{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/b27pn8z88b/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Fraley, Simon and Pola"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-11-02 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta","Legacy Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSimon and Pola Rusinek Fraley interviewed by Sara Ghitis and Ruth Einstein on November 2, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eSimon Fraley (Szymon Frejlich) was born in Jedrzejow, Poland on August 1, 1919. Simon was one of four children and the only son born to Shmuel and Sara (Berlinski) Frejlich. At seven years old, his family moved to Katowice, Poland, where Simon’s father ran a wholesale food business. As a youth, Simon enjoyed playing soccer and was active in Zionist organizations. He then apprenticed as a locksmith, in preparation for illegal immigration to Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhen war broke out at the end of 1939, Simon fled to Soviet-occupied Lvov. In 1940, Simon was sent to Russia. For fourteen months, he worked to build a canal. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, Simon was sent to Azerbaijan, where he worked in a factory. As the Germans advanced south into the Caucasus in the summer of 1942, Simon was then sent to Kazakhstan to work as a blacksmith on a farm. By the spring of 1943, Simon was back in Russia, working to build a railroad near Moscow. He managed to escape from the work crew and joined the newly formed First Polish Army. Simon fought from Belorussia to Warsaw, Poland. By the war’s end, Simon had been awarded the Virtuti Militari and become an officer.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Simon returned to Katowice. Unhappy with the Soviet influence and still encountering antisemitism in Poland, Simon escaped to the American zone of occupation in Germany. There, he was reunited with his only surviving sister. In the Zeilsheim DP camp, Simon met Pola Rusinek. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003ePola was born in Sosnoweic, Poland on February 18, 1923. She was one of nine children born to Abram and Feija Rusinek, who owned a kosher butcher shop. Pola was still a teenager when she was sent to a series of concentration camps. She was liberated from liberated from a Gross-Rosen subcamp in Parschnitz, Czechoslovakia. Pola and one older sister were the only survivors of their family.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSimon and Pola married on March 18, 1947. In December 1948, they welcomed their first child. A year later, the young family immigrated to the United States and immediately settled in Atlanta, Georgia.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn Atlanta, Simon and Pola worked hard to build a new life. Simon found work as a locksmith and eventually opened his own shop. After a few years, Simon closed his shop and opened a grocery store near George Washington Carver Homes. After five years, he sold the grocery store and opened another locksmith shop at the newly built Lenox Square Mall. In 1955, the couple welcomed a second child. For nearly four decades, Simon operated Lenox Lock and Key. Pola worked at the Lovable Brassier Company for a few years and helped Simon in his business ventures, all while raising the children and running their household. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSimon and Pola enjoyed socializing with other survivors they met in Atlanta and were founding members of Eternal-Life Hemshech, an organization of Holocaust survivors. After retirement, their greatest joy was spending time with their grandchild. Simon passed away on December 21, 2001. Pola passed away on June 4, 2013.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eIn the first part of the interview, Simon talks about growing up near the German border, where he witnessed increasing antisemitism. He recalls how he was prepared to illegally immigrate to Palestine when the war broke out. Simon explains why he fled to the Russian side of Poland. He recalls being sent to Russia and the difficult working conditions cutting down trees for a canal. Simon talks about working in a factory in Azerbaijan and on a farm in Kazakhstan. He remembers the brutal cold in winter. Simon explains how he returned to Moscow and escaped to join the Polish Army. He recounts his experiences fighting on the Eastern Front and pushing into Warsaw. Simon discusses his escape to the American zone of Germany after the war. He tells how he reunited with his sister and met his wife in the Zeilsheim DP camp. Simon explains how they came to the United States with the help of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and established themselves in Atlanta thanks to the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund. Simon remembers buying a house and opening a grocery store near the George Washington Carver housing project. He talks about opening his own locksmith business at Lenox Square Mall, to the annoyance of Dick Rich. Simon reflects on the way his business changed over the years, before he retired and passed the business to his son. He talks about raising his children in America and the antisemitism he encountered. Simon remembers his relationships with other Holocaust survivors and the black community in Atlanta. He shares his feelings on Judaism, Israel and the Europeans who collaborated with Germany. Simon remembers his youth in Katowice, Poland and his three sisters. He reflects on how thankful he is to have raised his children in America and the risks involved in fleeing Poland. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn the second part of the interview, Pola joins Simon. She remembers their wedding and her first pregnancy. Pola talks about the difficulties in adjusting to life in the United States. Pola and Simon recall the first house they bought in Atlanta. Pola remembers how hard they worked to save money and encouraging Simon to open a grocery store. Simon and Pola remember the challenges of repaying loans. Pola explains why she did not want to hire help in raising her children. She remember her sister moving to Atlanta. Pola and Simon share how proud they are of their children and how hard they worked to make sure they did not go without. They recount an anecdote about Pola struggling to speak English. Pola remembers working at the Lovable Brassier Company and still struggling to learn the language. Pola offers what Judaism means to her and a little bit about her childhood. She remembers her first impressions of Atlanta. Simon and Pola recount their move to their current house. Pola talks about her granddaughter. She briefly recalls their social life in Atlanta and shares her hopes for their future years.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28922"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Frejlich, Szymon (Simon Fraley) (personal name)","Fraley, Pola Rusinek (personal name)","Katowice (Poland) (geographic)","World War II (named event)","Zionism (topical term)","Azerbaijan (geographic)","Kazakhstan (geographic)","Sosnoweic (Poland) (geographic)","locksmithing (topical)","George Washington Carver Homes (Atlanta, Ga.) (geographic term)","Lenox Square Mall (Atlanta, Ga.) (geographic term)","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) (named event)","Rich, Dick (personal name)","American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSimon and Pola Rusinek Fraley interviewed by Sara Ghitis and Ruth Einstein on November 2, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSimon Fraley (Szymon Frejlich) was born in Jedrzejow, Poland on August 1, 1919. Simon was one of four children and the only son born to Shmuel and Sara (Berlinski) Frejlich. At seven years old, his family moved to Katowice, Poland, where Simon\u0026rsquo;s father ran a wholesale food business. As a youth, Simon enjoyed playing soccer and was active in Zionist organizations. He then apprenticed as a locksmith, in preparation for illegal immigration to Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhen war broke out at the end of 1939, Simon fled to Soviet-occupied Lvov. In 1940, Simon was sent to Russia. For fourteen months, he worked to build a canal. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, Simon was sent to Azerbaijan, where he worked in a factory. As the Germans advanced south into the Caucasus in the summer of 1942, Simon was then sent to Kazakhstan to work as a blacksmith on a farm. By the spring of 1943, Simon was back in Russia, working to build a railroad near Moscow. He managed to escape from the work crew and joined the newly formed First Polish Army. Simon fought from Belorussia to Warsaw, Poland. By the war\u0026rsquo;s end, Simon had been awarded the Virtuti Militari and become an officer.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Simon returned to Katowice. Unhappy with the Soviet influence and still encountering antisemitism in Poland, Simon escaped to the American zone of occupation in Germany. There, he was reunited with his only surviving sister. In the Zeilsheim DP camp, Simon met Pola Rusinek.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003ePola was born in Sosnoweic, Poland on February 18, 1923. She was one of nine children born to Abram and Feija Rusinek, who owned a kosher butcher shop. Pola was still a teenager when she was sent to a series of concentration camps. She was liberated from liberated from a Gross-Rosen subcamp in Parschnitz, Czechoslovakia. Pola and one older sister were the only survivors of their family.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSimon and Pola married on March 18, 1947. In December 1948, they welcomed their first child. A year later, the young family immigrated to the United States and immediately settled in Atlanta, Georgia. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn Atlanta, Simon and Pola worked hard to build a new life. Simon found work as a locksmith and eventually opened his own shop. After a few years, Simon closed his shop and opened a grocery store near George Washington Carver Homes. After five years, he sold the grocery store and opened another locksmith shop at the newly built Lenox Square Mall. In 1955, the couple welcomed a second child. For nearly four decades, Simon operated Lenox Lock and Key. Pola worked at the Lovable Brassier Company for a few years and helped Simon in his business ventures, all while raising the children and running their household.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSimon and Pola enjoyed socializing with other survivors they met in Atlanta and were founding members of Eternal-Life Hemshech, an organization of Holocaust survivors. After retirement, their greatest joy was spending time with their grandchild. Simon passed away on December 21, 2001. Pola passed away on June 4, 2013.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the first part of the interview, Simon talks about growing up near the German border, where he witnessed increasing antisemitism. He recalls how he was prepared to illegally immigrate to Palestine when the war broke out. Simon explains why he fled to the Russian side of Poland. He recalls being sent to Russia and the difficult working conditions cutting down trees for a canal. Simon talks about working in a factory in Azerbaijan and on a farm in Kazakhstan. He remembers the brutal cold in winter. Simon explains how he returned to Moscow and escaped to join the Polish Army. He recounts his experiences fighting on the Eastern Front and pushing into Warsaw. Simon discusses his escape to the American zone of Germany after the war. He tells how he reunited with his sister and met his wife in the Zeilsheim DP camp. Simon explains how they came to the United States with the help of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and established themselves in Atlanta thanks to the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund. Simon remembers buying a house and opening a grocery store near the George Washington Carver housing project. He talks about opening his own locksmith business at Lenox Square Mall, to the annoyance of Dick Rich. Simon reflects on the way his business changed over the years, before he retired and passed the business to his son. He talks about raising his children in America and the antisemitism he encountered. Simon remembers his relationships with other Holocaust survivors and the black community in Atlanta. He shares his feelings on Judaism, Israel and the Europeans who collaborated with Germany. Simon remembers his youth in Katowice, Poland and his three sisters. He reflects on how thankful he is to have raised his children in America and the risks involved in fleeing Poland.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn the second part of the interview, Pola joins Simon. She remembers their wedding and her first pregnancy. Pola talks about the difficulties in adjusting to life in the United States. Pola and Simon recall the first house they bought in Atlanta. Pola remembers how hard they worked to save money and encouraging Simon to open a grocery store. Simon and Pola remember the challenges of repaying loans. Pola explains why she did not want to hire help in raising her children. She remember her sister moving to Atlanta. Pola and Simon share how proud they are of their children and how hard they worked to make sure they did not go without. They recount an anecdote about Pola struggling to speak English. Pola remembers working at the Lovable Brassier Company and still struggling to learn the language. Pola offers what Judaism means to her and a little bit about her childhood. She remembers her first impressions of Atlanta. Simon and Pola recount their move to their current house. Pola talks about her granddaughter. She briefly recalls their social life in Atlanta and shares her hopes for their future years.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/167/013/small/Fraley_SimonAndPola.mp4_1663097115.jpg?1663097116","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Fraley_SimonAndPola.mp4"]},"duration":5783.278,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/167/013/small/Fraley_SimonAndPola.mp4_1663097115.jpg?1663097116","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/167/013/original/Fraley_SimonAndPola.mp4?1663097109","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5783.278,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Simon and Pola Fraley [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Today is November 2, 2001. I am interviewing Mr. Simon Fraley,\nF-R-A-L-E-Y, at his home in Atlanta [Georgia].\n\nS. FRALEY: Right.\n\nGHITIS: Mr. Fraley, could you pronounce your name, please?\n\nS. FRALEY: Spell it or pronounce it?\n\nGHITIS: Both.\n\nS. FRALEY: I changed my name from Frejlich to Fraley. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I came to this\ncountry, they could not pronounce F-R-E-J-L-I-C-H. I changed it so it will sound\nthe same, but the spelling is different, F-R-A-L-E-Y. The first name is S-I-M-O-N.\n\nGHITIS: Where were you born?\n\nS. FRALEY: I was born in Poland, in Jedrzejow, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"near Kielce.\n\nGHITIS: Could you spell the name of the town where you were born?\n\nS. FRALEY: Jedrzejow? J-Ę-D-R-E-O-W.\n\nGHITIS: It is close to what city?\n\nS. FRALEY: Kielce. That's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the [capital of the] state of Kielce, 130 kilometers\n[81 miles] from the [pre-World War II] German border. I lived there since I was\nseven years of age. Then, my parents moved to Katowice, heavy industry near the\nGerman border, eight kilometers [5 miles] from the German border. I played\nsoccer with German boys before the war. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I knew about [Adolf] Hitler and\nHitlerjugend. When Hitler invaded Poland, I said, \"There's no place for me to\nstay here because I know what they will do to the Jews,\" because, before the\nwar, there were sending the German Jews to Katowice. I was carrying the baggage\nto the Jewish Gemeinde [German: community]. You know what Gemeinde is? The\nJewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"federation. It was a sad story. In the meantime, before all this started,\nI was registered to go to Israel with Menachem Begin on Aliyah Bet. We went to\nthe Romania border, Snyatyn. It's on the Romanian-Polish border. We waited there\nthree weeks for a ship ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go to Palestine back then. War broke out. I had to go\nback. I came back to Jedrzejow and in a few weeks, the war broke out. When the\nwar broke, I said, \"There's no place for me to stay here with the Germans.\" The\nSilesians were very antisemitic, heavy industry, steel mills, coal mines. My\nparents wanted me to go to Palestine back then, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they sent me as an apprentice\nto learn a trade. They said I was always mechanically inclined. As a little boy,\nI was messing around with bicycles. They sent me to an apprentice. I was three\nyears working for him. They were very religious, my parents--not very, but\nreligious. We went every Friday and Saturday to the shul. Then, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the war\nbroke out, I said, \"There's no place for me to stay in Katowice,\" so I went to\nLvov with a cousin. Lvov was a city where the Russians took over, across the\nVistula and Bug [rivers]. The Russians wouldn't let us go across. They pushed us\nback and forth, back and forth. Finally, they decided we weren't going to go\nback to Germany. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They locked us up. They put us in jail. [We] stayed there about\ntwo or three weeks in jail. They let us loose to Lvov. That was Russia. I found\na cousin out there. He was in transportation, had trucks. In Lvov, I didn't know\nnobody but I found him. He took me in there and we lived with a Jewish family in\nLvov. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were very nice. I paid him the dues. I didn't have no money. People\nneeded parts for their cars and things. He knew somebody in the yard where the\nRussians confiscated the cars. He knew somebody who took off the parts. I went\nout there, picked them up, sold them. We had money. We lived high back then. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One\nday, the Russians drove up to the building. They said, \"Davai odevaysya.\"\n[Russian: Come on, get dressed.] That means get your clothes together. They put\nus on a truck. They took us back to between Moscow and Leningrad on a\n[unintelligible]. They were making a canal from Leningrad, somewhere out there\nto the ocean or to Moscow. I don't know where it went. We were cutting down\ntrees. [It was] hard work. I got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sick out there. I broke out with\n[avitaminosis]. My gums came loose. I didn't see at night. I got blind. When I\nlooked at the light, I just saw a shine. In the daytime, I could see. We were\nthere fourteen months. The Germans were coming close to the place where we were\nworking. They took us to Azerbaijan, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"past Baku. They took me in and put me in a\nfactory where they had cotton jeans. They knew I had registered as a locksmith.\nThey knew I could do mechanical work. I worked in a factory, changing the\nmachinery to take off the cotton off this wheel of this kern. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I worked maybe a\nyear. I cannot remember exactly. Then, they decided that the Germans [were]\ngetting close to Baku, because Baku has neft [Russian: oil], oil. They took us\naway from there and they put us on . . . Close to Baku is the Caspian Sea. On\nthe Caspian Sea, they took us to Kazakhstan. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kazakhstan is the Mongolian place\n[with a population] all of Mongols, and Azerbaijanis, Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, all these\npeople. We went four weeks with the train to the end of the railroad. No more\nrailroad. They put us on trucks. Then, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we drove about maybe a half a day to a\nbig farm. They called it [unintelligible]. It was a big farm. It was warm. I\nworked in the blacksmith shop. I was a blacksmith, and locksmith, and all this.\nWhen winter came, I had it made. I was in the blacksmith shop. I was warm. I\nmade the norm [sp]. In Russia, you had to make a norm. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You had to make so much\nand so much to get enough bread, and soup, and things. Over there, I was living\n. . . fine. They gave me a lot of food. But, when I got there from\nKirovabad--Kirovabad was the city where I worked on the cotton gins--it was\nwarm. Then, when it turned cold, I didn't have no clothes. They came to me and\nthey said, \"Why aren't you go to work?\" I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"If you can work in the snow\nbarefoot, I'll walk behind you.\" There was a Jewish nachal'nik [Russian:\ncommander]. He gave me some clothes and I worked. I had clothes. I worked until\nit was warm again. It was cold. [It was] sixty [degrees] below [zero] and the\nwindchill [was] probably twenty [degrees colder]. It was very cold. The kitchen\nwas frozen in the glass. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, I worked about a season, one summer and then one\nwinter. Then, they sent us back to Moscow. In Moscow, we built a \"bol'shaya\nMoskovskaya zheleznaya doroga\" [Russian: big Moscow railway]. That means a\nrailroad around Moscow, a big railroad. It wasn't so bad. It wasn't too good out\nthere, but this was fine. I had a friend. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friend had a sister. She was big\ncommunist in Poland, a Jewish lady. They formed a Polish army. From Moscow, it\nwas 30 kilometers, in Ryazan. The friend told me, \"If you want to escape from\nhere, I'll let my sister know,\" because he'd gotten in touch with his sister. He\nwas in camp with me together, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then when we came back to [work] on the\nrailroad, he found out his sister was in Moscow. I was lucky. I met a Russian\nwoman doctor. She would do anything for me. I said, \"I cannot see good. I've got\nto go to an eye doctor, to Moscow.\" In Russia, you can't travel without a\npermit. She gave me a permit. I went to Moscow. I found out exactly where the\nPolish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"headquarters. I went over there. They knew all about it. There was a\ntruck out there. They put me in the truck, and take me in the Army, put a\nuniform on me. I was a Polish soldier. From then on, I fought from White Russia,\nfrom Minsk [Belarus], all the way back to Polish Praga. Praga is a\n[neighborhood] before Warsaw, just like Brookhaven and Atlanta. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, let me\nrecall my . . . I'm getting ahead of myself.\n\nGHITIS: I did not ask you what year you were born.\n\nS. FRALEY: I was born in 1918.\n\nGHITIS: How old were you in . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: Twenty-one . . .\n\nGHITIS: You were 21 when . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: I was ready to go in the [Polish] army when the war broke out, but\nthey didn't make it because the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans invaded so fast, everything went kaput\nwith the Polish Army.\n\nGHITIS: You said you became an apprentice?\n\nS. FRALEY: An apprentice in Poland.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: Locksmith. I was always mechanically inclined as a kid.\n\nGHITIS: What was the year when you were in Lvov?\n\nS. FRALEY: Lvov was end of 1939 and 1940.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Was Lvov called Lvov in those days?\n\nS. FRALEY: Lvov. It's Lemberg in German and in Yiddish. Lemberg is Lvov. It's\nthe main city of the state. There was a lot of Ukrainians out there, too.\n\nGHITIS: You used the word nachal'nik.\n\nS. FRALEY: Nachal'nik is an officer, a big shot, Jewish guy.\n\nGHITIS: You were saying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you became a serviceman for the Polish Army.\n\nS. FRALEY: A soldier.\n\nGHITIS: A soldier. Did that battalion have a special name?\n\nS. FRALEY: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: What was the name of that battalion?\n\nS. FRALEY: PTA [sp]. Protiv tankova aruzhe [Russian: against tank weapons]. That\nmeans it is against tanks. I had a rifle six or seven feet long. [It required]\ntwo guys carrying it. We were knocking off ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the track of the tanks on the front line.\n\nGHITIS: Where were you stationed?\n\nS. FRALEY: In the army?\n\nGHITIS: Yes.\n\nS. FRALEY: In Poland? It was in Poland. It was near Warsaw . . . I cannot think\nof the name in English. I'll tell you in a minute. In Polish, it was twierdza\n[Polish: fortress].\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: A base?\n\nS. FRALEY: It was a base but you couldn't go through. Like, the wall was thick.\n\nGHITIS : A fort?\n\nS. FRALEY : A fort, right. I stayed there and they made me an officer, because\nwhen we were coming from Russia back to the Modlin--Modlin was the name of the\nfort; our fort on the front line--we were trying to go across ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Vistula and\npush the Germans away. They knew I could swim. They put me on a paddle boat with\ntwenty guys. I think it was--I can't remember--two paddle boats maybe. We got on\nthe water and we rowed slowly, quiet. It was August and the water was low. We\nthought we already on the other side. We started attacking. Hurrah! The Germans\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opened fire. We had nowhere to go because [it was] all water. In the middle of\nthe Vistula was an island. We dug in and we stayed there all day. I was shot at.\nI was lucky. Anyway, then, the officer knew that I can swim. He said, \"Swim back\nand report to the headquarters that we are stuck here.\" That was the next day.\nWe laid all day, all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night. Then, the next day he told me to go back and report\nto the headquarters and tell them, \"We are stuck here,\" so I did. When you swim\nin the water, the way it runs, if you want to swim this way [motions with hand],\nyou'll end up all the way down in the . . . somewhere else. They hollered at me,\n\"Raise your arms!\" They thought I'm a German. I said, \"No, I'm from this and\nthis unit. We got stuck here.\" They took me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the headquarters. I reported to\nthe headquarters what happened. The next day, I slept. They gave me [time] to\nsleep so I can sleep and be all rested. Next day, they gave me another guy who\ncould swim from our unit. We went across and got out three times, three loads on\nthe paddle boat the guys who were stuck on the island. We came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back, and I saved\nthem all. Then, when we came back to Poland, one officer called my name out and\nthey gave me a paper. [It said,] \"Virtuti Militari.\" [Polish: military virtue]\nYou know what that is? That's medal of honor. The paper . . . I never did see\nthe medal. Anyway, when I came back to Poland ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the war, I already was an\nofficer. In Modlin, they taught me to be an officer. When I went back to Poland,\nI went to Katowice, to my city. I found guys that I knew. They were very afraid\nfrom the Poles. They told me how it is. I went back to the . . . They sent me to\nget some recruits from Czestochowa and bring in to Modlin, new soldiers, Polish\nguys. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went a couple times. The third time, I said, \"This time, I'm going to\ndisappear.\" I came back to Katowice. I found some guys who went with me to\nGermany, who wanted to go across the border to the American side. I took off the\nuniform. I threw them away and I went over to the other side. I even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met a lady\nwho lived in Atlanta, Mrs. Wolf. She died a couple years ago. She was in charge\nof the DP camp. I didn't have nothing. The way from Poland to the American zone\nwasn't so easy. We went to Praha [Prague], Czechoslovakia. The Russians were\nthere. They said, \"Everybody out of the train! Where are you going?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I knew.\nSome people told me [to] get a bottle of vodka. I got a bottle of vodka. I got\nout on the other side and I went to the machinist. I gave him the vodka. He put\nme in the coal and I went on the other side. All my things were lost on the\ntrain. I didn't take the things because I thought I'm going to go back later. I\ndidn't know where I'm going. I got on the other side without clothes, without\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing. Mrs. Wolf . . . The name of the city in the American zone was\nSteindorf. She was in charge with her husband. He died, too, not too many years\nago. They gave me some clothes. Then, I found out my sister lived through the\nwar from friends. You saw other people [you had known before]. My sister came to\nsee me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the American zone. I worked for the American Army, 6th Army division.\nI was changing tires and I had a uniform like a soldier. I helped myself. She\ncame. Then, I didn't like the place out there, the little town. I didn't know\nnobody, just Germans. We went to Zeilsheim. Zeilsheim was the DP camp close to\nFrankfurt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Wiesbaden [Germany]. There was a lot of Jewish guys out there. As\na matter of fact, I know some of them right here. I even met a lady who went\nwith Aliyah Bet to Palestine back then, too. She was on the same transport. Her\nname was Regina Oxenhandler [sp]. She lives in New York somewhere. I saw her in\na wedding. Anyway, where was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I?\n\nGHITIS: You went to the second DP camp.\n\nS. FRALEY: Yes, with my sister. She had a boyfriend from the camp. They were\nliving out there. I stayed there with them. I was traveling from Bergen-Belsen\nto Frankfurt, back and forth. I had a friend out there. I knew him from Poland.\nHe had a bar, a canteen, so I worked for him. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helped him out. I played soccer.\nIt was already a Jewish team of kids. I was playing soccer for a while. Then, I\nwent back to Frankfurt and I met my wife. The way I met my wife [was] she lived\nin the same complex where my sister's boyfriend [lived]. I was there for a while\nand, after that, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"registered to come over to America. I wound up in Atlanta.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me a little more about how you met your wife. How was it?\n\nS. FRALEY: She came to . . . She didn't want to stay in Poland after. She has a\nsister, too. She found out that my sister's boyfriend is in Zeilsheim. She came\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see him, so she can escape from the Russian side to the American side. She\ncame to see him. I met her there. We were dating and all that.\n\nGHITIS: What did you do when you were dating in those days?\n\nS. FRALEY: What I was doing? Black marketing.\n\nGHITIS: Dating. What was involved in dating in those days, in those circumstances?\n\nS. FRALEY: It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't like now, go to bed. No, you couldn't do it, not with a\nJewish girl. But I loved her, and she loved me. We fell in love. We have two\nkids. You know them.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me about your wedding.\n\nS. FRALEY: The wedding? My sister's wedding, I had to go to Bergen-Belsen to buy\nsome canned goods to put together a wedding. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to Bergen-Belsen. Over\nthere, it was easier to buy canned goods. I brought those canned goods to\nFrankfurt. There was more to it. They stopped me and I talked my way out of it\nand they let me through on the railroad.\n\nGHITIS: In what year did you get married?\n\nS. FRALEY: 1947.\n\nGHITIS: How old were you?\n\nS. FRALEY: You figure it out. I think 30, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"29, 30, 31, something like that.\n\nGHITIS: Where did you live before you came here and after you got married?\n\nS. FRALEY: We came straight from Bremenhaven [Germany] to New Orleans [Louisiana].\n\nGHITIS: Did you have a child?\n\nS. FRALEY: Yes, Phyllis was one year old. On her birthday, we came to Atlanta,\non the twenty-eight of December--that's when her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"birthday is. Mrs. [Sophie]\nZwecker was back then single. Her name was Goldberg. She lives here in Atlanta.\nShe picked us up off the railroad and she took us to a house on Pharr Road in\nDecatur. We lived there maybe a year. I don't remember exactly. Then, they . . .\nWhat was the Jewish mayor? [Sam Massell, Jr.] He had a building on 11th Street\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they put us . . . A whole . . . Another family came with us, a few more\nfamilies. As a matter of fact, four or five families lived in this building, new\ncomers. We lived in this building close to a year, maybe more, maybe less. I\ncannot remember all that. I worked for a locksmith. She [Mrs. Zwecker] took me\nto a place. She knew I am a locksmith. I told her my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"profession--not profession;\nmy trade. She took me to C.C. Down's Safe \u0026 Lock company on Pryor Street. They\nwere the biggest. When I came back there, I couldn't speak English. He was a guy\n[who was] a little deaf. He thought he could talk louder and I'd understand.\nWhen he spoke to me, I don't know what he's saying. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, that was part of\nthat. Then, they made me clean the basement for twenty-five dollars a week. From\nMonday till Friday from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. for $25 a week. I worked there maybe\nthree months and I said, \"This is no business for me.\" There was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wholesale guy\nfrom Jacksonville [Florida]. [His] name was Katz. [He was] a Jewish guy. I told\nhim [in] Yiddish to, \"Tell the guy to give me a raise because I can't work for\n$25 a week\".\n\nGHITIS: Could you say in Yiddish what you just said in English? How did you say\nit in Yiddish?\n\nS. FRALEY: [Speaks Yiddish] He told him and they gave me [a raise]. They said\nI'm going to get $30 a week, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the first week you're going to get $27.50. The\nnext week, you'll get 30. Okay. [Says something in Yiddish]\n\nGHITIS: Who helped you come to America? What organization?\n\nS. FRALEY: The Jewish Federation, the Joint. They called it the Jewish Joint.\n\nGHITIS: Why did you go to New Orleans?\n\nS. FRALEY: I didn't go to New Orleans. They said Atlanta is a good city for . .\n. The Jewish Federation knew, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans, that this town was good for\nlocksmiths. They need them. As a a matter of fact, when I came to Atlanta, there\nwas maybe four locksmiths in the whole city. I was busy.\n\nGHITIS: Did you arrive here with a child?\n\nS. FRALEY: We moved here to Atlanta straight from New Orleans and I stayed there\ntill this day.\n\nGHITIS: But why did you go to New Orleans?\n\nS. FRALEY: There was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"military boat by the name [USS General S. D. Sturgis].\nEverybody came on the same boat--more families; not everybody, but the ones with\nme. As a matter of fact, Mr. [Mendel] Klug, who just died a few months ago, he\nwas on the same boat with me, too. They said Atlanta's a good city for a\nlocksmith so I came to Atlanta. I didn't know no more about Atlanta than I did\nabout the moon. I didn't know anything about Atlanta, but they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said it, I went.\nI was used to going where they tell me to. Did I know anything? I don't know\nnothing. Couldn't speak the language. I worked for C.C. Down's three weeks.\nThen, I walked down the street and I saw another locksmith. I told him . . . I\nspoke a little bit of English already. I wasn't a dead head. Anyway, I explained\nto him I am a locksmith from Europe, and this and that. They hired me and they\ngave me right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away 50 bucks a week. Fifty dollars was already good geld . . .\nnice. [I] could make a living then. I worked there with a guy, who had an aunt.\nHer husband died. He was a locksmith in Buckhead. The name of the company was\nAtlanta Safe and Lock Works. He said, \"The husband died, and her son is a drunk,\nand she wants to sell.\" I had $1,100. I had more than $1,100. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I brought a couple\nthousand, maybe $3,000 from Germany. I said, \"Let's go buy the thing.\" He didn't\nhave no money. That guy, he said he wants to be a partner with me. I worked with\nhim awhile. He didn't want to work on Saturdays. Saturday was a busy day, and he\nwent fishing. I said, \"This has got to quit.\" We opened another shop in\nBrookhaven. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brookhaven is not too far from Buckhead. I stayed there awhile. I\nfound a house--a brand new house--for $4,200, I think. [It was] a brand new\nframe house. It was standing on stilts. The neighbors liked me out there and\nthey came to visit. I covered up the bottom. It looked good. We liked the house\nfor a while. We stayed there, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think, three and a half or four years in that\nhouse. Then, I found a house on Anita Place. I forgot the address. Anita Place\nis right over [off] Briarcliff [Road]. A nice brand new house, brick. [Max]\nKuniansky was building it. I bought a house there. Phyllis . . . We didn't want\nto stay in Brookhaven because we wanted Phyllis to go with more Jewish kids.\nOver there were no Jewish kids [in Brookhaven]; just goyim [Yiddish: non-Jews].\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We moved to the new housing. As a matter of fact, Alderman [sp]--the one from\nthe Henny Penny; he had five or six brothers; five brothers, I think--lived\nright next to me. They came to visit us and the kids, Phyllis played with them.\nShe was among Jewish kids and went to school . . . What's the name of the\nschool? I forgot the name of the school.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: All girls?\n\nS. FRALEY: No . . . I'll think of it. [calls Pola]\n\nGHITIS: You will remember in a moment.\n\nS. FRALEY: I forgot the name of the street. I'm old. I'm 83. I can't remember\neverything. Anyway, she went to school out there. She turned out pretty good.\nThen she went to college. Then I bought this house here and I'm staying here.\n\nGHITIS: In what year did you buy this house?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S. FRALEY: I think it was 33 years ago. I can look up the papers. I can't\nremember everything.\n\nGHITIS: Let us go back to your business.\n\nS. FRALEY: Yes, one more thing about the business. I stayed with this guy. I saw\nthat he is not a guy to stay in business. He wants to go fishing. He was\nmeshugas [Yiddish: crazy] in his head. You know what a meshugas is? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He didn't\ncare. I bought right away a brand new car from C\u0026S [an auto dealer] for $1,840,\na brand new Chevy [Chevrolet]. Then I bought another one. I went to New York to\nvisit my sister in the car. Anyway, I did good in Buckhead. Then, I went for a\nfew years in the grocery business. I didn't like it. My wife talked me into\ngoing in the grocery business. She said, \"They're making good money.\" I said, \"I\nhave a trade. I don't want to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stay in the grocery business.\"\n\nGHITIS: What did you do in the grocery business?\n\nS. FRALEY: We had a small store. The black people loved me. They were buddy,\nbuddy with me. They even came to my new shop in Lenox Square to visit me. [They\nwould say,] \"Simon!\" [I was] a big deal.\n\nGHITIS: Where was your grocery business?\n\nS. FRALEY: My grocery business was on Pryor Road, next to Carver Homes. That's a\nbig ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government project.\n\nGHITIS: What was the name of the store?\n\nS. FRALEY: My store was Carver's Market. Yes, I stayed there five years to the\nday. I saved every week, $100. In five years, I saved $25,000. Back then, it was\na lot of money. When I went to transfer myself to my own trade, I heard that\nthey're building a big shopping center ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Lenox Square. Lenox Square was\nsomething special. [There was a] Rich's, Davidson's, J.P. Allen, and all these\ngood stores. I stayed. I didn't have a building like everybody else did. I built\na little key booth on the sidewalk. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Dick Rich--[who was] Jewish--he didn't\nlike that. He said that this has got to go. I had a lease. They gave me a lease\nfor three, or four, or five years. I think it was three years. They said, \"After\nthe lease, you'll be out, Simon. You have to go because Dick Rich wants you to\n[get] out of here.\" I said, \"I have a lease for three years. I'm going to stay\nthe rest of the lease.\" The manager of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lenox Square, he was a nice guy. He\ncouldn't stomach this. He went to his office, Rich's office--he's not alive\nanymore. He said, \"This guy is a survivor. You go and tell him to move out. I\nain't going to tell him. I haven't got the heart to tell him to move out. He\njust moved in, and he spent money setting up shop, and you want him to move\nout?\" He just said, \"Forget about it.\" I stayed there 37 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years--longer than\nanybody from all the new tenants. I outlasted them all.\n\nGHITIS: Where exactly on the mall was your . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: Right next to the S\u0026S Cafeteria, on the bottom [level]. The S\u0026S is\nnot there anymore. Then, they changed hands [to] Piccadilly. They was quite a\nfew years there, right next to me.\n\nGHITIS: Was it a booth?\n\nS. FRALEY: A booth ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six feet by eight feet, made out of plywood.\n\nGHITIS: Did it have a name?\n\nS. FRALEY: Yes, Lenox Lock and Key. I gave [it] the name right away. Then, after\nI was there a few years, I said, \"I got to get it bigger.\" They built one out of\na rock. I've got pictures of them. I'm going to find them and give them to you.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Over all the things on the sidewalk, the new shop was eight [feet] by ten\n[feet]. A little bigger [square footage]. A couple of feet here and a couple\nfeet there. Anyway, they had to put in a post to hold up a bridge right in my\nshop, of all the tourists. I had enough place. I had to do what I could. I\nstayed there. Then, I decided that, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I think engraving is a good business.\" I\nbought an engraving machine, a small one. Then, I bought a bigger one. Then,\nthey moved me inside the building. Then, I had a computer engraver. It was a big\ntime business in Lenox Square. I had customers almost to this day. The girl\n[who] worked for us, she still uses ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same customers because my son didn't\nlike the business.\n\nGHITIS: What happened? When did you sell the business?\n\nS. FRALEY: I gave it to my son. Do you know what my son did? He was there quite\na few years. Then, he closed it up. I got the tools in my basement. He didn't\nwant to sell nothing. I still got them. Until a couple years ago, I used to do a\nlittle work here and there. Now, I'm getting too ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old. I cannot see good. You\nknow how it is. When you get 83 is . . .\n\nGHITIS: You mentioned your son. Let us talk about your children.\n\nS. FRALEY: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: You have a daughter.\n\nS. FRALEY: Phyllis Fraley. She is a public relations consultant.\n\nGHITIS: Where was she born?\n\nS. FRALEY: She was born in Germany one year before we moved over here. We came\nto America, to Atlanta on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her birthday.\n\nGHITIS: That is Phyllis Fraley. And then?\n\nS. FRALEY: Steve was born 1955. He was a good kid. He played baseball and he was\nactive. I went with him to the Little League games. We had a . . . I lived fine.\n\nGHITIS: Your son is married?\n\nS. FRALEY: My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"son is married and I've got a grandchild about a year old, not\nquite. [She is] ten months, I think.\n\nGHITIS: The name of your son is?\n\nS. FRALEY: Steven Fraley.\n\nGHITIS: And your daughter-in-law?\n\nS. FRALEY: My daughter-in-law is Marian . . .\n\nGHITIS: It is Fraley now.\n\nS. FRALEY: She's Fraley now, yes. She is from South Carolina.\n\nGHITIS: What about your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"granddaughter? What is her name?\n\nS. FRALEY: Shayna and she's a Shayna. [laughs]\n\nGHITIS: After whom did you name your children? Who is Phyllis named after?\n\nS. FRALEY: Phyllis is . . . My mother was Sara, Phyllis Sara Fraley. Phyllis, I\nthink, is my mother's . . . Somebody from my mother's side is Phyllis, an aunt\nor her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother . . . I forgot. I don't know. I'd have to ask [my wife].\n\nGHITIS: Steven is named . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: Steven is named after my father, Shmuel is Steven di tsveyte\n[Yiddish: the second]. There's no Shmuel in English, a name. A neighbor on the\nother house I used to live, on Anita Place, she said, \"Give him the name Steven.\nSteven, Steve, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shmuel is the same.\" I said, \"Okay.\" He winds up with this name.\nHe's happy.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember how you were received when you came to Atlanta?\n\nS. FRALEY: The Jewish Federation was terrific. They took us, took care of us,\nand they found a job [for me]. Mrs. Zwecker, she went to C.C. Downs with me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She\narranged everything and I went to work. I [went] by bus from Decatur every day,\nbut I was young. I didn't care.\n\nGHITIS: Did people ask?\n\nS. FRALEY: What?\n\nGHITIS: Did anybody ever ask when you first arrived what you had . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: Yes, they knew we were from Europe.\n\nGHITIS: But, did they want to hear your stories?\n\nS. FRALEY: Some of them did and some of them didn't. Some of them didn't care.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They knew that I am a survivor. That's all.\n\nGHITIS: How did you feel about what you had been through?\n\nS. FRALEY: I felt, when I came to America, that I don't have to put up with no\nantisemitism, going to school every day in a fight, throwing rocks. In Polish,\nJew is \"Zyd,\" and they always . . . everywhere you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go it was, \"Damn, Zyd\" or,\n\"Damn Juden,\" like the Germans, [but] worse.\n\nGHITIS: Did you tell your children your stories?\n\nS. FRALEY: They knew. Phyllis know everything.\n\nGHITIS: Did you tell them your stories when they were little?\n\nS. FRALEY: Not when they were little. As a matter of fact, Phyllis . . . We were\ngoing in the car the other day and I told her stories what I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went through during\nthe war and things. But, I never told anybody because nobody [else] would\nbelieve it I survived all this. I was on the front line a couple of years and I\ndidn't get a scratch. Some people came the first day and got killed. Yes. I had\nsome run-ins here, too, with antisemitism. I had a customer in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one time and I\nthink he was German. I left his job and I didn't do the job. I took off and\nsaid, \"Forget about it.\" I didn't want to finish the job.\n\nGHITIS: What happened? What did he say to you?\n\nS. FRALEY: He started acting like antisemitic. You don't have to tell me twice.\nI can feel you out in a minute. How he started acting, I left the job. I went on\njobs to homes to repair things, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"locks and things, but that happened not too many\ntimes. Most American people are great people. Now, you cannot say everybody's\ngreat, but on the whole, they're very good people. They understand what we went\nthrough. Some of them are very sympathetic and some of them don't care. I've got\na ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighbor right there, he's a nice guy, but she is . . .\n\nGHITIS: Was it easy or hard to make friends within the Jewish community?\n\nS. FRALEY: It wasn't hard. We had a community with the Greeners, the newcomers.\nWe went to Piedmont Park. Piedmont Park back then was just white folks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I\ndon't care, white, black. They're nice. I like black people. I don't have a\nthing against them. I just communicate with anybody who is treating me nice.\nI'll treat them better.\n\nGHITIS: What else did you do with your friends?\n\nS. FRALEY: What else? We had parties, we had [unintelligible], we had bar\nmitzvahs. We had all kinds of things. Every once in a while, this one made a\nparty. We went and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"danced over there. We were young people. We were busy. Now,\neverybody is quiet, old.\n\nGHITIS: You said that when you had the grocery store, you had a very good\nrelationship with the black people in the neighborhood.\n\nS. FRALEY: Very good.\n\nGHITIS: Why did they like you?\n\nS. FRALEY: I don't know. They just liked Simon. When they came to the shop, they\nneed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Coca-Cola, I gave them a Coke. They need to go on the bus--back then, I\nthink it was ten or fifteen cents, I forget what; it's so long ago--I gave them\n[money] for the bus. It doesn't make no difference. I helped out, if I could. As\na matter of fact, they held up everybody around me. Everybody around me was held\nup, but this guy wasn't held up. I always had somebody watching me. They liked\nme a lot. They came to Lenox ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Square [and said,] \"Simon! Oh! What the heck are\nyou doing here? You should have stayed there!\" I said, \"Well, I wanted to change\nthe trade.\"\n\nGHITIS: What Jewish organizations did you join?\n\nS. FRALEY: I was in Betar Jabotinsky.\n\nGHITIS: That was in . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: In Poland. Here, Jewish organizations, whatever it was . . . not\norganizations, but we went to meetings and things.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Did you join a Holocaust survivor organization?\n\nS. FRALEY: Yes, as a matter of fact, I spent . . . When they built the monument,\nI was one of the first gave [money]. The list is still there. I don't want to\nsay how much I gave, but I gave more than the rich ones.\n\nGHITIS: Why did you do that?\n\nS. FRALEY: Because I am that way. I don't care. I knew I would make a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"living. I\nwasn't afraid I am going to starve to death. I didn't squeeze the dollar.\n\nGHITIS: Did you join a synagogue?\n\nS. FRALEY: Sure, Shearith Israel. I've been in Shearith Israel since . . . maybe\n50 some years, 51, 50, 49. I can't remember. [It was] a long time ago, half a\ncentury. I'm here 53 years.\n\nGHITIS: When do you go to the synagogue?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S. FRALEY: I went to the synagogue, when I came over here, often. Now, I don't\nthink it is . . .\n\nGHITIS: How come?\n\nS. FRALEY: What I went through, what I saw. Hitler killed the rabbis, and the\nkids, and the women, and the Ribono-shel-olom [Hebrew: master of the universe],\nhe didn't do a thing. I'm skeptical.\n\nGHITIS: Could you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"translate what Ribono-shel-olom means?\n\nS. FRALEY: G-d almighty.\n\nGHITIS: You feel . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: I'm confused, very confused. Inside my heart, when I was a younger\nkid, I believed in G-d 100 percent. Now, I am not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so sure. I'm telling you the\ntruth, just like it is. I think when you treat your other fellow like you want\nto be treated, that's all you're required to do. The rest is up to you. I never\ncheated one person in business from one nickel, but I was cheated. But I'm not\ngoing to mention this.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: What kind of things do you like to do these days?\n\nS. FRALEY: I tell you, it's . . . I don't know. I want to stay healthy with my\nwife, and the kids, and see how my grandchild's going to grow up, things like\nthat. Traveling . . . I am not too healthy to travel. I used to travel when I\nwas younger. I went to Florida every year and I went places. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a matter of\nfact, I drove to New York by car in 1952 from Atlanta to New York and back. I\nwas not afraid to go places. I loved it.\n\nGHITIS: We are going through some difficult times these days.\n\nS. FRALEY: Oh, yes, terrible times.\n\nGHITIS: What do you think? What do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have ahead? What is the meaning of all this?\n\nS. FRALEY: If I would know what the meaning [is], I would be somebody. [laughs]\nNobody knows. But, at the end, the terrorism is going to go, because when\nAmerica steps in, they go for good. They're not playing around. You have to take\ntime. This is not the army going against the army. They hiding out in holes and things.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: What should we be doing?\n\nS. FRALEY: What we should do? They already doing the right thing. They started.\n\nGHITIS: What are your thoughts on Israel?\n\nS. FRALEY: On Israel? We have to have Israel, period, because if we don't have a\nfather--just like a kid don't have a father and gets here and there--Israel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is\nour home. America is our home and Israel is our home. America is everybody's\nhome. They let everybody come here and make a living if you abide by the law.\nBut, before the war, we didn't have anything. Nobody took up for us. As a matter\nof fact, Britain wouldn't let us in to Israel. I would be in Israel if not for\nBritain. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had a mandate. They had to blow up the King David Hotel for them\nto get lost. Now, they're okay. [sees someone off-screen] You give a note...?\n\nGHITIS: How did you find out what happened to your family after the war?\n\nS. FRALEY: I came from . . . We marched from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"White Russia all the way and fought\nin the front line all back to Poland. When I came back to Poland, I saw there is\nnothing there. My parents were gone. The janitor lives in our house. I saw my\nsofa where he is sleeping on. We had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a kitchen downstairs, and on the fourth\nfloor, we had a bedroom. It was hard to get apartments in Katowice, in the city.\nThe Silesians were big anti-Semites, bad news. You've heard of Poznan?\nPoznanzczyznas [Polish: Poznaners], they are the worst. They are the same. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nthink that the Ukrainians, the White Russians, and the Poles are the worst\nanti-Semites. They're worse than the Germans. Some Germans are good people. As a\nmatter of fact, my wife survived . . . When the war broke out, I was running\naway from Katowice by foot. An army truck of German soldiers stopped. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They took\nme on the truck, gave me something to eat hard boiled eggs, and took me on the\ntruck where I wanted to go. Now, I don't know if they knew I'm Jewish or not.\nThey probably didn't. You have good people everywhere.\n\nGHITIS: I want to go back in time and talk a little bit about your life in\nKatowice before the war. What was it like?\n\nS. FRALEY: It was okay. I went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. I played soccer most of the time. I\ntore up more shoes than anybody in the world. I played with German kids and\nPolish kids. We spoke both languages--German and Polish. I spoke perfect German.\nAs a matter of fact, I met some here in the club, a lady from Germany, and we\ngot along fine.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of work did you father do?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S. FRALEY: My father, they had a wholesale [business that sold] poultry and\neggs. They delivered to restaurants. I was a delivery boy. I had a bicycle with\na bag on front and I delivered. I delivered to the rabbi.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember on what street you lived?\n\nS. FRALEY: Yes, Katowice [unintelligible] cztery. Cztery is four [in Polish].\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: How big was your family?\n\nS. FRALEY: I had three sisters [Adela, Fela and Zosha]. I was the only son. One\nof them, my oldest sister finished college. She had a degree. She was a\nshorthand in a shoe factory. When the war broke out, she got married. I knew her\nhusband, had seen him before. They got married and had a child when the war\nbroke out. Now, I wasn't there no more. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was on the Russian side. They all went\nto the concentration camp.\n\nGHITIS: Who were the survivors from your family?\n\nS. FRALEY: Me and my sister, Phyllis, Felice, Fela.\n\nGHITIS: She survived?\n\nS. FRALEY: She survived and she died in New York a few years ago. She got sick.\nI had maybe 20 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"operations--major ones--and I'm still here. You want to see? [laughs]\n\nGHITIS: If you can just tell me . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: I got cut open from here to here [indicates from his chest down to\nabdomen] maybe four or five times.\n\nGHITIS: What do you want to tell, at this moment, your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children, your\ngrandchild, and generations to come based on your life experiences?\n\nS. FRALEY: We have to have Israel at all costs. Period. Without a father, you\nhaven't got nothing. Israel is our father, our homeland. The Palestinians didn't\neven have a government ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before Israel was voted to be a country. Now, they want\nit, too. They have where to go. There's plenty of Arab countries out there. And\nI don't trust the [Saudi Arabians] at all.\n\nGHITIS: What do you want to say to your granddaughter, Shayna?\n\nS. FRALEY: What do I want to see? I want to see her grow up.\n\nGHITIS: What do you want to tell her? Say something ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to her.\n\nS. FRALEY: I want to say, first, go to school and be educated. And be a good\ngirl. That's all.\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you just tell us briefly what raising your children in America was\nlike? Were you happy to be able to raise your children in America?\n\nS. FRALEY: I was very happy to raise my children in America. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were equal.\nThey didn't . . . It's a big difference in Europe and Poland and America. You\nare human. Over there, they treat you like a third class, not a second class. I\ndon't have nothing for Poland. I fought for them, and I laid my life on the\nline, and I came back to Poland, and I saw they were killing Jews ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the war\nin Kielce--a pogrom. I was an officer. I had Virtuti Militari to get it. I lost\nthe papers. You know how I lost the papers? When I was escaping from Poland from\nthe army. I was a deserter. I was afraid to have the paper on me and they going\nto stop me and ask me what it is and turn me in. A deserter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gets the bullet in\nhis head. As a matter of fact, when we were coming from Russia back to Poland,\nthere was a Jewish guy. He deserted the army. I was there when they shot him. I\ntalked to him before they shot him. I said, \"You shouldn't do that.\" I think his\nname was Teitelbaum. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember. He was locked up and I had duty to watch him. I\nsaid, \"I cannot help you.\"\n\nGHITIS: Why did you survive?\n\nS. FRALEY: Sheer luck, and I was tough. I marched 400 kilometers [about 250\nmiles] by foot with another guy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"carrying that rifle in full . . . How you call it?\n\nEINSTEIN: Backpack?\n\nS. FRALEY: Yes, everything a soldier needs, I carried it on me 400 kilometers. I\nslept in the ditch, in snow, you name it. I was so damn tired, I couldn't even\nwalk no more, but I made it. Tall, big guys, they folded up. They took them on\nthe truck. I made it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Warsaw, to Prague. This is the honest truth.\n\nEINSTEIN: Thank you very much.\n\nS. FRALEY: Thank you.\n\nGHITIS: Could you tell me your name, please?\n\nP. FRALEY: Pola Fraley.\n\nGHITIS: Where were you born?\n\nP. FRALEY: In Poland, Sosnowiec.\n\nGHITIS: What do you remember about your wedding?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"P. FRALEY: My wedding? It was a disaster. [laughs]\n\nGHITIS: Why so?\n\nP. FRALEY: There was no wedding dress. I had to borrow one from somebody. There\nwas no money. There was a little bit of music, little bit friends, was just one\nroom. But we got married. Thank G-d we did.\n\nGHITIS: Where was that?\n\nP. FRALEY: This was in Germany.\n\nS. FRALEY: Zeilsheim.\n\nGHITIS: What did you like about your husband that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you decided to marry him?\n\nP. FRALEY: I was by myself, of course. We just happened . . . He just looked\nlike a nice man. We just liked each other.\n\nGHITIS: How old were you at the time?\n\nP. FRALEY: I was in the early 20s.\n\nS. FRALEY: Twenty-two or three.\n\nP. FRALEY: I was a teenager when they took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me to the concentration camp. I was\nthere three and a half years, so I was in the early 20s. He was about three or\nfour years older.\n\nS. FRALEY: I'm five years older. I'm not counting no days. [laughs]\n\nGHITIS: You got pregnant?\n\nP. FRALEY: No, not right away.\n\nGHITIS: When did you get pregnant?\n\nP. FRALEY: Phyllis was born in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1955.\n\nS. FRALEY: Forty-eight!\n\nP. FRALEY: Excuse me, 1948. Steven was born in 1955.\n\nS. FRALEY: December 28, 1948.\n\nGHITIS: What was it like in those circumstances to be expecting?\n\nP. FRALEY: A child? It was just a miracle that you could get pregnant, you could\nhave a child.\n\nS. FRALEY: We have a picture from Phyllis when she was little.\n\nP. FRALEY: I have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of pictures. Sometime I'm going to show you all the\npictures when she was a year old. Now, you look at her. I'm very proud of her,\nand of Steve, too. I have two wonderful children and a wonderful husband.\n\nS. FRALEY: Thank you.\n\nGHITIS: What was it like raising your two children when you came to America?\n\nP. FRALEY: Right away, I didn't have two. I had one. I had a rough time.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somehow, I tried to do my best. I did try to do my best.\n\nS. FRALEY: She helped me in the lock business.\n\nP. FRALEY: It wasn't easy when she was little. She was born in Germany. She was\na year when we came over here. On the 27th [of December 1949], I think, we came\nto New Orleans. On the 28th [of December 1948], she was born.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S. FRALEY: We came by train from New Orleans over here.\n\nP. FRALEY: It wasn't easy. I took care of her, of course. I have a picture--I\nhave them over there [indicates off camera]--right when she was born and I have\na picture with Simon going shopping for her, because I didn't have anything for\nher to wear even. I left the baby in the hospital and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went shopping. I have a\npicture. I was looking for the pictures all the time while you were interviewing\nhim. I thought, \"This picture I have to show you.\" We were wearing coats. It was\ncold in December.\n\nGHITIS: Did you also work?\n\nP. FRALEY: I worked plenty. I had a husband and a child I had to take care of .\n. .\n\nS. FRALEY: She didn't have a job. She was . . .\n\nP. FRALEY: . . . in the beginning. I worked plenty in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp.\nAfter that, I worked, too. I didn't have any help. Simon had a job. He didn't\nmake much money. We had to make a living somehow. [Turns to Simon] I think we\ngot a few weeks, months maybe, money. They helped us out--the Federation--gave\nus a few dollars maybe? I don't remember this.\n\nS. FRALEY: They gave us where to live.\n\nP. FRALEY: Yes.\n\nS. FRALEY: We were here maybe two, three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks and I went to work for C.C. Downs.\n\nP. FRALEY: Right. But I think they helped us with where to live.\n\nS. FRALEY: Yes.\n\nP. FRALEY: They gave us in Decatur a room--I have even a picture of that we'll\nshow you one of these days--with the other family. Two families were in one\nlittle house.\n\nS. FRALEY: They're both dead.\n\nP. FRALEY: I am sorry they are dead. They were nice people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We lived over there\nfor a while. Then, we had to move somewhere else.\n\nS. FRALEY: Eleventh Street.\n\nP. FRALEY: It wasn't easy.\n\nS. FRALEY: Sam Massell's building.\n\nP. FRALEY: The thing was, we didn't have to pay rent. They gave us a home and\nfurnished little bit. Simon had a job for $25 a week. [Turns to Simon] Right?\n[Simon nods] I had to manage somehow because there was no money.\n\nS. FRALEY: She always had a good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meal when I came home, no matter what.\n\nP. FRALEY: I had chicken. They were not expensive and somehow I fixed a meal.\n\nS. FRALEY: I think it was 19 cents a pound.\n\nP. FRALEY: Whatever it was, he had something to eat. He had the same sandwiches\nevery day he took to work. I can remember right now. Hardboiled eggs . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: Eggs, bread and mayonnaise.\n\nP. FRALEY: I don't . . . Whatever it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. Then, sardines.\n\nS. FRALEY: Yes, sardines.\n\nP. FRALEY: I made the same thing. Now, he still eats it.\n\nGHITIS: When did things get easier financially?\n\nP. FRALEY: He wanted to be . . . He strayed once. He wanted to be a locksmith,\nor work with keys and locks, or a mechanic, whatever. This was what he did\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before. I think the Federation told him about where to go.\n\nS. FRALEY: Mrs. Zwecker. Back then, was Miss Goldberg. She took me to C.C.\nDown's. I told you the story.\n\nP. FRALEY: Yes. Do you know Mrs. Zwecker? You don't.\n\nS. FRALEY: She's a very nice person.\n\nP. FRALEY: A very nice person. She told him to go in a certain place.\n\nS. FRALEY: She took me there.\n\nP. FRALEY: Or she took him over there.\n\nS. FRALEY: I couldn't speak [English].\n\nP. FRALEY: He had a job [turns to Simon] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for what? Twenty-five dollars?\n\nS. FRALEY: Twenty-five dollars a week.\n\nP. FRALEY: Something like that.\n\nS. FRALEY: Then they gave me 30, but not right away.\n\nP. FRALEY: Not right away. He came home happy and he said, \"They gave me a\nraise. Guess what? Two and a half dollars. But this week they didn't give it to\nme. I have to wait till next week, or whatever, sometime this month.\" But,\nthat's the way it was. We had to do the best what we could.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: But, at some point, things improved?\n\nP. FRALEY: Yes, they did improve because I said to my husband that, \"Everybody\nhas a grocery store. Why don't you just . . . Let's open a grocery store.\" We\ndidn't have much money. We took a loan. [Turns to Simon] Is that right?\n\nS. FRALEY: No, I had my money and Herbert Tallman [sp]--You know heard of\nHerbert Tallman? You heard about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him?--they lend me part of it.\n\nP. FRALEY: Right.\n\nS. FRALEY: It was the Jewish . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Benevolent Society? Free Loan Society?\n\nS. FRALEY: They gave me a loan and I paid them back right away.\n\nP. FRALEY: It was maybe ten dollars a month? A week?\n\nS. FRALEY: Something like that.\n\nP. FRALEY: Something like that.\n\nS. FRALEY: Anyway, I paid them back. The store . . .\n\nP. FRALEY: It wasn't easy. I have all the things. I would prepare them, but if I\nwould know you going to ask me this . . . I have all the . . . I ran into it the\nother day, whatever we paid every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"week or month. I remember $10 it was.\n\nS. FRALEY: Compared to Europe, it was heaven.\n\nP. FRALEY: Yes. If you have a grocery store, you have more . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: Five years.\n\nP. FRALEY: But, the thing is that he didn't want [the grocery store] anymore\nbecause he got tired. He got tired. Simon is not the type to sit all day in a\ngrocery store. Of course, I did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help him in the grocery store. Later, after\nthat, he went . . . We had it for five years. We paid off everything what we\nowed, things like that. Later, he said he wants to go back to his trade. He had\nan American guy and they opened a shop. [Turns to Simon] For how long--I don't\nremember--you had this shop with him?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S. FRALEY: Five years.\n\nP. FRALEY: Five years. Something like that.\n\nS. FRALEY: Atlanta Safe and Lock Works, I told you.\n\nP. FRALEY: Right. Then, he quit that because he wanted to have off Saturday and\nhe wanted to have off Sunday.\n\nS. FRALEY: My partner; not me.\n\nP. FRALEY: The partner. It didn't work out, so he just split.\n\nGHITIS: What about your activities at that time? You were a mother taking care\nof two children . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"P. FRALEY: Everything. You name it, I was. I had no help because it was\nexpensive. I worked hard.\n\nGHITIS: Did you have any free time?\n\nP. FRALEY: Not really, because children . . . They don't raise themselves. You\nhave to help them. They get sick, [you have to take them to] doctors, and all\nkinds of things. I had no help. Simon was not the one who . . . He can help a\nlot with it. He doesn't. He's a good man, but he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't know much about\nchildren, or cooking, or helping in the kitchen. He's not this kind of guy.\n\nS. FRALEY: I did what I could. That's all.\n\nGHITIS: What about your social life?\n\nP. FRALEY: Social life? It wasn't too good because you had to take care of the\nfamily. I couldn't really leave everything, or with somebody, and go to a movie,\nor to go to have a good time, because I wouldn't trust the children with nobody.\n\nS. FRALEY: No, not her.\n\nP. FRALEY: I had to stay with them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and take care of them. Simon did, too. We\nboth did.\n\nGHITIS: Did you have help with . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: Sometimes.\n\nP. FRALEY: Not in the beginning, we didn't. When they got a little bit bigger, I\ndid need some help, because I had to help Simon a little bit in his business,\nand this, and that. But, I wasn't happy with it really. I wanted to take care of\nthem by myself.\n\nS. FRALEY: She didn't trust them.\n\nP. FRALEY: Yes, I didn't trust them really.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Did you join any . . .\n\nP. FRALEY: I didn't join nowhere. I just did hard work all the years.\n\nS. FRALEY: We played bingo once a week.\n\nP. FRALEY: That's all the enjoyment. We went sometimes to a movie. Then, my\nsister came from New York.\n\nS. FRALEY: We used to go to a movie often.\n\nP. FRALEY: Yes, but that was the only enjoyment that happened. We went to a\nmovie sometime. When I left my children, my sister came from New York. She also\nwas there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He got sick and they were living on unemployment. I told her to come\nhere to open a grocery store and everything is going to be okay. She took care.\nWhen we left, she was with the children. When she left, we stayed with the children.\n\nGHITIS: What is your sister's name?\n\nP. FRALEY: Jean Greenbaum. You want to interview her, too? It doesn't make any\ndifference. Her husband ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"passed away.\n\nS. FRALEY: He passed away years ago.\n\nP. FRALEY: He passed away a long time ago.\n\nS. FRALEY: Thirty-five, forty years ago.\n\nP. FRALEY: Somewhere.\n\nGHITIS: When you were raising your children, what kind of people were you hoping\nthey would become?\n\nP. FRALEY: Nice people, good people, of course. I tried my best.\n\nS. FRALEY: They turned out great.\n\nP. FRALEY: I'm really happy the way they are. Steven is a nice ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grown man now and\nPhyllis is unbelievable. She's . . . I'm really proud of her. I couldn't help\nher much, really. We couldn't help her, not financially, but how, what she has\nto do, and to accomplish in life, and things, she did everything on her own. She\ncouldn't really expect much.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S. FRALEY: She was dressed nice and she had everything a kid wants, but we\nweren't American. We didn't know the language, how to teach them, how to help\nthem out in school.\n\nP. FRALEY: This was the first thing that I always did try to give them, not to\nbe behind. They had nice clothes and I want them to feel just like American\npeople here.\n\nGHITIS: What about their Judaism?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"P. FRALEY: They believe. They are just like we are. We believe. What they see at\nhome what . . . They listened, and really, they do.\n\nGHITIS: How do you feel about your Judaism?\n\nP. FRALEY: I feel very much just like my parents did. They believed in G-d. They\nwere nice people, went to shul. This was . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: They had a kosher butcher shop.\n\nP. FRALEY: Right. . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Interview pauses to look for a handkerchief and then\nresumes] What I tried to say is I did my best I could really for him to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice\ndressed, and go to school, have the books and everything, and the control, not\nto feel behind, newcomers' children . . . I just . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: They were not deprived of anything. The only thing . . . We couldn't\nspeak good, so we did the best we could. That's all.\n\nP. FRALEY: They still make fun of us. [laughs]\n\nGHITIS: How did they make fun of you?\n\nP. FRALEY: They listen sometimes. I'd say, \"Why didn't you correct me? You can\ncorrect me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would appreciate it.\" But there were probably too many mistakes,\nso they let it go like that. Steve sometimes does correct me when I say\nsomething [that] is not right, not perfect. The grammar . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: You're doing pretty good.\n\nP. FRALEY: The grammar is killing me. I don't think I will ever learn the grammar.\n\nS. FRALEY: She's a perfectionist. She . . .\n\nP. FRALEY: I cannot understand why in the world I just don't get it. A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of\npeople here, they caught it really good and quick. You wouldn't believe that\nthey are from other countries, that they are survivors.\n\nS. FRALEY: We always had accents.\n\nP. FRALEY: I don't know. You had to go to school and you had to learn. I never\nhad this opportunity. I never did.\n\nGHITIS: What were some of the other challenges you had as a parent, having come\nfrom Europe, from the war?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"P. FRALEY: What do you mean challenges?\n\nGHITIS: Were any other things difficult for you in coming to a new culture, a\nnew world?\n\nP. FRALEY: It was very painful because I don't want to talk about it. I really don't.\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you tell me what your first day in Atlanta was like? What did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see?\n\nP. FRALEY: Another world.\n\nS. FRALEY: Tell her about the Big Apple. When you went home with the bag, you\ndidn't have . . .\n\nP. FRALEY: Yes. I did work really when Phyllis was little. I didn't want to stay\nwith her just at home. I wanted her to have fun, be with other children. We did.\nIt was a daycare. [To Simon] How old was she? She wasn't old.\n\nS. FRALEY: She was two, three years old.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"P. FRALEY: Maybe something like that. I went to work, to Lovable Brasier. I\nworked over there for quite a while. I don't remember. Maybe two years or so. I\ndon't remember exactly. Maybe a little bit more. I had a nice check. This helped\nme to . . . This was right at the beginning, when she was a little girl. After\nwork, I went to Big Apple. [To Simon] Was it Big Apple or A\u0026P?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S. FRALEY: Big Apple.\n\nP. FRALEY: Big Apple. I spent the money for groceries so we had food in the\nhouse. I did always help. I really did always help.\n\nS. FRALEY: Tell her about the bus driver.\n\nP. FRALEY: Oh, my goodness. I bought the groceries, went over there . . . This\nis a book to write, really. I knew where to get off, [but coming] back, I didn't\nknow where to tell him to stop. I asked him. I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"How far is it,\" to the\nstreet where I wanted to get off. I asked him, \"How wide is it?\" Vi veyt\n[Yiddish: how far].\n\nS. FRALEY: How far. She didn't know how to say \"far.\"\n\nP. FRALEY: The man took me to the dead end and brought me back. Finally, I got\noff in the place where I had to get off. I had two bags of groceries. What could\nI do? I couldn't carry them both. [To Simon] I think I had Phyllis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with me?\n\nS. FRALEY: No.\n\nP. FRALEY: No, I didn't have maybe Phyllis with me. I took one bag at a time\nbecause they were heavy. I took one bag and I walked half a block. Then I put\ndown one bag and I went to get the other one. I'm telling you . . . [Laughs]\n\nS. FRALEY: She made sixteen trips probably! [Laughs]\n\nP. FRALEY: I'm telling you . . . Till I got home with the groceries. Because\nthere was no car, no transportation.\n\nS. FRALEY: No car.\n\nP. FRALEY: No, we didn't have a car.\n\nGHITIS: What exactly did you tell the bus driver in English?\n\nP. FRALEY: I told him, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"How wide is it,\" to the street.\n\nS. FRALEY: How far. In Yiddish, it's \"vi veyt.\" [Laughs]\n\nP. FRALEY: You see? When we moved off of Pharr Road with this other family, we\nhad a neighbor. She asked if the child is a girl, or a boy, or whatever. I\ndidn't know what she was talking about. We just didn't know it [the language].\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, later, we had a teacher . . . [To Simon] Mrs. Meyer?\n\nS. FRALEY: Meyer.\n\nP. FRALEY: No.\n\nS. FRALEY: Meyerhardt.\n\nP. FRALEY: Meyerhardt, I think. Then, she moved out. She tried to help us a\nlittle bit with the language . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: Yes, we had lessons. She came to our building on 11th Street.\n\nP. FRALEY: . . . to read and everything, but it was very hard, because they\nwrite it different and they pronounce it different. It was just . . . You know,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are dealing now with the Sam's Club. This is silly to have on the record,\nreally silly. The new woman, a druggist over there--she's the manager in the\ndrug department--her name is Charise. I couldn't [pronounce] C-H in Charise. I\nwould do it with an S-H. I wrote down the way I understand to make ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charise, so I\nwon't make this mistake again. She's brand new over there. I wrote down in\nPolish how to say Charise. I don't pay attention what in English it is. It's a\nC-H and something. Until now it is very hard. For me, it is very hard. Simon was\nmore with people, and I'm sure he can . . .\n\nS. FRALEY: Did take me long to catch on the language.\n\nP. FRALEY: He knows the grammar better than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do. I always had really hard work.\n\nS. FRALEY: Excuse me. In Russian language, I caught on in four weeks. I spoke\nRussian. Didn't take no time.\n\nP. FRALEY: In Germany, I did catch up, because it's close to the Jewish\nlanguage, German.\n\nS. FRALEY: Yiddish.\n\nP. FRALEY: To the Yiddish. A lot of words sound like the same. I didn't have a\nrough time with that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the war. I could communicate with them, but with the\nEnglish, it's very hard for me.\n\nS. FRALEY: English is a hard language.\n\nP. FRALEY: I don't know, but with this, I see people who have no problem. But I do.\n\nGHITIS: I understand you joined Shearith Israel.\n\nP. FRALEY: Yes, we're over there.\n\nGHITIS: What was it like when you first joined? What was the congregation like?\n\nP. FRALEY: It was a small congregation. Now, it's a lot of people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Big . . .\n\nGHITIS: Who was the rabbi?\n\nS. FRALEY: [Sydney] Mossman.\n\nP. FRALEY: I think it was Mossman. There was quite a few of them during the\nyears. This is the first congregation. Right away, we didn't belong. I don't\nknow why.\n\nS. FRALEY: Yes, like I told you, I wasn't Hasidic. I didn't care.\n\nP. FRALEY: Later, we knew that we have to go. This was what I saw at home.\nYontif, you go to the synagogue. We went. Since then, we [are] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there.\n\nGHITIS: What did you think of the services when you first came? You come from a\nreligious home.\n\nP. FRALEY: No, not really religious, but they went to shul during the holidays.\nThey always went. On Shabbos was closed, the business. We had a butcher shop.\nHow you call it?\n\nS. FRALEY: Kosher.\n\nP. FRALEY: No, not kosher.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S. FRALEY: Half and half.\n\nP. FRALEY: Not really. No, I don't think it was. Before, people . . . You have\nto be really religious to buy kosher meat. Jewish people bought this meat. . .\n\nS. FRALEY: We had kosher in our house.\n\nP. FRALEY: They bought it and that's it.\n\nS. FRALEY: Never ate pork.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"P. FRALEY: We did, like the holidays, everything was just like in the really\nreligious homes, like Passover, the different dishes.\n\nS. FRALEY: Kashering.\n\nP. FRALEY: You know what kasher is? You do? They were going from house to house.\nWe did observe this, I know. That's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I remember. But we weren't kosher. I\ndon't remember. Maybe we did have kosher over there, part was kosher. I don't\nremember. I know we did use what we were selling. So many years, for heaven's\nsake. I just really don't . . .\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember your first impressions of Atlanta?\n\nP. FRALEY: It was a different world. It was unbelievable. I was in camp and now\nI survive. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, we have to start . . . I have a family now. I got married. It\nwas nice. I was thinking that we were lucky that we survived. We were just going\nto make somehow now.\n\nS. FRALEY: Atlanta is an overgrown country town. When we moved over here, it was\n600,000 inhabitants. Now, it's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"4,200,000.\n\nP. FRALEY: Yes, it's unbelievable now. When you live . . . It was difficult.\n\nS. FRALEY: This was the dungeon right here. After you passed Buckhead,\neverything was country.\n\nP. FRALEY: Now, it is unbelievable. Some people move out where there's not such\ntraffic, to make it more comfortable.\n\nS. FRALEY: I would like to move. She didn't want to move.\n\nP. FRALEY: I'm too old to move. It's a lot of work to move. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have a home. I'm\nused to it. I'm going to move where?\n\nS. FRALEY: How did you pick this neighborhood to live in?\n\nP. FRALEY: We had many places till we got here, because when we first came, they\ngave us on Pharr Road this room with the other family. Later, it looks like they\nwanted to sell this home. They told us on 11th Street was this. . .\n\nS. FRALEY: Sam Massell's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"building.\n\nP. FRALEY: Sam Massell. They gave us a room and few families, too. On every\nfloor, was other families from the newcomers. [Turns to Simon] We stayed over\nthere, what? A year and a half? Two years?\n\nS. FRALEY: Something like that.\n\nP. FRALEY: Something like that. We had to move because they just tore down the\nwhole building for some reason. We moved to Brookhaven because Brookhaven ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\nnot far away from the key shop where Simon was with that partner. It was a new\nlittle house. This house had two rooms.\n\nS. FRALEY: Brand new.\n\nP. FRALEY: We moved in and we didn't have a hot water tank.\n\nS. FRALEY: We didn't think of it.\n\nP. FRALEY: We didn't think, \"We're going to have to have a hot water tank,\"\nbecause at home was different. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was not hot water things in the rooms. You\nhad to heat the water on the stove and things like that. We had to put this in.\nWe had to put the heater, too. [Turns to Simon] There was no heater, either, was there?\n\nS. FRALEY: The furnace was on the floor.\n\nP. FRALEY: The hall, where you were walking all day through, we had to make over\nthere a hole and have the heater to come out during the winter. Simon was\nexcited. I couldn't tell him, \"No,\" because it was so excited and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so close to\nthe shop where he was going to work. I said, \"Okay.\" It was a new little house,\nbut so many things that were missing. We lived over there for quite a few\n[years]. [Turns to Simon] The whole house was maybe $17,000?\n\nS. FRALEY: I paid $4,200.\n\nP. FRALEY: Maybe $4,200. I don't remember. I swear to G-d, I don't remember.\n\nS. FRALEY: She doesn't remember.\n\nP. FRALEY: I know the note was maybe $33.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S. FRALEY: We had a second mortgage.\n\nP. FRALEY: The second mortgage was $11.\n\nS. FRALEY: Eleven dollars, right.\n\nP. FRALEY: This I remember because I wrote the checks. It was $33 and $11, the\nsecond mortgage. But the whole . . . But I don't remember how much the house was.\n\nS. FRALEY: The second mortgage was for the hot water tank. I bought a hot water\n[tank]. I put it on the note.\n\nP. FRALEY: It was unbelievable. We stayed for a while. Then, we moved . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S. FRALEY: Anita Place.\n\nP. FRALEY: Then, we moved to Anita Place. Kuniansky was the owner over there,\nwho was building. This was close for the children to go to school.\n\nS. FRALEY: Vi heist [Yiddish: What is the name of] the school?\n\nP. FRALEY: Morningside [Elementary] School.\n\nS. FRALEY: Morningside. Phyllis went to Morningside. I forgot before.\n\nP. FRALEY: We moved over there. We had empty rooms. The living room was empty\nfor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite some time because I had no furniture over there. That's the time when\nmy sister came from New York. I said, \"Take the living room. Do it somehow.\"\n\nS. FRALEY: We put a sofa and it was her room.\n\nP. FRALEY: Yes. We lived over there about 15 years.\n\nS. FRALEY: Thirteen.\n\nP. FRALEY: About fourteen. Phyllis started in college.\n\nS. FRALEY: Grammar school.\n\nP. FRALEY: College, no.\n\nS. FRALEY: In college, she has to be . . . How old is it? Nineteen? Eighteen? Sixteen?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"P. FRALEY: No, you finish grammar, then you go to high school, and after, you .\n. . twelve years.\n\nGHITIS: It is twelve years.\n\nS. FRALEY: Twelve years. She went to . . .\n\nP. FRALEY: Athens, and we still were at Anita Place.\n\nS. FRALEY: Right.\n\nP. FRALEY: She went to college at Athens.\n\nS. FRALEY: When she started going to Athens, we bought this house because she\n[Pola] said, \"This house is too small. Let's go buy a bigger one.\"\n\nP. FRALEY: Because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Steve was born then. It's not too small. Steve was five years\n. . .\n\nS. FRALEY: Six years younger.\n\nP. FRALEY: He's in 1955. She's in 1948. Six, seven years, whatever it was, she\nis older. She's not going to be in one room with him. We need another bedroom,\nso we did.\n\n[phone ringing in background]\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"P. FRALEY: I saw what we have and that's it. We moved here because it was too\nsmall. She said, \"I'm not going to sleep with Steve in one room,\" and this and\nthat. We had a den. We could make a bedroom from a den, but everybody had a den,\nso I said, \"Why should I make a bedroom out of a den?\" Anyway, we moved here. In\nthe meantime, we did make money. We worked hard. Simon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a likeable man and he\ndid good business. I tried to save, and save, save. Until now, I'm still saving\nfor the children after we be gone, so they'll be well off.\n\nS. FRALEY: For the grandchild.\n\nP. FRALEY: Now, the grandchild. I have to tell you about the grandchild.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me about the grandchild.\n\nP. FRALEY: She's a million dollars. A million is nothing. She's cute. You can\neat her up. She's unbelievable. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just love her. It took us a long time till\nshe was born. I was unfortunate. Phyllis, in particular, she's still single.\nSteve, he got married and thank G-d, I have a grandchild.\n\nGHITIS: Do you want to say some words to your grandchild?\n\nP. FRALEY: To my grandchild, that I'm going to give you all the money I have for\nher to be successful, and educated, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and be a good girl.\n\nS. FRALEY: We're going to make a fund for her.\n\nP. FRALEY: Sure, of course. She's so cute. I wish you would meet her sometime.\n\nS. FRALEY: Did you see her?\n\nGHITIS: [inaudible answer]\n\nEINSTEIN: Who were you friends when you first came to Atlanta?\n\nP. FRALEY: We did play cards, so there were a lot of them.\n\nS. FRALEY: Bingo.\n\nP. FRALEY: Now, there are only a few. Like I said, we had to stay and take care\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the children. We couldn't really afford right away a maid, but I wouldn't\ntrust them anyway. I had one maid and I think she was doping. I slipped in once\nwhen I had to go help Simon in the grocery store. I said, \"Nuh-uh, this isn't\ngoing to be like that,\" because the children were everything to us. We lost\neverything. Now, the children, we had to take care of them and do the best.\n\nEINSTEIN: Simon was saying that you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to have outings at Piedmont Park.\n\nP. FRALEY: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you tell me about that?\n\nP. FRALEY: I still have pictures. Every Sunday, because Saturdays he got to work.\n\nS. FRALEY: In the morning Sunday, [I went] to the grocery store.\n\nP. FRALEY: In Piedmont Park. I have a lot of pictures.\n\nEINSTEIN: Who used to go?\n\nP. FRALEY: All the neighbors over there.\n\nS. FRALEY: All the Greeners.\n\nP. FRALEY: A lot of them, I'm sorry to say they're just not alive anymore.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's very few left now. It's unbelievable. I looked through now pictures. I\nwanted to find something for you. Just Simon after the war, a few pictures. But\nI don't know if this is the right thing. Right after the war, we didn't take no\npictures. What do we need a picture if we're going in a swimming pool or we're\nsitting in Piedmont Park? This is not the kind of picture you probably would\nlike to . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: That is the kind of picture.\n\nP. FRALEY: Anyway, I have them and I'm going to show ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them to you. If you think\nthey're right pictures, you're welcome to have them. In this drawer . . .\n[points off camera] I didn't want to interrupt but in this drawer, I did have a\nlot of them over there. You can count on that.\n\nS. FRALEY: Whenever you want them them, tell me.\n\nP. FRALEY: What I can say? I'm happy I have a good husband, but sometimes he can\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be mean like anybody else. [laughs] But he's a good man.\n\nS. FRALEY: I have a short fuse.\n\nP. FRALEY: But he's a good man, and I love my children, and I'm crazy about this\ngrandchild. I hope for many more years. That's what I hope.\n\nS. FRALEY: Whatever's left.\n\nP. FRALEY: I pray to G-d. The clock is running. We tried to do the best, just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/transcript/39929/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nstay healthy, and do the right thing . . . to be lucky that we still alive.\n\nS. FRALEY: Matter of fact, this week, I'm so busy. I got two or three more\nappointments with the doctors.\n\nEINSTEIN: Let me say thank you to all of you for doing this tape. It was wonderful.\n\nS. FRALEY: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5760.0,5790.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJedrzejow [Polish: Jędrzejów] is a town in southern Poland, about 22 miles (35 kilometers) southwest of Kielce. In 1939, there were 4,475 Jewish residents (32 percent of the total population). The German army occupied Jedrzejow on September 4, 1939 and established a ghetto in June 1940. The majority of Jews in Jedrzejow were deported to Treblinka in September 1942. Only 80 Jews from Jedrzejow survived the war—57 in labor camps, 11 in hiding, and 12 who escaped to the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKielce is a city in south central Poland. In 1939, there were approximately 24,000 Jewish inhabitants in Kielce or one-third of the town's population. Almost all of them were murdered during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKatowice is a city in the Upper Silesia in southern Poland. It became a city in the Prussian Province of Silesia (part of Germany) in 1865, and was mainly inhabited by Germans, Silesians, Jews, and Poles. By 1932, the Jewish population was 9,000. After World War I, Katowice was attached to Poland. Antisemitism increased in Katowice during the 1930s, and in 1937, pogroms and bombs thrown into Jewish shops led to emigration from Katowice although the Jewish population remained at 8,587. On September 3, 1939, when the Nazis entered the city, the Jewish population had increased due to an influx of refugees, and was approximately 11,000 to 12,000. Flight and expulsions left 900 at the end of the year. After World War II, about 1,500 Jews, most of whom were from other parts of Poland and had spent the war years in the Soviet Union, settled in Katowice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hitler Youth [German: Hitlerjugend] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. It existed from 1922 to 1945. It was modeled after its adult counterpart, the Sturmabteilung (SA), and was paramilitary in organization. It was for males 14 to 18 years of age. There was another section for young boys called Deutsches Jungvolk and a girls’ section called Bund Deutscher Madel [German: Association of German Girls]. The Hitler Youth were viewed as future “Aryan supermen” and were indoctrinated as such. The Hitler Youth put emphasis on physical and military training. The organization emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the SS. They had uniforms like the SA with similar ranks and insignia. It also served to indoctrinate students with the National Socialist worldview.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn October 27, 1938 the Germans began arresting 17,000 Jews with Polish citizenship who had been living in Germany and began deporting them to Poland. The Polish authorities placed the majority of the Jews in the border town of Zbaszyn and forbade them from leaving in the hope that the large number of Jews near the border would pressure the Germans into beginning negotiations to allow them back into Germany. The negotiations ended in January 1939. Friends and family in Poland had already taken in some Jews, while other deportees were permitted to return to Germany to wind up their affairs, and then return to Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1930s, Betar was active in smuggling illegal immigrants into Palestine from Eastern Europe, especially from Poland. Menachem Begin (1913-1992) was an Israeli politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of Israel. At the end of 1938, Begin became the head of Betar in Poland; by then the organization boasted 100,000 members, with the majority originating from Poland. When World War II broke out in September 1939, Begin was on the Romanian border with a group of illegal immigrants trying to reach Palestine. When that operation failed, Begin returned to Warsaw, Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAliyah Bet\u003c/em\u003e is the Hebrew term that refers to the clandestine immigration of Jews to Palestine between 1920 and 1948, when Great Britain controlled the area. Initiated by Zionist activists as the urgency for Jews to leave Europe intensified, this phenomena was referred to by the British as “illegal” immigration. Nevertheless, by 1948, well over 100,000 people, including more than 70,000 Holocaust survivors, had made it to Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eToday (2021), Snyatyn is a town in western Ukraine along the Prut River. Prior to World War II, it was known as Sniatyn and was part of east Galicia in Poland. It is located approximately 22 miles (35 km) northeast of Chernivtsi, Ukraine (Czernowitz, Romania prior to the war).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration. It was carved out of Ottoman Syria after World War I, and consisted of the territories of modern-day Israel and Jordan. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 to 1948. It was formalized with the League of Nations’s consent in 1923 and contained two administrative areas. The land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British rule until 1948, while the land east of the Jordan was a semi­autonomous region known as Transjordan under the rule of the Hashemite family\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSilesia is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in southwestern present-day Poland, Czech Republic and Germany. Ostrava is city in the Czech Republic, located close to the Polish border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShul\u003c/em\u003e is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLvov [Polish: Lwów; Ukrainian: Lviv] was once a Polish town. It is approximately 220 miles (350 km) east of Krakow and 212 miles (341 km) southeast of Warsaw. On the eve of World War II, there were 109,500 Jews living in the city. The city of Lvov was occupied by the Soviet Union on September 22, 1939. It was immediately annexed together with the rest of Eastern Galicia under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact. There were over 200,000 Jews in Lvov in September 1939; nearly 100,000 were refugees from German-occupied Poland. The Germans subsequently occupied Lvov after the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 and renamed the town “Lemberg.” Approximately 150,000 Jews were living in the city just prior to its capture by the Germans. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth the Russian and German armies invaded Poland in September 1939. On September 28, Germany and the Soviet Union reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. A demarcation line for the partition of German- and Russian-occupied Poland was established along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. It is estimated that the number of refugees who crossed from the German-occupied part of Poland to the areas annexed by the Soviet Union totaled about 300,000. The Russians left the border freely open to traffic until the end of October 1939. From then until the end of 1939 a small number of persons still crossed the border. After that, it was completely sealed. Some refugees still attempted to sneak across the heavily guarded border, often at great danger. Those caught trying to cross between occupation zones or trying to flee without papers faced arrest and arbitrary violence at the hands of both Russian and German border guards. The demarcation line would remain in effect until June 22, 1941, when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in a military campaign codenamed Operation “Barbarossa.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the Soviet occupation of southeastern Poland between September 1939 and June 1941, hundreds of political activists or educated and affluent Jews who were labeled “bourgeois” enemies of the state were deported to Siberian labor camps. The majority of Soviet forced labor camps in the 1930s through 1950s were in the remote, sparsely populated, and extensive geographical region in Russia known as Siberia. The Siberian labor camps were used as a form of political repression and prisoners were often worked to death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder Stalin, the Soviet Union undertook multiple hydroelectric projects and built numerous dams, reservoirs, and power stations. Four of the largest projects were the Stalin White Sea-Baltic Canal (more commonly known as the Belomor Canal; built between 1931 and 1933), the Moscow-Volga Canal (built between 1932 and 1937; called the Moscow Canal since 1947), the Volga-Don Canal (begun in 1938 and finished in 1952), and the Fergana Canal in Central Asia (built in 1939). Construction of these projects relied heavily on Gulag-supervised prisoner labor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAzerbaijan, also spelled Azerbaidzhan, officially Azerbaijani Republic, is a nation bounded by the Caspian Sea and Caucasus Mountains, which span Asia and Europe. Azerbaijan was an independent country from 1918 to 1920 before being incorporated into the Soviet Union. It became a constituent republic in 1936. Azerbaijan declared sovereignty on September 23, 1989, and independence on August 30, 1991. Its capital city is Baku, which provided an overwhelming share of Soviet oil production in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn July 1942, the Germans launched an offensive in Southern Russia that became known as the battle of the Caucasus. The Germans planned to gain control of the Soviet oil fields of the Caucasus. In a series of operations, the Germans managed to conquer one of the Soviet Union’s three principal oil cities, Maikop, but were unsuccessful in capturing the other two, Grozny and Baku. The battle of the Caucasus coincided with the battles of Stalingrad and Kursk, which drained manpower that might have won victory for the Germans. The battle of the Caucasus played an important role in changing the course of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKazakhstan, a Central Asian country and former Soviet republic, extends from the Caspian Sea in the west to the Altai Mountains at its eastern border with China and Russia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimon is likely referring to the Mongolic peoples, an ethnic group of closely related tribal peoples who live mainly on the Mongolian Plateau and share a common language and nomadic tradition. Their homeland is now divided into the independent country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, and the Buryatia Republic of Russia (areas that were once part of the Mongolian Empire). The largest contemporary Mongolic ethnic group is the Mongols.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUzbeks are an ethnic group found chiefly in Uzbekistan, but also in other parts of Central Asia and in Afghanistan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGäncä, also spelled Gänjä, Gandzha, Gjandža, or Gyandzha, is a city in western Azerbaijan. In 1804, the city was annexed by the Russians and renamed Yelizavetpol. It was made a provincial seat in 1861 and in 1935, was renamed Kirovabad. Kirovabad developed industrially and became one of the largest cities of Azerbaijan. The city’s original name was restored in 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter Poland’s defeat in 1939, the Polish government-in-exile quickly organized a new army of Polish soldiers and civilians who had escaped to France and the French Mandate of Syria. After the defeat of France in the summer of 1940, the Polish Army moved to the United Kingdom and was reorganized into what was known as the Polish Army in the West. Members of the Polish Air Force and Navy also organized as part of the Allied forces in the United Kingdom. Following Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the Soviets agreed to release Poles who had been deported to the USSR, enabling them to join the newly formed Polish Army in the East, under the command of Władysław Anders. In April 1943, the Germans announced they had unearthed thousands of corpses in Katyn Forest, near Smolensk, Russia. In what became known as the Katyn Massacre, the Soviet government had executed nearly 5,000 Polish officers who had been taken prisoner in 1939. After the discovery of the massacre, the Polish government-in-exile severed their diplomatic relationship with the Soviet Union. By that time, the Polish Army in the East, known as Ander’s Army, had moved into the Middle East. It continued to be loyal to the Polish government-in-exile and western Allies. Meanwhile, the Soviet government established a new pro-Soviet Polish army, the Polish People's Army [Polish: Ludowe Wojsko Polskie] (1943-1945). At first, the army was comprised of the 1st Tadeusz Kosciusko Infantry Division, which developed into the First Polish Army. Under the leadership of Zygmunt Henryk Berling (1896-1980), a Polish general and politician, it was unofficially known as Berling’s Army. The First Army was subordinate to the 1st Belorussian Front, which led the offensive that captured Warsaw, Poland in January 1945 and Berlin, Germany in May 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRyazan is a city in western Russia approximately 115 miles 186 (kilometers) southwest of Moscow. In the winter of 1943-1944, a military school was established in Ryazan to train officers of the 1st Polish Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBelarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, and historically Byelorussia, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Prior to gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Belarus was often referred to as White Russia or White Ruthenia. The name Belarus is closely related from \"Belaya Rus\", which literally translates to \"White Rus\" in Russian, but the term “Rus,” also known as Ruthenia, refers to territories which are now mostly in Belarus and Ukraine. Minsk is the capital city of Belarus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePraga is a district of Warsaw, Poland. It is on the east bank of the Vistula River. the Soviet army captured Praga in mid-September 1944, during the Warsaw Uprising, but did not cross the river to intervene.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrookhaven is a city in the northeastern suburbs of Atlanta that incorporated in 2012. It is 8 miles (13 kilometers) northwest of Downtown Atlanta. Historic Brookhaven is the historic residential neighborhood that surrounds the Capital City Country Club.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eModlin Fortress is one of the largest 19th-century fortresses in Poland. It was originally constructed by the French between 1806 and 1812. It is located in the town of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, approximately 30 kilometers (20 miles) north of Warsaw, at the confluence of the Vistula and Narew rivers. During Germany’s occupation of Poland during World War II, German troops were stationed and trained here. Soviet troops captured the fortress in January 1945 and returned it to the authority of the Polish Army. Heavily damaged during the war, the property is mostly abandoned today. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, many Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzestochowa [Polish: Częstochowa; sometimes also spelled “Czenstochowa”] is a Polish city located about 124 miles southwest of Warsaw. The city was liberated by the Soviets in January 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDespite their wartime alliance, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States and Great Britain intensified rapidly as the World War II came to a close. After Germany’s surrender in 1945, Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe. As Soviet power and influence expanded, a communist dictatorship was established under Josef Stalin, who led the Soviet Union from the mid–1920s until 1953. Several countries in Eastern Europe—Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany—operated as Soviet satellite states. These countries were not officially part of the USSR, but their governments were loyal Stalinists, and therefore looked to and aligned themselves with the Soviet Union politically and militarily via the Warsaw Pact. After liberation, many Eastern European Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In 1946, a surge of Jewish survivors and refugees from the Soviet Union flooded into the western Allies’ zones, hoping to escape the anti-Jewish violence and further persecution from Stalin’s regime. By that time, escalating tensions between the Soviet Union and the western European countries that were allied to the United States had created a political, military, and ideological barrier that divided Europe. In order to curb a concentration of anti-communist political expatriates in the West, the Soviet Union began closing borders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. In late 1945 and the summer of 1946, a series of horrific assaults against surviving Jewish communities occurred in postwar East Central Europe, particularly in Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Russia and Romania. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Often, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. Initially, the Allies herded Jewish DPs and non-Jewish DPs together, but conflicts arose. The need to recognize Jews as a unique and stateless group of DPs was urgent, and became obvious to the Americans. They created the first exclusively Jewish DP camp at Feldafing, which began absorbing Jews from Dachau in the summer of 1945. Most DP camps had been designated as either Jewish or non-Jewish by the end of 1945. In 1946 and 1947, the number of DPs in the camps rose substantially and conditions were often overcrowded and harsh. New organization and policies eventually took shape that substantially improved the DPs camps. Refugees were given some authority to manage their own affairs and some survivors began to establish new political and cultural lives. Many DPs married and started families while in the camps. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrague [Czech: Praha] is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. It is also the historical capital of Bohemia. It is situated in the northwest of the country on the Vlatava River. The Soviet Army entered Prague on May 9, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSteindorf is a town in the Bavarian region of Germany about 25 miles (40 kilometers) northwest of Munich and 12 miles (14 kilometers) southwest of Augsburg. Both were cities in the American zone of occupation, where DP camps were established at the end of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimon’s sister, Felice (Fela Frajlich, 1921-1991) survived the war and emigrated to the United States with her husband, Jack Saper (died 1994), around 1950. They settled in New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZeilsheim was a DP camp that was opened in 1945 about 12 miles west of Frankfurt in the American-occupied zone. It was originally set up in what had been a camp for Russian forced laborers. Intended to house only 1,800 DPs, it was soon overcrowded and the camp began to requisition German homes to accommodate the DPs. By October 1946, approximately 3,570 Jews lived in the camp. Despite crowded conditions, Zeilsheim was viewed as one of the preferable DP camps. Zeilsheim maintained a Jewish theatrical group, a synagogue, a jazz orchestra, and a sports club. The camp had a number of schools, including an ORT school and nurse training school. Two Yiddish newspapers circulated and there was a library with approximately 500 books. Zeilsheim was the site of many protests against British policy on Jewish immigration to Palestine. The camp closed on November 15, 1948, after Israel had become a state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA former German army camp southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle, Germany became a displaced persons (DP) camp for refugees. While the British tried to name it “Hohne,” survivors insisted on referring to it as “Bergen-Belsen.” It was in operation from the summer of 1945 until September 1950. For a time, Bergen-Belsen was the largest Jewish DP camp in Germany, and the only one in the British occupation zone with an exclusively Jewish population. It was the center of Jewish DP political and social activity in the British zone of occupation. The majority of DPs from Bergen-Belsen immigrated to Israel, while many others went to the United States and Canada.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBremerhaven [German: Bremenhafen] is a port city on Germany’s North Sea coast. Between 1830 and 1974, the city was Germany’s largest passenger port handling transatlantic traffic. Following World War II, it was a primary port of disembarkation for displaced persons immigrating to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSophie Mae (Goldberg) Zwecker (1926-2017) was born in Pensacola, Florida. She earned a degree in Social Work from the University of Miami and a Master’s degree from William and Mary in Richmond, Virginia. In 1949, Sophie moved to Atlanta to be one of only three employees at the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund (later to become the Jewish Federation), where she worked to resettle German immigrants. In 1950, she married New York native Jack Zwecker (1921-2020), who owned a structural engineering firm in Atlanta. Sophie was an original organizer of the City of Hope and also very active in Hadassah, B'Nai Brith Women, Na-amat, Brandeis and as a Girl Scout Leader.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDecatur is a city in Georgia, approximately 6 miles (10 kilometers) northeast of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam Massell, Jr. (b. 1927) is a native Atlantan and former commercial real estate broker who served from 1970 to 1974 as the 53rd mayor of Atlanta. He is the first Jewish mayor in his city's history. A lifelong Atlanta resident, Massell has had successful careers in real estate brokerage, elected office, tourism, and association management.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDowns Safe \u0026amp; Lock was founded by Charles “C.C.” Downs in Atlanta in 1900. In 1963, C.C.’s grandsons sold the company to George and Rachel Pinson. In 1995, George and Rachel’s sons, Joe and Calvin, took over the company, which is now (2022) known as Downs Security Solutions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.  Long: A worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. Before World War II, it sent funds to subsidize medical care, schools, vocational training, welfare programs and emigration efforts to beleaguered Jews in Europe. During the Nazi era they tried to get Jewish refugees out to anywhere that would have them including the United States, Palestine, and Latin America. When war broke out they helped thousands of Jews in Poland with shelters and soup kitchens, hospitals, and educational and cultural programs. When the United States entered the war in 1941, the Joint shifted gears since it was not allowed to operate legally in enemy countries. They used international connections to channel aid to Jews in conquered Europe. Wartime headquarters were set up in Lisbon, Portugal from which the Joint mounted rescue operations for desperate refugees including sponsoring a program to get 15,000 Jews from Europe to Shanghai, China. After the war, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors. More than 227 million pounds of food, medicine, clothing and other supplies were shipped to Europe to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe USS General S. D. Sturgis was a transport ship built for the United States Navy in World War II. During the war this ship was a troop transport, but after was put to use as general transportation often bringing displaced persons to the United States from Europe. In 1946, she was transferred to the U.S. Army. Between 1946 and 1951, the ship made 21 voyages between Germany and the U.S. with displaced persons from Europe. In addition to its many trips to the U.S. with displaced persons, General S. D. Sturgis also delivered refugees to Australia, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, and Venezuela.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMendel Klug (1919-2006) was a Holocaust survivor born in Krzepice, Poland. He married survivor Lola Besser in 1946. On December 12, 1949, the couple arrived in the United States aboard the USS General S. D. Sturgis and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuckhead is an area located northwest of Downtown Atlanta with gracious homes, elegant hotels, shopping centers, restaurants, and high-rise condominium and office buildings. Buckhead is a major commercial and financial center of the Southeast, and it is the third-largest business district in Atlanta, behind Downtown and Midtown.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBriarcliff Road is a road running northeast through the Druid Hills neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia. Southward from Ponce de Leon Avenue, the road is named Moreland Avenue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMax L. Kuniansky (1917-1995) was an Atlanta businessman and philanthropist who founded MK Construction in 1950. During World War II, Max served in the Army Air Force and flew 35 missions as a navigator in a B24 bomber. He was president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Center. He was married to Helen Silver Kuniansky.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenny Penny is an American manufacturer of commercial grade food equipment. The company was founded in 1957 in Eaton, Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLenox Square Mall is a mall in Atlanta’s Buckhead community. It was built in 1959 and has undergone several major renovations. When it first opened, the mall was open-air, but was enclosed in 1972. In 1980, the open-air court to the rear of the mall was enclosed into a three-level atrium with a food court and access to public transportation. Lenox Square now has 198 tenants and 1,558,678 square feet of gross leasable area. It is the third-largest mall in Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCarver Homes (formally known as George Washington Carver Homes and named for Dr. George Washington Carver) was a public housing project located off Pryor Road on Meldon Avenue, 3 miles (5 kilometers) south of Downtown Atlanta. The project was located just east of Joyland Park, an earlier housing project that surrounded an African-American amusement park. Carver Homes was completed in 1953 at a cost of $8.6 million. It was one of the largest public housing projects in Atlanta. The complex housed 990 African-American families on 105.2 acres of land. Later additional units were added. Carver Homes was demolished by the Atlanta Housing Authority in 2000-2001 and was replaced by The Villages at Carver. The 100-acre new complex was constructed at a cost of $145 million with 648 apartments, 66 townhomes and 250 houses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRich's was a department store retail chain, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, which operated in the southern U.S. from 1867 until March 6, 2005 when the nameplate was eliminated and replaced by Macy's. It was founded by Hungarian Jewish immigrant Morris Rich (born Mauritius Reich) in Atlanta in 1867 as \"M. Rich \u0026amp; Co. Dry Goods\" Many of the former Rich's stores today form the core of Macy's Central, an Atlanta-based division of Macy's, Inc., which formerly operated as Federated Department Stores, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavison's was a department store chain that first opened in Atlanta, Georgia in 1891. In 1925, Davidson’s was sold to Macy’s, but its stores continued to operate under the Davidson’s name until 1986. By the 1960s, the chain had opened locations across Georgia and South Carolina. I 1959, it opened its first suburban Atlanta location at Lenox Square Mall. The Lenox Square location was closed in 2003.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJ.P. Allen was a chain of department stores in Georgia. The Downtown Atlanta store was at 215 Peachtree Street which is now the site of the Atlanta Hard Rock Café. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard H. “Dick” Rich (né Rosenheim, 1902-1975) was the grandson of Morris Rich, founder of M. Rich and Co. in Atlanta which eventually grew into Rich’s Department Store. He took over as president of Rich’s in 1949 and expanded the business to become the largest department store chain in the south. He was a philanthropist and civic and cultural leader active with many organizations including the Jewish Welfare Fund, the Jewish Community Center, and Camp Barney Medintz, the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, and the Atlanta Arts Alliance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eS\u0026amp;S Cafeterias is a chain of cafeteria-style restaurants owned by Smith \u0026amp; Sons Foods. J. A. Smith, Jr. opened the first location in Columbus, Georgia in 1936. In 1949, the company created State Wholesale Food as a buying and distribution center for its restaurants, which had begun to spread across Georgia and the southeast. The last Atlanta, Georgia location was closed in 2018. Today, S\u0026amp;S Cafeterias has six locations in Georgia, Tennessee and South Carolina (2022).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiccadilly Restaurants is a chain of cafeteria-style restaurants owned by Piccadilly Holdings LLC. Piccadilly first opened in 1932 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Today, there are 40 restaurants and over 80 food service locations all across the southeast United States (2022). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLittle League Baseball is a non-profit organization that organizes local youth baseball and softball leagues. Founded in Pennsylvania in 1939, today it is the world's largest organized youth sports program. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Yiddish, Shayna means “pretty.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA ‘greenhorn’ is an inexperienced person, and oftentimes refers to newcomers who are unfamiliar with the ways of a place or group. The form “greeny,” “greenie,” “greener” was also widespread in America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiedmont Park is a 189-acre park located just north of downtown Atlanta. It was originally designed by Joseph Forsyth Johnson to host the first Piedmont Exhibition in 1887.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSegregation was the legal and social system of separating citizens on the basis of race. The system maintained the repression of black citizens in southern states until it was dismantled during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s and by subsequent civil rights legislation. Segregation is usually understood as a legal system of control consisting of the denial of voting rights, the maintenance of separate schools, and other forms of separation between the races, but formal legal rules were only one part of the regime. Other important elements of segregation were physical force and terror, economic intimidation, and psychological control exerted through messages of low worth and negativity transmitted socially to African American citizens.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Betar Movement is a revisionist Zionist youth movement founded in 1923 in Riga, Latvia by Vladimir Jabotinsky. It was one of the most militant and nationalistic of the Jewish youth movements in Europe. Chapters sprung up across Europe. After World War II, and during the settlement of Mandate Palestine, Betar was traditionally linked to the original Herut and then Likud political parties of Jewish pioneers. Vladimir (Ze’ev) Jabotinsky (1880-1940) was born in Russia. He was a Revisionist Zionist leader, author, soldier and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa (Ukraine). He split from the mainstream Zionist movement in 1923 to form his own Zionist movement, which was militant in nature, openly training Jews in warfare and the use of arms. The Revisionist youth group was called Betar. In the 1930s Jabotinsky became deeply concerned about the situation of the Jewish community in Eastern Europe, particularly Poland. He warned the Jews that there “were living on the edge of the volcano” and warned them to leave for Palestine as soon as possible. Jabotinsky died of a heart attack in New York City on August 4, 1940, during a visit to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Memorial to the Six Million is a granite monument topped by six torches, with each torch representing 1,000,000 Jews killed in the Holocaust. Eternal-Life Hemshech, an organization of Holocaust survivors, at Greenwood Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia erected it on April 25, 1965. It was designed by survivor and architect Benjamin Hirsch (1932-2018).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960’s, they removed the barrier between the men and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War I, Britain took over Palestine. Although protested by the Arab states, the League of Nations authorized the British mandate over Palestine, which continued throughout World War II. Beginning in 1929, Arabs and Jews openly fought in Palestine. Britain attempted to limit Jewish immigration as a means of appeasing the Arabs. Jewish immigration had already been restricted by a series of official reports (known as White Papers) issued in 1922 and 1930 by the British government. The Arab Revolt of 1936–1939 further caused Great Britain to dramatically limit the numbers of immigrants allowed into Palestine in subsequent years and throughout the Holocaust. In 1939, a third White Paper was issued, which limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 for the first five years, subject to the country's \"economic absorptive capacity,\" and would later be contingent on Arab consent. At the end of World War II, Britain continued to strictly limit Jewish immigration to Palestine. Jewish resistance organizations managed to smuggle hundreds of thousands of survivors from Europe into Palestine via “illegal” immigrant ships. The British intercepted most ships, however, and began to intern the immigrants they caught in camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn July 22, 1946, the King David Hotel in Jerusalem was bombed, destroying the center of the British Mandatory administration. The Irgun, a Zionist paramilitary group that operated in Mandated Palestine between 1931 and 1948, was responsible for the bombing. The attack killed 91 and wounded 46. Among the dead were British employees, both civilian and military, members of the hotel staff, both Jewish and Arab, and other bystanders. The act of terror shocked the British, and helped accelerate their decision to withdraw from Palestine two years later.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Ukraine, as in many German-occupied territories throughout Europe, antisemitism, nationalism, ethnic hatred, anti-Communism, and opportunism often induced collaboration with the Nazi regime. Such collaboration was a critical element in implementing the Final Solution and the mass murder of other groups whom the Nazi regime targeted. Collaborators committed some of the worst atrocities of the Holocaust era. Nationalists in the west of Ukraine were among the most enthusiastic, hoping that their efforts would enable them to establish an independent state later on. At the end of World War II, Ukrainian nationalism and hopes for independence from all foreign occupation gave rise to resistance groups that waged guerrilla-type attacks on Soviet forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration. It was carved out of Ottoman Syria after World War I, and consisted of the territories of modern-day Israel and Jordan. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 to 1948. It was formalized with the League of Nation’s consent in 1923 and contained two administrative areas. In April 1947, the U.N. General Assembly set up the Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP). This committee recommended that the British mandate over Palestine be ended and that the territory be partitioned into two states. On November 29, 1947, the U.N. General Assembly passed the partition plan. The land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British rule until 1948, while the land east of the Jordan was a semi­autonomous region known as Transjordan under the rule of the Hashemite family. It gained independence in 1946 as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. When the British Mandate over Palestine expired on May 14, 1948, the State of Israel declared its independence. It was recognized that night by the United States, and three days later by the Soviet Union. A day after the declaration of independence of the State of Israel, armies of five Arab countries, Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, and Iraq, invaded Israel. This marked the beginning of the War of Independence. Despite the numerical superiority of the Arab armies, Israel defended itself and won, maintaining its independence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn postwar Poland, there were a number of pogroms (violent anti-Jewish riots). One of the most well-known examples occurred in the southeastern Polish town of Kielce on July 4, 1946. To avoid punishment for wandering away from home for three days, a nine-year-old boy claimed he had been kidnapped and held in the basement of the Jewish Committee building. When police went to investigate the fictitious claims, Polish civilians, soldiers and police killed 42 Jews and injured 40 others. While not an isolated instance, the massacre symbolized the precarious state of Jewish life in the Holocaust’s aftermath and prompted many survivors to leave Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSosnowiec is a city in southern Poland, about 4 miles (6 kilometers) northeast of Katowice. Before the war, about 28,000 Jews lived in Sosnowiec (about twenty percent of the general population). After occupying Sosnowiec on September 4, 1939, the Germans began persecuting the Jewish population. Random shootings, abductions, abuse, and the destruction of property began immediately. The Germans made Sosnowiec the administrative center of a series of local Jewish communities and Sosnowiec became a slave labor pool for the Germans. The first Jews were sent from Sosnowiec to labor camps in October 1940 and until August 1942 there were periodic transports from Sosnowiec to various labor camps. The first series of deportation of Jews from Sosnowiec to Auschwitz-Birkenau was between May and August 1942. Deportations resumed in May and June of 1943 and the final liquidation of the ghetto began on August 1, 1943. Around 1,000 Jews remained temporarily in Sosnowiec until they were also finally sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau in December 1943 and January 1944. The total number of Jews sent from Sosnowiec (and its neighboring ghetto in Bedzin) to Auschwitz-Birkenau was close to 30,000. After the war, in 1946, 2,300 Jews lived in Sosnowiec, including 400 pre-war residents, but most soon emigrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn influx of Jewish immigrants came to the United States in the late nineteenth century into the twentieth century. One way local Jewish communities responded was by establishing interest-free loan societies that helped Jewish merchants establish themselves in business. In the early to mid-twentieth century in Atlanta, numerous Jewish charities worked out of the Jewish Educational Alliance’s building on Capitol Avenue, including the Montefiore Relief Association, Congregation Ahavath Achim’s Free Loan Association, and the Federation of Jewish Charities. Congregation Ahavath Achim (AA) established their Free Loan Association in 1930, incorporating it as the Chevra Tehilim and Free Loan Association. AA’s free loan fund existed until the early 1960s. The Montefiore Relief Association, the predecessor of the Jewish Family \u0026amp; Career Services, was founded in 1891. Its purpose was to provide direct relief and loans geared towards helping an individual become self-supporting. The Morris Lichtenstein Free Loan Fund, founded in the 1890s and operational until the 1930s. In 1912, it became a functional department of the Federation of Jewish Charities (a precursor of the present Jewish Welfare Federation) and continued to operate into the 1930s. Since 2010, the Jewish Interest Free Loan of Atlanta (JIFLA) provides interest-free loans to the Atlanta Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePola’s sister, Jadzia (Jean) Rusinek (1921-2004) immigrated to the United States with her husband, Isak Gruenbaum (Isaac Greenbaum) and their first child in 1950. After first settling in New York, the couple came to Atlanta in 1958 and opened the Cairo Street Grocery store.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBig Apple, later Food Giant, was a chain of over 100 grocery stores that were headquartered and operated out of Atlanta, Georgia. Russian immigrant Louis Alterman started it as a wholesale food operation called L. Alterman \u0026amp; Son in the 1920s. The company opened its first retail store, called Big Apple, in 1949. The company existed until the 1980s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lovable Company was founded in Atlanta, Georgia as the Lovable Brassiere Company by Austrian-born Jewish immigrants Frank Gottesman (1885-1955) and his wife, Gussie (Fuchs) Fox (1888-1970). The couple moved to Atlanta from New York around 1915 and later changed their name to Garson. In Atlanta, Frank found work in a ladies’ undergarment factory. In 1926, he bought the factory and by 1932 had renamed and trademarked his company as the Lovable Brassiere Company. Originally specializing in brassieres, the company went on to produce bustiers, corsets, slips, pajamas, and other lingerie items, becoming one of the largest manufacturers of women’s intimate apparel in the country. As a successful businessman, Frank was an active member of the Jewish community, working with the United Palestine Appeal, the Jewish National Fund, the Jewish Welfare Board and the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. The company remained in the Garson family until it closed its doors in 1998. The company’s name was picked up by an Indian company that now makes brassieres under the Lovable brand name.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Atlantic \u0026amp; Pacific Tea Company, better known as A\u0026amp;P, was an American chain of grocery stores that operated from 1859 to 2015. From 1915 through 1975, A\u0026amp;P was the largest grocery retailer in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam's West, Inc. is an American chain of membership-only retail warehouse clubs that operates as Sam’s Club. Founded in 1983, it is owned and operated by Walmart Inc. and named after Walmart founder Sam Walton.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Sydney K. Mossman was born in Windsor, Canada in 1913. He served in Germany during and after World War II. He served for many years at Shearith Israel in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism [also sometimes called Chasidim (From the Hebrew word \"Chasid\" meaning \"pious”)] is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith.  Hasidic Judaism refers to a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYontif [Yiddish; in Hebrew it is ‘yom tov’] refers to a Jewish holiday, especially one on which work is prohibited, and is a term most commonly used among Orthodox Jews. It includes all but the High Holy Days of Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term \u003cem\u003ekashér\u003c/em\u003e, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption. According to kashrut, certain animals and poultry are slaughtered in a ritual method known as Shechita.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated. Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. A number of specific foods are also off limits including foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats, unless they are labeled “Kosher for Passover.” Kosher for Passover (or “pesadik kosher”) foods are made with flour that is specifically prepared for Passover consumption and are usually made under the supervision of a rabbi. Many observant Jews will also use separate dishes, utensils and pots and pans for Passover. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKashering\u003c/em\u003e is a Yiddish phrase that refers to the process of making something kosher, such as preparing for Passover by cleaning and purifying kitchens and dishes that may not have followed the rules of separating meat and dairy in normal day to day use.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorningside Elementary School is an Atlanta Public School that opened in 1929 in the Morningside neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia. Morningside feeds into Inman Middle School and Grady High School. It serves the neighborhoods of Morningside, Lenox Park, Sherwood Forest, Piedmont Heights, and Ansley Park.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/annotation_set/875/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Georgia, founded in 1785, also referred to as UGA or simply Georgia, is an American public research university in the city of Athens in the U.S. state of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=5430.0,5460.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Simon and Pola Fraley [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Simon's early life in Poland and the beginning of World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=25.0,703.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S. FRALEY: I changed my name from Frejlich to Fraley. When I came to this country, they could not pronounce F-R-E-J-L-I-C-H. I changed it so it will sound the same, but the spelling is different, F-R-A-L-E-Y. The first name is S-I-M-O-N.\nGHITIS: Where were you born?\nS. FRALEY: I was born in Poland, in Jedrzejow, near Kielce. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=25.0,703.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anitsemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"avitaminosis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baku (Azerbaijan)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Caspian Sea","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitlerjugend","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews--Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jędrzejów (Poland : Powiat)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Katowice (Poland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kazakhstan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lemberg (Ukraine)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"locksmithing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mechanics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Menachem Begin Heritage Center (Jerusalem)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Minsk (Belarus)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"railroads","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soldiers--Russian--1930-1940","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"travel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"White Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=25.0,703.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Simon's time in the Polish Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=703.0,1232.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: I did not ask you what year you were born.\nS. FRALEY: I was born in 1918.\nGHITIS: How old were you in . . .\nS. FRALEY: Twenty-one . . .\nGHITIS: You were 21 when . . .","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=703.0,1232.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced persons","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Katowice (Poland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"locksmithing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lʹviv (Ukraine)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Modlin (Poland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soldiers--Polish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soldiers--Russian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"U.S. Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Virtuti Militari, Order","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vistula River (Poland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zeilsheim (Displaced persons camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=703.0,1232.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Simon and Pola meet and emigrate to the U.S., and Simon's early career in Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1232.0,1898.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: You went to the second DP camp.\nS. FRALEY: Yes, with my sister. She had a boyfriend from the camp. They were living out there. I stayed there with them. I was traveling from Bergen-Belsen to Frankfurt, back and forth. I had a friend out there. I knew him from Poland. He had a bar, a canteen, so I worked for him.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1232.0,1898.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta (Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen (Displaced persons camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bremerhaven (Germany)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brookhaven (Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buckhead (Atlanta, Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dating (Social customs)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English language","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt (Germany)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigrants--United States.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish businesspeople","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish families","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews--Georgia--Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Klug, Mendel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"locksmithing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Massell, Sam","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New Orleans (La.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"philanthropy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weddings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish language","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zeilsheim (Displaced persons camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zwecker, Sophie Goldberg","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1232.0,1898.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Simon's grocery and locksmithing businesses ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1898.0,2259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Let us go back to your business.\nS. FRALEY: Yes, one more thing about the business. I stayed with this guy. I saw that he is not a guy to stay in business. He wants to go fishing. He was meshugas [Yiddish: crazy] in his head. You know what a meshugas is? He didn’t care. I bought right away a brand new car from C\u0026S [an auto dealer] for $1,840, a brand new Chevy [Chevrolet]. Then I bought another one. I went to New York to visit my sister in the car. Anyway, I did good in Buckhead.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=1898.0,2259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"engraving","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Government housing projects","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grocery stores","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish businesspeople","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lenox Lock and Key (Atlanta, Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lenox Square (Atlanta, Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"locksmithing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"race relations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rich's, Inc. 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Let us talk about your children.\nS. FRALEY: Yes.\nGHITIS: You have a daughter.\nS. FRALEY: Phyllis Fraley. She is a public relations consultant.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2259.0,2831.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta (Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"donations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family names","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fraley, Phyllis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fraley, Steven","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generosity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandchildren","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grocery stores","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish families","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews--Georgia--Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lenox Square (Atlanta, Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Little League baseball","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parties","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Piedmont Park (Atlanta, Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"race relations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shearith Israel (Atlanta, Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogues","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2259.0,2831.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Simon's religious beliefs, and thoughts on current events (2001) and Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013#t=2831.0,3081.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79091/file/167013/index/51846/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S. FRALEY: What I went through, what I saw. Hitler killed the rabbis, and the kids, and the women, and the Ribono-shel-olom [Hebrew: master of the universe], he didn’t do a thing. I’m skeptical.\nGHITIS: Could you translate what Ribono-shel-olom means?\nS. 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