{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/9p2w37mx1j/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Levtias, Elliott"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2019-12-03 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Levitas, Elliott (Interviewee)","Berman, Sandra (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eElliott Levitas was interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 3, 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eElliott Levitas was born in 1930, the youngest son born to Louis and Ida Goldstein Levitas. He had an older brother, Theodore. He attended Boys High School and was in the first graduating class at Henry Grady High School in Atlanta. He received his undergraduate and law degree from Emory University. Levitas was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University in England, where he obtained a Master of Law Degree. He also served two years in the US Air Force and was a member of the Judge Advocate General’s Staff.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe was admitted to the Georgia Bar Association in 1955 and began his law practice at Arnall, Golden and Gregory. Levitas became active in the Democratic party in the 1960s. In 1965, he ran for public office for the first time and was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives, where he served until 1974. He was then elected to represent Georgia’s 4th District in the U.S. House of Representatives, becoming Georgia’s first Jewish congressman. He was re-elected four times, serving in Congress until January 1985. He lost his re-election bid in November of 1984 and returned to practicing law. Levitas joined Kilpatrick \u0026amp; Cody, now Kilpatrick Townsend where he practiced law for 30 years until his retirement. He served on the plaintiff’s legal team for the landmark case Cobell v. Norton, which was a class action suit against the US government for their failure to handle Native American lands held in trust. The government settled the case for $3.4 billion, which was the largest class-action settlement against them. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLevitas was known as a political crusader who stood against racism, injustice, and environmental protection. He was active in the Atlanta Jewish Community and was a member of the Ahavath Achim Congregation. He was also active with the Anti-Defamation League. He maintained a close relationship with Emory University and annually the university’s Political Science department presents the Elliott Levitas Award to an outstanding senior. Levitas married his high school sweetheart Barbara Hillman in 1955. They had three children, Karin, Susan, and Kevin.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eElliott begins the interview by sharing details on the case name and defendants in Corbell v. Norton. He details the long-standing relationship between the Native Americans and United States Government. He discusses why the Allocation Act of 1887 came to be and the impact it had on the Native Americans. He recalls how Eloiuse Corbell discovered a larger issue with the trust accounts being paid to the Native Americans from the federal government. He recounts how he got involved in the case through a former Oxford classmate, Thaddeus Holt. Levitas discusses the early progress of the case and getting standing as a class-action lawsuit which changed the case for them.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe describes how Judge Royce Lamberth's view of the case began to change over time as more details of the government's actions became known. He mentions the government’s disrespectful attitude towards Native Americans and that it became a driving factor for him since he was also from a minority group that had been mistreated. Levitas shares how Judge Lamberth was removed from the case after his opinions were increasingly against the government, but that it did not impact the outcome of the case. He talks about the settlement that was finally reached with the government for $3.4 billion and how that impacted the Native Americans. He reflects on what being involved in this landmark case meant to him, how it changed his view of the Justice Department, and how happy he felt that the Native Americans had finally received some justice.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLevitas spoke about Elouise Cobell's reaction and how she never wavered in her determination to move forward when others had doubts. He talks about why he thinks the government was so entrenched in its position. He shares how he finally got Secretary of Interior Bruce Babbitt to finally admit the government’s fault during two days of cross-examination. He discusses the reaction of Elouise Cobell and her dying before the settlement was distributed. He recalls getting congressional approval of the settlement. He remembers what interaction he had with the individuals on the reservation and how the settlement was really needed by those on the reservation. He ends the interview by discussing the legacy of the case and how it was a highlight of his career.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29103"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Levitas, Elliott (1930-2022) (personal name)","Levitas, Barbara (b. 1934) (personal name)","Norton, Gale (b. 1954) (personal name)","Cobell, Elouise (1945-2011) (personal name)","Gingold, Dennis (b. 1949) (personal name)","Holt, Thaddeus (1929-2018) (personal name)","Lamberth, Royce (b. 1943) (personal name)","Babbitt, Bruce (b. 1938) (personal name)","Clinton, William (b. 1946) (personal name)","Washington, D.C. (geographic term)","North Dakota (geographic term)","South Dakota (geographic term)","Idaho (geographic term)","Montana (geographic term)","Arizona (geographic term)","New Mexico (geographic term)","U.S. Department of the Interior (corporate name)","Bureau of Indian Affairs (corporate name)","U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (corporate name)","U.S. Department of Justice (corporate name)","U.S. Supreme Court (corporate name)","U.S. Congress (corporate name)","Covington \u0026amp; Burling (corporate name)","Kilpatrick, Townsend \u0026amp; Stockton (corporate name)","Oxford University (corporate name)","Secretary of Interior (other)","General Allocation Act of 1887 (other)","Dawes Act of 1887 (other)","Cobell v. Norton (other)","Cobell v. Babbitt (other)","Cobell v. Salazar (other)","Blackfoot (other)","Blackfeet (other)","Native American (other)","Shabbat (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eElliott Levitas was interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 3, 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElliott Levitas was born in 1930, the youngest son born to Louis and Ida Goldstein Levitas. He had an older brother, Theodore. He attended Boys High School and was in the first graduating class at Henry Grady High School in Atlanta. He received his undergraduate and law degree from Emory University. Levitas was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University in England, where he obtained a Master of Law Degree. He also served two years in the US Air Force and was a member of the Judge Advocate General\u0026rsquo;s Staff.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe was admitted to the Georgia Bar Association in 1955 and began his law practice at Arnall, Golden and Gregory. Levitas became active in the Democratic party in the 1960s. In 1965, he ran for public office for the first time and was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives, where he served until 1974. He was then elected to represent Georgia\u0026rsquo;s 4th District in the U.S. House of Representatives, becoming Georgia\u0026rsquo;s first Jewish congressman. He was re-elected four times, serving in Congress until January 1985. He lost his re-election bid in November of 1984 and returned to practicing law. Levitas joined Kilpatrick \u0026amp; Cody, now Kilpatrick Townsend where he practiced law for 30 years until his retirement. He served on the plaintiff\u0026rsquo;s legal team for the landmark case Cobell v. Norton, which was a class action suit against the US government for their failure to handle Native American lands held in trust. The government settled the case for $3.4 billion, which was the largest class-action settlement against them.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLevitas was known as a political crusader who stood against racism, injustice, and environmental protection. He was active in the Atlanta Jewish Community and was a member of the Ahavath Achim Congregation. He was also active with the Anti-Defamation League. He maintained a close relationship with Emory University and annually the university\u0026rsquo;s Political Science department presents the Elliott Levitas Award to an outstanding senior. Levitas married his high school sweetheart Barbara Hillman in 1955. They had three children, Karin, Susan, and Kevin.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElliott begins the interview by sharing details on the case name and defendants in Corbell v. Norton. He details the long-standing relationship between the Native Americans and United States Government. He discusses why the Allocation Act of 1887 came to be and the impact it had on the Native Americans. He recalls how Eloiuse Corbell discovered a larger issue with the trust accounts being paid to the Native Americans from the federal government. He recounts how he got involved in the case through a former Oxford classmate, Thaddeus Holt. Levitas discusses the early progress of the case and getting standing as a class-action lawsuit which changed the case for them.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe describes how Judge Royce Lamberth's view of the case began to change over time as more details of the government's actions became known. He mentions the government\u0026rsquo;s disrespectful attitude towards Native Americans and that it became a driving factor for him since he was also from a minority group that had been mistreated. Levitas shares how Judge Lamberth was removed from the case after his opinions were increasingly against the government, but that it did not impact the outcome of the case. He talks about the settlement that was finally reached with the government for $3.4 billion and how that impacted the Native Americans. He reflects on what being involved in this landmark case meant to him, how it changed his view of the Justice Department, and how happy he felt that the Native Americans had finally received some justice.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLevitas spoke about Elouise Cobell's reaction and how she never wavered in her determination to move forward when others had doubts. He talks about why he thinks the government was so entrenched in its position. He shares how he finally got Secretary of Interior Bruce Babbitt to finally admit the government\u0026rsquo;s fault during two days of cross-examination. He discusses the reaction of Elouise Cobell and her dying before the settlement was distributed. He recalls getting congressional approval of the settlement. He remembers what interaction he had with the individuals on the reservation and how the settlement was really needed by those on the reservation. He ends the interview by discussing the legacy of the case and how it was a highlight of his career.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/186/622/small/Levitas_Elliott.mp4_1683243015.jpg?1683243019","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Levitas_Elliott.mp4"]},"duration":2467.554,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/186/622/small/Levitas_Elliott.mp4_1683243015.jpg?1683243019","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/186/622/original/Levitas_Elliott.mp4?1683243011","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2467.554,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Levitas, Elliott [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is December 3, 2019. My name is Sandra Berman. I am here with\nElliott Levitas, who has agreed to participate in the Esther and Herbert Taylor\nOral History Project for the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. I'm so\npleased that . . . we have this opportunity to interview you about this really\nlandmark case the Cobell v. Babbitt, but then it changes to other names.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVITAS: Yes, the original name in the case I don't think was Babbitt. I'll\nthink of it in a minute. But the defendant, the principal defendant, there were\na number of defendants, but the principal defendant was the Secretary of\nInterior, whoever she or he was. [Gale] Norton was the other one that I couldn't\nthink of. She was Secretary of Interior. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because the Department of Interior,\nsince the very beginning, since the early 19th century, was the department in\nthe federal government that had jurisdiction over Indians. The Bureau of Indian\nAffairs is located in the Interior Department.\n\nBERMAN: To begin with, you said, and I reread ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the particulars of the case, that\nthis case changed your feelings about government. I want to know initially what\nwas the case all about.\n\nLEVITAS: The case was about a system that had to do with property owned by\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Native Americans. When the English and the Europeans came to this continent. Of\ncourse, there were Native Americans here. Over a period of many years, the\nEuropeans actually occupied and took the land that belonged to the Native\nAmericans. First on the East Coast and then later ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"major opportunities of taking\nit in the Midwest and in the far West. That's where we got our system of\nreservations. But in the 1880s, there was a movement in the liberal quarters and\nthe intellectual quarters. The universities, Harvard [and] Yale ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that [the]\nIndians needed their land back that it was their land. In the 1880s, Congress\npassed several pieces of legislation, one of which was the Allocation Act of\n188[7]. What that act did is it took 100 million acres, 99 million acres of\nIndian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"land, which now the United States own, and cut it up into allotments.\n[It] redistributed those allotments to the Native American individuals.\nIndividuals own those. But the government, at that time in the 1880s, were\nconvinced that the Indians couldn't manage their own land. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From their point of\nview, to do them a favor, [the Native Americans] didn't see it that way. But to\ndo them a favor, the government took the land that they had just distributed,\ntook it back and said, \"We're going to hold it in trust for you.\" That created\nthis vast individual Indian monetary trust that we're talking about. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hundreds of\nmillions of acres of land. Gas, oil, minerals, timber, agriculture. While the\nIndian own the land, and since he was the beneficiary of the trust, [the]\ngovernment officials actually administered the money and administered the land.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From day one the system was mismanaged. I'd say that, but I'm not the one who's\nthe authority. The judge who decided this case said it was mismanaged from day\none. Mismanagement meant not really accounting for the money. An accounting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is\nthe first duty of a trustee but they never accounted for it. The records were\neither destroyed or left in sheds in the weather that you couldn't get to them\nbecause of the weather. They had deteriorated and there was no way really to do\nan accounting. For years the Indians knew they were being mistreated. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But they\nonly knew how to do it one day at a time, one individual at a time. For the\nindividual to sue the federal government was a very difficult, if not impossible\ntask. He could sue and maybe recover something. But you have the vast government\nagainst one Indian who might . . . not be that sophisticated. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This went on for\nmany years. Finally, this woman, Elouise Cobell. She was a Blackfeet Indian\nwoman from northern [Montana]. Right where Canada comes in, the Blackfeet were a\nmajor tribe. Her father was a war chief. But she was the first person in her\nfamily ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go to school, to go to college. She went to a community college, took\naccounting and business. [She] came back to the reservation, looked at what they\nhad for trust accounts and said, \"This isn't right. Something's wrong here.\"\nShe, at the same time, had opened the only Native American bank in the\nreservation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She had this bank and because it was a federally regulated bank,\nshe became acquainted with one of the Federal Reserve lawyers whose name is\nDennis Gingold. Gingold worked with her on the bank. When she went to him and\nsaid, \"I've been looking at these trust accounts and there's something really\nbad.\" One month they'll get a check for . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$190, the next month $50, the next\nmonth $60, the next month $300. The next month $10. She says, \"This can't be\nright and we need to do something about it. Because we know we've been winning\none at a time, these little lawsuits. But that's not getting us anywhere.\"\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dennis Gingold had worked with a banking lawyer, whose name was Thaddeus Holt\nfrom Alabama. Thaddeus Holt was with one of the major law firms, Covington \u0026\nBurling in Washington [D.C.], and was an outstanding lawyer. He and Dennis said,\n\"Let's see if we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could bring a class action.\" Thad Holt and I had been friends\nfor many years. We were in college together at Oxford. We were classmates, and\nhad maintained a friendship. Thad, who is an outstanding lawyer, instinctively\nknew that if they were going to go to a class action from this one by one,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're going to need a heck of a lot more legal assistance. He came and asked\nme if I would join the group. I said I would, but only with the understanding\nthat I could use the resources of my law firm, Kilpatrick Townsend [\u0026] Stockton.\nWhich was a major law firm with a lot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of people who were knowledgeable about\nlitigation, about accounting, about real estate. Thad and Dennis said, \"No, they\ndidn't want to work with a big law firm.\" They'd been in big firms, and that's\nnot what they wanted. They'd have to work with me, and I said, \"Okay. But you\nunderstand I'm going to work with them. Eventually, you're going to come to like\nthem and you'll want to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work with them to.\" Anyway, get over that now, I joined\nthe team. We prepared for the trial. They'd been depositions, preliminary\nhearings on motions. It started with 1996, the government's first reaction is\nyou can't sue the government. They disposed of that. The next one, you can't sue\nthe government behind an Indian program. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Got past that. Then finally, the judge\nwho was very reluctant, he didn't want to get in this case. He had a reputation\nof being a very conservative curmudgeon.\n\nBERMAN: What was his name?\n\nLEVITAS: He . . . What's that?\n\nBERMAN: What was his name?\n\nLEVITAS: Royce Lamberth. Judge Royce Lamberth. He's very conservative judge,\nsuppose to be a good judge, but very conservative. Very conservative. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But he\ntook the case. The first major decision was there was a class action. Bang, that\nchanged the whole landscape. Now we can sue on behalf of between 300 and 500,000\nNative Americans. We could bring in accounting research resources. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Price\nWaterhouse, big accounting companies. We could do the discovery that was needed\nto get the facts. We then went before Royce Lamberth, there was a trial. In that\ntrial, we needed to prove, the government had argued that, number one this\nreally isn't a trust. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a government program and you can't ask for an\naccounting of a government program. You can ask for an accounting for a trust,\nbut not for a government program. That was their first argument. Secondly, you\ncan't sue the government. Period. Sovereign immunity it's called. Third, even if\nyou could, you cannot prove the mismanagement. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You . . . don't have the records\nto establish the accounting that you're suing for. You're suing for something\nthat can't be done. Those were some of the arguments. Anyway, we went to battle\nin court. The court at first was very skeptical of our position. But he more and\nmore began to understand how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"viciously the Indians had been treated. It was not\nunusual for me, when I was talking to somebody in the Interior Department about\nthese people live from hand to mouth. If you don't get them their trust money\neach month, they're in serious shape. In the wintertime, they have to ride as\nmuch as 150 miles ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on horseback to get to the agency to collect the money. If\nthey got there at five minutes after four, the door was closed so that you had\nto come back the next day. They were just being treated in that way. When I used\nto talk about this with some of the officials, they were busy doing other things\nas well. They would say, this is very important to hear what they said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"They\nwere just Indians.\" That reveals the mindset. Coming from a minority group\nmyself. Being mistreated, . . . the Jews were mistreated, to think that the\npeople in official positions doing that would say it doesn't matter, they just\nJews. That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was one of the things that was motivating and driving me in this\ncase. Anyway, the case went on for 16 years. We got a trial. Trial began in . .\n. the trial itself began about 1995, I think. No, 2000. [speaks to his wife,\nBarbara off camera] Babs when did you come up there?\n\nLEVITAS, BARBARA: I don't remember. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I've got all your papers here so you can\nadd that in later.\n\nLEVITAS: We got to all of the witnesses . . .\n\nLEVITAS, BARBARA: The case was filed June 10th, 1996, in the U.S. District Court\nfor the District of Columbia.\n\nLEVITAS: [That] didn't say when the trial began.\n\nLEVITAS, BARBARA: No. It says the case was filed.\n\nLEVITAS: But the main thing is that when the trial came, the government put on\ntheir witnesses trying to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"show that they had done a good job. The best you could\ndo. We may not have been able to do everything because we couldn't, but we\nreally worked hard and we can't be held liable for that. By this time, Judge\nLamberth, who was conservative, skeptical about our case, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had been listening to\nall this testimony. He flipped and he became such an advocate for the Indians.\nHe . . . got so angry with the government that he began to write opinions in\nmany of his rulings. Which . . . sounded tougher and more aggressive than what\nthe Indians lawyers were writing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He came down on them. He said, \"He had thought\nthe age of colonialism was over, but it's still with us.\" He became passionate\nabout the Indians, so much so that the government finally removed him as judge\nand put in another judge. But by that time the die was cast. The other judge was\nnot hostile. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He wasn't as favorable as Lamberth, but the die was cast. With the\nfinal judge, we got a decision that said that we were right. Based on that, the\ngovernment realized that their exposure if we went much further would have been\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the billions and billions, billions of dollars estimated about $99 billion.\nIt would have taken . . . We'd still be working on the case if that was true. We\nnegotiated a settlement with the Interior Department. The largest settlement in\nthe history of the United States on a suit against the government, $3.4 billion,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be distributed to the individual Indian trusts. Another part of it, a large\nchunk of it, was devoted to creating the first Indian college scholarship\nprogram. These young men and women from the reservation could have an\nopportunity to participate in the fullness ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of American society. That was the\nsettlement of the case. Even today, we're still having issues about paying out\nthe money because there were so many people, nobody was sure they were in the\nlist who were entitled. They are still today, working that out. But the case is\nover. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a major historic victory for the Native Americans.\n\nBERMAN: What does being on that case, being a part of this historical landmark\ncase, what does that mean to you?\n\nLEVITAS: It makes me feel, I think I said after the case was over. It made me\nfeel better about the government ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than I had during the course of this trial. The\ngovernment was acting like an unethical ambulance chasing lawyer. This is the\nfederal government, the Justice Department. I had always viewed the Justice\nDepartment and even our government with great respect and awe. The lawyers who\nworked for them were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who [I] had always been impressed [by]. I begin to\nsee these people as hacks, who were only interested in winning the point and not\nseeing justice done. They were fighting to resist having justice done. To have a\njudge come in and say you need an accounting. When the judge finally made that\nruling and I've told you how the Indians ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reacted to it. My reaction was, I not\nonly felt so happy for these Indians because of what they were going to now be\nable to get, materially. But I felt so happy for them because, as they said,\n\"This is the first time our government has ever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"given us justice.\" And that's a\ngreat feeling, over 100 years.\n\nBERMAN: What was Elouise's reaction? What was Elouise Cobell's reaction to victory?\n\nLEVITAS: What was [that]?\n\nBERMAN: What did Elouise Cobell . . . say when she heard about the settlement?\n\nLEVITAS: Elouise ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was ecstatic. If you go out in Indian country today, the name\nElouise Cobell would be very familiar to almost any Indian you come across. She\nbecame an iconic figure in Indian country and she deserves to be. She not only\nrealized the injustice and undertook to do something ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about it. But every\nroadblock that could be placed in her way, she had to move. People who she had\nsupporting her would become discouraged and want to go back to their farms or\ndaily lives. Elouise was the cheerleader that got them inspired to come back.\nWhen we would have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strategy sessions with our legal team. It wasn't just\nlawyers, it was Elouise. There were times decisions had to be made. Do we take,\nthey're offering us this, instead of shooting for that? Which you think we ought\nto do? Elouise was the one who made the call. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Almost always said, \"We're going\nfor what we're entitled to.\" She always had a, I give her credit for this. She\nalways believed that the Indian case, the position that we were litigating would\nultimately prevail and it did. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now it's interesting. I don't want to get too\nmuch in the technical weeds, but even after we won the case, because of the\nnature of the award made by the government, billions of dollars. We had to get\ntwo bills passed through Congress in order to ratify the settlement and\nauthorize its implementation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went from struggling through this judicial\nmarathon of 16 years and then found ourselves at the starting line of another\npotential long-term battle because anything that goes to Congress is going to be\ncontroversial. This was controversial because it was a lot of money. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was\nsomething that the government never really wanted to do. They had other uses for\nthe funds. It was an embarrassment. Then, as I said before, they were just Indians.\n\nBERMAN: Why do you think the government was so entrenched in their position?\n\nLEVITAS: I can tell you my opinion. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not really an expert on it, but I was\nclose enough to it. From about 1828 on up until the present day, the Bureau of\nIndian Affairs was the principal interface in Indian country. Some of the things\nthese people did. You really wouldn't even believe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they treated the Indian so\nbadly, so disrespectfully. It was a culture. Even I found a culture within the\nBureau of Indian Affairs and to a certain extent, even in the Interior\nDepartment itself, that did not treat the Indians as if they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"equal\ncitizens. They were looked down upon as a second class group. They really didn't\ncare. That was reflected even during the course of the presentations to the\ncourt as witnesses by many of these people. I think I sent you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an article about\nmy cross-examination of Bruce Babbitt, which was a turning point in the whole\ncase. Bruce Babbitt, Secretary of Interior. A very brilliant man. In fact, he\nwas considered by [Bill] Clinton for appointment to the Supreme Court, and had a\nvery good reputation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But when he was called to testify and I had to\ncross-examine him. Even Bruce Babbitt demonstrated this resistance. It was part\nof the culture of the Interior Department. He wouldn't say what needed to be\nsaid. I cross-examined him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for three days. Barbara was there. I was so happy\nthat she came up to Washington. Not for that, but it just happened. For three\ndays I cross-examined him. On the second day, it was Friday afternoon and I\nthink it's a religious principle for the government that they don't work on\nShabbat. They decided to work on Shabbat on this occasion. On Saturday morning,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we got back before the judge early in the morning, picked up the examination.\nAbout halfway through the morning, late morning. Babbitt and I had been going\nback and forth. That's that picture you see. [points to a photo] He finally\nturned to me. First, he said, \"Mr. Levitas, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't like being cross-examined by\nlawyers.\" I said, \"I'm sorry for that but that's what we have to do here today.\"\nI went on for a few minutes and then he said, \"Okay. I'll give you what you\nwant. Here it is. My name is Bruce Babbitt. I'm the Secretary of Interior. I'm\nin charge of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is an Indian individual money\ntrust that exists and we are not fulfilling our fiduciary duties to the\nbeneficiaries of that trust.\" At which point Judge Lamberth leaned over [phone\nrings] and said, \"Mr. Levitas, I think you're there.\" I turn and said, I thank\nyour honor, I rest.\" It was very dramatic.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Could we, because the phone rang. The phone rang at the worst possible\ntime when you were saying that. Can you repeat that last part?\n\nLEVITAS: I can't remember it, help me.\n\nBERMAN: You said it was the third day of examination and Bruce Babbitt finally\ngave you what you wanted.\n\nLEVITAS: Bruce Babbitt first told me he didn't like being cross-examined. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I\nassured him . . . [they] wanted me to repeat it, Babs.\n\nLEVITAS, BARBARA: I want you to tell what he actually said to you.\n\nLEVITAS: [He said,] \"I've had enough. I'll give you what you all. My name is\nBruce Babbitt. I'm Secretary of Interior. As such, I'm in charge of the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"individual Indian monetary trust and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. I'm the\ntrustee of this trust. The United States is the trustee of this trust, and we\nare not fulfilling our fiduciary duties to the Indians.\"\n\nBERMAN: Did you just breathe a sigh of relief?\n\nLEVITAS: Yes\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: How did you feel at that moment?\n\nLEVITAS: I got the message from the judge who leaned over the bench and said,\n\"Mr. Levitas, I think you're there.\" Which told me I [should] stop talking,\nwhich I did.\n\nBERMAN: What was the reaction in the courtroom?\n\nLEVITAS: I don't know, what was it Babs. I was . . . You were there.\n\nLEVITAS, BARBARA: Sigh of relief from a lot of big happy . . . faces, smiling.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did you keep in contact with any of the American Indians who you . . . ?\n\nLEVITAS: Some of the . . .\n\nBERMAN: The defendant.\n\nLEVITAS: Elouise Cobell, unfortunately, died of cancer. But she died after she\nknew it was all going to go forward. She didn't actually see it happen. I have\nlikened when people ask me about that, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Elouise was a lot like Moses. She started\nthis exodus from depravity and being scorned into mainstream. From being\noppressed by the government to beginning to get some justice from the\ngovernment. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was, as I would say, she knew we'd won the case . . . The\nlegislation hadn't passed. But she had climbed the mountain, looked over into\nthat promised land. She saw it. She knew it was going to be good. She died.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did you visit any of the reservations where some of the funds finally\nwent to?\n\nLEVITAS: I did some. The other lawyers on our team spent a lot of time in the\nreservations, trying to help them find evidence that could show they were\nbeneficiaries of the trust. Or explain to them how they could go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about getting\ntheir proportionate distribution from the recovery. Another thing that was\ninteresting, by the way, after the trial, and then we had to take on Congress.\nFortunately, because of my experience in Congress, we avoided about three major\ntraps, death traps. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the end we were able to get the approval of Congress, I\nthink overwhelmingly. But that was another fight we had to testify to explain\nthe rulings of the court. It was a saga. It is a real saga.\n\nBERMAN: How long did [it] take to get Congress's approval?\n\nLEVITAS: From the time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we started, a little over two years.\n\nBERMAN: Have you heard from any of the individuals who ended up getting the\nfunds about how it has changed their lives?\n\nLEVITAS: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Can you tell some of those stories?\n\nLEVITAS: Most of them live in North [Dakota], South Dakota, Idaho, Montana,\nArizona, New Mexico. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are a few who live around here. I would not have\nclose contact. They would have to come to Washington, for example, during the\ncongressional hearings, or they would come to get some advice about what to do.\nI've come across them. Aside from being really overjoyed about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting this\nmoney. These are not casino Indians. These are dirt-farm Indians. They needed\nthis money on a daily basis. They had the same kind of reaction you or I would\nhave if we were in financial straits, and all of a sudden we got some money to\nhelp us out of them. That was one thing. That was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost inevitably going to be\nthe case. But the other is the fact that they stood a little bit taller. Because\nnow they were pretty much like other Americans. As they said, \"It was the first\ntime they'd gotten justice from their government.\"\n\nBERMAN: When you look back on your career, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was this one of the highlights?\n\nLEVITAS: No question, it would be one of the highest of any lawyer's career, not\njust mine. This is a landmark case. American jurisprudence for a variety of\nreasons, some of which I'm not going to bother you with because they are legal\nissues that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were resolved. But those legal issues are now a new part of American\njurisprudence. They had a tremendous impact on the law. The other is the\nhistoric aspect of it. If you go back and look, there are many books on this.\nCollege classes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teaching Indian history in America and what happened during the\nvarious phases of colonization, of harmonization, of conflict, of conquest, of\nreservations. This was another one, the Cobell era will be the Cobell era in\ntheir history.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Another part of this, when you look back and you think about what you\nsaid earlier that here you were, a Jewish boy from Georgia ending up with this\nlandmark case with the American Indians. Did you in your wildest dreams, did you\never think something like this would come to pass?\n\nLEVITAS: Never would have dreamed it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ever. My friendship with Thad Holt. Who\nis, if not the best lawyer I've ever known, one of the best. His work with\nGingold, who was a very knowledgeable banking lawyer, which we needed. Our team\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was fortunate to have the different talents we each had. As I predicted after\nabout six months of my being the interface between Gingold and Holt and my\nKilpatrick Townsend colleagues, our legal team just embraced them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We brought\nthe firm into the case. At one time, this is a vast case by the way, I can't\ntell you how vast. But in the district court building in Washington, they had to\nhave a special room just to keep files of this case. To give you some idea of\nits magnitude. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But at one point in this case, I counted. Some did just a little\nbit. Some did more. But we had 150 lawyers engaged in the case in one form or another.\n\nBERMAN: It's unbelievable and it's an unbelievable story. I'm so thrilled that\nyou agreed to tell it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/transcript/43182/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to thank you very much for participating. Thank you.\n\nLEVITAS: You're welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2460.0,2490.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSandra Katz \"Sandy\" Berman is an American archivist. A native of Cleveland, Ohio, she was the founding archivist of the Cleveland Jewish Archives. She later moved to Atlanta, Georgia, and in 1985 became the founding archivist of the Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. During her 28-year tenure at the Breman, she co-curated multiple exhibitions and expanded the scope of the museum to include collections from Jewish communities throughout Georgia and surrounding states. She is the interviewer for many of the oral histories that can be found in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Foundation was founded in 1983 and is administered by the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta. The Foundation supports the Oral History Project at the Breman Museum in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta celebrates and commemorates Jewish history, culture, and art through events and museum spaces. The Breman also contains the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, which houses thousands of manuscripts, oral histories, and photograph collections, related to southern Jewish history and the Holocaust. This interview of Perry Brickman is one of those transcripts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCobell v. Babbitt, which became known as Cobell v. Norton in 2001 and finally Cobell v. Salazarb, was a class-action lawsuit filed in federal court on June 10, 1996. The case forced the federal government to account for billions of dollars that belonged to approximately 500,000 Native Americans and their ancestors and held in trust since the late 19th century. The case also brought permanent reform to the system. The case was settled for $3.4 billion in 2009, $1.4 billion allocated to be paid to plaintiffs and $2 billion allocated to repurchase fractionated land interests from those distributed under the Dawes Act and return it to the reservations and communal tribal ownership. It also created a scholarship fund of $60 million for Native American and Alaska Native students. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Secretary of Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior, which is responsible for the management and conservation of most federal land and the natural resources. The secretary serves on and appoints the private citizens on the National Park Foundation Board. They are a member of the United States Cabinet and reports to the President.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGale Norton (b. 1954) is an American politician and attorney. She served as the 48th US Secretary of the Interior under President George W. Bush from 2001-2006. She previously served as the Attorney General of Colorado from 1991-1999.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Department of the Interior is a federal agency that oversees the management and conservation of most federal land and the natural resources. The agencies under the department include the Bureau of Land Management, the United States Geological Survey, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the National Park Services. It was created on March 3, 1849.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Bureau of Indian Affairs is a federal agency with the Department of the Interior. The agency was formed in March 1824 and is one of the oldest federal agencies. It is responsible for implementing federal laws and policies related to Native Americans and Alaska Natives. It administers and manages of 55,700,000 acres of reservation held in trust by the United States federal government for indigenous tribes. The agency also works with tribal governments to help administer law enforcement and justice, promote development of agriculture, infrastructure, the economy, enhance tribal government, assist in managing natural resources, and advance the quality of life for tribal communities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1870 to 1900 there was a departure from earlier government policies towards the Native Americans. Policies that were once focused on removal, treaties, reservations, and war were replaced by policies that focused on breaking up the reservations and granting land allotments to individual Native Americans, encouraging them to take up agriculture on the lands. It was believed that these actions would encourage the Native Americans to take up “White” ways, be responsible for their own farms, and give up their “Indian” ways.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was found in 1636 and was named for its first benefactor, a Puritan clergyman John Harvard. It is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYale University is an Ivy League private university located in New Haven, Connecticut. It was established in 1701 as the Collegiate School and became known as Yale in 1718. It is the third-oldest university in the United States and considered one the most prestigious in the world. The Yale Divinity School was established in 1822.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe General Allocation Act of 1887, also known as the Dawes Act of 1887, allowed for the division of Native American lands into allotments for Native American heads of families and individuals. The goal was to convert traditional systems of land tenure into a government-imposed system of private property by forcing Native Americans to assume capitalism and propriety relationship didn’t exist in the Native culture. The act became the most disastrous legislation passed by Congress, in regard to, the Native Americans. It weakened the social structure of the tribes, made it difficult for nomadic Native Americans to adjust to agricultural existence, swindled some out of their lands, and allowed the federal government to sell any “surplus” land to white settlers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElouise Cobell/Yellow Bird Woman (1945-2011) was a Blackfoot tribal elder, activist, banker, rancher, and the lead plaintiff in the class-action lawsuit Cobell v. Norton. Her actions challenged the United States mismanagement of trust funds that belonged to over 500,000 Native Americans. A negotiated settlement of $3.4 billion was reached in 2009 and Congress passed a bill in 2010 that appropriated the settlement of the funds. A $60 million scholarship fund was established from the settlement and the scholarship was named the Cobell Education Scholarship in her honor. After a short battle with cancer, she died on October 16, 2011. In 2016, President Barack Obama presented a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom to her son Turk Cobell for her work on behalf of Native Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlackfeet or Blackfoot are a North American Indian tribe of three closely related bands. The Piegan or Piikuni; the Blood or Kainah, and the Siksiak or Blackfoot proper (often referred to as the Northern Blackfoot). They were originally residents of the northern Plains, particularly Montana, Idaho, and Alberta, Canada. The name Blackfoot is more commonly used in Canada and Blackfeet in the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Federal Reserve System‍ (‌also known as the Federal Reserve or simply as the “Fed‍”) ‌is the central banking system of the United States. The Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta is one of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks that, together with the Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., make up the Federal Reserve System. The Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank serves the Sixth Federal Reserve District, which consists of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDennis Gingold (b. 1949) is a lawyer in Washington D.C. He was the lead attorney for the plaintiffs in the Cobell v. Norton lawsuit. He is currently a partner at Gingold Guilder LLP.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThaddeus Holt (1929-2018) was a native of Birmingham, Alabama. He graduated from Oxford and Harvard Law School. He was one of the attorneys that represented the plaintiffs in the Corbell v. Norton case, the largest class action lawsuit against the US Government. He also worked for the Pentagon, the Corporation of Public Broadcasting and was the author of the book “The Deceivers.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCovington \u0026amp; Burling is a law firm in Washington D.C. It was founded by Judge J. Harry Covington and Edward B. Burling on January 1, 1919. It is now a multinational law firm with offices across the world\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington D.C. is the United States capital. The city sits on the Potomac River and borders Maryland and Virginia. The city is home to the three branches of the federal government including the the Capitol, the White House, and the Supreme Court. It is also home to various well-known museums and performing arts venues such as the Kennedy Center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Oxford is a research university located in Oxford, England. It is believe that teaching began at Oxford in 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the second oldest university in continuous operation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKilpatrick Townsend \u0026amp; Stockton is an international law firm based in Atlanta, Georgia. The firm has 22 offices around the United States, Japan, China and Sweden. It is known for its intellectual property practice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRoyce Lamberth (b. 1943) is currently a senior judge of the US District Court for the District of Columbia. He received his law degree from the University of Texas and served as a captain in the US Army Judge Advocate General’s Corps. He was nominated by President Regan in 1987 for the US District Court in D.C. and confirmed by the US Senate in November 1987. He is known for presiding over Corbell v. Norton, the class action lawsuit brought by the Native Americans against the US Department of Interior for mismanaging a trust meant for their benefit. Lamberth repeatedly rule for the Native Americans and many of his opinions condemned the government and found the Interior Secretaries Gale Norton and Bruce Babbitt in contempt of court for their handling of the case. The appellate court overturned several of his rulings on the case. The federal government eventually petitioned the Court of Appeals to remove him, claiming he was too biased to continue. The Court of Appeals sided with the government, and he was removed from the case in July 2006.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrice Waterhouse is an accounting firm founded in London, England in 1849 by Samuel Lowell Price. In 1865, Price formed a partnership with Williams Hopkins Holyland and Edwin Waterhouse. After Holyland left the firm became known as Price Waterhouse. They opened an office in New York City in 1890, which continued to grow the company. In 1998, Price Waterhouse and Coopers \u0026amp; Lybrand merged to form PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSovereign immunity is a legal doctrine whereby federal governments and states cannot commit a legal wrong and therefore cannot be sued without its consent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe class-action lawsuit was filed in US federal court on June 10, 1996 and proceedings in the case continued for the next 13 years. The case was settled in 2009 with the federal government agreeing to pay $3.4 billion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePolitically conservatism is a political and social philosophy that focuses on limited government, individualism, republicanism, and limited federal governmental power in relation to the US states.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJudge Lamberth was removed from the case in July 2006 by the US Court of Appeals in the District of Columbia Circuit. The federal government claimed, and the court agreed that Lamberth had lost his objectivity in the case. He had repeatedly ruled for the Native Americans and his opinions condemned the government's actions. He also found the Interior secretaries Gale Norton and Bruce Babbitt in contempt of court for their handling of the case. The appellate court reversed Lamberth several times, including the contempt charge against Norton. The case was reassigned to Judge James Robertson on December 7, 2006.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe case was settled for $3.4 billion in 2009, $1.4 billion allocated to be paid to plaintiffs and $2 billion allocated to repurchase fractionated land interests from those distributed under the Dawes Act and return it to the reservations and communal tribal ownership. It also created a scholarship fund of $60 million for Native American and Alaska Native students. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Department of Justice or the Justice Department is the federal executive department of the US government. It is tasked with overseeing the enforcement of federal laws and administration of justice. It was founded in 1870 by President U.S. Grant and is overseen the US Attorney General, which is a cabinet position.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe settlement was reached in the lawsuit on December 8, 2009. In 2010, Congress passed the Claims Resolution Act of 2010, which provided $3.4 billion for the settlement of Cobell v. Norton or Cobell v. Salazar. President Obama signed the bill in December 2010. In 2011, the Secretary of the Interior created the National Commission on Indian Trust Administration and Reform to evaluate the Indian trust system.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBruce Babbitt (b. 1938) is an American attorney and politician. He served as the 47th US Secretary of the Interior from 1993-2001. He previously served as the Attorney General of Arizona from 1975-1978 and Governor of Arizona from 1978-1987. President Bill Clinton did consider nominating him to the Supreme Court when vacancies arose in 1993 and 1994.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Jefferson Clinton (b. 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States. He served from 1993 to 2001. He was a Democrat. Clinton was impeached in his second term. He faced charges of perjury and obstruction of justice in December 1998-February 1999, but was acquitted. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the United States of America. Because of this, the Court leads the Judicial Branch of the United States Federal Government. It is the only U.S. court established by the United States Constitution. Its decisions are supposed to be followed by all other courts in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew) or\u003cem\u003e Shabbos \u003c/em\u003e(Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLevitas is referring to the Native Americans who receive benefits from their tribes that operate gambling enterprises on tribal land, which are sovereign and self-governed lands. These gambling enterprises receive immunity from direction regulation from individual states. Some tribal nations have been used the income to improve conditions for their members.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLevitas is referring to Native American’s who are trying to farm on poor land and without any hired help.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/annotation_set/1038/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmerican jurisprudence is the study, knowledge, or science of American law. It is commonly called the philosophy of law in the US.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2250.0,2280.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Levitas, Elliott [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Provides background on the Corbell v. Norton case","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=32.0,108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the defendant, the principal defendant, there were a number of defendants, but the principal defendant was the Secretary of Interior, whoever she or he was.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=32.0,108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Babbitt, Bruce","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bureau of Indian Affairs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cobell v. Norton","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Corbell v. Babbitt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Department of the Interior","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Native Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Norton, Gale","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Secretary of Interior","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=32.0,108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Explains what the case was about","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=108.0,544.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The universities, Harvard [and] Yale that [the] Indians needed their land back that it was their land. In the 1880s, Congress passed several pieces of legislation, one of which was the Allocation Act of 188[7]. What that act did is it took 100 million acres, 99 million acres of Indian land, which now the United States own, and cut it up into allotments. [It] redistributed those allotments to the Native American individuals.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=108.0,544.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allocation Act of 1887","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Blackfeet Indian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Blackfoot Indian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cobell, Elouise","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dawes Act of 1887","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europeans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Federal Government","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gingold, Dennis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harvard","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holt, Thaddeus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Land","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Native Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yale","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=108.0,544.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How he got involved in the case","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=544.0,637.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thad, who is an outstanding lawyer, instinctively knew that if they were going to go to a class action from this one by one, they're going to need a heck of a lot more legal assistance. He came and asked me if I would join the group.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=544.0,637.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Class Action Lawsuit","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gingold, Dennis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holt, Thaddeus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oxford University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=544.0,637.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early stages of the lawsuit and getting to trial","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=637.0,910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first major decision was there was a class action. Bang, that changed the whole landscape. Now we can sue on behalf of between 300 and 500,000 Native Americans. We could bring in accounting research resources. Price Waterhouse, big accounting companies. We could do the discovery that was needed to get the facts.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=637.0,910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conservative","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Department of the Interior","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Depositions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lamberth, Royce","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Native Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sovereign Immunity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=637.0,910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The trial and Judge Lamberth is removed from the case","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=910.0,1062.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He flipped and he became such an advocate for the Indians. He . . . got so angry with the government that he began to write opinions in many of his rulings. Which . . . sounded tougher and more aggressive than what the Indians lawyers were writing. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=910.0,1062.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Colonialism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lamberth, Royce","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Native Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trial","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"U.S. District Court of Washington D.C.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=910.0,1062.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Government settles the case","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1062.0,1175.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He wasn't as favorable as Lamberth, but the die was cast. With the final judge, we got a decision that said that we were right. Based on that, the government realized that their exposure if we went much further would have been in the billions and billions, billions of dollars estimated about $99 billion.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1062.0,1175.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"College Scholarship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Department of the Interior","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indian Trusts","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lamberth, Royce","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Native Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1062.0,1175.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What the case meant to him","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1175.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the judge finally made that ruling and I've told you how the Indians reacted to it. My reaction was, I not only felt so happy for these Indians because of what they were going to now be able to get, materially.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1175.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Federal Government","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Native Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Settlement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1175.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Elouise Cobell's reaction","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1317.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Elouise was ecstatic. If you go out in Indian country today, the name Elouise Cobell would be very familiar to almost any Indian you come across. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1317.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cobell, Elouise","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Litigation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Native Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1317.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Approval from Congress","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1440.0,1522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want to get too much in the technical weeds, but even after we won the case, because of the nature of the award made by the government, billions of dollars. We had to get two bills passed through Congress in order to ratify the settlement and authorize its implementation.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1440.0,1522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Native Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Settlement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"U.S. Congress","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1440.0,1522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Entrenchment of the government's view and Babbitt admitting mistake","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1522.0,1926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A very brilliant man. In fact, he was considered by [Bill] Clinton for appointment to the Supreme Court, and had a very good reputation. But when he was called to testify and I had to cross-examine him. Even Bruce Babbitt demonstrated this resistance. It was part of the culture of the Interior Department.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1522.0,1926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Babbitt, Bruce","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bureau of Indian Affairs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Clinton, Bill","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Department of the Interior","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Native Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington D.C.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1522.0,1926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Elouise Cobell's death","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1926.0,2005.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But she died after she knew it was all going to go forward. She didn't actually see it happen. I have likened when people ask me about that, Elouise was a lot like Moses.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1926.0,2005.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cobell, Elouise","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moses","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Native Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"U.S. Government","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=1926.0,2005.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Visits to the reservations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2005.0,2051.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did some. The other lawyers on our team spent a lot of time in the reservations, trying to help them find evidence that could show they were beneficiaries of the trust.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2005.0,2051.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lawyers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Native Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reservations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trust Fund","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2005.0,2051.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Getting the settlement approved in Congress","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2051.0,2111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the end we were able to get the approval of Congress, I think overwhelmingly. But that was another fight we had to testify to explain the rulings of the court. It was a saga. It is a real saga","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2051.0,2111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Congressman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Settlement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"U.S. Congress","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2051.0,2111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Native American's reaction to the settlement funds","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2111.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They needed this money on a daily basis. They had the same kind of reaction you or I would have if we were in financial straits, and all of a sudden we got some money to help us out of them.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2111.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arizona","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Idaho","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montana","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Native Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New Mexico","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"North Dakota","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Settlement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"South Dakota","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2111.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Impact of the case on American law","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2218.0,2313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a landmark case. American jurisprudence for a variety of reasons, some of which I'm not going to bother you with because they are legal issues that were resolved. But those legal issues are now a new part of American jurisprudence.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2218.0,2313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cobell, Elouise","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jurisprudence","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Landmark Case","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Native Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2218.0,2313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The cases impact on him and vastness of the case","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2313.0,2467.554"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Our team was fortunate to have the different talents we each had. As I predicted after about six months of my being the interface between Gingold and Holt and my Kilpatrick Townsend colleagues, our legal team just embraced them. We brought the firm into the case.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2313.0,2467.554"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622/index/53068/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gingold, Dennis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holt, Thaddeus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lawsuit","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington D.C.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90439/file/186622#t=2313.0,2467.554"}]}]}]}