Married in New York, an Aaron, Jessie Aaron [sp]. [They] manufactured\nmaid's and nurse's uniforms in New ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York. Norman Drum died at about 39 with heart\ntrouble. He would be alive today with the treatments that are available today.\nMy father worked at Steiner-Lobman [Wholesale Dry Goods Company], as did all the\nnieces and nephews of the Steiner-Lobman bunch, until he left prior to World War\nI. He started his own business, called the Capital Grain and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feed Company, where\nthey had a corn mill to grind up corn to make meal for the farmers. They sold\nflour from mills in Minnesota and all through south Alabama . . . alfalfa, hay,\ngrain, soy beans, etc., wholesale. In those days, deliveries were by horse-drawn\nwagons. When my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father worked at Steiner-Lobman, they traveled the state selling\ndry goods in a horse and buggy. There were many, many businesses in Montgomery,\nall delivering by wagon and horses prior to the entry of automobiles back in the\n1920's when the drays went out of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business. Dad stayed in business until about\n1965. He retired at about age 80. He died in January, 1968, at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"age 85. My mother\ndied in 1957 of a stroke in Montgomery. All are buried in the cemetery called\nEternal Rest, which is owned by Temple Beth Or. Skipping a bit, I wrote all the\nrecords for the temple for the cemetery. I have them all here. I've set up an\narchives file at the temple. They never had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one. I did that 10 years ago. I set\nup the cemetery records, where they had ceased to exist. In 1986, [I] walked the\ncemetery, photographed the tombstones, and brought them up to date. They are up\nto date now. I keep them up to date. Doubling back, I was born in 1915 here in\nMontgomery. I went to kindergarten here. I went to a famous ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"private school,\ncalled Barnes School. It was formerly a little boys military school, but that\nstopped about 1922. It was famous everywhere for its quality education. All the\nprominent, reasonably well-to-do people, and the wealthy went to Barnes.\nMontgomery had good private schools, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but nothing equal to Barnes. We also had\nanother good private school, called Starke's [School]. Not as good, but good.\n\nBERMAN: May I ask a question very quickly? Were you at Barnes in the 1920's?\n\nDRUM: I graduated from Barnes in 1931.\n\nBERMAN: Was there any problem being Jewish in a school like Barnes?\n\nDRUM: Not a bit. Not a single ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bit. We always took off for the Jewish holidays.\nEverything was wonderful. There were no examples of prejudice anywhere. In fact,\nit might well be said, in those days when my father and other people of my\ngeneration's parents were in Montgomery, it was far less prejudice than it has\nbeen in later years, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much less. Montgomery had about 45,000 people then. It is\nover 200,000 now. Many, many people have moved into this city, bringing with\nthem different ideas that old Southern family relationships had. Temple Beth Or\nand the Standard Club were primarily German. People of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German extraction. I'll\ntell you about all of that when I get to the Standard Club. Temple Beth Or was\nfounded in 1852. The Standard Club was founded in 1871. All the people in the\nStandard Club came from the Jewish people in Temple Beth Or. I don't know when\nAgudath Israel was founded or Etz Ahayem, the Sephardic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregation. I'll tell\nyou about that next time. There were no bar mitzvahs allowed in Temple Beth Or\nuntil recent years. I was on the board of Temple Beth Or for 16 or 17 years. I\nwas on the board of the Standard Club for 18 years. My family before me, also.\nI've been a member of Temple Beth Or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since birth, since five years old in Sunday\nschool. Still am.\n\nBERMAN: Who was the first rabbi you remember at the temple?\n\nDRUM: Rabbi [Bernard C.] Ehrenreich. About 1920. When he left here, he formed\ntwo camps in Wisconsin. One called Camp Kawaga for boys, where we all went, and\none called Camp ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Agawak, which is Kawaga spelled backwards, in Wisconsin, for\ngirls. Everybody here that went to Temple Beth Or, all my contemporaries, we\nwent to summer camps in Wisconsin.\n\nBERMAN: Are the camps still there?\n\nDRUM: No, they are not there anymore. The camps do not exist anymore, but the\nbuildings are still there. Rabbi Ehrenreich and his wife ran the camps. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Their\nson, Louis Ehrenreich and his wife, formed some businesses up that way. We lost\ncontact, pretty much, with them. Barbara Ehrenreich wrote a column in Time\nMagazine. We tried to contact her to see if she was a daughter of Louis and\nEvelyn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ehrenreich. We tried by phone and by letter. We didn't get a response,\nbut we feel certain that that was the case. At any rate, from Barnes school,\nwhere I graduated with honor, there were five from my graduating class. All gone\nexcept me. I went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia Tech [Georgia Institute of Technology]. First of\nall, Barnes had a famous professor, Dr. Barnes. His son, Dr. Barnes, went to New\nYork. [He] was a researcher. He developed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the heat treatment to find cancer that\nbecame well known.\n\nBERMAN: Radiation?\n\nDRUM: Not radiation. I'll give you the name next time. The old neighborhood in\nMontgomery was essentially centrally located downtown. The town ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stopped right\nabout where we are here. Past this area here was unpaved roads and all that\nstuff. It has developed over all these years into big time operations. We had\none hospital, St. Margaret's, I was born there, as was everybody. It was run by\nthe Carmelite Sisters ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"headquartered in St. Louis [Missouri]. They closed the\nhospital here and moved to Mobile and started Providence Hospital down there.\nFrom Barnes, I went to Georgia Tech. Because of my education . . . First of all,\nBarnes did not teach physics. A prerequisite for entering Georgia Tech was\nphysics. So, you went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Barnes for school in the morning. You went home for\nlunch. You went back in the afternoons. So, our parents chauffeured three of us\nfrom there to take the physics class and took us back in the afternoon. I\nentered Georgia Tech with placement examinations. I exempted everything. I had\ngeometry, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trigonometry, college algebra in high school. At Georgia Tech, I\nexempted a lot of courses and started taking sophomore courses. I went through\nGeorgia Tech and graduated at 20. I could have graduated at 19 at midterm, but\nnone of us wanted to do that, so we graduated in June, 1935. I was 20 years old.\nI made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every honor society they had to offer, engineering societies. Pi Tau\nSigma as a sophomore. As a senior, Phi Kappa Phi, which is engineering school\nequivalent of Phi Beta Kappa. The top engineering society in the country, Tau\nBeta Pi, where many, many famous people graduated and were members of Tau Beta\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pi. [William] Shockley [Jr.], who invented the transistor. Honorary members were\nThomas Edison and other famous people, including the Germans who came over to\nHuntsville [Alabama], after World War II. Prior to that, many of them were\ninducted into Tau Beta Pi way, way ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back, including . . .\n\nBERMAN: Werner von Braun?\n\nDRUM: Von Braun, yes, and several other well-known people that you would\nrecognize. From graduation. In 1935, there were no recruiters. It was the middle\nof the [Great] Depression. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody had jobs. Nobody had money. Honorary graduates\nfrom Georgia Tech got jobs picking peaches in Georgia. I came home. No job. My\nfather's business was undergoing tremendous changes as the big supermarkets\nbegan to take over all the little bakeries and shops throughout the state where\nhe sold flour and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goods. This was on the decline. There was no place for me in\nhis business, so I took civil service exams and got a job in Knoxville,\nTennessee where I had never been. [I] didn't know anybody. Working for TVA\n[Tennessee Valley Authority]. I celebrated my 21st birthday in a YMCA in\nKnoxville, Tennessee. At that time, there were Tau Beta Pi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"graduates from Penn\nState [Pennsylvania State University] and all over everywhere that couldn't get\njobs. We all became friends and worked at TVA. All that time, I attempted to\nwrite letters to various companies and arrange interviews at my own expense to\ngo to interview to see if I could get jobs. I went to Chicago [Illinois] and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Detroit [Michigan]. I interviewed [with] Garwood Chrysler and several places. I\ntook the train to New York in 1939. [I] went to the World's Fair there. Then [I]\nwent down to Pittsburgh [Pennsylvania] to interview at Westinghouse [Electric\nCompany]. I went to Syracuse [New York] to interview Carrier [air conditioning].\nI went down to Atlanta and interviewed York ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Corporation Air Conditioning and\nlots of other places. I came back to Montgomery and then went back to Knoxville.\nIn about a month or so after these interviews, I had five job offers. People\nthat graduated, wrote letters and didn't do interviews. The corporate people\nwere not coming to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you. They had to go to them, which I did. Very fortunate. [I]\nrode the trains by myself. I went to work in 1936, one year after I did all of\nthis with York in Atlanta. I forgot to tell you that during four years at\nGeorgia Tech, after the first year when you are required to stay in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dorm, I\njoined Phi Epsilon Pi fraternity, which was the Jewish fraternity. [It was] well\nrepresented by mostly Reformed [Judaism] people. There was another Jewish\nfraternity at Georgia Tech, Tau Beta Phi, which was mostly Orthodox [Judaism]\npeople. There was very little Conservative [Judaism] at that time. Conservative\nsort of grew between Orthodox and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reform. I still look on Conservative as pretty\nmuch a transition from Orthodox. Some of the people in Montgomery, the\nSephardic's, have moved over to Temple Beth Or. The Sephardic congregation has\ncollapsed and has joined with Agudath Israel, which is now called Agudath Israel\nEtz Ahayem. Back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to where we were, York sent me up to York, Pennsylvania, for\ntraining. Back to York. Then sent me as a sales engineer to Birmingham to travel\nthe state of Alabama and northwest Florida, which I did until 1940. I went\n50,000 miles a year in a little bitty Chevrolet, mostly on dirt roads until ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940\nwhen the draft came along.\n\nBERMAN: Could I interject for a minute because now we are getting into the war\nyears. I'd like to go back a little in time to your childhood and ask you to\ndescribe the neighborhood you lived in and what your home life was like.\n\nDRUM: Home life was marvelous. We lived in an apartment on Sayre Street, which\nis downtown. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home life was marvelous. We lived on the second floor in a\nduplex apartment. On the right side was another duplex with a Jewish family\ndownstairs and upstairs. On the left side, the same. Up and down the street,\nthere were several Jewish families. Also, the home across the street from me was\nwhere the editor of the Montgomery Advertiser family lived. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Across the street\nfrom me was a Margaret Booth private School for Girls. On the left side was the\nSayre Street public School attended by most of the neighbors. Across the street\nwere the Churchill Marks family, a family that rose in prosperity and prominence\nin Montgomery. They became well to do. Dr. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marks became famous in Montgomery. On\nCourt Street, the next street over, [there were] several Jewish families. All\nfriends. All integrated with everybody. There were no problems of any kind. We\nwalked to school. Everybody walked or rode a bicycle. Very, very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little\ntransportation by parents. All the schools were within walking distance. Mine\nwas eight blocks away. My childhood was a lot of fun. We were all too young to\ngo pretty much to the Standard Club. We went, of course. I became a junior\nmember at age of 18 in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1933. My parents belonged, of course, as did all my\ncontemporaries' parents. We enjoyed neighborhood parties. I went to Christmas\nparties at the Churchill Marks house around the corner, as did a number of\nJewish people. The childhood years were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just marvelous. My closest friends,\nAdolph Weil, Jr., and Myron Gerson, lived nearby. The Weil's lived in a mansion.\nThey were well-to-do people. They started out in the cotton business [Weil\nBrothers Cotton, Inc.] in Opelika [Alabama]. [They] moved to Montgomery -\nIsadore Weil and his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family. [They] built big houses. The cotton business became\ntremendous. They became the world's second largest cotton company. In\nMontgomery, offices in Memphis [Tennessee], Europe and Asia. Everywhere. Bucks\nWeil and I were best of friends from the time we were five years old. He died in 1995.\n\nBERMAN: What was his real ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name?\n\nDRUM: Adolph Weil, Jr.\n\nBERMAN: And you called him \"Bucks?\"\n\nBROOK: Adolph I. Weil, Jr. A lot of people think he was called Bucks because of\nmoney, but that is not true. At Barnes school, the student body was divided into\nthe blacks and the golds. I was a black. He was a gold. We would always imprison\neach other in a little enclosure and try to break out against the other side. He\nwas called \"Bucks\" because he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"led the opposition.\n\nBERMAN: Did you have a nickname?\n\nDRUM: No, I didn't have a nickname. In the school, we had spelling contests,\npublic speaking contests, debating contests, penmanship contests. The school was\ndivided in all these things in blacks and golds. The small boys, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"middle\nboys, and the senior group. We had three different groups to compete. The\nspelling bees were standups, as you went down. I won them all. In the math\ngroup, Nathan Lobman, Carol Hart's first cousin, and I alternated winning the\nmathematics. He later went to Starke's School and left ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Barnes. But all these\ncontests. At Barnes, you took an examination in every subject every six weeks.\nIf you failed, you came back on Saturday to make up. If you failed that one, you\nwere held back a grade. If you passed everything, you could advance a grade. It\nwas highly competitive, but it was fun. At ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recess . . . we had a big recess at\n10:00. We had snacks and drinks available. A blind man came to the school at\nrecess. His name was, \"Blind Bob Taylor.\" He sold homemade fudge and things for\na nickel and more that we could buy and eat at the big recess. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little recess\ncame in the afternoon after we went back from lunch. It was so popular . . .\nthey had an athletic field and we could play baseball and other things until\ndark. Our parents had to come get us to make us go home.\n\nDRUM: We didn't want to go home. We wanted to stay there and play. It was down\nthere where Temple Beth Or was at the time, right across the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"street. The temple\nwas torn down in 1961 or 1962, and this current temple was built. Have you been\nthere to this temple?\n\nBERMAN: Not yet. Next trip.\n\nDRUM: It's right around the corner from here. In fact, this house backs up to\nthe temple.\n\nBERMAN: Maybe you will come with us.\n\nDRUM: The exit driveway is right behind my house, and the temple is right there.\nI used to take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all my walks around the temple parking lot in the back.\n\nBERMAN: Was the temple a very big part of your life growing up?\n\nDRUM: Oh yes.\n\nBERMAN: How often did you go?\n\nDRUM: All the time. The Isadore Weil family gave prayer books and Bibles to\npeople who made perfect attendance records at Sunday school and temple. I won\nthem ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all for temple attendance and for Sunday school attendance. Rabbi\nEhrenreich, followed by Rabbi [William] Schwartz, followed by Rabbi [Benjamin]\nGoldstein and his wife. Brilliant man. I was going to say ahead of his time with\nregard to integration, but that is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not really the story. Rabbi Goldstein was a\nmean-spirited person. The integration factor was something that was a platform\nfor him to exploit his own views and try to impose them on other people. I\nenjoyed my confirmation class because it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intelligent and it was instructive.\nHe was a good teacher but very impatient with everybody. Hardheaded, buttheaded,\narrogant but smart. He took very, very caustic comments to his students. He\noffended ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many of them. He didn't offend me because I thought he was right about\na lot of stuff he said, but he did hurt a lot of feelings. In my confirmation\nclass, which is pictured in that book [He gestures towards a book], we had lots\nof boys and four girls. Beth Loeb, Helen Weiss, Rose Schaefer [sp], and Rachel\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Capouya. The Capouya family still lives in Montgomery. They go to Agudath\nIsrael. In fact, some of them crossed over. Recently, Larry Capilouto has been\npresident of Temple Beth Or's board. Presently, Morris Capouya is. The Sephardic\n[Jews] have switched over. As Etz Ahayem closed down, a lot of them went to\nAgudath Israel. Some of them came to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"temple. Back to confirmation class,\npost confirmation is when he taught all this stuff. There were no yarmulkes, no\nbar mitzvahs. Only confirmation, and a post-confirmation class which Rabbi\nGoldstein taught that I'm talking about now. The confirmation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"class was not so\nbad, but the post-confirmation class was bad. It was harsh.\n\nBERMAN: How so? How was it harsh?\n\nDRUM: I've just explained about Rabbi Goldstein's attitude and teaching in the\npost- confirmation class, not the confirmation class. In the post-confirmation\nclass is where the rigorous times was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spent. As families do for all rabbis, my\nmother and father invited Rabbi Goldstein and his wife for dinner one evening.\nMy father said, \"Do you feel bad about the fact that temple attendance on Friday\nnight and Saturday morning is sparse?\" His response was, \"It doesn't make any\ndifference to me whether ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I talk to empty benches or empty heads.\" This will give\nyou an example of his viewpoints. About the Scottsboro [Boys] business, of\ncourse he got into all of that. He was pretty much invited to leave Montgomery.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember that time very well? What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was his involvement, and do\nyou know why he got so involved?\n\nDRUM: I don't why, and there was nothing in Montgomery. This preceded everything\nthat happened later on. Many, many, many years later and the bus strike and so\nforth. Long years after he was gone. I don't know where he went. He went to New\nYork or somewhere. I don't know what sparked it or anything about him after\nthat. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nothing.\n\nBERMAN: Why did the congregation ask him to leave?\n\nDRUM: Because he was a factor that was dividing everybody. He could not lead\nanybody. He was too arrogant and too critical of the congregation. It was just\nnot a good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"match at all. That is why he was asked to leave.\n\nBERMAN: Who came next?\n\nDRUM: Rabbi Schwartz, as I just told you. Then later, Rabbi [Eugene]\nBlachschleger, who was a divine man. He stayed here about 30 years. I was on his\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"board. He was a top-flight man in every respect. His wife also. They were\nwonderful, wonderful people. Extremely popular. Socially, with everybody. He was\na good Sunday school teacher, a good preacher, a good everything. I have to tell\nyou one funny thing. My grandmother had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pew in the old Temple Beth Or, where\nwe went to temple Friday nights, Saturday mornings, things like that. I went\nwith my aunt one morning when I was probably about eight or ten. I was playing\nwith a marble, and I dropped it. It rolled down the wooden floor toward the\npulpit. Dead silence right in the middle of the sermon. It hit the pulpit and\nbounced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back and forth three or four times. Deathly silence. I was so scared. I\ndidn't know what to do. My aunt looked around like she didn't know what was\ngoing on. After it stopped rolling, Rabbi Blachschleger said, \"Will the young\nman who dropped the marble meet me at my study after temple service is over.\" I\nwas petrified. I met him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after service. He handed me the marble back. He said,\n\"Son, don't play with marbles in the temple anymore.\" That's all. \"Go home.\" He\nnever said a word. At any rate, life was good.\n\nBERMAN: Did you celebrate a lot of the holidays in your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home? Passover. Hanukkah.\n\nDRUM: We had a seder supper at home. The rest of them, not very much. No. We\ndidn't celebrate them. We had a Christmas tree. Everybody in the Reform movement\nhere had Christmas trees at home. [We] exchanged presents. Hanukkah was on the\nback burner for all of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. We went to Sunday school and had celebrations there.\nThere were very, very few Reform homes that celebrated Hanukkah. A lot of them\ncelebrated Passover.\n\nBERMAN: What about the High Holy Days? Rosh Ha-Shanah?\n\nDRUM: The High Holy Days. Attendance was total. The temple was full. I was\nrequired to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go. We went to the Friday night service\n\nBERMAN: Kol Nidre?\n\nDRUM: On Yom Kippur, we went to the night service and the morning service and\nthe memorial service in the afternoons. That was required by our parents, and\nthey went too. Later ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on, we went to the night and the morning. Not the\nafternoon. None of us fasted. I never fasted. Nobody fasted. The Orthodox did,\nbut we didn't.\n\nBERMAN: Speaking of the holidays, family dinners, Passover. If you could talk a\nlittle bit more about the High Holy Days and maybe what your seder was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like.\n\nDREW: On the High Holy Days, we just had a simple seder supper at home. Later\non, as I went to college, we didn't do it anymore. We went to the temple for the\nseder supper that was held there. That was big time. We all enjoyed it. I always\nliked some of the little goodies that they gave you, as all the children did. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\ndid that for quite a few years until it kind of faded out also. On Rosh\nHa-Shanah, they always had a reception after that in the social hall at the\ntemple, which I will show you when you come next time. It was fun and good food.\nAlways had good food at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"temple. When the temple was built, this is another\nsubject, I was on the architects selection board. I owned an air conditioning\ncompany, so we air conditioned the temple and many, many churches and temples in\nMontgomery and central Alabama. We had the biggest company here. I was a pioneer\nof the air conditioning ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business.\n\nBERMAN: What was the name of the company?\n\nDRUM: Capital Refrigeration Company. It is still there. I sold it in 1991. I had\na consulting contract for a couple of years. Later, some of my employees bought\nit. Then they sold it to a Comfort Systems USA [Inc.], which is a stock exchange\ncompany, owned in Houston [Texas]. It is still there. It is still named. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old\nemployees are there. We still stay friends. I help them get business when I can.\nSo, it is prosperous.\n\nBERMAN: When it came to the holidays, let's say the Passover supper or having\njust dinner, did your mother do the cooking? Did you have a cook in the house?\n\nDRUM: We always had servants in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house. My mother didn't cook. She could\ncook, but she didn't. We always had a cook. We always had a houseman when I grew\nup. We sat down. We were waited at the table every night. White tablecloths.\nLinen napkins. The food was passed. My mother had a foot bell where she could\nsummon the people from the kitchen. Always had a cook. Always had a houseman all\nthe time we lived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. They stayed many years. In fact, the housekeeper I have\nnow has been with us for 30 or 40 years, from my parents to my sister, to me.\nThe houseman died two years ago.\n\nBERMAN: What was the houseman's name and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cook?\n\nDRUM: The cook we had was Emma Hubbard. A nice woman. Her husband worked for\nmany years at a florist here in Montgomery. When my mother died in 1997, we\nstill ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had Emma, the cook. We had a houseman by the name of Otis at that time.\nNo, Otis was gone. The houseman's name was Cornell Clements [sp]. He stayed with\nme all the time. He went from a company to here. I forgot to tell you. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't\nget married until I was 51. I had to work hard, 60 hours a week lots of times.\nMy wife was 44. She had never been married. She was from Fort Valley, Georgia.\nShe worked for a television station here. [She] had a daily talk show program.\nThat gets off into other areas. She died at 68 with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"emphysema. She had been a\nheavy smoker. That was in 1989. Close friends of ours, the husband had died. His\nex-wife and I were friends. She began to look after me when my wife died, so we\nthought we would try to get married. Bad arrangement. No love. No ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing. Worst\ntwo years I ever spent in my entire life. [I] was unhappy from the word \"go.\" I\nknew it, but you get so lonesome. We thought we would try to get married and see\nif it worked out for both of us. It didn't, so it was an amicable divorce in two\nyears. Jackie didn't like her. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cousin from Mobile didn't like her. My sister\ndidn't like her. Nobody liked her. Even I began to dislike her.\n\nBERMAN: What was your first wife's name?\n\nDRUM: Martha Hall.\n\nBERMAN: What was the name of her television show?\n\nDRUM: WCOV. The talk show, I've forgotten the name of it. She interviewed all\nthe governors and prominent people on daily talk shows. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also founded the\ncandy stripers. She was president of the Pink Ladies at the hospital. On all\nkinds of boards. She was on Jerry Lewis' March of Dimes programs once a year.\nShe ran the program here at Montgomery. They invited semi-prominent stars from\nHollywood. Clu Gulager, western stars, Dr. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I.Q. All these different people came.\nIt was a 24-hour telethon that she was on. They had bands and things. We had\njust gotten married and moved into a little bitty apartment. The telethon came.\nShe had gotten home about 2:00 or 3:00 in the morning, and the phone rang. Some\nvoice came on said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Let me speak to Martha Hall.\" [He imitates the caller's\ndemanding request] I could hear all this music and stuff. I said, \"Who is this?\"\nHe said, \"Who the hell are you? I want to speak to Martha Hall.\" I said, \"For\nyour information, I'm the man she lives with. Now, what is your name?\" He hung\nup. I told Martha what I had said. She could have killed me. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Didn't\nyou tell him we were married?\" I said, \"I didn't do it.\" She saw the madman the\nnext day at some continuation of this program. He never said a word. She said,\n\"Did you call my husband last night?\" He said, \"Yes, it's the worst day I ever\nspent in my entire life.\" She said, \"That's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alright.\"\n\nBERMAN: How did you and she meet?\n\nDRUM: Some friends of mine. There was a big apartment downtown which overlooked\nthe bus station. She lived on the 11th floor. Some friends of mine lived on\nanother floor, They became friends, and they introduced me. They were the Gene\nHalpern's [sp]. He is still living. He was 95 last ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"month. His brother is still\nliving. His wife is dead. My friend Gene is the only one left out of a lot if my\nfriends. He can't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walk. He has to use a walker. He is losing memory, and I can\ntell it well. He can't remember things, and he repeats a lot. I'm very, very\nlucky. My mind is sharp. I can't detect, presently, any decline in my memory or\nanything like that. I'm extremely blessed.\n\nBERMAN: I'm going to end today's session. I think there will be at least one\nmore, probably two. You had mentioned earlier when we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talking about social\nlife and things of that nature and that you went to all the Ballyhoos, Falcons,\nJubilees, Holly Days. Can you describe what those weekends and those parties\nwere like for you?\n\nDRUM: Let's leave it for next time.\n\nBERMAN: Okay, we will.\n\nDRUM: Because that is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lengthy.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you so much. I appreciate it. We will be back.\n\nBERMAN: Today is March 29, 2011. We are in Montgomery, Alabama, with Mr. Leo\nDrum, who has agreed to participate in the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral\nHistory Project of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. This is our second\ninterview with Mr. Drum. I am Sandy Berman. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll be interviewing you today. I\nwanted to thank you for agreeing to participate in this project. I would like to\nbegin, actually, continue. We did a lot of family history the last time we were\nhere, but we left off with some of your boyhood memories. I wanted to talk a\nlittle bit more about you growing up in Montgomery. If you could reflect back on\nsome of your earliest memories of what life was like as a child, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish child,\ngrowing up here in Montgomery.\n\nDRUM: I would be glad to do that. To interject something for a moment, which I\nmay have mentioned before, but I'm not sure. My great uncle, Fred Hanau, married\na lady in Thomasville, Georgia. When he died, she moved to Atlanta [Georgia] and\nmarried Bill Breman. My great aunt by marriage, was Mr. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Breman's second wife.\nHer name was Blanche Steinerman Hanau.\n\nBERMAN: Are you talking about Max Breman, Bill Breman's, father?\n\nDRUM: No, this was a man named . . . it might have been Bill. Was there also a\nBill Breman?\n\nBERMAN: There is a Bill Breman who was married to Sylvia [Goldstein] and then to\nElinor [Angel], but Bill's father was Max Breman. That may have been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the connection.\n\nDRUM: I'm not sure. That could be. Is Bill Breman still living?\n\nBERMAN: No. He passed away about 10 years ago.\n\nDRUM: That wipes out the ability to verify the record.\n\nBERMAN: We may be able to [verify]. We have a lot of papers from the Breman's.\n\nDRUM: If you have anything from Thomasville, Georgia, on Fred Hanau, who is\nburied there, you might be able to pick up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some information. At any rate,\ngrowing up in Montgomery as a Jewish child was not much different from growing\nup as a non-Jewish child. We walked to school. We went to a private school,\nBarnes School, which I've told you. We always stayed home [from school] on the\nHigh Holy Days. No problems whatever. I never felt any prejudice, but I always\nfelt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"constrained to be on my best behavior and to be modest in my demands and\nrequests, far beyond what other children did because we didn't want to interject\nourselves into a prominent position which might trigger some anti-Semitic\nfeelings in some few people. At school, never anything of that kind.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unfortunately, we didn't have a lot of money, but we were an aristocratic Jewish\nfamily. I'll say that modestly. An aristocratic Reformed Jewish family from\nMobile [Alabama], where my mother came from for several generations, and my\nfamily here in Montgomery, with the Lobmans and the Steiners. They were\nextremely prominent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. My grandmother being a Lobman. Alice Hart and I are\nthird cousins. Our fathers were first cousins. They had a raft of first cousins.\nThree times a raft of third cousins, which Alice and I share. She has not put\nthat in her materials you sent me, except for one side of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family. Growing\nup, we had one car in the family. Nobody had two. Open touring car. Fabric top.\nWooden wheels. Walked to school. Nobody thought anything about walking. Walked\nto the movies. Ten cents if you were under twelve years old. A quarter if you\nwere over. I think an adult paid 40 cents. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Movies were a constant activity. I am\nvery knowledgeable about movies, when they were made, who made them. All the\nmovie stars from the silent era. The Barnes School was a military school up to\nthe time I went. They discontinued military ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in my first year there, in the fifth grade.\n\nBERMAN: Why did you go to Barnes and not the public school?\n\nDRUM: Because Barnes was better and Barnes prepared people for college much\nbetter. The public school here was very good then, highly rated. A group of us\nwent to a private kindergarten. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody in our social level went to this\nprivate kindergarten -- Miss Gussie Woodruff's. It is now a historical memory.\nI'm on the board of the Montgomery County Historical Society. We have turned\nover all the annuals from Barnes and all these various places. It is playing a\ncontinuing prominent role in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montgomery. All the people turned out to be\nlawyers, doctors, engineers, so forth. When I went to Barnes, all the Weil\nchildren went. The Harpers [sp]. Everybody went to Barnes. I had some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends\nwho lived further down the street from where I lived, so they picked me up every\nday. About 10 of us walked to school. We, Bucks Weil -- Adolph Weil, Jr., and a\nfellow named Mike [Myron] Gerson, were fast friends. We called ourselves \"the\nthree brothers.\" We ate . . . At Barnes School, you went in the morning. You\nwent home for lunch. You went back after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lunch and stayed until 3:00 or 4:00 in\nthe afternoon. The three of us, Mike, Bucks, and me, went to each other's house\nfor lunch on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday. Tuesday was my day. Bucks' day\nwas Wednesday. Mike's day was Thursday. We walked from my house to the school\nand back, and from Mike's house to the school and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back. But the Weils lived out\nin what was the suburb then. It's the center of the city now. We used to laugh.\nWhen his day came, we were picked up by a chauffeured Cadillac to take us to his\nhouse to eat and come back to school.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me a lit bit about the Weil family. They are a very prominent\nfamily. Are they not?\n\nDRUM: Oh yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were. What is left of them, still is. Bucks Weil and his\nbrother Bobby [Robert] Weil, were elected citizens of Montgomery for the year,\nonce or twice, by the newspaper. They were well-educated. The Weil Brothers\nCotton Company began in Opelika [Alabama] with Mr. Isadore Weil and some other\nfamily members. They moved their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"headquarters to Montgomery. It became a\nworld-wide company, the second largest in the world, behind the Anderson,\nClayton [and Company] in Houston [Texas]. They had offices in Asia, Europe, and\neverywhere. They still have those for many, many years. They just now are\nbeginning to cease operations because family died out and some of the young\ngrandchildren want to be lawyers, doctors, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things. They don't want to pursue\nbusiness in the cotton business. The cotton business has radically changed now\ndue to all of our rather silly government economic policies. The Chinese have\ntaken over the cotton, just like they have taken over everything else. And the\nEuropeans are smarter than we are. The Weils . . . Isadore Weil [was] called\n\"Pa.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had three sons and a daughter. Adolph, Leonel . . . No, he had two\nsons, Adolph and Leonel, and a daughter, Helen. Adolph's children were Bucks\nWeil - Adolph, Jr., Bobby [Robert] Weil, whom you have or will meet, and Buck's\ndaughter, Laura [Laurie Jean] Weil. She is an outstanding citizen of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montgomery.\nShe is on every board you can think of in this city. She is a prominent, smart,\nnice lady. [doorbell rings] There was Leonel Weil. It is interesting that his\ndaughter, who visited just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now, and Adolph Weil and Helen Weil. You met Leonel's\ndaughter, one of three. Adolph Weil's son . . . His youngest son was Bobby Weil,\none of four children. Bobby is the only one left. Alan Weil is sort of a\ndifferent branch. Same name. Cousins. Helen Weil married a man named Lucian\nLoeb, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a father of Jimmy [James] Loeb, who just died a year or two ago.\nHis son is going to be the next president of Temple Beth Or here in Montgomery.\nThat really wraps up the Weils.\n\nBERMAN: I wanted to ask you, since you mentioned Temple Beth Or, how important\nwas the synagogue in your family's life?\n\nDRUM: It was totally important. We went to temple on Friday nights. When I was a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little boy, everybody went on Saturday mornings and, of course, on the High Holy\nDays. We never fasted. We would go to the night Yom Kippur services and in the\nmorning but not any of the remainder of the services through memorial service in\nthe afternoon. Mr. Isadore Weil, the father of Leonel and Adolph that we were\ntalking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about, gave prizes for best attendance records at Sunday school [and]\nacademic achievements in Sunday school. I've got all the awards that he gave. I\nstill have my Bible that he gave out as an award, and the Union Prayer Book that\nhe gave out as an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"award. Everybody entertained the rabbi, occasionally, and his\nwife, for dinner.\n\nBERMAN: Who was the rabbi then?\n\nDRUM: At that time [when] I was growing up, there was a Rabbi [William]\nSchwartz, followed later on by Rabbi [Benjamin] Goldstein, who confirmed me, who\nleft Montgomery. I'm sure we've talked about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. I'm sure you know who Rabbi\nGoldstein was. [He was a] very controversial man with the Scottsboro [Boys] case\nand others. A very smart, good teacher, but a radical in every respect, not just\ncivil rights. Everything else. [He was] caustic, sarcastic, demanding. His wife\nwas the same. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had no social graces. Once at my house, my father or mother\nasked him how did he enjoy such sparse audiences at his temple services. His\nresponse was, \"It didn't make any difference to him whether he spoke to empty\nheads or empty pews.\" That is not an endearing statement, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to say the least.\n\nBERMAN: That is a great story.\n\nDRUM: Growing up was fun. I lived in a neighborhood, where across the street was\nthe editor of the Montgomery Advertisor, who won a Pulitzer Prize for his\narticles on the Ku Klux Klan. Around the corner was Professor [Elly] Barnes, who\nowned the school. Across the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"street, from the [Churchill] Marks [family], [was]\na famous, well-known doctor. His family is still here. His grandchildren are\nstill friends of mine. We lived in a duplex. On one side was a Jewish family\nupstairs and downstairs. The Sable's [sp] upstairs. On the other side, the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schlosses. Becky Schloss still lives in Montgomery. They own Schloss and Kahn, a\nwholesale grocery business. It was sold to Sara Lee [Bread]. Their sons are\nstill friends of mine here in Montgomery. They have children. They are all going\nto college now. One has graduated from University of Pennsylvania. Everybody is\ngrowing up, so, I'm old. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is why I remember all of these people. I'm very\ngrateful that I can remember all these things.\n\nBERMAN: You have such wonderful memories of your childhood and going to the\nsynagogue. Do you recall any instances where you felt that you were an outsider?\n\nDRUM: No, I never did. I felt as an outsider when I had to take off from school\nfor the High Holy Days. For a long ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, I felt rather funny about not being in\nschool on those days and wondering whether the rest of the body, they had about\n100 students, really understood that. It was kind of a funny feeling, but I've\nalways felt that being Jewish, you have to do the best at everything you can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do\nbecause you don't want to be a sloppy one or a dumb one. You want to excel at\nwhat you do. That is something for life, not just Judaism. The name of the game\nis, whatever you do, attempt to excel, whether it is business, whether it is\nlife, whether it is a social activity. Do your best and never, never, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never give\nup on anything that turns sour. You never give up. [Sir] Winston Churchill, one\nof my favorites, said, \"No matter what, never, never give up.\" That is a good\nmoto to follow.\n\nBERMAN: You mentioned Rabbi Goldstein with the Scottsboro case. We talked about\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the last time as well. I wanted to speak a little bit more on the civil\nrights movement here in Montgomery, what you recall about it, and if there was\nany involvement with your friends and relations at the temple.\n\nDRUM: All right. There was no involvement. I wasn't involved. None of my friends\nat the temple were involved. When the civil rights movement came along, we had\ntwo ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"black domestics in our house. We never had any problems. They came to work\nas usual. That was my first taste of taking a rather trivial situation and\nturning it into a news-worthy activity far beyond the scope of reality. If you\nlived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three or four blocks away from the Montgomery bus station during the civil\nrights movement, you wouldn't even know it was going on. This lady, Rosa Parks,\nwho didn't give up her seat on the bus to a white person and was asked to move\nto the back and refused, triggered all this business. It was pretty much set up\nby some people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they don't bring out now. They deified Rosa Parks almost\nnationally. We have Rosa Parks Museum here. It is visited by people who come to\nMontgomery as a local attraction. The civil rights movement started here with\nall this stuff, but it grew. It started small, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it grew, and grew, and grew,\nprimarily pushed along by the media, television in particular. It did not affect\nmy life, my family's life, nor anybody's life at the temple, one single bit. We\nstill ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had our people who washed clothes. I took my cook home every night to\nwhere she lived in a black neighborhood. We walked the streets easily\neverywhere. There was nothing. The Selma march, where they had the police dogs\non the Edmund Pettus Bridge, was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blown sky high out of proportion. It happened,\nand it was wrong, but it never would have achieved national notoriety had not\nthe national news picked up on it. The Selma to Montgomery march when our police\nand government system ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was segregated, they were wrong in that respect. They were\nwrong to attempt to stop what was an expression that the blacks wanted to use to\nwalk to Montgomery. They should have allowed that. There is no harm in any of\nthese things. But because the state was wrong and resisted it all, that really\nturned it into a big-time event. You ask ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about my life and my family life . . .\nThe impact on the city, especially since we had the Southern Poverty Law Center\nhere, run by a fellow named Morris Dees. A lot of courage. He was a watchdog for\ndiscriminatory actions on the part of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all people, not just white on black, or\nthe other way around, but all over the country. They made a movie about him. He\nhas an Oscar. He had a big building here. He has an enormous budget. He just\nbuilt about a six-story beautiful building downtown a couple of years ago. He is\na fighter of injustice, and a good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one. I guess that is about all I can tell you\nabout that era. But, there was peace in Montgomery. We didn't have riots [and]\nthings like that, that they had in other cities. In a very short order, the\ndomestics who worked in our homes for many, many years, were older ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. They\ndidn't seek much, really, in advanced life circles. Even today, I have a\nhousekeeper who has been in the family for 31 years. She is 86 years old. For\nmany, many years, we had quiet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"peaceful times and good friends. I have sitters\nnow, and they are more than sitters. They are good friends. We don't have any\nproblems now. We didn't have any then. Where the problems occurred, were the\npoor whites, and that is still there. The very poor whites feel threatened to\nsome degree by the blacks ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the blacks get so many subsidies from the\ngovernment because they are black and because they are below the poverty line.\nWhile some of the whites are in a similar situation, but they don't get all the\nsame benefits. I know this to be true. I have a driver, who would fit that\ncategory. He is a white fellow. He's okay, but he comes from a poor, poor\nbackground. Born in a [public housing] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"project years ago. He is 69 now. He has a\nresentment built in from his youth that will never change about segregation,\nblacks, and about this. He also has good friends that are black. It's just that\nthe subsidies, the food stamps, the this, the that, the other, all the things\nthat the politicians do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to buy votes. That is what is happening in our country.\nVotes are bought by giving stuff to this group, that group, and the other group.\nEven Congress, the Democrats, bribed the guy in Nebraska to vote for the health\ncare bill. I'm getting off the subject now.\n\nBERMAN: How did you, yourself, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel about the process, the integration process?\n\nBROOK: It didn't bother me any because my position in an old family . . . I'm a\nfourth generation American. I've been here a long time. Pioneer people in\nMobile. Pioneer people in Montgomery. We were not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"threatened in any way by the\nelimination of discrimination. It didn't make any difference to me, whether\nblacks could eat in restaurants and all this stuff. I thought it was ridiculous\nto have \"white\" fountains and \"black\" fountains in Woolworths and all this kind\nof stuff that I regarded as completely ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"asinine. I guess you could say that I\nbelieved in segregation to the extent that it interfered with my logic. When it\ndid that, it lost. I didn't worry about it anymore.\n\nBERMAN: Did you ever feel the compunction, the need to work toward integration?\n\nDRUM: No, I did not. I didn't take any steps to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eliminate it. It never amounted\nto that much to me. It didn't impact me. I was secure in my position. I didn't\nhave to fight to maintain it, and I had a lot of friends. When I was a little\nboy, everybody had a nanny. They were all black. I had one named Irene [sp] who\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived in a room at the back of our house on a porch. No, she lived in a house in\nour backyard for a while until my father bought her a house somewhere. There was\na great deal of paternalism, you might say, in relationships. Irene was there\nwhen my folks went out of town. Irene ran the show. As I recall it, she made\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about $3 a week and ate her meals at our house in the kitchen. I never really\nencountered any animosity from blacks. Nor did I display any towards blacks, nor\ndid my family. Nor did the Weil's or anybody else around me. Jewish or\nnon-Jewish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Didn't do that. The problem came from the poor working people who\nfelt that the blacks were getting more government support, more this, more that,\nthan they were getting. I have to laugh today because some of the poor white\npeople got their hands out to the government, just like everybody else. Their\ncriticism has had its foundation pulled out from under them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's all the\nsame, in my view.\n\nBERMAN: You mentioned earlier some Klan activity here in Montgomery. Was it a\nlarge force within the . . . ?\n\nDRUM: It was fairly large. We had a mayor here, named Mayor [William] Gunter,\nwho was a very smart ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man. I distinctly remember that the Klan came to Montgomery\nand wanted to march. Mayor Gunter said, \"You can march all you want, but you are\nnot going to wear masks. You are not going to wear hoods. You want to have a\nparade, fine, but you are going to let everybody see who you are.\" So, they\ndidn't have a parade. He stood fast in this respect. We never had much Klan\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"activity when I was growing up. But back about 1915-1918, 1920-1922, I guess . .\n. I was born in 1915, there was Klan activity here. As I grew up, 9-10, 12-15\nyears old, Mayor Gunter, who was mayor for many years, and other mayors,\nstrictly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eliminated everything that the Klan wanted to do. As I mentioned\nearlier, Morris Dees, founded Southern Poverty Law Center. They took on the Klan\nnationally. We had an editor of the paper [Montgomery Advertisor] who won a\nPulitzer Prize for his revelations and articles about the Klan.\n\nBERMAN: Who was that?\n\nDRUM: Grover C. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hall.\n\nBERMAN: One other question about that aspect, kind of the underlying not so\nwonderful part of a lot of community's histories. White Citizens Councils were\nvery prevalent in the South during the civil rights era. Were any of your\ncontemporaries involved or any of the congregants at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the temple? Do you think\nany of them were involved in those activities?\n\nDRUM: No. I knew some prominent Jewish people who were members of the White\nCitizens Council, but it was kept low key.\n\nBERMAN: Something they probably didn't want . . .\n\nDRUM: They didn't want it known. I had a good friend, a contractor, who didn't\nwant anybody to know he belonged to it. But he belonged to it because he wanted\nto get a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business contract to build a building somewhere, and he wouldn't give\nhim the contract unless he joined. So, you have conflicts in people as to what\nthey know they really ought to do and what they have got to do to comply with\nthe circumstances surrounding their business area. Not fair but it happens.\n\nBERMAN: To get to some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more uplifting subjects, were you involved in community\nactivities that were non-Jewish? Were you a member of the Elks, the Lions, or\nthe Kiwanis Clubs?\n\nDRUM: My father was a charter member of Kiwanis here in Montgomery. I belonged\nto the Rotary Club for over 60 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. The original incorporators of the Rotary\nClub here were several Jewish people. The same with Kiwanis. My father was an\nElk. He was a 33rd Degree Mason, a Shriner. All the contemporaries of my father\nand Carol Hart's father, and all the young men of that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"age here in Montgomery,\nAtlanta, and Mobile, always wore the Shriners diamond insignia [ring]. My father\nhad his fez that he wore to the meetings. The potentate of the Shrine was a\nprominent attorney here and a Jewish man, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"named Myer. [He] became a 33rd Degree\nMason, which is a highest rank in the world in Masonry.\n\nBERMAN: His first name or last name was Myer?\n\nDRUM: Last name.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember his first name?\n\nDRUM: Yes. I'll think about it in just a second. He lived next door to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. I\ncan't believe I can't do it right off the top of my head. He was a Massachusetts\nMutual general agent. He had a son and a grandson. The grandson died recently.\nHis granddaughter was married to a man in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"West Point, Georgia, for years. They\nare all deceased now. Let's move onto to something else, and I'll think of it.\n\nBERMAN: I'd like to talk a little bit about the importance of the Standard Club\nand the community's life. Who joined? Was its members just of the Reformed\ncongregation or were all Jews in Montgomery welcome at the Standard Club?\n\nDRUM: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Standard Club was formed by a group of German Jews. They controlled\nmembership by invitation only for many years. The system continued. Only German\nJews for many, many years. Then they began to let a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few non-German [Jews] into\nthe club. It was \"the\" social point in Montgomery. You belonged to the club.\nThey had marvelous tennis, good food, plenty of good activities. The club\nstarted way back in 1871. Their first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"club building, you might say, was on the\nground floor of a three-story building. Weil Brothers Cotton was on the top\nfloor, later the second floor. Then, the Jewish community had a contract to\nbuild a magnificent three-story masonry building in downtown Montgomery, right\nnext to the existing theater and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across from what used to be the Jefferson Davis\nHotel, a part of the Dinkler [Hotel] chain from Atlanta. I went to purim parties\nthere and all kinds of things. The managers had to live on premises in an\napartment. That building was there for a long time. In 1929, they built the\npresent Standard Club, which closed. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Standard Club closed about 2006 or\n2007. I resigned about 2005. That is a long story of its own, which will be\ncovered in what I'm going to write and give to you. I have a draft now that is\nnot complete. I can make a copy of the draft for you, if you wish it.\n\nBERMAN: I would love it, thank you. You were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"telling me that there were some\npoker rooms. Were there some big games there sometimes?\n\nDRUM: All social games. They were not big money games. They had several groups\nof people that played poker once a week a certain night. They had also ladies\nthat played Mah Jongg and different things like that. They had poker games and\ndice games, too. We didn't have any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slot machines.\n\nBERMAN: A swimming pool?\n\nDRUM: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: A golf course?\n\nDRUM: Sure.\n\nBERMAN: What were some of the other amenities?\n\nDRUM: They had a nine-hole golf course with two sets of tees. They had a\nswimming pool. They didn't have a pool for years but then got it. The food was\noutstanding always. We had good management. In fact, the managers that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\nthere for 30 years, the best ones we had, had run the Diplomat [Hotel] in\nAtlanta before they came to Montgomery. A German couple, the [Bernhard and\nMadeline] Schmitts. They became famous in Montgomery. The club was rented out\nfrequently to civic organizations that would want to have meetings in the club.\nThey would do that to get the money. On those nights the club members couldn't\ngo ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless they belonged to that organization. All the various companies that\nwere owned by members of the club would have their company Christmas parties at\nthe club each year. We had a fabulous New Year's Eve party for many, many, many\nyears, 200-300 people. Black tie. Evening dresses, not cocktail ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dresses.\nSometimes tails. They would have hors d'oeuvres and drinks starting at 10:00 on\nNew Year's Eve, running through to a full-seated meal at midnight. Always an\norchestra, dancing. My parents went many, many times, and so did I. It was the\nfocal point of society. As time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"passed, things changed. When I came home from\nWorld War II in late 1945 and everybody began coming home, the club started\npicking up the young people that had gone to war. I found a Constitution that\nwas six sheets of tissue paper. The initiation fee was $100. Dues were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$25 a\nmonth. Anyway, that was all changed and revised a sensible Constitution. I got\non the board in 1948 and was there for 18 years until 1966. I held every office\nmultiple times. You could only succeed yourself one time in one office, so they\nswapped me back and forth ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from secretary to treasurer to something or another. I\nwas president in 1953. Of course, prior to that, I was vice president, past\npresident. We changed it to a sensible system patterned after the Piedmont\nDriving Club [Atlanta, Georgia], the Montgomery Country Club [Montgomery,\nAlabama], which was still, up until 1995, no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews. The Standard Club up until\n1993, no non-Jews. I headed a committee to get rid of the religious restriction,\nwhich we did. We went from tightly controlled Reform Jews as members to an\ninvitation system to an application. If ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody wanted to join, we had a whole\nnew system, an application form. You send in an application with your picture,\nyour background. You had to have three sponsors. You went before the board. If\nyou were approved, you were invited to join. The initiation fee got big. It got\nup to several hundred dollars. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everything went up as it did everywhere. So, we\nopened it up to non-Jews in 1993. In short order, there were more non-Jews there\nthan there were Jews. We introduced a category for the clergy to pay no dues,\njust the minimum and a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"innovations. I chaired almost every major\ncommittee there while I was on the board.\n\nBERMAN: When did the club start inviting or allowing Jews from the other\ncongregations or the other communities to join?\n\nDRUM: That was what I was just addressing. Some joined around the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early 1940's,\nnot many. By about 1950-1954, anybody, any Jewish person could apply from any\ncongregation. Most of them were accepted. It had Jewish people from the\nSephardics, Conservatives, and Reformed.\n\nBERMAN: How was that? Was the change accepted by all?\n\nDRUM: It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fine. The German Jewish people still controlled the presidency\nuntil about 1950's or 1960's when I and some others promoted a member of the\nConservative congregation to be president. From then on, there were officers\nfrom everywhere. We had the first female ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"president in early 2000's. All of this\nwill be in the draft that I will give you.\n\nBERMAN: Getting back to the differences between the three communities here in\nMontgomery, did the temple crowd associate with the synagogue crowd? Did the\nsynagogue crowd associate with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sephardic crowd?\n\nDRUM: Sure. But not much socially, no. In business and civic organizations, yes.\nThen, the Sephardic group sent their children to Temple Beth Or, the Reformed\ntemple, for Sunday school. Finances entered the picture some years ago.\nEverybody got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old. Intermarriage enters the picture. A lot of the people didn't\nbelong to other congregations. They now belong to Temple Beth Or. Some people,\nfor many years, belonged to two. Some of the Conservative people. I call it a\nlittle bit less Orthodox than Orthodox in Montgomery. There wasn't much social\nmixture at all. Very few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intermarriages. This, like everything else had changed.\nTemple Beth Or has a lot of people that used to be members of one of the other\ncongregations. Etz Ahayem, the Sephardic congregation, dwindled to almost\nnothing. It had to break up. Some went to the Conservative group. Some went to\nTemple Beth Or. In fact, a lady from that group ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recently was elected president\nof the Board of Trustees at Temple Beth Or. Now, we have quite a few families\nwho are Sephardic or Conservative, whose children and grandchildren are now at\nTemple Beth Or. They have merged the Sunday schools again because they had so\nfew children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in one place. They had to combine them. They all meet at Sunday\nschool at Temple Beth Or.\n\nBERMAN: You must have seen numerous changes in Montgomery over the last 70 or 80\nyears. Do you like the changes you've seen? How would you assess ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what Montgomery\nis like today as opposed to the Montgomery you knew growing up?\n\nDRUM: Montgomery in those days was small. Population was 40,000 to 50,000. A lot\nof people didn't have cars. Cars were an innovation. The city grew up.\nSegregation came along. The suburbs expanded ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mightily. They still are. We have\nhuge shopping centers all over this place now. Big chain stores came to\nMontgomery. We always had Sears, J.C. Penney, and the Montgomery Fair\n[Department Store]. Now we have Costco, Target, Walmart, Sam's, and everything\nelse you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can think of. [They] all expanded out in the country. We have four or\nfive country clubs, big ones, with residential developments around the golf\ncourses. The town has expanded out of the town. The downtown in Montgomery now\nis empty, pretty much. They are trying to build it back. We have a lot of new\nrestaurants coming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. We used to have department stores, one or two. Now we\nhave a bunch of them. You have Stein Mart and different things like that for\nmen's clothes. Talbots for women's clothes. Sophisticated stores as well as\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ordinary stores. You can buy expensive things in Montgomery now, which you\ncouldn't for a long time. The city is trying hard to redevelop the downtown\narea. They have just opened a place called The Alley, downtown. They now have\nseveral restaurants that have opened up. Wensaltz from Mobile has moved to\nMontgomery. Montgomery now has about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"230,000 population. Surrounding towns like\nPrattville, Wetumpka, Millbrook, 10-15 miles away, all shop in Montgomery. It's\njust grown from a tiny little place to a pretty good sized place. We have a\nmuseum, a Shakespeare festival and theatre. We have several good art ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"museums and\nthings of that nature.\n\nBERMAN: Do you miss the old Montgomery?\n\nDRUM: I don't. No. I do miss the intimacy that prevailed amongst many, many\npeople where they were not out to compete for everything. Life is competitive\nnow in every respect, far beyond what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it used to be. I remember my father\ntelling me one time way back in his day in 1920 or something like that, that\nthey traveled selling dry goods for Steiner-Lobman [Wholesale Dry Goods Company]\nwith a horse and buggy. One of his competitor's horse and buggy ran into a\ncreek. The horse drowned, and the man lost all of his samples of dry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goods.\nSteiner-Lobman lent that man their catalogues until he could get back on his\nfeet. That would not happen today. They would take delight in the fact that he\nwas out of business. It's a cut-throat era now, as compared with a more genteel\nway of life. There used to be a lot of boarding houses around for people to stay\nin. No more. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"automobile has brought in motels and better hotels. We have got\nprobably 20 motels all around this city, scattered everywhere. You go 10 miles\nout on the road to [Shoppes at] EastChase shopping center with all these big\nstores. Bed, Bath and Beyond, Shoe Station, umpteen different fast food\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"restaurants, ladies ready to wear places, big department stores. They have\nmotels and gas stations all over everywhere. Sam's has its gas station. Costco\nhas its gas stations, all over everywhere. Its greatly expanded and continuing\nto do so. Now the city is trying to rebuild the inner city. They are taking old\nstores and making lofts to rent to people to bring them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to downtown.\n\nBERMAN: Is it working?\n\nDRUM: It's working. Slowly. It is.\n\nBERMAN: What do you see as the future of the Jewish community in Montgomery?\n\nDRUM: It is declining. The temple annual meeting is in May, and finances are\ngetting to be a real problem. The people who pay the most dues are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old. They are\ndying out. When one of them dies that pays $10,000 or $15,000 a year, the young\npeople are not coming on like they should. I visualize that sooner or later\nthere will be a combination of the Reformed temple and of the Conservative\ntemple ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because a lot of the Conservative people who came from Eastern Europe as\nopposed to the ones from Western Europe like the Germans and French. The third\nand fourth generations, they don't want to stay that way. As interfaith\nmarriages take place, those old rigid traditions are rapidly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disappearing. In\norder for the Jewish community to survive in Montgomery, in my view, which is\nshared by Ms. Weil [he gestures to a woman in the room] and her family, services\nare going to have to be combined into one. I think will be Temple Beth Or. You\ncan't continue to have two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbis, two choirs, two this, and two that. The\nSunday schools are already merging together. We put out a temple bulletin. By\nthe way, you can get on the mailing list for that if you wanted to, if you have\nany interest in it. By the same token, I think you put out a publication. You\nmay want to put the temple on your mailing list. You can let me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. Would you\nlike to do that?\n\nBERMAN: Absolutely. Yes.\n\nDRUM: We will swap bulletins. This would be a step in that direction. We have a\nbig endowment fund. They don't have any. We have a lot of things that we own. We\nown our own ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cemetery. They use the public cemetery. We bury people in sealed\ncaskets. They bury them in . . . I don't know if they still have wakes or not.\nThey put them in biodegradable caskets except where they have to comply with\ncity laws in the public cemeteries. None of them are buried in our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cemetery,\nonly the descendants of the Germans. Now we have sold some lots . . . I run the\ncemetery . . . to some of the former Sephardics because they now belong to\nTemple Beth Or.\n\nBERMAN: What is the name of the cemetery?\n\nDRUM: Eternal Rest. It is the newest one. The city gave us the land years ago.\nIt is part of the city cemetery, which is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oakwood. This is the Jewish section,\ncalled Eternal Rest. This is the second Jewish section. Way, way back, they had\nwhat they called the Hebrew section, called Land of Peace. I have all the names\nand everything about all the cemeteries here at the house as well as at the\ntemple because I run it. When people die, I keep up with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"records, as does\nGina Friday at the temple under my direction.\n\nBERMAN: I think on that note, we can conclude the interview unless you can think\nof anything that you have been wanting to say and I haven't covered. Are there\nany questions that I haven't covered?\n\nDRUM: Have we covered my college days?\n\nBERMAN: We talked about your college days, but we didn't talk about your\nmilitary service.\n\nDRUM: I would be glad to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that.\n\nBERMAN: Okay.\n\nDRUM: I started out as active duty as second lieutenant in April, 1941, at Craig\nAir Force Base in Selma, Alabama. I was post engineer and held several jobs. I\nhelped build the base.\n\nDRUM: We trained all the cadets. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"built all the housing for them. We damned up\na little creek and built a lake for fishing. It was an advanced flying base for\nAmerican and RAF [Royal Air Force] Pilots. I taught navigation in the school as\nwell as being fire marshal and several other things. I went overseas in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"June,\n1941. I landed in Scotland in July of 1941. In England, I was there two years\nuntil I went across the channel into France. In England, I had increasingly\nimportant jobs, in my view. As important as lower reigning officers can get\nbecause I got there first. When you get there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first, other people come behind\nyou, and you get pushed up. I got to be a captain in 1943. I was on exercise\nwith the Canadians. I got sick with the flu, followed by pneumonia, followed by\nhepatitis. I was in a hospital in Oxford, England, for almost five ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"months. A\nreally, really sick young fellow. I finally got out. I had to watch my food. No\nalcohol for years. I was privy to a lot of invasion plans. I was on a top-secret\nlist of classifications, so I couldn't drink. I couldn't participate with the\nfloozies like everybody did. Even with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the affairs that people had, I couldn't\ndo that because you might let out something that you knew. You couldn't do that.\nI got to be a captain in 1943. I went over from England to France in about a\nmonth or two after D-Day. D-Day was June 6, 1944. I got into Normandy about July\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or August and later was promoted to major. We moved into Paris the day after it\nwas liberated in August, 1944. I stayed there, traveling through Europe, doing\nmy job. I never had any combat. I was a staff officer working in the\nheadquarters of the U.S. [United States Army Corps of] Engineers in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe. I\nworked under the chief engineer of the entire European Theater of Operations for\nthe war. At the head of our group was [Dwight D.] Eisenhower's deputy, General\n[John Clifford Hodges] Lee. I worked for him. In 1945, after VE Day [Victory in\nEurope Day], they sent me down to Marseille [France] to begin transferring\ntroops to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Japan, but the war got over before we transferred anybody. So,\neverybody wanted to come home. They had a point system. If you had \"x\" number of\npoints, you could go home, so they said. If they wanted you to stay, you stayed.\nPoints or no points. I remember vividly, there had been an all-American\nquarterback that played for [University of] Georgia, named Charley Trippi. He\nhad about 45 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"points, way too few to get home, but they got him home in time for\nthe football season. I wanted so bad to go back to England on VE Day, with all\nmy friends there for so long, to be there in London when VE Day came, but I was\nsent south to Marseille. I stayed there until ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"December, 1945. That was when I\nleft to come home. I had way over 100 points. But if they regarded you as a\nlittle bit important, you had to stay. I stayed. After VE Day, we wrote\nhistories. We worked with the Army of Occupation in Germany. Lots of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things. By\nthe time I got home, I was a lieutenant colonel. I got out in April, 1946, after\nfive years in the army. I went from second lieutenant to lieutenant colonel,\nwhich I didn't think was so bad. In 1946 when I got home, I started in business.\n\nBERMAN: Can we go back a little bit to your military service? Did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ever think\nof making the army your career?\n\nDRUM: At one time. First of all, I was awarded a Bronze Star [Medal] for\nmeritorious service in the Corps of Engineers in 1944. I have pictures of all of\nthat. There was a lot of pressure. I shouldn't say pressure. There were a lot of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inducements to attract me to stay in the military. But I had been in air\nconditioning work prior to getting into the army. My career was interrupted. I\nworked for an air conditioning company. When I got out of the army, I\ninterviewed around for several consultant engineering jobs. Living in Atlanta, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nfamous firm there was Newcomb \u0026 Boyd. I was offered a job there. I was offered\nan opportunity to take over a big air conditioning company in Atlanta because\nthe owner wanted to retire and would have given me umpteen opportunities to buy\ninto that business. I have often thought about the fact that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could have gone\nback to date the girl that I dated before the war if she hadn't gotten married.\nI might have gotten married, lived in Atlanta, participated in Atlanta's\n[unintelligible] skyscrapers in the past 40-50 years. I didn't do that. But the\nmilitary . . . when I came back home, the company you worked for was required by\nthe government, to give you your job back. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went back to York [Corporation Air\nConditioning] in Atlanta. They would give me my job back, but they wouldn't\nguarantee it would be in Atlanta. It might be in Minnesota. It might be Florida\nor somewhere else, traveling. I didn't want that. The military, for my rank,\nlieutenant officer, I could have gotten really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good stations all over the\ncountry. I didn't want all the uncertainty. Military life in peacetime, I\ncouldn't think of anything less interesting. So, I started my business in 1946\nhere in Montgomery.\n\nBERMAN: We spoke quite extensively about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your business career. I have a couple\nmore military questions. One that we often ask people that were involved in\nWorld War II or served in World War II, was where they were when they heard that\nPearl Harbor was bombed. If you could reflect on your reaction. Where you were.\n\nDRUM: December 7, 1941, I was on active duty at Craig Air Force ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Base in Selma,\nAlabama. I had been given a weekend pass to come to Montgomery to visit my\nfolks. I came on Friday and had to be back on Sunday. I played golf at the\nMontgomery Country Club with another officer who came with me. When we got home\nfor lunch from the golf course on December 7, Sunday, my mother told me we\nreceived a call from Craig ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Air Force Base to come back immediately. Everybody\nwas uptight. We had to get in the car and go back to Craig Air Force Base, where\nall these precautions were taken as if we were going to get invaded tomorrow.\nThings tightened up a little bit. We couldn't have cars. We all rode bicycles at\nthe time. The impact was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horrifying. Craig Air Force Base was named \"Craig\"\nafter a good friend of mine, who was a Georgia Tech [Georgia Institute of\nTechnology] classmate, named Bruce [Kilpatrick] Craig, who was killed in an\naccident in Hawaii after the Japs attacked. That is how Craig got its name. I\nbeg your pardon. He was killed earlier because it was Craig Air Force Base when\nI ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went. But, the impact of Pearl Harbor was a sobering, terrifying effect. Most\nof us could have seen it coming. We didn't know when, but the surprise attack\nthat caught us flat-footed, just blew our minds. We were really, really worried.\nPresident [Franklin D.] Roosevelt put us on the right track ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immediately. A lot\nof people don't know this. You've heard of the Jimmy Doolittle Raid, I'm sure.\nSix months after Pearl Harbor, we attacked Japan with B-25 [Mitchell] Bombers\nled by Jimmy Doolittle off an aircraft carrier. We bombed Tokyo. Not much, but\nwe showed our hand and built up from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there.\n\nBERMAN: That was wonderful. Any other recollections?\n\nDRUM: In Europe, in Milan [Italy] and Normandy [France]. I was there when\nCherbourg [France] was liberated. In Paris when it was liberated. My time in\nParis was as an officer. I met a lot of French ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people.\n\nBERMAN: When did you hear about the concentration camps and what had gone on\nwith the Jewish people of Europe?\n\nDRUM: Late. Quite late. After the hostilities. We began to occupy Germany. Then\nwe would begin to see in the movies and the newspapers about \"Ike's\" [President\nEisenhower] visits to the concentration ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps. VE Day was May 8, 1945. By\nmidsummer or fall before I came home, I heard about the concentration camps and\nhow horrible they were, about the Jewish people. The first concentration camp\nthat the Germans had at Dachau, outside of Munich [Germany], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was for political\nprisoners and prisoners of war. It later became a concentration camp. Later,\nthey opened up all these others. Not in Germany. They put them in Auschwitz\n[Birkenau] and these various places in Poland. They had them all over\neverywhere. Each was worse than the other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one. After the war, my wife and I\nvisited Munich in the 1960's or something like that. We took a train and went\nout to Dachau to what was the concentration camp. We saw first-hand the ovens\nand the terrible, terrible living quarters. The Germans had set up a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tourist\nsection to show films of the book burnings and films of different things. There\nwas a story there of one minister. I wish I could think of his name right now.\nIt was a long time ago.\n\nBERMAN: [Martin] Niemöller?\n\nDRUM: No. Not him. I know who he was. I can't think of his name right now.\nAnyway, he saved a lot of the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. When you say a lot, it is not much\ncompared to 6 million. A lot of people don't know that the Germans were equally\nharsh on Russian POWs [prisoner of war]. They didn't put them in concentration\ncamps. They put them in cattle cars and sent them back to Russia, where nobody\never learned of them much again. The German POWs ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were held in Russia, not\nmany of them ever got out either. The atrocities that the German's put on\neverybody brought revenge by the Russians. In my view, we couldn't have won the\nwar without the Russians, and they couldn't have won it without us. The\ndifference is, the Russians paid the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"price. Twenty million dead in Russia.\nTwenty million people dead. We lost 500,000 in the war. The British [lost]\n400,000 or 500,000. The Germans, 4 million. The French, about 500,000. But the\nGerman attack on Russia in June, 1941, when it started . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Germans were\nwelcomed because people in the Ukraine had been starved by [Joseph] Stalin. But\nthe Germans misplayed their hand. Displayed cruelty and harshness and attacked\nthe Russians in their homeland. People will fight for their homeland. The\nRussians did it. They suffered hardships like you would not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe. Freezing\nweather. No food. Just bare necessities. They moved all their factories beyond\nthe roads so the Germans couldn't blow them up. There they built up their\nforces, their air forces, their armies, troops, their brilliance, and leadership\nof Marshal [Georgy] Zhukov and these other people. He held onto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stalingrad. The\nGermans had 90 percent of Stalingrad [now Volgograd, Russia], but they couldn't\nget the final 10 percent. In one day's battle at the beginning of the Battle of\nStalingrad, 150,000 Russians were dead in front of that city -- 150,000. In\nLeningrad [now St. Petersburg, Russia], where they barricaded it for a solid\nyear, people were forced to cannibalism in the freezing cold and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"snow.\nStalin didn't send his people up there to help them, first of all, because he\ncouldn't spare them. Mainly, he didn't like their independent attitude. He let\nthem suffer longer than they should. Their trials and tribulations were\nhorrible. The Germans were not equipped for the Russian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"winter. They died by the\nthousands. The maggots would go from one dead body to a live warm one. Horrible.\n[Friedrich] von Paulus, the German general in command of German forces going\ninto Russia, surrendered against [Adolf] Hitler's instructions. He had lost\n200,000 dead people. So, he took the rest of them and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surrendered to the\nRussians. Most of them never got out. They were wounded, or sick, or something.\nThe horrors of all this on the Western front, where we were, which was horrible,\nhorrible in itself, was nothing like the suffering that went on on the other\nside. In the Far East, our naval warfare against the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Japs [interruption in\nrecording] we had to go across 3,000 miles of oceans with everything to beat the\nJaps. After they went into the Philippines, they were just as cruel as anybody\nin the world. They stabbed and bayonetted our POWs [prisoner of war]. They\nstarved them and drowned them. They laughed at them. They did everything. I have\nno sympathy whatever for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Japanese. Now they are on top of the world again.\nSame with the Germans. I may have told you in an earlier interview, my wife and\nI went to Munich before we went to Dachau. I was sitting next to a white-haired\nman, who was working a crossword puzzle in English. I started talking to him. He\nplayed a cello in the London symphony that was touring in Berlin [Germany] at\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outbreak of World War II in September, 1939. They all toasted each other,\nthe Germans and British . . . \"This will all over soon.\" Next thing he knew, he\nwas parachuting out of an RAF airplane, airplane bombing over Germany. He became\na POW. Now he is back with the orchestra in England. I asked him a lot of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"questions. I said, \"Do you think this could happen again?\" He said, \"It is going\nto happen again.\" He said, \"When the Germans get on top and they find they have\na less excellent economics, if they get pressure again, they will elect another\ndictator. They will follow him right down the line, \"heil\" whoever it is. If it\nisn't Hitler, it will be \"heil\" somebody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"else. They follow their Teutonic\ntradition. They will do it again. He said, \"It's just built in them. When you\ntake Germans and move them to America, or other places, they become wonderful\ncitizens. But when they stay in this country . . . \" Of course, this was back\nbefore the present era. He said, \"They would do it again.\" Now, Germany has\nchanged a great deal because it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is economically powerful. His point was, if it\nis gets economically weak, they will follow the leader again. It's what they did\nbefore. It was very interesting talking with him. I told him we had visited\nDachau, and we had long conversations. Back to Japan, they are probably the\nsmartest people in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world, because up until a couple hundred years ago, they\nhad no contact with the outside world at all. Our admiral [Commodore Matthew]\nPerry opened up Japan to the world. They soon proved that in 100 years, they\nadapted to world circumstances, power, economics, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything. But they still are\nsolidly Japanese. They don't look like us. They don't look like Caucasians. You\ncan always tell the difference. They look on Koreans, the Japs do, as dogs\nbecause the Koreans are a mixture of Japanese and Chinese. The Japanese invaded\nManchuria in the 1930's. They slaughtered and raped hundreds of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thousands of\npeople, laughingly doing so. They've got their background too. It will surface\none of these times unless they stay economically powerful. They are winning. The\nChinese, Japs, and the Asians are winning now, and we're going down the hill, in\nthis country, after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"200 years. They've been there thousands [of years]. They\nwill be there thousands more.\n\nBERMAN: One final question, do you think it was correct for President [Harry S.]\nTruman to drop the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?\n\nDRUM: Absolutely. One hundred percent. It was simply a weapon of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war. If the\nother side would have had it, they would have used it against us. We were\nconfronted with invading Japan. That would have cost 1 million dead Americans.\nMore than that, dead Japanese. It would have lasted at least three or four\nyears, of slaughter. The fact that we were able to get it and drop it, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saved\ncountless lives -- of Japanese lives and our lives. In my view, it didn't\nrequire a great deal of thought when measured against courage and alternatives\nfor President Truman to do this. I'm satisfied that General [George] Marshall,\nwho was our greatest chief of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"staff, told us that was the thing to do. The\nJapanese people had been trained for a year to stave off an invasion. Look at\nhow hard they fought for Okinawa and Iwo Jima. In those two island campaigns, we\nlost 16,000 dead people. Sixteen thousand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dead people. And five times that many\nwounded, and those are off-shore islands. If we went into Japan, as we did in\nthose places, the slaughter would have been horrible. It would have lasted for\nyears. Every Japanese person, women, old people, everybody, had been\nindoctrinated with weapons, kitchen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knives, everything, to fight to the death.\nThat is their samurai tradition. We would have been in a slaughter house for\nyears. This way, the bombs, the two atom bombs, killed a lot of people in a\nlocal area like Hiroshima. It's all built back up now. They have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"section in\nthere that is a shrine, but it's all built back up. You couldn't detect any\ndamage. The same in Nagasaki, except what they preserved to show off museum\nqualities. A few people, say 100,000, died or were affected in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hiroshima. That\nis a skimpy number compared with what would have been. We didn't know how to\ntreat radiation then. It was all a first-time event, but we learned. What came\nout of it was a nuclear industry for the world. We developed nuclear energy.\nNow, we're behind. We haven't built a nuclear plant in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"30 years. The rest of the\nworld is building everywhere. The Japanese have the world's biggest nuclear\nplant. We have 104 plants that produce 16 percent of our power. The French get\n82 percent of their power, nuclear. They have nuclear plants all over France.\nThey don't have any oil. Nuclear has saved them umpteen trillions to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to not\ntransport coal, natural gas, and all this stuff. It made nuclear . . . It\ndoesn't pollute the atmosphere. It doesn't do anything. It lasts for a long\ntime. They have a system of disposing of the spent [fuel] rods that is the envy\nof the world. The French, of all people, have got this. The British are just\nbuilding two nuclear plants. We can't build them. Environmentalists ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, \"No we\ncan't do that.\" So what happens, we remain dependent on oil and coal. We have\nplenty of coal. We have plenty of oil. They won't let us develop it. We have to\ntransport it across the oceans for millions, millions, millions of dollars. It's\ntotally wasted. These plants in Japan, did not fail because of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their nuclear\nreactor problems. They failed because they had an earthquake and a tsunami that\nbusted them up and flooded them and put them out of operation and brought on the\nnuclear threat of radiation. But it can be controlled. It will be. All the bad\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ingredients produced blow out to sea, in Japan. They blow across the world. They\nget diminished by the time they get far away. If we had a nuclear plant at Three\nMile Island, it wouldn't blow anywhere. It would affect our country, like\nChernobyl [Nuclear Power Plant]. But Chernobyl was a primitive plant. No\nsafeguards. We have two plants in Alabama, one in south Alabama, and one in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"north Alabama. Belonged to TVA [Tennessee Valley Authority]. It's been running\nfor years. Nobody even knows they are there. The nuclear age came about because\nof Hiroshima and Nagasaki.\n\nDRUM: The Japanese have benefited more than anybody in the world from those two\ndisasters that they suffered. They were pinpricks on the population of Japan and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the world. The benefits from the development of atomic and hydrogen bombs, if\nyou will, and technology were marvelous. Oak Ridge, Tennessee, you know about\nthat. It's an outstanding place, facility. It hovers genius. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people that\nbuilt all these things for us were mostly Europeans. We didn't have any\nphysicists. [J.] Robert Oppenheimer is the only one. You had [Albert] Einstein,\nLeo Szilard, Edward Teller, Lise Meitner, Niels Bohr. All these people were from\nEurope and most of them Jewish. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could say, if you wanted to be kind of\nsilly, that the Jewish people really defeated Hitler because he ran all these\npeople out. If they worked for him, we'd have bombs dropping here. But they came\nto this country where they had a chance to develop to be free to exercise their\ngenius and help us and beat Hitler.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was going to say, I think that is a great place to conclude because it\nis kind of like an uplifting finale to the interview - that these people came\nover here and helped to defeat Hitler.\n\nDRUM: That is true. All them were Jewish. Niels Bohr was half Jewish. He was\nDanish. The British got him out of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pinomonde secretly in an airplane to come\nout. Look at Huntsville, Alabama, all the people like [Wernher] Von Braun, who\nwas not Jewish. But they came over here. They were all contemporaries. Von Braun\nhad a degree from MIT [Massachusetts Institute of Technology]. I belonged to an\nengineering honor society. In fact, all of them at Tech had, so did Von ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Braun,\nThomas Edison, and all kinds of people. I fear that Judaism is going to shrink\ndue to our freedoms to marry who we wish. We even have President [Bill]\nClinton's daughter [Chelsea] who is married to a Jewish man [Marc Mezvinsky].\nCarolyn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kennedy is married to a Jewish man. This is spreading, and it is going\nto continue. It's going to go into other countries as well. I think, for the\nfuture, I wish I could stay around to see it. I'm going for 100 right now. I\nhope I make that. But I would love to be here 25-30 years from now.\n\nBERMAN: And I hope you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/transcript/21011/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make it! On that note, thank you Mr. Drum. It has been a\nwonderful experience. I appreciate it.\n\nDRUM: I appreciate what you have done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8640.0,8670.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Beth Or is a Reform congregation in Montgomery, Alabama.  The congregation was formally formed in 1852 and was known as Kahl Montgomery.  In 1862, they completed a temple in downtown Montgomery and later changed the name to Temple Beth Or [Hebrew: House of Light].  It is listed in the National Registry of Historic Places and still stands today serving as a church.  Due to the increasing Jewish population, a new house of worship was built in 1902 and again in 1961, which is the location of Temple Beth Or today.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Standard Club was formed in 1871 as a downtown Montgomery social club for Jews during an era when Jews were not admitted to other clubs. The club building was built in 1894 across from the Davis Theater.  Members acquired the second lot in February 1913.  The Standard Club maintained the dual properties for over a decade. In 1929, notable architect Frank Lockwood built the current clubhouse.  Currently, the Standard Club property is a community of residential homes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAgudath Israel, a Conservative synagogue in Montgomery, Alabama, was established in 1902.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEtz Ahayem was established in 1912 in Montgomery, Alabama by Ladino- speaking Sephardic Jews, particularly from Rhodes. Solomon Rousso was elected the first president of the congregation. Construction of its first building was completed in 1927. In 1962 the congregation moved to a new building, but by the 1990’s it had dwindled, as children of congregants moved away from Montgomery, and the synagogue had difficulty finding rabbis to lead it.  Etz Ahayem merged with another Montgomery congregation, Agudath Israel, in 2001 and adopted the current name of Agudath Israel Etz Ahayem. The synagogue combines traditions and rituals of the Ashkenazi and Sephardim.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAgudath Israel Etz Ahayem in Montgomery, Alabama is the 2001 merger of two congregations: Agudath Israel, a Conservative synagogue, established in 1902, and Etz Ahayem, a Sephardic congregation established in 1912.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1931 nine black teenaged boys were accused of rape.  They came to be known as the “Scottsboro Boys.”  The boys were riding on a freight train with several white boys and two white girls.  A fight ensued and the boys were accused of rape by the two white girls.  The trial lasted 1-1/2 days and all were sentenced to death, with the exception of one 12-year-old boy.  They appealed and the case was returned to a lower court with a change of venue.  The next trial was held in Decatur, Alabama. One of the alleged rape victims admitted that they had made up the story, but they were all found guilty again.  In a third trial, the charges were dropped for four of the nine defendants.  The rest were sentenced to life.  Clarence Norris, the oldest defendant, and the only one condemned to death, was pardoned by George Wallace in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘dedication.’ An eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar.  Hanukkah celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rules of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the menorah but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil.  This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The Hanukkah menorah, or hanukiah, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, by the ninth candle. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeder (meaning “order” in Hebrew”) is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted on the evening of the fifteenth day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar throughout the world.  Some communities hold seder on both the first two nights of Passover. The seder incorporates prayers, candle lighting, and traditional foods symbolizing the slavery of the Jews and the exodus from Egypt. It is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are Rosh Ha-Shanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah is Hebrew for ‘head of the year,’ i.e. New Year festival. The cycle of High Holy Days begins with Rosh Ha-Shanah.  It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh Ha-Shanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or Death. These decisions may be revoked by prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKol Nidre is an Aramaic declaration recited in the synagogue before the beginning of the evening service on every Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur is Hebrew for ‘Day of Atonement.’ The most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day.  Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePink Ladies” is a women’s hospital volunteer group created in the early 1960’s.  They help with patient care, gift shops, and at information counters.  They are named “Pink Ladies” because of the pink smocks they wear.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA “candy striper” is a hospital volunteer, usually teenage, who works in a variety of health care settings, usually under the direct supervision of nurses.  Their duties vary widely depending upon the facility.  The term “candy striper” is derived from the red-and-white striped uniforms that female volunteers traditionally wore.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1931 to the late 1950’s, courtship weekends in southern cities included Montgomery, Alabama’s ‘Falcon,’ Birmingham, Alabama’s ‘Jubilee,’ Columbus, Georgia’s ‘Holly Days,’ and Atlanta, Georgia’s ‘Ballyhoo.’  They were attended by college-age Jewish youth from across the South who participated in rounds of breakfast dates, lunch dates, tea dance dates, early evening dates, late night dates, formal dances, and cocktail parties, with the goal of meeting a “nice Jewish boy or girl” who might well become a spouse. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-black secret society, whose methods included terrorism and murder.  It was founded in the South in the 1860’s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920’s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960’s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past, its members dressed up in white robes and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosa Louise McCauley Parks (1913-2005) was an American civil rights activist.  The United State Congress called her the “first lady of civil rights\" and \"the mother of the freedom movement.  On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey the bus driver’s order to give up her seat in the black section to a white passenger after the white section was filled. Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation. Others had taken similar steps.   Parks' act of defiance and the Montgomery Bus Boycott became important symbols of the modern Civil Rights Movement.  She became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation. At the time, Parks was secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), an organization formed in 1909.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Selma to Montgomery marches were three marches in 1965 that marked the political and emotional peak of the American Civil Rights Movement.  Selma and Montgomery were the focus of black voter registration drives which were resisted on every front.  The marches were to support voting rights for blacks. The first was on March 7, 1965 and came to be known as “Bloody Sunday,” when 600 civil rights marchers were attacked by state and local police with billy clubs and tear gas.  Several marchers, both black and white, were beaten or murdered over the course of the marches.  The second march was on March 9, 1965.  Martin Luther King Jr. led 2,500 protestors who were turned back after crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge.  The third march started on March 16.  The marchers marched along US Route 80 protected by 2,000 soldiers of the United States Army, 1,900 members of the Alabama National Guard under Federal command, FBI agents, and Federal Marshals.  They arrived in Montgomery on March 24.  The marchers in the third march were fed by women volunteers who cooked the food in the kitchen of the Green Street Baptist Church after which it was delivered to the gathering point for the march by truck.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] Grover Cleveland Hall, Sr. (1888–1941) was an American newspaper editor at the Montgomery Advertiser in Montgomery, Alabama.  He garnered national attention and won a Pulitzer Prize during the 1920’s for his editorials that criticized the Ku Klux Klan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhite Citizens’ Council (WCC) was an American white supremacist organization formed on July 11, 1954.  After 1956, it was known as the Citizens’ Councils of America.  It had about 60,000 members, mostly in the South.  It was opposed to racial integration during the 1950’s and 1960’s when it retaliated with economic boycotts and strong intimidation against black activists, including depriving them of jobs.  By the 1970’s its influence had faded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, commonly known as ‘Shriners,’ was established in 1870 and is part of the Freemasons.  Now called ‘Shriners International,’ it has nearly 200 chapters around the world.  It is best known for the Shriners Hospitals for Children it administers and the red fezzes that the members wear. A 33rd degree Mason is someone who has earned the highest honors in Freemasonry. When someone joins the Masons, he is given the rank of Entered Apprentice, which is the first degree. Masons can advance to the 32nd degree through their contributions to the lodge. The 33rd degree is only given to Masons who have performed significant services for Freemasonry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people in the ancient Persian Empire from destruction in the wake of a plot by Haman, a story recorded in the Biblical book of Esther.  According to the Book of Esther, Haman planned to kill all the Jews, but his plans were foiled by Mordecai and his adopted daughter Queen Esther.  The day of deliverance became a day of feasting and rejoicing.  Some of the customs of Purim include drinking wine, wearing masks and costumes, and public celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEtz Ahayem was established in 1912 in Montgomery, Alabama by Ladino- speaking Sephardic Jews, particularly from Rhodes. Solomon Rousso was elected the first president of the congregation. Construction of its first building was completed in 1927.  In 1962 the congregation moved to a new building, but by the 1990’s it had dwindled, as children of congregants moved away from Montgomery, and the synagogue had difficulty finding rabbis to lead it. Etz Ahayem merged with another Montgomery congregation, Agudath Israel, in 2001 and adopted the current name of Agudath Israel Etz Ahayem. The synagogue combines traditions and rituals of the Ashkenazi and Sephardim.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Dachau became a model for other concentration camps and was used as a training center for SS guards. Originally, it was a camp for criminals, political prisoners, and other opponents of the Nazi regime. In 1938, in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, the Jewish population rose to 10,000, although most were eventually released after agreeing to emigrate from Germany. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFriedrich Gustav Emil Martin Niemöller (1892-1984) was a German anti-Nazi theologian and Lutheran pastor.  He is best known for his statement, “First they came for the Socialists, and I did not speak out because I was not a Socialist ... and there was no one left to speak for me.\" For his opposition to the Nazis' state control of the churches, Niemöller was imprisoned in Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps from 1937 to 1945.  He narrowly escaped execution. After his imprisonment, he expressed his deep regret about not having done enough to help the victims of the Nazis.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (1878-1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid- 1920’s until his death. He is considered one of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896-1974) was a career officer in the Red Army of the Soviet Union, who became Chief of General Staff, Deputy Commander-in-Chief, Minister of Defense, and a member of the Politburo.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Catlett Marshall, Jr. (1889-1959) was an American statesman and soldier.  He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army under presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, and served as Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense under Truman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was an energy accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant located in the Pacific Ocean in northern Japan.  It is known for the March 11, 2011 accident that was initiated by a powerful earthquake which caused a massive tsunami.  The plant suffered major damage and permanently damaged several reactors.  The Fukushima accident is the largest nuclear disaster since the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThree Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station is a nuclear power plant located on Three Mile Island on the Susquehanna River, south of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The plant is widely known for having been the site of the most significant accident in United States commercial nuclear energy on March 28, 1979, when it suffered a partial meltdown. According to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the accident resulted in no deaths or injuries to plant workers or members of nearby communities.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/annotation_set/257/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChernobyl Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power plant located in the city of Chernobyl in Ukraine, then part of the former Soviet Union.  The plant is widely known for the 1986 accident, the only accident in the history of commercial nuclear power to cause fatalities from radiation.  It was the product of a severely flawed Soviet-era reactor design combined with human error.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=8370.0,8400.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/index/47399","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Leo Drum [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/index/47399/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History in Montgomery, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=36.0,312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/index/47399/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandparents . . . Rosa Lobman, grew up in Pine Apple, Alabama, and later in Greenville, Alabama, just like all of the Lobman’s and all the Steiner’s.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=36.0,312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/index/47399/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eichold","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lobman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mobile, 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a famous private school, called Barnes School.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265#t=480.0,921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32493/file/101265/index/47399/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Agudath Israel,","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Barnes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Etz Ahayem","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montgomery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"private 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