{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/bg2h708h43/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Eisenstein, Clara Tilleman (1995)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1995-12-01 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Absence of Humanity Project (AOH)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eClara Tilleman Eisenstein was interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 1, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28337"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Clara (Klara) Tilleman Eisenstein (personal name)","Leon Eisenstein (personal name)","Irene Eisenstein (personal name)","Maria Chokovska (personal name)","Benito Mussolini (personal name)","American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (corporate name)","United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (corporate name)","Haganah (corporate name)","Boryslaw, Poland (geographic term)","Krakow, Poland (geographic term)","Gliwice, Poland (geographic term)","Walbrzych, Poland (geographic term)","Heidenheim, Germany (geographic term)","Stuttgart, Germany (geographic term)","Carpathian Mountains (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Dachau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Ghetto (topical term)","Labor Camp (topical term)","Aktions (topical term)","Pogroms (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) (topical term)","Escape (topical term)","Hiding (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)","Cattle Cars (topical term)","USS General W. M. Black (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eClara Tilleman Eisenstein was interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 1, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/104/013/small/Eisenstein_Clara1995.mp4_1610119492.jpg?1610101492","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Eisenstein_Clara.mp4"]},"duration":2360.982,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/104/013/small/Eisenstein_Clara1995.mp4_1610119492.jpg?1610101492","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/104/013/original/Eisenstein_Clara.mp4?1628769783","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2360.982,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Eisenstein, Clara [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What's your name?\n\nEISENSTEIN: I'm Clara Eisenstein.\n\nBERMAN: Could you begin by telling us where you are from, what it was like a\nlittle bit before the Nazis . . . growing up in Poland, and what it was like\nwhen the Nazis came to power, when they invaded Poland?\n\nEISENSTEIN: I was the youngest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of five children and it was a heaven. I went to\ngymnasium. I finished gymnasium. Then I went to Krakow. Only one year I was in a\nlaw school at the university in Krakow. I was in love. My husband came from\nFrance at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. He finished his degree. He asked me to come back home. I\ncame back home. I married my husband, Leon. I married him in 1938. Naturally, we\nhad a very good life. We lived in a small town. Population 36,000. 12,000 Polish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people,\n12,000 Jewish, and 12,000 Ukrainian. Since we lived in an oil town, we had it\nreal good. After I married, it was a heaven. Two years later, I had a baby and\nGermans came. That was . . . a year and a half ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later. In 1939, they came in the\nfall. I think it was between August and September. They came exactly when it was\na Jewish new year. Hell broke out. The minute they came, that first day, they\ngathered all the doctors and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lawyers. They put them against the wall--synagogue\nwall--and they shot them all dead. Then we couldn't go out. We were not allowed\nto walk the streets. We were not allowed to buy food. After a while, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made a\npact with Russia. They moved on the one side of River Bug. They were west and\nthe Russians took the part to the River Bug. But they came back. The day they\ncame back, they gave a free hand to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poles and Ukrainians. They made all of us to\ngo out to the streets. We were circled around, beaten with iron rods. Lots of\npeople died. Next day, we had to come. We had to clean the streets, wash them\nfrom the blood. We had to put corpses ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the carts and we had to bury them.\nThere came an order: we were not allowed to go out. We were not allowed to walk\nthe streets. We could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go only back alleys. We were not allowed to buy no food.\nIt started to be very bad. In September 1942, it came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a commando of Gestapo.\nThey were going toward west from east, stopping in every town. Right away, they\ncame with red dogs, tremendous dogs. They were going from house to house,\npulling all the Jewish people to the streets. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If they didn't want to go, the\ndogs were just tearing them apart. They were loading the willing people. They\nwere loading them on big trucks. It was tremendous amount of people out. The\ntrucks were full. It started to rain. I had the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"baby. I threw her down from the\ntruck and I jumped. The rain was tremendous. Nobody noticed that I was one with\nthe people who were watching what was going on. I remembered that a school\nfriend of mine . . . told me that if I need to hide, to come to his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house. But I\nhad to cross the street and there was a very big creek also. I had to go through\nthe creek, but it was pouring. It was raining. I sat down in the creek because\nnobody was following us anymore. I was waiting until it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dark. I was covered\nsomehow by the hills. It was between the hills. When it was dark, I climbed up\nbetween the hills. I saw . . . usually every time there was an oil well, there\nwas a little house. The guards were living in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house. I knocked at the door.\nI offered her my ring. She let me in. I asked her to keep me for one night and\nshe did. She kept me for two nights in a barn. During those two . . . it was one\nand a half days . . . there was a pogrom, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terrible . . . After the one and a\nhalf days . . . it was quiet. They said, \"It's the end of it.\" So all the Jewish\npeople who were hiding came out. But that's what their plan was, because a few\nhours later, they started again--the same pogrom. In two and a half ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days, 6,500\nJewish people lost their lives between them. It was all my family--mother,\nfather, two sisters, and brother. They were buried in pits, buried half alive.\nMy husband lost his whole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family.\n\nBERMAN: Take your time.\n\nEISENSTEIN: We went back to our homes. They started the hunger. We were not\nallowed to buy nothing--no food. There were only 6,000 Jews after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. We were\nnot allowed to go nowhere. You could see walking skeletons in the back alleys.\nEverybody had a big swollen stomach. There was nothing to eat. We had to keep\neach other to wake up, my husband not to fall asleep or me, because when you\nfall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"asleep, you die. You don't wake up. Three thousand Jewish people in three\nmonths died from hunger. With the rest of us, they opened the ghetto. They put\nmany people in one rooms in the ghettos. It was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small ghetto. Every morning\nthey were making people to go to work. While people were going to work, they\nwere killing them on the road. There was in November thirty days, every day was\na pogrom. They were catching people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were keeping them in the basement of\nthe police. They took also to a movie theater. They were collecting a few\nhundred Jews and when they had a certain amount, everybody had to dig his own\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grave. The Polish people who saw us--they were coming a back way to ghetto,\nselling us something to eat--they told us that the ground ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was moving. It was\nlike the ocean moving. The Germans were sending their people with tractors to\neven it up and they were throwing some white powder, I guess some disinfection.\nI was hiding one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time in a basement. There was a little window. I looked through\nthe window. They were marching hundreds and hundreds of Jewish people to their\ngrave. It was so quiet. Nobody even raised a voice. Everybody left a child\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"behind or a wife. They thought if they will die, it will save the rest of the\nfamily. It was not like this. After a whole month, there was not many Jews left.\nThey opened a labor camp. There was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roll call every morning at five o'clock in\nthe morning. They were picking up people to die. There was no room for me in the\ncamp. People were afraid. I had a little baby. People were doing some hiding\nplaces in the camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A baby usually cries and they would not keep a baby. My\nhusband started looking for a place for me to hide. Prior to that being in the\nghetto, the ghetto was somehow across from the police station. When we still\nwere in the ghetto, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my husband went to the Polish priest. The priest sold him\ntwo Aryan papers--one for me. My name started to be Maria Chokovska. The baby I\ndon't remember the first name. Then he found us a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place to live with Polish\npeople. It would be nice, but they started to spend the money we gave them. They\nhad to change the gold coins. They didn't want to wait until the war was over.\nSomebody denounced them that they were hiding Jews. One morning--It was a couple\nand a little boy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The boy was six-years-old--he was playing outside. He came\nrunning and he said, \"Mama, Gestapo is coming for us.\" She was a very fine\nwoman. She said, \"Probably they coming to take us to the labor camps.\" They were\ntaking Polish people to labor camps, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. Before we came, she digged out under\nthe floor two holes--one long enough for me, one short for the baby. She thought\nwhen they will come, I'll go there for a minute to hide. She said, \"No, they\ncoming to take us, to look for people to labor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps.\" She said, \"I'll lock you\nin the closet.\" She put us in the closet. She locked the door. It was not a\ncloset like here. It was moveable. The Gestapo came and they . . . Two\nmilitiaman and the Gestapo man . . . I heard everything. They were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking,\n\"Where are the Jews?\" She said, \"We don't have it.\" He had a gun to her head. He\nsaid, \"I'll break that closet. If somebody's there, you will die.\" She got\nscared and she gave them the key. I came out with the baby. I lost ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I was a\nlittle bit insane. I spoke French fluently and I spoke German fluently. I didn't\nknow he's German. I didn't know where I am. I started to talk to him in French,\npleading, \"Take me and leave my baby. I give you anything you want and I have .\n. .\" He opened his coat and he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"What can you give me?\" He was full of\njewelry. His coat was full of it. He left us with the policeman, the militiaman.\nThey went. The policeman took us to the police station. The whole day they were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bringing people and screaming. They were beating everybody so terribly. They\nwere beating us. They threw us in the basement somewhere. In the evening, they\nlined us up along the wall. There was underground. The underground was paid.\nSomehow they pulled me--I had the baby in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arms--they pulled me out. They left\nme on the street. I crossed the street by myself and I went back to the ghetto,\nbecause here is the police station, here is the ghetto. I got tremendous shake.\nI fell on the floor. I was trembling. My mouth was trembling for a long time. My\nhusband ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meanwhile . . . There was a Ukrainian in the ghetto. He was taking the\nmoney and bringing food to people. He was there. My husband asked him to take me\nand the baby to hide me somewhere because they will come to look for me again.\nHe did. It was a dark night. Through the forest. We lived in Carpathian and\nthere was mountains and forest. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Through the forest the whole night--not the\nwhole night, part of the night--we were walking. He took us where his parents\nlived and his uncles. There was a tremendous haystack. So tall that they--he and\nhis brother--put one ladder on top of the haystack. On top of the one ladder,\nthey put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another one. They were helping us but the ladder was not big enough to\nreach the top. One of the brothers was on the top of the haystack, the one threw\nus almost and they pulled us. They made a hole in the haystack. We stayed there\nfor eight ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days and eight nights. It was in December. It was cold and the wind\nwas high. He left us a piece of bread and he left us something to drink. We were\nlying in the hole. The baby was asleep. She was never waking up. The lice were\neating us alive. Big white ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lice was eating us alive. My baby had a hole in the\nhead so big that you could put a finger in it. I had tremendous hunger. Pus was\nrunning from under my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arms. We stayed over there eight days. Every three nights,\nhe was coming. He was raping me in front of the baby. He was leaving a piece of\nbread. Then it was dangerous over there. He said his parents will find and they\nwill throw us out or kill us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those were Ukrainian. He took us somewhere else.\nThere was a barn with one cow and one horse but it was separated . . . the barn.\nThe other part was also hay for winter for the animals. Somehow, he made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\ntunnel in it, a round tunnel that we could crawl in. He took another father and\nhis two young daughters. He stuck us in that tunnel. Every night he would come\nand take one of the girls and rape and bring us back. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somehow my husband did not\ntrust him. He found another place for me, to hide me. The night before . . .\nthey were taking him to work every morning. He had a big sign on him, \"R\" that\nmean Rustungsarbeiter industry because he was a big specialist in his field. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He\nwent from the labor camp at night and he came to pick me up and the baby. He\nfound us another place. He came and he said, \"I found two places for you. I want\nyou to choose where you want to go.\" He named them. I didn't know the people. He\nsaid, \"I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not going to tell you which place to go. You choose it.\" I didn't\nwant to so he chose. In the morning, the other place was raided and everybody\ndied. Here I was alive. From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then on really . . . was there in papers . . . the\npeople . . . from then on, most of the time I was in forest. People were\nbuilding caves. We were going at night to steal some food. Everybody had to go\nat night to steal some food at night. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we found a Ukrainian woman, an old\nwoman. She was willing to hide us, but not in the house. That was in a small\nvillage, few houses only. By that time, they forgot about the Jews really\nbecause everyone . . . there was no body left. They evacuated . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meanwhile\nMussolini abdicated . . . not abdicated . . . or they put him down. My husband\nat night ran away from the camp. He went through all the forests. He knew where\nI am and he joined me that time. From that time, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were in the forest together.\nWe found the Ukrainian woman. She was old but she was very strong. She had a\nson, and a daughter-in-law, and two daughters. She made them to dig a hole for\nus. Here was her room. The hole had to be digged out outside the house. They\nmade us a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tunnel. We went through the tunnel out there. They covered it with\nwood and they started . . . all the vegetables they put on it. We started to\ncome through . . . it was a floor cut out, just a piece of it cut out. They put\na table over that hole. When we had to get in, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moved that table. It opened\nand we had to go head first down and down to crawl through the tunnel. We really\nwere outside the house, not inside. There was not enough oxygen to breathe so\nthey would open that floor so we could have a little oxygen to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"breathe. It was\nterribly wet over there. They didn't have much food maybe neither so they didn't\ngive us much food at all. It was black soil, and dark, and it was terribly wet.\nWe couldn't stand up in it. We had to always crouch. There was no room to stand\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up. She would let us come sometimes out. But then they were afraid. They told us\nto go away. We went back to the woods hiding and back to her. When the Russians\n. . . they liberated us. When she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opened that hole and she told us in Russian\nlanguage, \"Now you're free,\" we went out. There was nothing left in our hearts.\nIt was such an emptiness. We knew we lost everybody. There was nobody left. I\nwas left with a terribly sick ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child. We were not happy--absolutely not. There\nwas nobody left anymore.\n\nBERMAN: I know you said that when you were liberated it was such a mixed feeling\nbecause you knew you were free ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the heartache . . .\n\nEISENSTEIN: It was not good after we were liberated by Russians. As capitalists,\nwe were afraid. We were very afraid. They could have sent us to Siberia any\ntime, but my husband had lots of friends that he went to university with. Some\nof them were really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communists before the war. They vouched for him but still we\nwanted to go to the west Poland. We could not go because they wouldn't let my\nhusband go. They needed him again so he couldn't get. We had some friends from\nbefore . . . they were people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were working for him. They marched in capital.\nThey were vouching for him that he was a good man. After five months, we were\nable to leave my hometown, nebbish. It took us three days and three nights in\ncattle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cars to go 100 kilometers. We wanted to go west, west, west. We went half\nwest. Then we another cattle train. It took again few days. It was stopping more\nthan going. Everything was ruined. People didn't know how to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work. We came to\nGliwice. We didn't have nobody, but I remembered that I had a school friend. She\njust happened . . . she lived through the war in my hometown. She went through a\ntragedy. Her husband hang up himself because he was very ill. Bombs were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"falling. Part of the house was ruined. He wanted her to run away. She wouldn't.\nThat was during the war. So he hang himself, made her free, so she could take\nher child and go. She went to Gliwice. She was the first one because she had\nsomebody there. I knew . . . somehow she send us the address. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We stayed with\nher. We came to Gliwice. They threw us out on the railroad. The train moved\naway. They left us there with a few little things, nothing on us. Where to go?\nGliwice . . . We started to walk. It was martial law at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. On every few\nblocks, there were Russian soldiers standing, but they were nice. They let us\nthrough. We made it to the friend's house. We stayed with them eight days. Then\nwe went to Walbrzych. It was closer to go to the American zone in Germany. We\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were going that way. We went to Walbrzych. We stayed over there a few months.\nAfter a few months, we had to smuggle the border. It was a terrible thing. They\nhad to tape the children's mouths so they wouldn't cry at night, on big trucks\nin a dark night. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Haganah was working already that time. That was from\nIsrael, people who were willing to help smuggle people. They took us to the\nborder, to a certain place at the border. They left us over there at the border.\nIt was at night. Then somebody else came for us to cross the border. We had to\ngo ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at night. It was through the mountains somehow. I don't know even how. I know\nit was a very big fall on one side of the mountain. They told us, \"Go straight.\nIf you hear any noise, don't pay attention to it. Just go straight.\" We heard\nnoise. People were falling and never got out. We came to that point that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think\n. . . I really don't remember exactly. We saw Americans. They started to feed us\nat first . . . in an open field. They brought us some food. Then they sprinkled\nus with that white powder so we wouldn't bring no sickness nowhere. Then we\nfound out some friends of ours who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived Dachau camp, they were in Heidenheim\nsomewhere. We took a train and we went to Heidenheim. We stayed in Germany four\nand a half years. Heidenheim is 40 kilometers from Stuttgart. We tried to go to\nUnited. No, really we tried to go to Israel. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1948, we sent all that we had to\nIsrael. I still have the papers. They were . . . Meanwhile, my husband was\nworking for United Nations Rehabilitation, for American people. There was a\nwoman from Joint. I was very sick. I was crying day and night. I couldn't move.\nI was very, very sick. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She came and she said, \"Why do you go to Israel?\" The war\nwas still going on. Israel was not independent yet. \"Come to America. We have\ngood doctors and they'll help your wife.\" Naturally, he wanted to help me so we\nwound up . . . we went on the General Black to United States after four and a\nhalf years being in Germany. General Black ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a ship, which was transporting\nanimals and machinery in the wartime. They put those 200 or 300 sick Jews on\nthat boat. Everybody was so . . . That boat was like a little knot here and\nthere . . . everybody was very ill. We really didn't want to live ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore.\nEverybody was so seasick for nine days in September on the Atlantic. It was\nterrible. Everybody was dreaming to come to America. Here we come and it was\nprobably very nice in a way. They were greeting us with the . . . American\nanthem was playing for us. Here I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"am. We got out and I felt such an emptiness in\nmy heart and in my mind, such a tremendous pain that here I am and everybody . .\n. I lost everybody. There was no joy really. It was tremendous pain coming to\nthe shores of America. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/transcript/21547/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later . . . life goes on. There's lots of pain, lots of\ntragedies, but it comes a little joy too, later.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2340.0,2370.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003egymnasium\u003c/em\u003e is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to college preparatory high schools in the United States. The \u003cem\u003egymnasium\u003c/em\u003e prepares pupils to enter a university for advanced academic study. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish: Kraków; sometimes also ‘Cracow’] is one of the oldest cities and the second largest city in Poland. It is situated on the Vistula River, approximately 200 (124 miles) kilometers south of Boryslaw.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eClara is probably referring to Jagiellonian University, which was founded in Krakow, Poland in 1364.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeon and Clara both came from Boryslaw, Poland [Polish: Borysław], a city located roughly 75 kilometers (47 miles) southwest of Lwow, Poland (present day Lviv, Ukraine).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman forces invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. On September 12, they occupied Boryslaw. Rosh Hashanah (the Jewish New Year) was celebrated on September 13 and 14 in 1939. German soldiers imposed forced labor on the Jews and stole their property. Ukrainian nationalists also attacked the Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth the Russian and German armies invaded Poland in September 1939. In mid-September, the Russian Army took over the area around Boryslaw. By the end of the month, Germany and the Soviet Union reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. A demarcation line for the partition of German- and Russian-occupied Poland was established along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn June 22, 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in a military campaign codenamed Operation “Barbarossa.” As they advanced east, German forces occupied Boryslaw on July 1, 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe day after German forces arrived in Boryslaw, a hastily formed Ukrainian militia, supported by local peasants and some German soldiers, organized a pogrom. Up to 350 Jews were murdered before the German military restored order.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn November 1941, a Jewish residential quarter (an open ghetto) was established. On November 20, the death penalty was introduced for Jews leaving their place of residence without permission. The Jewish community of Boryslaw suffered from typhus outbreaks and severe hunger during the winter of 1941-1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn the morning of August 6, 1942, an Austrian unit of the \u003cem\u003eSchutzpolizei\u003c/em\u003e (German state police), Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, and Jewish Police began to round up a list of Jews who had been selected by the Judenrat for deportation. They were detained in the Graszyna Cinema. The Aktion was temporarily halted because many Jews had escaped into the outlying forests or hidden in the city. The operation resumed later that day, and many Jews were arrested or killed. Those detained were housed in the overcrowded movie theater, as well as in the former headquarters of the Polish Socialist Party. Four hundred were sent to the Janowska Street labor camp near Lwow and at least 5,000 were sent to the Belzec extermination camp. Hundreds more were killed and buried in a mass grave in the nearby woods.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing the August 1942 Aktion, the Germans established two separate open ghettos in Boryslaw. The health and living conditions were very bad and they were severely overcrowded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn October 21-24, 1942, the Germans conducted an Aktion in which Jews from outlying communities were brought to the Boryslaw ghetto. After the population was assembled, the Schutzpolizei and Ukrainian militia deported over 1,000 Jews to Belzec. Another Aktion occurred in November. Over the course of three weeks, approximately 1,500 Jews, who were mainly the families of armament workers (like Clara), were arrested and held in the Graszyna Cinema while Jews found in hiding places were shot. On November 29—30, the 1,500 were deported to Belzec and the Janowska Street labor camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn November 1942, a forced labor camp (\u003cem\u003eZwangsarbeiteslager\u003c/em\u003e, ZAL) was established for prisoners working in the oil industry. By January 1943, 443 Boryslaw Jews worked in the ZAL. A number of illegal Jews had also managed to be smuggled into the ZAL. Several hundred others, working for other German offices, still lived in the ghetto. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. The roughly 1,500 km (932 mi) long arc stretches through the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia. The region is dense with forested hills and fast-flowing rivers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoryslaw was an important oil-producing area in Poland. The oil industries were taken over by the Carpathian Oil Company. Many Jews were housed in work camps on the industry sites. In September 1942, there were 1,760 Boryslaw Jews working in the oil industry. For their protection, they wore a special badge on their chests bearing the letter “A” for needed workers [German: \u003cem\u003eArbeitsjuden\u003c/em\u003e] or “R” for armaments workers [German: \u003cem\u003eRüstungsarbeiter\u003c/em\u003e].  The badges enabled them to travel to their workplaces. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring 1943-1944, a partisan unit mostly composed of escapees from the Boryslaw ghetto was active in the area and hiding in the forests. Other Poles and Ukrainian residents also helped hide Jews in the area. Altogether roughly 400 Jews emerged from hiding after the city was liberated in 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeon probably joined Clara and the baby in the forest in the spring of 1943. Following another Aktion in February 1943, the final liquidation of the Boryslaw ghetto took place from May 25 to June 2, 1943. Throughout that spring and early summer, hundreds were killed or deported and small executions continued for months as Jews were found hiding in the woods nearby.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenito Mussolini was an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party. He ruled Italy as Prime Minister from 1922 until he was ousted in July 1943. He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship. He was known as ‘\u003cem\u003eIl Duce\u003c/em\u003e.’ Mussolini was captured and executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans on April 27, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Russian Army liberated Boryslaw on August 7, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Communist Party had existed in Poland between the two world wars, but had been disbanded in 1938 and few Polish Communists survived after the war. Nevertheless, the country had been devastated by the war and the country’s borders were left in flux immediately after the war. Eventually, parts of eastern Poland were annexed into the Soviet Union while other German territories were absorbed into Poland. The provisional Polish government was reconfigured to foster the growth of communism and the People's Republic of Poland quickly became part of the post-war Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGliwice is a city in southern Poland, near Katowice. The Russian Army occupied the city on January 24, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalbrzych [Polish: Wałbrzych] is a city in southwestern Poland about 10 kilometers (6 miles) from the Czech border. The city emerged from the war almost undamaged. Between 1945 and 1948, several thousand Jews came through Walbrzych.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eHaganah \u003c/em\u003e[Hebrew: defense] was a Jewish paramilitary organization that operated in the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948. \u003cem\u003eHaganah\u003c/em\u003e operatives worked with the \u003cem\u003eBrichah\u003c/em\u003e, an underground effort funded by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape post­ World War II to what was then the British Mandate for Palestine. An elaborate smuggling network led Jews from Russian occupied eastern and central Europe into American-occupied Germany and Italy and then onto Palestine.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeidenheim an der Brenz is a town in southern Germany. Heidenheim DP camp was located in the Stuttgart district of the US occupational zone. Until its closure in the summer of 1949, the camp had on average over 2,000 inhabitants, a vast majority of whom wanted to immigrate to Palestine. The DPs were living in requisitioned private houses. The camp had an extensive religious life with a number of religious schools including the \u003cem\u003eTalmud Torah\u003c/em\u003e, a \u003cem\u003eYeshiva\u003c/em\u003e and a rabbinical school. There was also a large kosher kitchen. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was created in 1943 to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II ended and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. The United States government funded half of UNRRA's budget. The UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria after the war. It provided health and welfare assistance to the displaced persons, as well as vocational training and entertainment, and served as a major employer of displaced persons. It administered the work of 23 separate volunteer welfare agencies, including the Joint Distribution Committee, the Organization for Rehabilitation through Training (ORT), and the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the British Mandate over Palestine expired on May 14, 1948, the State of Israel declared its independence. A day after the declaration of independence of the State of Israel, armies of five Arab countries, Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, and Iraq, invaded Israel. This marked the beginning of the War of Independence. Despite the numerical superiority of the Arab armies, Israel defended itself and won, maintaining its independence. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/annotation_set/301/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eUSS General W. M. Black\u003c/em\u003e was a troop transport ship for the United States Navy in World War II. From 1948 through 1950, she made multiple trips to Australia, South America, and the United States with refugees from Europe. Leon, Clara, and their daughters, Irene and Pola (born in 1945), arrived in New Orleans, Louisiana aboard the \u003cem\u003eUSS General W. M. Black\u003c/em\u003e on September 20, 1949.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=2220.0,2250.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Eisenstein, Clara [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Growing Up In Poland and Life Before the Nazis Came","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=5.0,123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could you begin by telling us where you are from, what it was like a little bit before the Nazis . . . growing up in Poland, and what it was like when the Nazis came to power, when they invaded Poland?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=5.0,123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boryslaw, poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Law School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Eisenstein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Krakow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=5.0,123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis Come to Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=123.0,299.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1939, they came in the fall. I think it was between August and September. They came exactly when it was a Jewish new year. Hell broke out. The minute they came, that first day, they gathered all the doctors and lawyers. They put them against the wall--synagogue wall--and they shot them all dead. Then we couldn't go out.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=123.0,299.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Doctors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lawyers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Restrictions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"River Bug","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Violence","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=123.0,299.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping Round Up and Going into Hiding","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=299.0,549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In September 1942, it came a commando of Gestapo. They were going toward west from east, stopping in every town. Right away, they came with red dogs, tremendous dogs. They were going from house to house, pulling all the Jewish people to the streets. If they didn't want to go, the dogs were just tearing them apart. They were loading the willing people. 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They started the hunger. We were not allowed to buy nothing--no food. There were only 6,000 Jews after that. We were not allowed to go nowhere. You could see walking skeletons in the back alleys. Everybody had a big swollen stomach. There was nothing to eat. We had to keep each other to wake up, my husband not to fall asleep or me, because when you fall asleep, you die. 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There was a roll call every morning at five o'clock in the morning. They were picking up people to die. There was no room for me in the camp. People were afraid. I had a little baby. People were doing some hiding places in the camp. A baby usually cries and they would not keep a baby.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=801.0,1098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aryan Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baby","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hiding Places","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maria Chokovska","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Priest","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=801.0,1098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping the Police Station and Hiding with Ukrainians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1098.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He left us with the policeman, the militiaman. They went. The policeman took us to the police station. The whole day they were bringing people and screaming. They were beating everybody so terribly. They were beating us. They threw us in the basement somewhere. 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He found another place for me, to hide me. The night before . . . they were taking him to work every morning. He had a big sign on him, \"R\" that mean Rustungsarbeiter industry because he was a big specialist in his field. He went from the labor camp at night and he came to pick me up and the baby. He found us another place.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1410.0,1528.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forest","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Eisenstein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rustungsarbeiter - Armaments Worker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stealing Food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1410.0,1528.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reuniting with Leon and Hiding with a Ukrainian Woman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1528.0,1731.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we found a Ukrainian woman, an old woman. 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When she opened that hole and she told us in Russian language, \"Now you're free,\" we went out. There was nothing left in our hearts. It was such an emptiness. We knew we lost everybody. There was nobody left. I was left with a terribly sick child. We were not happy--absolutely not. There was nobody left anymore.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1731.0,1869.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Capitalists","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communists","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siberia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1731.0,1869.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaving Boryslaw, Poland and Heading West","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1869.0,1921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After five months, we were able to leave my hometown, nebbish. It took us three days and three nights in cattle cars to go 100 kilometers. We wanted to go west, west, west. We went half west. Then we another cattle train. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1869.0,1921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cattle Cars","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going West","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1869.0,1921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arriving in Gliwice, Poland and Staying with a Friend","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013#t=1921.0,2030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35030/file/104013/index/47546/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We came to Gliwice. We didn't have nobody, but I remembered that I had a school friend. She just happened . . . she lived through the war in my hometown. 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It was closer to go to the American zone in Germany. We were going that way. We went to Walbrzych. We stayed over there a few months. After a few months, we had to smuggle the border. It was a terrible thing. They had to tape the children's mouths so they wouldn't cry at night, on big trucks in a dark night. 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I really don't remember exactly. We saw Americans. They started to feed us at first . . . in an open field. They brought us some food. Then they sprinkled us with that white powder so we wouldn't bring no sickness nowhere. Then we found out some friends of ours who survived Dachau camp, they were in Heidenheim somewhere. 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