{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/9s1kh0ff6h/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Singer, Ruth Kruger"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-08-21 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRuth Singer interviewed by Kim Cohen on August 21, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRuth discusses her parents’ origins and growing up in South Georgia. Ruth describes Jewish life in Fitzgerald [Georgia] and nearby towns where Jewish merchants operated stores and businesses. Ruth says that there were only about 12 Jewish families living in Fitzgerald and nearby towns. Ruth tells about gathering together with Jewish families from nearby towns to celebrate the High Holy Days in rented space with her Uncle Abe Kruger leading the services as cantor. Ruth says there was no organized religious institution and no formal Jewish education for the children. Ruth relates how the Fitzgerald Commercial Alliance was formed by her father Elex Kruger, his brother Abe Kruger and a few other Jewish businessmen. Ruth describes the influence of the Fitzgerald Commercial Alliance on Jewish businesses during the Depression and how the Fitzgerald Commercial Alliance was the impetus for the Fitzgerald Hebrew Congregation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRuth describes how social life was limited to visiting friends and family and, as a teenager, going to the movies and to Jewish dances. Ruth mentions that she did not experience any antisemitism and tells how Jews participated in the non-Jewish community by making donations to churches.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRuth talks about attending college at the University of Georgia and her experience as a member of a Jewish sorority. Ruth tells about her marriage to Sol Singer, living in Columbus [Georgia], and relocating to Atlanta. Ruth discusses her family’s membership at Shearith Israel Synagogue in Columbus and how Rabbi Kassel Abelson influenced her family and her children to attend Camp Ramah. Ruth discusses relocating to Atlanta and continuing her involvement in Jewish institutions. Ruth stressed the importance she placed on Jewish education for her grandchildren and others, recalling the lack of formal Jewish education during her own childhood in South Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28592"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may bereproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic ormechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system,without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish HeritageMuseum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Ruth Kruger (personal name)","South Georgia (geographic term)","Atlanta Jewish Federation (corporate name)","Fannie Kulbersh Kruger (personal name)","Elex Kruger (personal name)","Sam Harry \"S. H.\" Kulbersh (personal name)","World War I (named event)","Sol Singer (personal name)","Buddy Lewis Kruger (personal name)","Abe Kruger (personal name)","Regenstein’s (corporate name)","The Great Depression (named event)","Pesach (named event)","Hanukkah (named event)","Seder (named event)","The University of Georgia (corporate name)","Georgia State University (corporate name)","Delta Phi Epsilon (other)","Tau Epsilon Phi (other)","Alpha Epsilon Pi (other)","Alpha Tau Omega (other)","Rabbi Edmund A. Landau (personal name)","Rabbi Harry Epstein (personal name)","Franklin Delano Roosevelt (personal name)","Morris Berthold Abram (personal name)","The USO (United Service Organizations) (corporate name)","Rabbi Kassel Abelson (personal name)","Passover (named event)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRuth Singer interviewed by Kim Cohen on August 21, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRuth discusses her parents’ origins and growing up in South Georgia. Ruth describes Jewish life in Fitzgerald [Georgia] and nearby towns where Jewish merchants operated stores and businesses. Ruth says that there were only about 12 Jewish families living in Fitzgerald and nearby towns. Ruth tells about gathering together with Jewish families from nearby towns to celebrate the High Holy Days in rented space with her Uncle Abe Kruger leading the services as cantor. Ruth says there was no organized religious institution and no formal Jewish education for the children. Ruth relates how the Fitzgerald Commercial Alliance was formed by her father Elex Kruger, his brother Abe Kruger and a few other Jewish businessmen. Ruth describes the influence of the Fitzgerald Commercial Alliance on Jewish businesses during the Depression and how the Fitzgerald Commercial Alliance was the impetus for the Fitzgerald Hebrew Congregation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRuth describes how social life was limited to visiting friends and family and, as a teenager, going to the movies and to Jewish dances. Ruth mentions that she did not experience any antisemitism and tells how Jews participated in the non-Jewish community by making donations to churches.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRuth talks about attending college at the University of Georgia and her experience as a member of a Jewish sorority. Ruth tells about her marriage to Sol Singer, living in Columbus [Georgia], and relocating to Atlanta. Ruth discusses her family’s membership at Shearith Israel Synagogue in Columbus and how Rabbi Kassel Abelson influenced her family and her children to attend Camp Ramah. Ruth discusses relocating to Atlanta and continuing her involvement in Jewish institutions. Ruth stressed the importance she placed on Jewish education for her grandchildren and others, recalling the lack of formal Jewish education during her own childhood in South Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may bereproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic ormechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system,without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish HeritageMuseum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/022/small/Ruth_Singer.png?1619452478","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Singer_Ruth.mp3"]},"duration":4137.09061,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/022/small/Ruth_Singer.png?1619452478","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/111/022/original/Singer_Ruth.mp3?1617044210","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mp3","duration":4137.09061,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Ruth Singer [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COHEN: [This is Kim Cohen interviewing Ruth Kruger] Singer on August 27, 2001\nfor the Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta co-sponsored by the American\nJewish Committee, the Atlanta Jewish Federation, and the National Council of\nJewish Women. Mrs. Singer, when were you born?\n\nSINGER: I was born on January 7, 1918.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me where you were born?\n\nSINGER: I was born in Tifton ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Georgia, United States]. My mother and father were\nliving in Sale City [Georgia] about 30 miles from Tifton. My mother had a\nbrother in Tifton, a brother and his family. In order to give birth, she went\nthere because there was a doctor there and her brother helped care for her.\n\nCOHEN: What were the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"names of your parents?\n\nSINGER: My mother's name? Her maiden name? My mother's name was Fannie Kulbersh\n[Kruger]. Do you want her Jewish name?\n\nCOHEN: Yes, please.\n\nSINGER: She was known as Fannie here, but her Yiddish name was Freydke which\nordinarily would be translated as Freida, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she went by the name of Fannie.\n\nCOHEN: What was your father's name?\n\nSINGER: My father's name was Elex, it was spelled with an \"E\" which was a choice\nhe made when his brother Abe had the letter A, and they were living in the same\ntown. He was known ever since that as Elex, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"E-L-E-X, Kruger, K-R-U-G-E-R.\n\nCOHEN: What was the name of your mother's brother that was in Tifton?\n\nSINGER: Samuel Kulbersh.\n\nCOHEN: How did your parents get to the city? Not Tifton. How did they get to\nthat city in . . .\n\nSINGER: Sale City?\n\nCOHEN: Yes.\n\nSINGER: As I said, my mother had a brother in Tifton. She also had a brother in\nAtlanta, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia whose name was Sam Kulbersh. She came south from New York . . .\nwhere she came to this country . . . to a sister in New York. Living conditions\nthere with a very small apartment where a sister, husband, and already a couple\nof children were living . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she moved on south to Atlanta. The brother that\nwent to Tifton also came to Atlanta and then south. I don't know if you\nunderstand that nearly all of South Georgia was populated with Jews because the\nrural South . . . the business was mostly done by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"peddlers before that time.\nAfter about 1910, they started opening stores in these small towns. Rather than\ntraveling to the customer, the customer then started coming to them. That's what\nmy father was doing in Sale City. He opened a store. How did he get there? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A\ncousin of theirs . . . I won't go into the lineage . . . a cousin paid for his\npassage to America. [He] lived in Doerun [Georgia], with them, with this cousin,\nand worked for him. After so much time, he outlived and outworked his needs ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so\nthe cousin offered to help him open a store in Sale City. I guess there were\nempty buildings everywhere at that time. This was pre-World War [I], by the way,\npre-World War [I]. I think my father came to this country about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1910, and my\nmother came earlier. She had spent a lot of time in the [United] States before\nshe went to South Georgia, you see. He went directly to South Georgia. With the\nmerchandise in hand from the cousin, he went to Sale City and opened up this\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"store. [He] started to pay back the cousin for the passage and whatever else he\ncharged him, I don't know.\n\nCOHEN: Where . . .\n\nSINGER: In the meantime, there were Jews living in Albany [Georgia], Moultrie\n[Georgia], Camilla [Georgia], and places like that in that area. I don't know\nhow, but Jews have a way of communicating. Everybody knew each other. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They knew\nthat my father was single and that my mother was single. All the people got\ntogether and made a match between . . . where else could it happen and how else\ncould it happen that a little woman from Poland and a man from Lithuania would\nmeet and love.\n\nCOHEN: Very good story. I love it. What was the name of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your father's store?\n\nSINGER: In Sale City, I don't know what the name was. We moved to Fitzgerald\n[Georgia] in 1923.\n\nCOHEN: Tell me about . . .\n\nSINGER: He bought a store there that Jewish people owned. I know who they are,\nbut I won't go into that. They are a family that wanted to come to North Georgia\nbecause they had friends and family in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this area. They . . .\n\nCOHEN: How many children were in your family?\n\nSINGER: My brother, younger than I.\n\nCOHEN: His name?\n\nSINGER: His name was Lewis-- and nickname which he used, Buddy--Kruger.\n\nCOHEN: Tell me about your father. I was reading your husband Sol's story. He\nspoke so highly of your father and his position . . .\n\nSINGER: Right.\n\nCOHEN: . . . that he was very outgoing, so if you could just tell us a little\nbit about your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father.\n\nSINGER: He was a very congenial, always happy person. I don't believe I ever saw\nhim in anger but once. He had a way of not being angry at anyone else either,\nmuch less people being angry with him. He participated in community affairs, but\nnot to the point that he was ambitious about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. He just participated because\nit was the right thing to do. Community . . . the Fitzgerald community when we\nmoved there and then the Jewish community around there that developed when I was\ngrowing up. He was a good merchant, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the store that he had was called The\nFair Store, F-A-I-R Store. It was a single building. As he did well, there was\nanother twin next to that building that he bought. It was a double-store\nbuilding. For the time, he was successful.\n\nCOHEN: Tell me about his relationship with the other non-Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"businessmen?\n\nSINGER: Very good. All of what I am telling you is . . . when I said participate\nin community affairs, he was on very good terms with the banker. There were not\ntoo many other businesses in Fitzgerald at that time. Those that were there were\nlike him. One was his brother Abe [Kruger] who had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"store very similar to his.\nMost of the merchants were Jewish.\n\nCOHEN: What was the name of Abe's store?\n\nSINGER: Kruger's Department Store.\n\nCOHEN: Tell me a little bit about your mother?\n\nSINGER: She was a very talented lady and came . . . when she came from New York\nto Atlanta, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she worked in a hat factory. Whether or not . . . you can't remember\nit, but women wore hats at that time. Everywhere. They were all very decorated\nhats. That's what she did. She created hats for Kutz Hat Company, K-U-T-Z Hat\nCompany. She also worked at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Regenstein's who was in business at the time. She\nwas a seamstress and helped do alterations in that store. From Atlanta, she went\nsouth to join her other brother and his family. Of course that brother also had\na general merchandise store. It was called the Baltimore Bargain House. I have a\npicture that I gave to Sandy Berman that had the sign over the store, Baltimore\nBargain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"House. She helped him in that store. When she married my father in 1914,\nshe went to live in Sale City. I have a vague memory of what my environment was\nbecause I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five years old when we left Sale City. I remember the house. For\nthe time, it was a very substantial house but there were no toilet facilities.\nWhen I look back on it, you think, how did we do that? But it was . . .\neverybody did it. It was just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something that you took for granted when you lived\nin a place like that.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me about the Jewish community and growing up in Fitzgerald?\n\nSINGER: The Jewish community was not a coordinated community as such. But there\nwere about 12 families, some with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children and some not. There were two or three\nmerchants in towns all surrounding Fitzgerald. Fitzgerald became a kind of\nnucleus or a place where the other Jewish people came. Because the idea of\nhospitality and being together was so important, they came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together a lot in\nFitzgerald--at my parents' house and other houses. In turn, we went to other\ntowns. There were families in . . . two families in Ocilla [Georgia] nine miles away.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me their names?\n\nSINGER: Harris and Nathan. I just spoke to the grandchild of the Nathan ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family\nthis morning. I think there were only the two [Jewish] families in Ocilla. There\nwere people in Douglas [Georgia]. I mentioned Tifton, and Eastman [Georgia],\nBaxley [Georgia], Abbeville [Georgia], and Rochelle [Georgia]. These towns were\nso small that it was just one or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe two [Jewish] families in the whole town.\nYou can see how they needed each other. There was nothing organized about it. It\nwas just a natural coming together. Come over next week. Somehow everybody came\nover next week. As time went on, and the Great Depression ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came . . . there were\nvery astute businessmen in Fitzgerald who met occasionally. They came up with\nthe idea of creating a loan association because the banks were closed most\nplaces. There was no way for merchants to buy or to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"borrow. Those who had\nmanaged to survive in business were able to put like $5,000 into a pot and they\ncreated what became known as the Hebrew Commercial Alliance of Fitzgerald.\nBelieve it or not, through all of that financial ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficulty, I don't think\nanyone went bankrupt at that time. Now I'll have to tell you how they did it\nbecause it's unusual. You had to own stock before you could borrow. That was\ntough, but they knew they had to get the money from somewhere. They had to . . .\nyou could not invest more than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$5,000, but you had to invest $5,000, and then\nyou were a stockholder. You could borrow. When you borrowed--let's say $500,\nwhich went a long way at that time--you gave post-dated checks to the bank to be\ncashed in weekly installments which included ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest. It would be very high\ninterest but it allowed you a way to pay back the money as you were using it. I\ndon't know that they lost very much at all in all the time. That bank grew and\ngrew and became a social organization as well as a bank. They had stockholders'\nmeetings. That was a great occasion. Everybody would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come, wives, husbands, and\ngrandmothers. Everybody would come to the stockholders' meeting. From that\nentity, the congregation was born. The need for having services and coming\ntogether was created. Also, that was a way of having a minyan. If you had a\nsmall town with just a few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people in it, you couldn't even have a minyan. So the\ncongregation was born. It first did not have a synagogue. We used to meet in a\nrented hall for the High Holy Days. People paid. There again, there were dues\nand you had another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"institution. We were married in 1939. They bought a church\nthat they converted to a synagogue in 1940, so we could not get married in a\nsynagogue. That was . . . it was a miraculous operation. It really created a\ncommunity all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over South Georgia.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me the names of some of those families that were involved\nwith the Hebrew [Commercial] Alliance?\n\nSINGER: My father was one of the founders and his brother Abe was an associate.\nAbe Harris in Ocilla was an associate. Slakman . . . there was a Slakman family\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fitzgerald; and a Halperin family. I just saw one of the Halperin boys\nyesterday. Halperin, Slakman, Harris. There were five people who started this.\nThere were more that who became, I guess, board members, but by that time I was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married and gone. I don't have a lot of information other than what I've given you.\n\nCOHEN: What was the name of the synagogue in Fitzgerald?\n\nSINGER: Fitzgerald Hebrew Congregation.\n\nCOHEN: You said . . .\n\nSINGER: It still is there. There is a Jewish cemetery in Fitzgerald.\n\nCOHEN: How did your family get along with non-Jews in Fitzgerald?\n\nSINGER: Very well. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family . . . in fact, all of the Jewish people got along\nwell. I don't think that I experienced any antisemitism. Although you know it\nwas there, it was not overt. It was not anything you could see or feel. All the\ncommunity fund-raising affairs we participated in. We gave our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part. We gave to\nthe churches. We just lived as members of the community like everybody else.\nEverybody knew . . . all the Jews knew they were Jews and vice versa.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me how you observed the holidays in your home?\n\nSINGER: We observed them to the limit that we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could. We didn't have a lot of\nother family other than my uncle. Later on . . . the brother that my mother went\nto when I was born [Sam Kulbersh] was a very observant Jew. He couldn't stand it\nif he was isolated from Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life in Tifton. He just couldn't stand it. He and\nhis family moved to Boston [Massachusetts], but in his place, there was a\nyounger brother [Harry Kulbersh] who came and took over the store there--a\nbrother and his wife. Subsequently, I had more cousins as I was growing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up . . .\nI was talking about . . . I forgot the question you asked me.\n\nCOHEN: About the holidays.\n\nSINGER: About the holidays. We spent them with them, especially the High Holy\nDays. We all had meals together, a lot of them in our house and some of them in\ntheir house. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rented a hall to have High Holy Day services. Passover was the\nother major holiday. We did celebrate the minor holidays too, but they were not\nin a community fashion. My father was a very well-informed, educated Jew. HeHe\nkept up like when Hanukkah was around. Of course, Passover is a major ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holiday.\nWe had seders. I don't recall if my mother changed dishes, but we sure changed\nour food when Passover came along. We didn't have Passover with other families\nthat I recall. Some of them didn't even celebrate the holidays because when\nyou're an isolated Jew, it's very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard to do that.\n\nCOHEN: Did you have a student rabbi come to lead the services?\n\nSINGER: Not at that time.\n\nCOHEN: Just a . . .\n\nSINGER: My Uncle Abe was a chazzan.\n\nCOHEN: Oh.\n\nSINGER: He led the services. Most of the other people [who were] fresh from\nEurope were well-able to conduct the services themselves. Now, though, they do\nhave a rabbi who comes every month.\n\nCOHEN: What is the name of your younger ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother and some of your cousins?\n\nSINGER: My younger brother . . .\n\nCOHEN: I'm sorry. Your mother's younger brother.\n\nSINGER: The younger brother was Harry, the one who came to Tifton when the older\nbrother went to Boston. His name was Harry Kulbersh. I don't know a lot about\nwhen he came to this country. It was all about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same time because he married\na woman in New York before coming south. I don't know all those particulars.\n\nCOHEN: What were the names of your cousins, his children?\n\nSINGER: His children, one was Shirley and the other one was nicknamed \"Buddy\",\nbut his name was Ivan. My cousin Shirley [Kulbersh Marcus] has recently ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died. My\ncousin Ivan \"Buddy\" Kulbersh is still in Tifton. I have a cousin . . . Abe\nKruger's children . . . Reuben Kruger is still in Fitzgerald. His sister [Evelyn\nKruger Edwards] married and lives in Tifton. That family is still in South ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia.\n\nCOHEN: Did you have a Sunday School that you went to, a Sunday School or\nreligious school?\n\nSINGER: I couldn't hardly have a Sunday School when there was no religious\ninstitution, no formal religious institution. However, when we went to these\ndifferent towns, I remember we had . . . some of the people would gather the\nkids together and teach Bible ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stories. That's about all. No, there was no time\nto explore any more than that.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me about being a Jewish teenager? I know there were dances\nthat you all would have and . . .\n\nSINGER: By the time I was a teenager, a lot of these other kids were teenagers.\nWe used to have dances, Jewish dances. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a place called Radium Springs\nin Albany, Georgia, that had a kind of pavilion as part of the property, and\nthey would rent out the pavilion. My Uncle Abe Kruger was a socialholic. He\nwould organize a lot of Jewish dances. There were never hordes of people, but we\nhad a good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time . . . and music. It was not live music. It was records. Social\nlife for teenagers, for me, was bad . . .\n\nSINGER: . . . bad. In fact, it was a heartache for me, and I guess for others\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. Going out with Christians was forbidden. There was not too much going out\nanyway because there we were again in the Great Depression. About all anybody\nwould do was visit one another or go to a movie. There was a movie house there.\nThere was very little social activity in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fitzgerald for teenagers. Nobody cared.\nWe didn't get into any trouble. There was no trouble to get into. As we look\nback on those days, would it ever occur to you to think about drugs or alcohol?\nIt was Prohibition in the first place. And alcohol, would it ever occur to you\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to even think about it? It was not an option. It was not something we had to\nchoose from so we were good.\n\nCOHEN: What did you do after graduation from high school?\n\nSINGER: I went to the University of Georgia for four years.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me a little bit about that?\n\nSINGER: That was my first experience of living with a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews. There was a\nJewish sorority. It really was not created until my second year in school. There\nwas a women's campus at that time. There was no co-education in 1934. However, I\ndid go to classes at the main campus, some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"classes. Most of the classes, though,\nwere on women's campus. There were two Jewish fraternities. As I said, that was\nthe most living I had ever done with a bunch of Jews, so it was wonderful.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me the name of your Jewish sorority?\n\nSINGER: Delta Phi Epsilon.\n\nCOHEN: You remember some of your sorority ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sisters who were there?\n\nSINGER: Yes. I gave Sandy Berman a couple of pictures of the whole group. I\nrecall a lot of the names. I am not going to recall them now.\n\nCOHEN: Tell me about meeting your husband.\n\nSINGER: We knew each other in passing, so to speak. He was a Tau Epsilon Phi.\nThere was another Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fraternity, AEPi [Alpha Epsilon Pi], and there was\nanother Jewish fraternity--ATO [Alpha Tau Omega] which was a group of New York\nYankee Jews that came south to school because for whatever reason they couldn't\ngo to school up north. It was also a lot cheaper to go to school at the\nUniversity of Georgia ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than some of the other schools they had access to. They\nwere nice fellows, but different. They didn't go into the southern selection. In\nother words, they didn't select guys from the South. I don't think that\nfraternity lasted very long; I'm not sure.\n\nCOHEN: When were you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married?\n\nSINGER: August 20, 1939. We just celebrated 62 years.\n\nCOHEN: Happy anniversary.\n\nSINGER: Thank you.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me a little bit about your wedding?\n\nSINGER: That was something else. It was the first Jewish wedding that had ever\nbeen held in Fitzgerald. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had quite an invitation list between both families,\nfriends, and all our college friends. We had quite an invitation list. My father\nwas so happy about this whole thing that he would just issue verbal invitations\non the street to anybody he liked and saw, \"Come to the wedding, come to the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wedding.\" I didn't give that much thought in planning for it. Planning the\nwedding and having it come off was not easy because it was going to be a kosher\nwedding. We knew that whatever came would have to come from Atlanta. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nperson here who worked for Rabbi Louis [Tobias?] Geffen who had become expert at\ncatering occasions. We engaged her. She was known . . . I don't know what her\nreal name was . . . she was known as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mamie Geffen. They called her by the name\nof Geffen; her name was Mamie, Mamie Geffen. My mother and I would go to\nAtlanta, we met with her, and everything like that. Of course there was no way\nto cook anything so it was going to be cold. What did we have? We had a kind of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"delicatessen dinner of cold cut sandwiches and assorted things . . . some fruit,\npotato salad, or something like that. It was all stand up. The reception was\nheld at the American Legion Home, the only place that had an open-space ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hall\nthat we could use. We were not going to seat anybody anyway. There were buffet\ntables. It looked nice. It was nice for what was there. The wedding itself was\nin the high school auditorium on the stage. We walked down the aisles and went\nup on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stage. Everybody came, those with written invitations and those\nwithout. Nobody checked the door to see who was coming. That was fine. Everybody\nmoved to the American Legion Home and we took our place at the door to say thank\nyou. We said thank you no matter what they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said. Then when it all seemed to be\nover, all the food was gone. I mean gone. We had nothing to eat and it was only\n8:00 or 8:30. Believe me when I tell you it was hot in Fitzgerald on August 20.\nIt was hot. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Air-conditioning was unheard of. Of course I had to be . . . what\nwas it . . . what did I have to be? I had to have a dramatic wedding dress, how\nI would imagine I should have. What was it? It was a long sleeve satin dress.\n\nCOHEN: Yes.\n\nSINGER: I'll tell you, I was so hot in that dress that I think I couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wait\nto get rid of it. As the evening came to a close, my Uncle Abe Kruger came over\nand said, \"Okay, you can have this. It's the last Coca-Cola.\" I'll never forget\nit. We shared the last Coca-Cola.\n\nCOHEN: Who performed the ceremony?\n\nSINGER: Rabbi Edmund A. Landau from Albany, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia. He was a Reform rabbi then,\nvery well-respected. We had invited Rabbi Harry H. Epstein--or rather Sol\ndid--because he married Sol's parents. But Rabbi Edmund A. Landau married my\nparents, so he came. He did the ceremony.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me about moving to Columbus [Georgia]?\n\nSINGER: We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went immediately from the wedding to Columbus. We went on a honeymoon\nin a car through North Carolina. Of course we were going to buy some furniture\nwhile we were there. That's where they made furniture. We went to Lenoir [North\nCarolina] where they made furniture. Sol had an uncle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. We stayed in their\nhouse. We went to Hendersonville [North Carolina] and the mountains. It was a\npleasant motor trip. We went to Blowing Rock [North Carolina], did some\nsightseeing, and came back to Columbus, without ever going back to\nFitzgerald--at that trip anyway. We had a lot of presents and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stuff. We made a\ntrip later to get that.\n\nCOHEN: Where was your first home in Columbus?\n\nSINGER: In the Country Club Apartments where our first child came to live when\nshe was born. We bought a two-bedroom home when she was about three.\n\nCOHEN: Where was that home?\n\nSINGER: That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home was on . . . you want to know the address?\n\nCOHEN: Yes.\n\nSINGER: On Britt Avenue in Columbus. We extended ourselves and bought a $5,000 house.\n\nCOHEN: What business did Sol go into?\n\nSINGER: He went into business with his uncle who had a notions business, notions\nand candy business, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which served a lot of the small stores where . . . What kind\nof stores did we have there? Sort of like an ancient interpretation of a\n7-Eleven where they just had all kinds of things in the store. That's the kind\nof merchandise that he was in. He was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wholesaler. He served those retail\nstores like that or stores that had counters in them that sold notions,\nnovelties, and candy.\n\nCOHEN: What was the name of Sol's uncle?\n\nSINGER: Charlie Kolodkin.\n\nCOHEN: What was the name of the business?\n\nSINGER: Kolodkin Brothers.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me about some of the other Jewish businesses in Columbus at\nthe time?\n\nSINGER: They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were retail merchandise businesses and pawnshops. Columbus was an\narmy town. Fort Benning was there. The war was just getting hot in 1939. In 1941\nwe were at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war. The town really transformed into an army camp. The [army] base\nwas not built to handle a swollen army. There was an infantry school there. They\nhad to build tin huts, tents, and I don't know what else for them to live in . .\n. for the new ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conscripts to live in. The town just got big with army.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me about Shearith Israel [Synagogue]?\n\nSINGER: That's the congregation in Columbus?\n\nCOHEN: Yes. When you first got there . . .\n\nSINGER: When we first got there, it was a rather small congregation. It was an\nOrthodox congregation. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"belonged and participated. Then . . . let's see how\nmany years after that . . . we became a Conservative congregation with a lot of\ninfluence from Sol and a couple of other young people who just could not\ncontinue in that fashion. We became a Conservative congregation and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"built a new\nbuilding which Sol chaired. It was dedicated in 1950. That was in the course of\nabout 11 years.\n\nCOHEN: Did you ever meet Franklin Delano Roosevelt?\n\nSINGER: I did not, but Sol did.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me about that?\n\nSINGER: He was a member of a group who called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Franklin Delano Roosevelt when\nhe was at Warm Springs [Georgia] which was his second home or his hangout, so to\nspeak. You know he was a polio victim and found Warm Springs--the waters\nthere--beneficial. He came there quite often. He and Morris Abram, and I think\nthree other guys from the Debating ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Society, wanted to give him a membership.\nThey went to Warm Springs. We have pictures of that. You know about that from\nhis interview, don't you? It's interesting.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me about the Jewish soldiers at Fort Benning and your\nrelation to them?\n\nSINGER: We housed them. We fed them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We hosted them. We also had a little Jewish\nclub in Columbus where we rented a space downtown, upstairs in a building. We\ndidn't eat there, but we played cards there and we went there to dance. The\nsoldiers would come and dance with us.\n\nCOHEN: What was the name of that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"club?\n\nSINGER: The Standard. That was the Standard. There was another club which was a\nReform club, called the Harmony Club, but the one I'm talking about was the\nStandard Club.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me about the seders you used to have in 1941 and 1942 when\nthe soldiers were there?\n\nSINGER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had a community center . . . I know that one year that Sol worked\nvery hard on it . . . . at the USO [United Service Organizations]. They had\nevery Jewish soldier that could come at that seder. The army, the\ngeneral--whoever was responsible--gave them new equipment to use, new ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dishes. I\nmean that was a kosher seder if there ever was one, that year down there. We\nalso had seders during the years at home where soldiers came, and we hosted those.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me about being president of the Sisterhood and some of your activities?\n\nSINGER: I don't know what to tell about that except I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"president almost\nbefore we . . . just before we moved. It was that late. I enjoyed it. It was\nhard work, but it was like any other presidency. We had devoted people and it\nwas part of our lives. . . Sisterhood. Sol was president of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shearith Israel\n[Synagogue] so it was kind of hard.\n\nCOHEN: Is there anything else you can tell me about Columbus and being Jewish in Columbus?\n\nSINGER: To us, it was just a blessing in that we had the congregation, that we\nhad a community, a Jewish community. I think during the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years 1954 to 1957, we\nhad a rabbi who came from his army duty. He was a chaplain in the army. He came\nto Columbus as our rabbi. He was from Minneapolis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Minnesota] originally. He and\nhis wife--Rabbi Kassel and Shirley Abelson--just made that congregation into\nsomething you would never have believed. Everybody became so Jewish in their\nsouls, as you would say. He was not an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eloquent speaker, but he was so sincere\nand loved everybody so much that everybody loved him. I would say those were the\nyears that we were presidents. They had the greatest influence on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us as Jews,\nand our children. It was he who influenced the children to go to Camp Ramah. As\nthat evolved, we started ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"keeping kosher because they wanted it. When I speak of\n\"they,\" it was actually one at a time. All of our children went to Camp Ramah.\nMy oldest daughter met and married her husband from there.\n\nCOHEN: What is your daughter's name?\n\nSINGER: Sharon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Norry. They have three children; and they're all married and have\nchildren. They all were Camp Ramahnics. Our daughter Alice went to Camp Ramah\ntwo years. Our son Eric went more than two years and he was a counselor there, a\nwaterfront counselor at one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps. He went to Wisconsin and to the\nPoconos [Pennsylvania]. He is the founder of Camp Ramah Darom.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me a little bit about leaving Columbus and coming here to Atlanta?\n\nSINGER: It was tough. Moving not just ourselves and our house, but our business\n. . . moved the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business, and that was tough. We had to move a lot of the staff\nwho also came. Sol's brother Marvin had already moved here two years ahead, and\nsupposedly that was the foundation for the move. Then we also built a building\non Fulton ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Industrial. It became a different business than what it was when I was\ntelling you about the candy and notions business.\n\nCOHEN: Tell me about the business when it moved here. Did it keep the same name?\n\nSINGER: No. It became Singer \u0026 Company. It became Singer \u0026 Company even before\nwe moved because Sol's uncle died, passed away. He wanted to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the\nbusiness, so he was bought out by Sol's brother. It then became Singer \u0026 Company\nand they built a building. It was a different business. The customers were\ndifferent, the merchandise was different. It was a larger business, more\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expanded in every way.\n\nCOHEN: Where did you live when you first came to Atlanta? I think this was\naround 1961 that you came to Atlanta?\n\nSINGER: In 1962. We came in 1962. We rented a house until we saw what we wanted\nbut nothing suited us. So we found this lot. The street ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was . . . this was part\nof a piece of farm property and the street was still mud. We bought this lot and\nbuilt this house which took us . . . the process took us two years, a little\nover two years. We moved into it in 1964. That's how old the house ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is.\n\nCOHEN: A lot of history.\n\nSINGER: Yes.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me about your trips to Israel?\n\nSINGER: We made several trips to Israel. Some of them were on missions and some\nof them were our own private trips. The last one we took was in 1996. We went\nfor Passover which we thought would be the most wonderful time to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go. We didn't\nconsult anybody about that. We just wanted to do it that way. We also didn't\nwant to stay in a hotel. We wanted to get an apartment and just kind of live\nthere, especially at Passover time--and buy our own groceries. We had done that\nonce before when we lived in an apartment for a month. We loved that, so we\nwanted to do it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again. It didn't work out that way. We ended up\nin--supposedly--a kosher residence hotel that had a little kitchen, a place to\neat, and a sitting room. Ideally it would have been fine, but the place was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terrible. We got there a couple of days before Passover. They came in to kasher\nmy kitchen which had about two dishes in it and two pots or whatever. That part\nwas all right, but they came and they took all the glasses out to wash them and\nwhatever they did to them to make them kosher for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pesach. They never did bring\nthem back. The place was kept badly. It was a very sour experience. Plus the\nfact that you didn't stop to think that Israelis go away for Pesach. We were in\nJerusalem [Israel], but everybody left. They take a holiday. They go to the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resorts. That took care of that. Half the time the stores were closed because\nthe two first days and last days are yontif. The stores were closed. To add it\nall up, it was not the best trip we took . . . plus the fact I was not feeling\nwell. I had the beginnings of a bad back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problem. That was my last trip to\nIsrael. I would love to tell you about the others which were altogether better.\n\nCOHEN: Is there anything else you'd like to talk about? Any lessons for us today?\n\nSINGER: Lessons.\n\nCOHEN: Or thoughts.\n\nSINGER: For you today?\n\nCOHEN: Yes. Jewishly, where you were and where we should ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go.\n\nSINGER: I'm pretty passionate about Jewishly, not passionate about being\nobservant exactly, although I'm not going to argue with anybody about it. It's\nthe way you're observant that matters. I'm passionate about Jewish education\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since we didn't have that, neither of us. Maybe that's why we worked so hard\nhere in Atlanta for as many children as want to can have it. Our grandchildren,\nall that we have--nine--all have had wonderful Jewish educations. One of my\noldest daughter's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children is a rabbi. Our granddaughter in New York who is\ngetting a doctorate in sociology, she is a very committed Jewess and working\nvery hard for the equality of women in Jewish life. In fact, that is what she is\nwriting her thesis on. I guess we've got . . . we made a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mark.\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me a little bit about what you did for Jewish education in Atlanta?\n\nSINGER: We . . . my husband was one of the starters of the Epstein School and\nhas been on the board ever since. He has been the president and was honored in\n1995 and also honored in 1980, twice. We are committed to that school\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"completely. Our grandchildren went there. Our daughter-in-law has been a teacher\nthere. Now our youngest grandchild is going to the New Atlanta Jewish\n[Community] High School. We are proud of that. That's what we did for Jewish education.\n\nCOHEN: Thank you so much for your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time.\n\nSINGER: Thank you. You want to talk about that?\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me maybe some of your other activities, how you were\ninvolved in the Jewish community?\n\nSINGER: Here in house? When we first . . .\n\nCOHEN: Mr. Sol Singer just handed me a Atlanta Jewish Times. He was going\nthrough some of his records. It says, \"Small towns nourish big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hearts,\" and it's\nan article. Can you tell me a little bit about this article? Are you familiar\nwith it?\n\nSINGER: I don't remember this article.\n\nCOHEN: [It was] 1995.\n\nSINGER: Oh, yes. This is an article about the Epstein School Honor Dinner in\n1995 by Vida Goldgar. It talks about very much what we've just been talking\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about. I don't want to read it for you, but . . .\n\nCOHEN: We'll include that.\n\nSINGER: . . . you can have it. I guess. This is a copy, Sol?\n\nCOHEN: Can you tell me about some of the other activities you were involved with\nhere in Atlanta?\n\nSINGER: I was . . . when I first came, I had come as a past ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"president of the\nSisterhood in Columbus, so I was jumped on immediately by the AA [Ahavath Achim\nSynagogue] Sisterhood to take an office. I guess I was just an ignorant country\ngirl, and I took it. I became the vice president there of the gift shop\noperation. Now that was an experience, especially a very hard work. From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there,\nI didn't take another office. I just stayed on the board. I was not too active\nin many things. Our parents about that time moved here from Columbus. My mother\nwas widowed. Sol's parents moved, and they took up a good bit of our time. Once\nthey became settled, I had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"notion that I wanted to go back to school. I was\ninfatuated with Georgia State [University] as an opportunity, as a non-campus\nschool that I wouldn't have to get involved with other things. I did go back in\n1966. I won't talk about all the things that went into that. I got a degree in\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bachelor of Visual Arts. My emphasis was on interior design. I tried to do\nsome of that by the way professionally, but that was a big turn-off. That too\nwas also a lot of very hard physical work. That is when I started becoming\ninvolved in the Atlanta Jewish Federation and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of the agencies that were\ncoming with them and through them. I become active in the campaign, in the\nwomen's division. I was a campaign chairman or co-chair. I was on the board of\nthe Jewish Family and Career Services [of Atlanta] for years. I was on the board\nof the Jewish Home and a vice-president for years. I don't know what else. I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just kept on. I loved it. Now, though, I'm just not doing very much. We're busy\ntaking care of each other, going to doctors, and thankful we can keep the appointments.\n\nCOHEN: Thank you so much. We were just talking about going to Florida for 27 years.\n\nSINGER: For 27 years. Everybody that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was born and that was anywhere in the world\ncame back for that trip. We stayed in private . . . each family had their own\nspace which was what made it successful. There was a private place that\neverybody could go to at the end of the day. Everybody had a wonderful time. We\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fished, we swam, we ate, and we were together. All of the cousins now claim that\nthat was the gel that made it a family. Everybody came together at that time. We\nused to spend two weeks. Ten the time got shorter and shorter. Everybody started\nmaking a living and there were so many interruptions in their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lives. We finally\nstopped the year of 1996. My son-in-law was sick and I wasn't feeling so well.\nIt was too much. Travel became a horror to try to get to the Florida Keys from\nother places in the country. It was just not only expensive, it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was logistically\na pain for anybody to come and go.\n\nCOHEN: Now was this just your family or the cousins as well?\n\nSINGER: Just the family, our children and grandchildren. When we finished, there\nwere great-grandchildren. We started off going out. That was what we did. Then\nthe children were little and meals became very unhappy things. Everybody, they\nwould cry, they don't like this, they don't like that. They'd ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to go to\nsleep. We could never do it to please everybody. Then we started eating at home,\nso to speak, and everybody participated. I'm not going to tell you it was easy,\nbut everybody could do what they wanted to. They could eat in the living room.\nThey could not eat. Everybody could be free to handle the meal the way they\nwanted to rather than being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organized and processed to sit at a restaurant. It\nended up working out to be an advantage. It got to where everybody wanted to\nmake their own recipes. We had fun doing it.\n\nSINGER: . . . was the executive chef at the Brooklyn Cafe.\n\nCOHEN: Oh.\n\nSINGER: Mark Pinsky and his brother . . . he's not cooking but he's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"managing a restaurant.\n\nCOHEN: You know the story I like the best from when I read your interview? It's\na story you said about all . . . someone who brought in all the men. You had a\nmeeting to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"raise money to build a synagogue. They said, \"Oh, I don't have it, I\ndon't have it.\" Then one of the men had a dream during the night. He called up\neveryone in the middle of the night and said, \"Come first thing in the morning.\nYou have to come.\" You came up there and you saw all these cars, and you went\nin, and you locked the door. That was my favorite story.\n\nSINGER: That did happen.\n\nCOHEN: That was one of my very favorite ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stories.\n\nSINGER: He called you at 4 o'clock, but you went at 6 o'clock.\n\nCOHEN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was just so impressed also reading how you had some Jewish chaplains\ntutor your children. I was just so touched by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/transcript/24590/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. It really just showed how\nimportant Jewish education was to you that you went that extra step.\n\nSINGER: Yes. We didn't say the same thing. That's good.\n\nCOHEN: Yes. Listen, I won't hold you. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=4110.0,4140.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFannie Kulbersh Kruger (1890-1979) was a resident of Fitzgerald, Columbus, and Atlanta, Georgia. She was a member of Ahavath Achim Synagogue and the Atlanta chapter of Hadassah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElex Kruger (1891-1947) was a resident of Sale City, Fitzgerald, Columbus, and Atlanta, Georgia. He was the owner of dry goods stores in each of those cities. In Fitzgerald, he owned the Fair Store.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Kulbersh (abt. 1881-1979) was the co-owner, with his brother Harry Kulbersh, of Kulbersh Brothers Department Store, a dry-goods store in Tifton, Georgia. He relocated to Boston, Massachussetts during the 1930’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam Harry \"S. H.\" Kulbersh (1878-1954) was an immigrant who resided in Atlanta, Georgia where he operated a wholesale shoe business. He was a president of the Shearith Israel Synagogue in Atlanta in 1938.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuddy Lewis Kruger (1921-1957) was born in Sale City, Georgia and resided in Fitzgerald, Georgia. He was a University of Georgia graduate who served as a sergeant in the United States Army during World War II. He subsequently joined the family retail business in Fitzgerald, Georgia. He was a member of the Fitzgerald Hebrew Alliance, the Southeast Georgia B’nai B’rith Post, and the Jewish War Veterans local post.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSol Singer (1918-2003) was born in Atlanta and raised in Unadilla, Georgia. He resided in Columbus, Georgia for 23 years. In 1962, as president of Singer and Co., Sol moved his wholesale business and his family to Atlanta, Georgia. Sol served as a president of Shearith Israel in Columbus, as a vice president of the Southeast Region of Conservative Judaism, and as a founding member of the Columbus Jewish Federation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbe Kruger (1893-1973) came to the United States in 1911 from Russia and owned a dry goods store in Fitzgerald, Georgia that he sold to the Belks chain in 1954. He served as mayor pro tem in the 1960's and was a leader of the local Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRegenstein’s was an upscale women’s apparel store founded by Julius Regenstein in 1892 on Whitehall Street in Atlanta, Georgia.  It was sold to 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930’s or early 1940’s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century.              \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the early years of the Great Depression, Jewish-owned stores in Fitzgerald, Georgia banded together in 1929 to form the Hebrew Commercial Alliance. The Alliance lent money to Jewish businesses that did not have the cash on hand to pay their suppliers. It also helped to support an area Jewish Sunday school, and later the Fitzgerald Jewish Congregation. Starting with just 18 members and $7,500, the Fitzgerald-based alliance had 75 members from 15 South Georgia counties by 1932. At their annual meeting in 1935, the Alliance’s president, Phillip Halperin, reported that it had 147 members, some in neighboring states, and $77,500 in capital. By 1953, the alliance was loaning out almost $1,000,000 a year. The organization continued into the 1960’s. It eventually disbanded when many Jewish owned stores went out of business.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA minyan refers to the quorum of 10 Jewish adults required for certain religious obligations. According to many non-Orthodox streams of Judaism adult females count in the minyan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are Rosh Ha-Shanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbraham “Abe” Simon Harris (1888-1946) was an immigrant from Russia who lived in Ocilla, Georgia and owned the A.S. Harris Department Store, the largest department store in Ocilla. He was the chairman of the war finance drives for Irwin County during World War II. He was also one of the founders of the Hebrew Commercial Alliance in Fitzgerald, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry Slakman (1888-1963) was an immigrant from Russia who lived first in Fitzgerald, Georgia and relocated to Lakeland, Florida in the 1930's. He was a dry goods merchant. He was a founding member of the Hebrew Commercial Alliance in Fitzgerald in 1929,\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhilip Halperin (1895-1988) owned the Surprise Store in Fitzgerald, Georgia. It became Halperin’s Department Store. He was one of the founding members of the Fitzgerald Hebrew Congregation in 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Methodist Episcopal Church originally used the synagogue of the Fitzgerald Hebrew Congregation. The building was converted to a Hebrew synagogue in 1939 when the northern and southern branches of the Methodist Church united. It is one of very few synagogues in South Georgia serving several other communities in addition to Fitzgerald. In 1947, the Fitzgerald Hebrew Congregation hired its first full-time rabbi, Nathan Kohen, who served the congregation for 28 years, until his death in 1975. He remains the only full-time rabbi ever to serve the congregation. Despite this decline in the number of Jews, the Fitzgerald Hebrew Congregation remains active. Since 1975, the congregation has brought in student rabbis from the Conservative Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) in New York. Currently, their JTS student rabbi comes to Fitzgerald once a month to lead services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFitzgerald Hebrew Congregation Cemetery is located within Evergreen Cemetery in Fitzgerald, Georgia. Marking the center is a monument “dedicated to the six million Hebrew men, women and children who met death at the cruel hand of the German Nazi government between the years of 1935 and 1945.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry Kulbersh (1889-1948) was the co-owner, with his brother Samuel Kulbersh, of Kulbersh Brothers Department Store, a dry-goods store in Tifton, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are Rosh Ha-Shanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘dedication.’ An eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar.  Hanukkah celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rules of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the menorah but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil.  This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The Hanukkah menorah, or hanukiah, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, by the ninth candle. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeder (meaning “order” in Hebrew”) is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted on the evening of the fifteenth day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar throughout the world.  Some communities hold a seder on both of the first two nights of Passover. The seder incorporates prayers, candle lighting, and traditional foods symbolizing the slavery of the Jews and the exodus from Egypt. It is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe chazzan (cantor) is the official in charge of music or chants and leads liturgical prayer and chanting in the synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\"Buddy\", but his name was Ivan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShirley Kulbersh Marcus (1921-1998) was born in Tifton, Georgia. She was a member of the Fitzgerald Hebrew Congregation in Fitzgerald, Georgia, Adas Yesherum Synagogue in Augusta, Georgia, and Congregation B'nai Brith Jacob in Savannah, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReuben Kruger (1920-2011) was a lifelong resident of Fitzgerald, Georgia and the owner of Reuben’s Shoes in Fitzgerald. He was a graduate of University of Georgia in Athens and served in the United States Army Air Corps. He was a leader in the Lions and Elks clubs and the Downtown Business Association, and chairman of the Ben Hill County Board of Tax Assessors. He was president of the Fitzgerald Hebrew Congregation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEvelyn Kruger Edwards (born 1923), spent her childhood in Fitzgerald, Georgia, and resided in Tifton, Georgia after marriage. She was active in the Fitzgerald Hebrew Congregation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eProhibition is the legal act of prohibiting the manufacture, storage, transportation and sale of alcohol including alcoholic beverages. The first half of the twentieth century saw periods of prohibition of alcoholic beverages in several countries. Nationwide prohibition did not begin in the United States until 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution went into effect. Prohibition became increasingly unpopular during the Great Depression along with a demand for increased employment and tax revenues. The ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment brought an official end to prohibition in the United States in 1933.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Georgia, founded in 1785, also referred to as UGA or simply Georgia, is an American public research university in the city of Athens in the U.S. state of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDelta Phi Epsilon (DPhiE) is an international sorority founded in 1917 at New York University Law School, New York City, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSandy Berman is the founding archivist of Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives at the Breman Museum in Atlanta, Georgia where she worked for 29 years. She is the author of the novel, Klara with a K.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTau Epsilon Phi (TEΦ, commonly pronounced ‘TEP’) is a fraternity founded by ten Jewish men at Columbia University in New York in 1910 as a response to the existence of similar organizations that would not admit Jewish members.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlpha Epsilon Pi (‘ΑΕΠ’ or ‘AEPi’) is the global Jewish college fraternity with active chapters in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France, and Israel with a membership of over 9,000 undergraduates. Alpha Epsilon Pi is a Jewish fraternity, though non-discriminatory and open to all who are willing to espouse its purpose and values.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlpha Tau Omega (ΑΤΩ) is an American fraternity founded at the Virginia Military Institute in 1865 during the aftermath of the Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYankee has several meanings, all referring to people from the United States. In Southern American English, ‘Yankee’ refers to a Northerner.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. Kosher refers to Jewish laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law is called ‘treif.’ The word ‘kosher’ has become English vernacular, a colloquialism meaning proper, legitimate, genuine, fair, or acceptable. Kosher can also be used to describe ritual objects that are made in accordance with Jewish law and are fit for ritual use.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Tobias Geffen (1870-1970) was an Orthodox rabbi and leader of Shearith Israel in Atlanta from 1910-1970. He is widely known for his 1935 decision that certified Coca-Cola as kosher. He also organized the first Hebrew school in Atlanta, and standardized regulation of kosher supervision in the Atlanta area. Rabbi Geffen and his wife Sara had four sons and four daughters: Joel, Samuel, Louis, Abraham, Lottie, Bessie, Annette, and Helen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMamie Smith Walden (1902-1976) was a native of Madison, Georgia who learned the rules of kashruth from Sara Hene Geffen, the wife of Tobias Geffen, Orthodox rabbi of Congregation Shearith Israel in Atlanta, Georgia. She worked as a cook in their household and also offered kosher catering services to the Jewish community, where she was known as Mamie “Geffen”.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Edmund A. Landau (1898-1945) was the first permanent rabbi of Temple B’nai Israel, a Reform congregation in Albany in southwest Georgia. He was born in Ontario, Canada and raised in Michigan. His family was originally from East Prussia. In 1909, the small congregation of Temple Beth-El hired Rabbi Edmund Landau to lead services in Bainbridge, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Epstein (1903-2003) was a native of Plunge, Lithuania who served as the rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982.  Under his leadership the congregation began to shift to Conservatism, which they adopted in 1952. He was educated in a yeshiva in Chicago, where his father was a rabbi, and in New York.  He was ordained in 1926 after studying at the Slobodka Yeshiva in Lithuania and the Hebron Yeshiva in Palestine. In 1927, he became a pulpit rabbi at an Orthodox congregation in Tulsa, Oklahoma.  In 1928, he took the rabbinate position at Ahavath Achim Congregation in Atlanta, Georgia, where he introduced a Sunday school, mixed seating of men and women, and the bat mitzvah ceremony for girls.  He earned a B.A. Degree in Philosophy and an MA. Degree in Theology from Emory University in Atlanta and a Ph.D. Degree in Theology from the University of Illinois School of Law.  He was married to Reva (Rebecca) Chashesman and had two daughters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e7‑Eleven is a convenience store chain with more than 54,200 stores in 16 countries, of which more than 10,400 are in North America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Kolodkin (1901-1954) was an immigrant from Russia who lived in Atlanta, Georgia before relocating to Columbus, Georgia. He was a founder of Kolodkin Brothers Company in Columbus and an executive with Witt Distributing Company in Columbus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Benning is a United States Army post established in 1918 outside Columbus, Georgia with the capability to deploy combat-ready forces by air, rail, and highway. Much of the growth of Columbus can be attributed to the development of Fort Benning.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShearith Israel was established 1891 in Columbus, Georgia.  The name was chartered as ‘Chevro Saris Israel.’ In 1950 the name was officially changed to Shearith Israel Synagogue. The original building was on the corner of 7th Street and 1st Avenue in downtown Columbus.  In 1951 the congregation moved to a new Synagogue on Wynnton Road. In 2007 the building was sold. In 2013 the congregation moved to its current home on River Road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism.  It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance.   They also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis and bat mitzvahs).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as ‘FDR,’ he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of the war. He was a Democrat. FDR was an avid horse rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWarm Springs, Georgia first came to prominence in the nineteenth century as a spa town, because of its mineral springs which flow constantly at nearly 32C (90F). In 1921 Franklin Delano Roosevelt contracted polio. One of the few things that seemed to ease his pain was immersion in warm water. He first went to Warm Springs in 1924 hoping to find a cure. Swimming in the spring waters brought him no miracle cure, but it did bring improvement. Roosevelt built a home in Warm Springs in 1932 while he was governor of New York, prior to being inaugurated as president in 1933. He lived in the home during the time he was president and it came to be called the ‘Little White House.’ He died there in 1945. It is now a public museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Berthold Abram (1918-2000) was an American lawyer, civil rights activist and leader in the Jewish community who grew up in Fitzgerald, Georgia. Defending civil rights workers in Georgia in 1963, Abram won decisions that helped overturn the state's insurrection and illegal assembly laws, which had been used against civil rights demonstrators. Over the years, Abram helped bring civil rights cases to the United States Supreme Court. President John F. Kennedy named him the first general counsel to the Peace Corps in 1961. President Lyndon B. Johnson made him United States representative to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, co-chairman of the Planning Committee of the White House Conference on Civil Rights and a member of the Committee on the Office of Economic Opportunity. Abram served as President of Brandeis from 1968-1970. He was the Representative of the United States to the European Office of the United Nations from 1989 to 1993. In 1993 he founded United Nations Watch while he was Honorary President of the American Jewish Committee. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism especially in North America and Western Europe.  Historically it began in the nineteenth century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah and women rabbis), music is allowed in the services and most of the service is in English.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe USO (United Service Organizations) is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization whose mission is to support American troops and their families with programs and services. During World War II, the USO began a tradition of entertaining the troops that still continues. The USO is not part of the United States government, but is recognized by the Department of Defense, Congress and President of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Kassel Abelson became Assistant Rabbi at Beth El synagogue in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1948, immediately after being ordained at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. In 1951, Rabbi Abelson left Beth El when he entered the United States Air Corps as a chaplain. Returning from overseas in 1953, Rabbi Abelson went to Shearith Israel Synagogue in Columbus, Georgia, where, during the four years of his tenure, he became recognized as one of the outstanding leaders of Conservative Judaism in the Southeast. Rabbi Abelson returned to Beth El in Minneapolis in 1957 and retired in 1992.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1940’s, the Jewish Theological Seminary established several programs to reconnect Jewish youth with the synagogue and cultivate leadership. One of these programs was Camp Ramah, a network of Jewish summer camps affiliated with the Conservative movement.  The mission is to create and sustain summer camps and Israel programs that inspire commitment to and engagement in Jewish life. The camps operate in the United States, Canada, and Israel. Ramah camps serve kosher food and are Shabbat-observant.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSharon Marcia Singer Norry Seidmann (1941-2002) was born in Columbus, Georgia and after marriage, lived in Rochester, New York. She was a professional artist who created Jewish ritual ceremonial objects and attire. She was the mother of Rabbi Hillel Norry who served as pulpit rabbi at the Congregation Shearith Israel in Atlanta, Georgia for 13 years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRahmanics are campers who attend Camp Ramah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlice Singer Pinsky Shapiro was born in Columbus, Georgia in 1944 and has lived in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEric Singer was born in Columbus, Georgia in 1951 and resides in Atlanta, Georgia where he is acquisitions manager for a real estate firm. He is the founding president of Camp Ramah Darom in Clayton, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRamah Darom (Ramah of the South) is a Jewish overnight camp and retreat center in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in North Georgia. It opened in 1997. The camp is affiliated with the National Ramah Commission, the national parent organization that oversees all Ramah overnight camps, day camps, and Israel programs. Ramah is sponsored by the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, a main hub for Conservative Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarvin Louis Singer (1922-2003) was born in Atlanta, Georgia and spent his childhood years in Unadilla, Georgia. He graduated from University of Georgia, served in the United States Army during World War II, and settled in Columbus, Georgia where he joined his brother Sol Singer as a sales manager for Singer and Company, a family wholesale distribution business. He relocated to Atlanta in 1959. He was president of the Atlanta chapter of B’nai B’rith, Chair of the Southeast Region of the Anti-Defamation League, and was board member at Ahavath Achim Synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFulton Industrial Boulevard is a major thoroughfare in the Fulton Industrial area of Atlanta, Georgia, which is a large industrial and business area. One-third of its buildings were constructed during its heyday in the 1970's. Due to competition from other industrial areas in the region, the prominence of the Fulton Industrial area has declined in more recent years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo make fit for use; render kosher.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew word for Passover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYontif is the Yiddish word; in Hebrew it is ‘yom tov.’ It is generic word for Jewish holidays.  It includes all but the High Holy Days of Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Epstein School (also known as the Solomon Shechter School of Atlanta) is a private Jewish day school in the Atlanta area located in the city of Sandy Springs. In 1973, Rabbi Harry H. Epstein and the leaders of Ahavath Achim Synagogue wanted to create a Conservative Jewish day school. The first campus was housed at the synagogue. In 1987 the school moved to Sandy Springs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Doris and Alex Weber Jewish Community High School, formerly New Atlanta Jewish Community High School, is a Jewish high school located in Sandy Springs, Georgia north of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Times is a weekly community newspaper serving the Jewish community of Atlanta, Georgia. Formerly the Southern Israelite, the publication’s name changed to The Atlanta Jewish Times in 1987.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVida Daab Goldgar (1930 -2004) was born in  Columbia, Illinois and moved from New York to Atlanta, Georgia in 1959. In 1964 Vida Goldgar joined the staff of the Southern Israelite and was an important contributor for the next 40 years. In 1979, she purchased the paper. After selling it in 1986, she continued as a contributing columnist. She was the first woman president of the Atlanta chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists and of the American Jewish Press Association. She served on the board of directors of the Cohen Home.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim was founded in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. The final service in that building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. Rabbi Abraham Hirmes was the first rabbi of the then Orthodox congregation. In 1928 Rabbi Harry Epstein became the rabbi and the congregation began to shift to Conservatism, which they joined in 1952. Cantor Isaac Goodfriend, a Holocaust survivor, joined the congregation in 1966 and remained until his retirement. Rabbi Epstein retired in 1982, becoming Rabbi Emeritus and Rabbi Arnold Goodman assumed the rabbinic post. He retired in 2002. Rabbi Neil Sandler is now the rabbi.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInitially intended as a night school, Georgia State University was established in 1913 as the Georgia Institute of Technology's Evening School of Commerce. A reorganization of the university system of Georgia in the 1930’s led to the school becoming the Atlanta Extension Center of the University System of Georgia and allowed night students to earn degrees from several colleges in the university system. During this time, the school was divided into two divisions: Georgia Evening College, and Atlanta Junior College. In 1947, the school became affiliated with the University of Georgia and was named the ‘Atlanta Division of the University of Georgia.’ The school was removed from the University of Georgia in 1955 and became the Georgia State College of Business Administration. In 1961 the name was shortened to Georgia State College. It became Georgia State University in 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Federation was formally incorporated in 1967 and is the result of the merger of the Atlanta Federation for Jewish Social Service founded in 1905 as the Federation of Jewish Charities; the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Federation founded in 1936 as the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund; and the Atlanta Jewish Community Council founded in 1945. The organization was renamed the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta in 1997.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish Family and Career Services (JF\u0026amp;CS Atlanta) is a group of professionals and volunteers offering programs, and resources for individuals and families of all faiths, cultures and ages. Services include counseling, tools for employment, and support for people with developmental disabilities. JF\u0026amp;CS is a member organization of the Association of Jewish Family \u0026amp; Children's Agencies (AJFCA). JF\u0026amp;CS is a result of the merging of two separate organizations, both of which started as committees of the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta. The first, Jewish Family Services was founded around 1890. The agency became an autonomous organization in 1982. In 1979, Jewish Vocational Services was started. It became independent in 1985. The two agencies merged in 1997 to become JF\u0026amp;CS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Home, formerly the Jewish Home, is a nursing home in Atlanta, Georgia providing short and long-term dementia, Alzheimer’s, and nursing care. It first opened in1951 at 260 14th Street, NW, on land that had been donated by real estate developer Ben J. Massell. The Home’s growth called for a larger, updated facility, leading to the construction of a new building at 3150 Howell Mill Road, NW. The second Jewish Home opened on February 16, 1971. In 1991, it was renamed the William Breman Jewish Home to honor and recognize its third president, Bill Breman, as the prime motivator of the modern day facility.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrooklyn Café is a restaurant in the city of Sandy Springs, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/annotation_set/444/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGrandson of Ruth Kruger Singer, son of Alice Singer Pinsky Shapiro.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=3960.0,3990.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/index/47792","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Ruth Singer [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/index/47792/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022#t=67.0,388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39552/file/111022/index/47792/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother’s name was Fannie Kulbersh.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial 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