{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/9p2w37mt1q/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Pollack, Charles"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2012-01-24 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Pollack, Charles (1930-Present) (Interviewee)","Berman, Sandra (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta","Alabama Jews"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Pollack was interviewed by Sandra Berman on January 24, 2012 in Selma, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eCharles Pollack was born in Horn, Austria on August 3, 1930 to Theodore Pollatschek and Rose Bernstein Pollatschek (later Pollack). Charles came to the United States with his mother and sister Ernestine in 1939 and settled in Selma, Alabama, where he has lived for the majority of his life. He graduated from Albert G. Parrish High School in 1949. He then studied at the University of Alabama before joining the National Guard. Pollack’s unit was called to active duty in December 1950 and reported to Fort Jackson, South Carolina the following month. He was deployed to Korea as a tank commander in December 1951, arriving on the peninsula in January 1952. He was promoted to platoon sergeant on July 4, 1952. His decorations include the Korean Service Medal with Bronze Star, United Nations Service Medal, Korean War Service Medal, National Defense Service Medal, and the Army Good Conduct Medal. Following his two years of military service, Charles finished his studies at California State University under the GI Bill before returning to Selma where he joined his great uncle Harry Maring Sr.’s Southern Clothing and Notions Company. Since his retirement, Charles has served as a board member of Temple Mishkan Israel, the congregation he has been a member of since his arrival in Selma as a child.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eIn his interview, Charles discusses his family history, his family’s escape from Austria and subsequent move to the United States, growing up in Selma, and the family business. He recalls his memories of Jim Crow laws and the civil rights movement. He reflects on what it was like growing up Jewish and an immigrant in Selma. Charles shares his thoughts on the future of the Jewish community in Selma and Temple Mishkan Israel. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29010"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Pollack, Charles, 1930- (personal name)","Berman, Sandra (personal name)","Maring, Harry Sr. (personal name)","Hitler, Adolf, 1889-1945 (personal name)","Spielberg, Steven, 1946- (personal name)","Esther and Herbert Taylor Family Foundation (corporate name)","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum (corporate name)","Southern Clothing \u0026amp; Notions Company (corporate name)","Vienna Conservatory of Music (corporate name)","Temple Mishkan Israel, Selma (corporate name)","Boston Bargain (corporate name)","Eagle's Store (corporate name)","YMCA of the USA (corporate name)","Korean War, 1950-1953 (named event)","World War II, 1939-1945 (named event)","Nuremberg War Crime Trials, Nuremberg, Germany, 1946-1949 (named event)","Civil rights movement (named event)","Selma (Ala.) (geographic term)","New York (N.Y.) (geographic term)","Kovno (Lithuania) (geographic term)","Horn (Austria) (geographic term)","Vienna (Austria) (geographic term)","Melbourne (Fla.) (geographic term)","Foley (Ala.) (geographic term)","Robertsdale (Ala.) (geographic term)","New Orleans (La.) (geographic term)","Edmund Pettus Bridge (geographic term)","Displaced persons camps (topical term)","Jim Crow laws (topical term)","Hebrew school (topical term)","Confirmation (Jewish rite) (topical term)","GI Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act) (topical term)","Reparations (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Pollack was interviewed by Sandra Berman on January 24, 2012 in Selma, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCharles Pollack was born in Horn, Austria on August 3, 1930 to Theodore Pollatschek and Rose Bernstein Pollatschek (later Pollack). Charles came to the United States with his mother and sister Ernestine in 1939 and settled in Selma, Alabama, where he has lived for the majority of his life. He graduated from Albert G. Parrish High School in 1949. He then studied at the University of Alabama before joining the National Guard. Pollack\u0026rsquo;s unit was called to active duty in December 1950 and reported to Fort Jackson, South Carolina the following month. He was deployed to Korea as a tank commander in December 1951, arriving on the peninsula in January 1952. He was promoted to platoon sergeant on July 4, 1952. His decorations include the Korean Service Medal with Bronze Star, United Nations Service Medal, Korean War Service Medal, National Defense Service Medal, and the Army Good Conduct Medal. Following his two years of military service, Charles finished his studies at California State University under the GI Bill before returning to Selma where he joined his great uncle Harry Maring Sr.\u0026rsquo;s Southern Clothing and Notions Company. Since his retirement, Charles has served as a board member of Temple Mishkan Israel, the congregation he has been a member of since his arrival in Selma as a child.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn his interview, Charles discusses his family history, his family\u0026rsquo;s escape from Austria and subsequent move to the United States, growing up in Selma, and the family business. He recalls his memories of Jim Crow laws and the civil rights movement. He reflects on what it was like growing up Jewish and an immigrant in Selma. Charles shares his thoughts on the future of the Jewish community in Selma and Temple Mishkan Israel.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/172/510/small/Pollack_Charles.m4v_1670933662.jpg?1670933664","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Pollack_Charles.m4v"]},"duration":1519.702,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/172/510/small/Pollack_Charles.m4v_1670933662.jpg?1670933664","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/172/510/original/Pollack_Charles.m4v?1670933659","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1519.702,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Pollack, Charles [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . . [It is January] 24, 2012, and I'm with Charles Pollack in Selma,\nAlabama, who has agreed to participate in the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral\nHistory Project of the William Breman Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum. My\nname is Sandra Berman and I'm the archivist with the museum. I want to tell you\nhow appreciative I am that you have agreed to participate in our project.\n\nPOLLACK: I didn't know what I was getting into but go ahead . . . I'm just kidding.\n\nBERMAN: Charles, I'd like to begin by just basic information ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how your\nfamily ended up in Selma.\n\nPOLLACK: This goes back to the early 1900's. My great uncle, Harry Maring Sr.,\ncame to . . .\n\nBERMAN: How do you spell the last name?\n\nPOLLACK: M-A-R-I-N-G. He doesn't have any family left in Selma. But anyway, he\nstowed away . . . he was from Lithuania . . . he stowed away on a boat and ended\nup in New York. He worked at [a] wholesale ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house in New York. He met some of the\nwholesalers from Selma. Eventually they asked him to come to work, so he worked\nhis way from New York to Selma, Alabama. He started a business called Southern\nClothing and Notions Company . . . he and his brother-in-law Leo Maas . . . his\nfather was mayor of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Selma. I think it's his father. I know he was the mayor . .\n. I don't know, he might have been his uncle. But anyway, that's the way I ended\nup in Selma, because of him.\n\nBERMAN: How so? Can you explain?\n\nPOLLACK: He married a local girl, she was Belle Maas. They had two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children,\nHarry Maring Jr. and Esther Bell Yates. Anyway, my uncle . . . my mother's\nbrother who was living in Lithuania, in Kaunas [Kovno] . . . came for a visit.\nHe was a lawyer. This was in 1936. He came here for a visit and he liked it so\nmuch that . . . we call him Uncle Harry . . . ask him, since he liked it so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much\nhe'd love for him to come get in the business, so he did. In 1936 he moved to\nSelma and became a citizen and had quite a record, because he ended up being one\nof the lawyers in the Nuremberg Trial. He was drafted in the Army and he could\nspeak six languages. Plus, he had a law degree. Of course, the law degree was\nfrom Lithuania. But when they found out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his background, he went from a corporal\n. . . two stripes . . . to a major, just like that. He participated in the\nNuremberg Trials. All this goes back to Uncle Harry in 1902 or whatever it is.\nNow I am going to get to why I got here. Rubin, he was the one in the Army I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\ntelling you about . . . my mother's younger brother. He visited us in Horn,\nAustria. That's where I was born. In fact, he was there when my father died in\n1936. We stayed there until 1938, until Hitler took everything. My father was in\nthe trucking business and in the beer business. They just took everything. My\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother . . . what saved us . . . my mother never gave up her Lithuanian\ncitizenship. She was able to get from Horn, which was a small town in Austria,\n50 miles from Vienna [Austria] to go to . . . well, let me tell you how she\nended up from Lithuania to Horn, Austria. She was studying music in the Vienna\nConservatory of Music and that's where she met my father.\n\nBERMAN: And their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"names?\n\nPOLLACK: The original name was Pollatschek. When we came to the United States in\n1939, they thought it would be a lot easier on us if they shortened our name. So\nit went from 'Pollatschek' to 'Pollack.'\n\nBERMAN: And their first names? Your parents?\n\nPOLLACK: My father's name was Theodore and my mother's name was Rose.\n\nBERMAN: And her maiden name?\n\nPOLLACK: Was Bernstein. Rubin Bernstein. He was . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . the attorney.\n\nPOLLACK: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right. I know I'm going to lose you because I lose myself. I hadn't\nthought about a lot of this, now. You have to bear with me.\n\nBERMAN: Okay . . . Rubin, who was here in Selma, helped them get out.\n\nPOLLACK: He and my Uncle Harry, his uncle, who was my mother's uncle of course,\ntoo, because my mother's mother and Harry Maring Sr. were brother and sister. So\nthey helped us get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. We were able to get from Vienna to Lithuania. We stayed\nin Lithuania six to nine months waiting for papers to go from Lithuania to the\nUnited States. They were working on it at that time.\n\nBERMAN: It's amazing you got out.\n\nPOLLACK: It was. All my . . . my mother had . . . they were a family of six. Her\nthree sisters and mother and daddy were all in the gas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chambers.\n\nBERMAN: How old were you when you left?\n\nPOLLACK: Nine. I was nine. I left Austria at eight, but by the time I got to the\nUnited States I was nine.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember much of it?\n\nPOLLACK: Very little. Very little. My mother didn't make it easy for us to\nremember because she didn't even want to talk about it. By the time . . . within\ntwo years I couldn't even speak German anymore. Because when we came in at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home,\nwhen we walked in that house . . . my sister and myself . . . we'd better speak\nEnglish. Which was wonderful. After two or three years I never had an accent. In\nfact, nobody can believe I never had anything but a Southern accent.\n\nBERMAN: I can't.\n\nPOLLACK: That's the reason. It wasn't very popular to have a German accent in\n1940, 1941.\n\nBERMAN: Yes, I can imagine that. I tried to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ask Hanna [Berger] that . . . to get\nher to remember if it was an issue with her parents having German accents here\nin Selma . . .\n\nPOLLACK: They had a very heavy accent.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember it being an issue for them at all?\n\nPOLLACK: The Bergers? No. But I know that both her parents had a very heavy\nGerman accent. Hanna did not. I mean, she . . .\n\nBERMAN: What about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your parents? Was it difficult for them?\n\nPOLLACK: My father died [in] 1936 . . .\n\nBERMAND: . . . oh right, right . . .\n\nPOLLACK: . . . and my mother could speak four or five languages. She went to\nwork at one of the local banks here within two years . . . really a\nyear-and-a-half after we got here.\n\nBERMAN: What are your earliest memories of being in Selma? You were nine years\nold when you started school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. Can you describe that?\n\nPOLLACK: It was . . . the first thing . . . I had never seen a black person. Of\ncourse, when we came in, in New York I saw them, but never was around them. We\nlived with the Marings for about three months and one of the reasons I have this\nheavy Southern accent is they had a chauffeur named Will. Wherever Will would go\nI would go with him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because this is then we first got here, before I even\nstarted school. I guess I picked up that accent partly from old Will.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember thinking about how different it was here with the\nseparation, and the drinking fountains, and the separate restroom facilities?\n\nPOLLACK: At that time . . . I thought it was just part of living. I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know.\nI don't remember.\n\nBERMAN: In school did you feel you were a part of things right away or did you\nfeel as an outsider?\n\nPOLLACK: You know what, I was real fortunate. I don't ever remember anybody\nmaking fun of my accent or anything. I started Dallas Academy in the fourth\ngrade and just picked up . . . I guess . . . I don't know. It's hard for me to\nremember. That was a long time ago.\n\nBERMAN: Was that public or private?\n\nPOLLACK: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Public. We didn't have private schools in those days. I'm looking at\nJerry [Siegel] because he can kind of verify some of that.\n\nBERMAN: Did your mother and you join the synagogue right away?\n\nPOLLACK: Oh right away. My mother was a Sunday school teacher. She taught Hebrew.\n\nBERMAN: She must have been one of the few that . . .\n\nPOLLACK: . . . she was. I wished I would have picked up more of it.\n\nBERMAN: Did you go to Sunday school as well?\n\nPOLLACK: Yes. My sister and I both.\n\nBERMAN: Who was the rabbi here when you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were [young]?\n\nPOLLACK: Gosh. Wait a minute. I remember he moved to California and my mother .\n. . when we lived out there . . . I can't remember. It'll come to me in the\nmiddle of the night. If you give your phone number I'll call you. That's usually\nwhen things come to me.\n\nBERMAN: Did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your mother find out what happened to her family right after the war?\n\nPOLLACK: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Was it a difficult process finding out?\n\nPOLLACK: See, my Uncle Rubin, again, he was over there. In fact, he found his\nyounger brother. His younger brother was this big. Leo Bernstein. What saved Leo\n. . . he was young. He had just graduated from college. He was an engineer. He\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"young and strong, so he lived. But he saw them take his mother and father to\nthe gas chambers. In fact, he was interviewed by [Steven] Spielberg, when\nSpielberg did . . . he was living in Melbourne, Florida.\n\nBERMAN: Did your Uncle Rubin ever discuss his experiences at Nuremberg?\n\nPOLLACK: A little bit.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember any of the conversations?\n\nPOLLACK: He mainly . . . the main ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things I heard . . . when he found his brother\nLeo, that was of course unbelievable.\n\nBERMAN: How did he find him?\n\nPOLLACK: I don't know. They had displaced persons [camps]. I think they had\nnames, something like that. They got together.\n\nBERMAN: Did he discuss the trials at all?\n\nPOLLACK: If he did I forgot it.\n\nBERMAN: As you grew older, what kind of work did you enter into here?\n\nPOLLACK: I worked for the family. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marings had Southern Clothing. I went two\nyears to . . . the University of Alabama. Then I was in the National Guard. In\n1950 I was mobilized during the Korean War crisis . . . stayed in the service\ntwo years. When I got out, I moved to California and finished at Cal[ifornia]\nState [University]. Then I came back. They wanted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me to come back. I was\nhesitant, but I always loved Selma. But I came back and worked for the family\nbusiness until it went out of business. Then I went to work . . . you met the\nGibians . . . I went to work for Richard and the candy company. I worked there\nfor 20 years and then retired.\n\nBERMAN: Did you marry here?\n\nPOLLACK: Yes. I was married and divorced. Then I remarried and my wife just\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recently died.\n\nBERMAN: I'm so sorry. Tell me about the business, the first one . . . Southern\nClothing . . .\n\nPOLLACK: . . . Southern Clothing. It was a wholesale concern, mainly dry goods\nand notions. We also owned some retail stores. We had some down in Foley\n[Alabama] and Robertsdale [Alabama]. Then before I came to work, they bought a\nchain out of New Orleans [Louisiana] called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Acme Department Stores. There\nwere five of those stores. Everything was sent to the stores out of Selma. We\nhad our own truck and they delivered every week to the stores. They were small\ndepartment stores, which now wouldn't stand a prayer with the Walmarts and the\nKmarts. None of that was there in those days. These small ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"towns, that's all they\nhad was a little local dry goods store.\n\nBERMAN: What was your position?\n\nPOLLACK: I don't know if there's a name for it. I did a little bit of\neverything. I checked on the stores and I also traveled some for the wholesale\npart. I did that two days a week. I was just kind of a jack-of-all-trades.\n\nBERMAN: What do you remember during the Civil Rights era? Did it, one, affect\nyour business at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all? Two, what are your personal recollections?\n\nPOLLACK: I know the day they marched over the [Edmund Pettus] Bridge, I stayed\nhome, like a lot of folks did. I didn't want to get involved. I definitely felt\nlike they had the rights . . . they were denied . . . I think were unjustified.\nLike you said, black and white water fountains. Go to a doctor's office, and\nthey'd have the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blacks in a separate room. Being Jewish, you kind of feel more\nwhen you kind of feel persecuted yourself. But I never had very strong feelings.\n\nBERMAN: Did the store have any issues?\n\nPOLLACK: If they did . . . I didn't pick up on it.\n\nBERMAN: How do you feel about the way Selma has been depicted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the press\nbecause of everything that happened?\n\nPOLLACK: I think . . . some of it is justified, but a lot of it isn't because\nthere are wonderful people in this town. I wouldn't live anywhere else. Like I\nsaid, I came back and just got in the swing of things. I grew up here. I loved\nhigh school. I had wonderful friends. Still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do.\n\nBERMAN: Did the experiences of your family in Europe influence how you felt\nabout civil rights?\n\nPOLLACK: Segregation and everything? Yes, I think . . . I definitely . . . I\nknow I felt different about it than most of my non-Jewish friends.\n\nBERMAN: Did you discuss it with them?\n\nPOLLACK: I don't know if I did or not.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was it a difficult subject to come up in those days? People . . . were\nthey vocal about it, or were they not talking about it?\n\nPOLLACK: I think they were talking about it, but it wasn't the main issue, I\nwouldn't think. It was just kind of a part of life. I don't know how to explain\nit. I am not a very good recipient here am I?\n\nBERMAN: No, I think you're great! I'm wondering how important this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue has\nbeen to your family . . .\n\nPOLLACK: . . . to my family . . . ?\n\nBERMAN: . . . and to you?\n\nPOLLACK: To me . . . because my family is non-Jewish, as you can imagine . . .\nbut it's always been important to me. It's ironic, Ronnie found the diploma . .\n. I don't know what'd you'd call it . . . when I was confirmed. There were six\nof us and I'm the only one living. I was the youngest . . . so I'm the only one\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"living out of the six. But yes, with my mother being so active . . . and she was\nsecretary of the congregation for a number of years, and she was working full\ntime. I always felt close to the Temple.\n\nBERMAN: Are you concerned about its future? Are you involved with trying to save it?\n\nPOLLACK: Yes. There aren't but 12 of us I think. I think we are all on the\nboard. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a wonderful . . . growing up here has just been wonderful.\n\nBERMAN: Did you ever want to live anywhere else?\n\nPOLLACK: No, I didn't. Isn't that strange?\n\nBERMAN: No.\n\nPOLLACK: I mean, I lived three years in Los Angeles. Three years and nine months\nto be exact. I loved it, I really did. I was going to school, I was on the GI\nBill. I was living with my mother. I had everything. Really, I didn't want for\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything because, like I said, I had the GI Bill. But I never wanted to live out\nthere. I had an interview with Hunt's Food. I came this close to getting in\ntheir marketing department. That's when I talked to my uncle and he said, \"You\nknow there's a place for you here.\" It didn't take that long for me to decide I\ndon't want this. The salary they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"offered . . . it took me three years to make it\nhere. But that's . . .\n\nBERMAN: The cost of living was probably better.\n\nPOLLACK: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Have you been to Europe or Eastern Europe to see . . .?\n\nPOLLACK: My sister went. My wife . . . just deceased . . . tried her best to get\nme to go back to Austria. I have no desire. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister went there in 1972. The\nhouse that we grew up in was bombed out during the war. She did find my father's\ngrave, which I have a picture of. But she was very down when she came back. I\ndon't know what she was looking for, but I don't think she was happy that she\nwent over there.\n\nBERMAN: Did your mother ever try to get reparations from the Austrian government?\n\nPOLLACK: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think her experiences impacted on the way . . . how did they\nimpact on the way you were raised and the kind of person you are today?\n\nPOLLACK: When you're eight or nine years old you don't appreciate [it] until you\nhave children of your own. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what that woman went through. She was 31 years\nold and had two children and she took us from Austria to Lithuania, from\nLithuania to the United States. Just think of all the steps there. She was just\nthe strongest person. Like I said, I don't think I really appreciated what she\ndid for us until later on in life. When you're a teenager ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and everything and\nyoung you don't think back. But, boy, have I thought about it over the years.\n\nBERMAN: She sounds like she was remarkable.\n\nPOLLACK: She was.\n\nBERMAN: Growing up . . . any real memorable anecdotal experiences being a\nteenager or a young man living here in Selma?\n\nPOLLACK: Not really. I did the usual things. I worked every Saturday at Boston\nBargain or at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eagle's. I played football, I played basketball, and I enjoyed all\nthe things that folks do. Like I said, I never felt like an outsider. Like we\nsaid earlier, I never was kidded about an accent or being Jewish or anything.\nSelma is a wonderful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town. You might have gathered that talking to other people.\n\nBERMAN: I have. Can you describe what a walk down Broad Street would have looked like?\n\nPOLLACK: It was wonderful. I can remember on Saturday some of us used to just\nsit in the car . . . I never owned a car but some of my friends did . . . and\nwatch people walking . . . and every store . . . of course most of them were\nJewish merchants. Like I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's one of these towns that you just dream\nabout, as far as I was concerned. I lived across the street from the YMCA. I had\na wonderful childhood.\n\nBERMAN: Was there a soda fountain?\n\nPOLLACK: Oh, sure. Swift Drug store. I think all the drug stores, Carter, Swift,\nthey all had a soda fountain. Oh, yes.\n\nBERMAN: Where did you all hang out?\n\nPOLLACK: Most of my friends, we hung out at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the 'Y.' We had a teen thing during\nthe Forties . . . the war was going on . . . the Big War . . .\n\nBERMAN: Not the . . . other war . . .\n\nPOLLACK: Not the one that we never won that I was in.\n\nBERMAN: I think when people still say the 'war' in the South, especially with\nyour accent, they think of the Civil War . . .\n\nPOLLACK: Probably.\n\nBERMAN: . . . or the War of Northern Aggression, I should ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say. What are you\nhoping will happen with this building and with this community?\n\nPOLLACK: I don't think the Jewish community is going to get any bigger. Next to\nRonnie . . . well of course, Hana is younger than I am and so is Joanie [Gibian\nLooney], who you'll be . . . I saw by the list she'll be coming. But there's not\nmuch hope for . . . in fact . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you met Seymour, he's 97, the old wonder. He's\nmy neighbor. He's right down the street, and he's just amazing. Richie Gibian is\namazing. But let's face it, 97, 93 or 92 . . . whatever Richard is. In a few\nmore years, I'll probably be the oldest, if I live.\n\nBERMAN: I think hopefully you all will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"figure [it] out so that this building can\n. . .\n\nPOLLACK: . . . yes, it's got wonderful . . . this is fine but you look in there\nand look at all . . . it's depressing. But I have wonderful memories of this. I\ncan remember being confirmed in there. It all came back to me when Ronnie found\nthe program where . . . I'd forgotten all about it.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember where your family, your mother and you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/transcript/41011/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sat, and your sister?\n\nPOLLACK: Yes, about the third row on this side.\n\nBERMAN: Always?\n\nPOLLACK: Pretty much.\n\nBERMAN: That's great. On that note I think we can conclude. I thank you very,\nvery much.\n\nPOLLACK: I hope I've helped.\n\nBERMAN: You have. You . . .\n\nINTERVIEW ENDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1500.0,1530.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Pollack is a longtime resident of Selma, Alabama. Originally from Horn, Austria, he moved to Selma with his mother, Rose Pollack (Bernstein), and sister Ernestine in 1939. He studied at the University of Alabama and served in the National Guard for two years before completing his education at California State University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSelma is a small city and county seat of Dallas County, Alabama, United States. Selma is famous for its role in the civil rights movement during the 1960s, particularly in the context of the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Esther and Herbert Taylor Family Foundation supports The Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection at the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History at the Breman Museum in Atlanta, which consists of a thousand oral histories that document Jewish life in Georgia and Alabama. The foundation was founded in 1983 and is administered by the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta celebrates and commemorates Jewish history, culture, and art through events and museum spaces. The Breman also contains the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, which houses thousands of manuscripts, oral histories, and photograph collections, related to southern Jewish history and the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSandra Katz \"Sandy\" Berman is an American archivist. A native of Cleveland, Ohio, she was the founding archivist of the Cleveland Jewish Archives. She later moved to Atlanta, Georgia, and in 1985 became the founding archivist of the Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. During her 28-year tenure at the Breman, she co-curated multiple exhibitions and expanded the scope of the museum to include collections from Jewish communities throughout Georgia and surrounding states. She is the interviewer for many of the oral histories that can be found in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry Maring, Sr. was the great uncle of Charles Pollack and a Lithuanian immigrant to the United States. He settled in Selma, Alabama in 1902 and was a founder of Southern Clothing and Notions Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York, New York is the largest city in the United States and a major cultural and financial center. It has been home to a large and vibrant Jewish community since the nineteenth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSouthern Clothing and Notions, Co. was a wholesale dry goods retailer based in Selma, Alabama that owned and operated several department stores in the area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKovno (Yiddish: Kovne, Kovna, Kovni; Polish: Kowno; German: Kaunas and Kauen) is a city in south-central Lithuania. Between 1920 and 1939, it was the country's capital and largest city. The history of the Kovno area of Lithuania is complicated. Between the two world wars the area was contested by both Poland and Lithuania and finally ended up as part of Lithuania. When the war started on September 1, 1939 Kovno was annexed by the Russians who then turned it back over to Lithuania. In 1940 the Russians re-occupied the area. They remained until June 24, 1941 when the Germans attacked the Soviet Union and took the area over. Prior to the Second World War, Kovno had a significant Jewish population of 35,000-40,000, about one-fourth of the city's total population. Kovno had a rich Jewish culture with almost 100 Jewish organizations, 40 synagogues, many Yiddish schools, 4 Hebrew high schools, a Jewish hospital, and scores of Jewish-owned businesses. The Jewish community of Kovno had many sport associations, including the Macabi and Hapoel, which was an Israeli sport association established in 1926. When the Soviet Union occupied Lithuania in June 1940, Jewish life was disrupted by arrests, confiscations, and the elimination of all free institutions and communal organizations. During the Soviet rule in 1940-41, the Hebrew educational institutions were closed down and most of the Jewish social and cultural organizations were liquidated; of the city's five Yiddish dailies, only one remained in existence, becoming an organ of the Communist party. On June 14, 1941, hundreds of Jewish families, among them factory owners, merchants, public figures, and Zionist activists and leaders, were rounded up and exiled to Siberia. At the end of the nineteenth century, the city of Kovno was fortified, and by 1890 it was encircled by a series of fortifications. The construction of the Ninth Fort was begun in 1902 and was completed on the eve of the First World War. From 1924 on, the Ninth Fort was used as a prison. During the years of German occupation, the Ninth Fort was put to use as a place of mass murder. At least 5,000 Lithuanian Jews from Kovno were transported to the Ninth Fort and killed. In addition, Jews from as far as France, Austria and Germany were brought to Kovno during the course of Nazi occupation and executed in the Ninth Fort. In early July 1941, German Einsatzgruppe (mobile killing unit) detachments and their Lithuanian auxiliaries began systematic massacres of Jews in several of the forts around Kovno that had been constructed by the Russian tsars in the nineteenth century for the defense of the city. Thousands of Jewish men, women, and children were shot, primarily in the Ninth Fort, but also in the Fourth and Seventh forts. Within six months of the German occupation of the city, the Germans and their Lithuanian collaborators had murdered half of all Jews in Kovno. Immediately before and following the German occupation of the city on June 24, 1941, bands of Lithuanians went on bloody rampages against the Jews, attacking and brutally murdering hundreds of Jews in Kovno and the suburb of Slobodka. In July 1941, German authorities ordered the Jews in Kovno to relocate to a designated area. On August 15, 1941, the Jews of Kovno were forced into a ghetto in the suburb of Slobodka and it was closed encircling nearly 30,000 Jews. A \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epoorer section of the city known as Slobodka in Yiddish or Vilijampolė in Lithuanian that was in the northern part of town and had previously housed only 8,000 people would now house approximately 35,000. For the first two months, the ghetto consisted of two separate areas: a “large” ghetto along the Neris River and a “small” ghetto to the west, connected by a wooden footbridge.The Judenrat or Ältestenrat was a Council of Jewish leaders established on Germans orders in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. Kovno’s Altestenrat was formed on August 8, 1941. They soon organized a ghetto police force and offices for health, labor, economics, food supply, housing, and welfare. There was also a fire brigade, paint and sign workshop, pharmacy, hospital, court, and education and residents’ records office. Although they were also given the responsibility of implementing the Nazis' policies regarding the Jews, the Kovno Altestenrat actively worked to support the underground’s resistance activities inside and outside the ghetto, documented the ghetto’s history, and compiled evidence of German atrocities. The first action undertaken after the Kovno ghetto was sealed occurred on August 18, 1941 in what became known as the “Intellectuals Action.” The ghetto leaders were told to pick out five hundred men from the intelligentsia who were to be put to light, professional work in the city. As the selection of people for forced labor had become a norm by then, the order did not initially raise suspicion. In all, 534 young men were taken out of the ghetto under heavy guard and never returned. On September 15, 1941, work passes were distributed to 5,000 skilled Jews, together with their families, who would allegedly be spared because they could work. On October 4, 1941 the Small Ghetto was liquidated and some of the buildings were burned to the ground. Only those with work passes were spared. The rest of the Jews were taken to the Ninth Fort and murdered. In the “Great Aktion” of October 28, 1941, all the remaining Jews were told to assemble in the central square of the ghetto. There they were separated by the Germans and by the end of the day 9,200 Jews, about 30 percent of the ghetto, were taken to Ninth Fort and shot. Thereafter life in the ghetto for the remaining 17,500 Jews settled down somewhat and stumbled along until November 1943 when the ghetto was turned into a labor camp known as the Kauen concentration camp with a string of smaller camps attached to it, among them Kedainiai in Lithuania. More than 3,500 were sent to subcamps in Aleksotas, Mariampolė (Kapsukas), Keidan, and Shanciai. On October 26, 1943, 2,800 Jews were sent to labor camps in Estonia. On March 27, 1944, in the Children’s Aktion, the ghetto’s remaining children under the age of 12 were rounded up. During the two-day action German troops and Ukrainian auxiliaries went from house to house tearing the children from their parents’ arms. The 1,300 victims of the \"Children's Action\" were either shot at the Ninth Fort or deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were gassed. In the ghetto, all men aged 16 to 57 and women aged 17 to 46 performed forced labor in workshops established inside the ghetto or in construction sites outside the ghetto. One of the most notorious assignments was the Aleksotas airfield construction site, with almost 3,500 laborers in the spring of 1942. By the end of March 1943, there were around 16,000 Jews concentrated in the ghetto. Around 4,000 of them worked in 44 workshops inside the ghetto and another 6,000 worked in labor detachments outside the ghetto. Resistance in the Kovno ghetto focused less on preparing an uprising than on preparing the way into hiding for as many Jews as possible. In the summer of 1943, the underground established close ties with the resistance groups outside the ghetto, especially in the forests. Their network managed to help hundreds of Jews escape the ghetto. On July 8, 1944, the Kovno labor camp/Kauen concentration camp was liquidated as the Russians drew near and the remaining Jews were evacuated to the west. The women were sent to Stutthof concentration camp and the men went to Dachau and other camps in Germany. The ghetto was then razed to the ground with grenades and dynamite as the Germans flushed those who had attempted to evade the final transports to the west out of their hiding places by burning the ghetto down around them. As many as 2,000 people burned to death or were shot while trying to escape. They found and murdered about 1,500 Jews in the last hours and days of the occupation. Only about 90 Jews survived in the rubble undiscovered until liberation on August 1, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommonly referred to as the Nuremberg Trials, the Trial of Major War Criminals was held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 in Nuremberg, Germany and was widely covered by the media. An international military tribunal tried 22 leading German officials for war crimes. Twelve prominent Nazi Party members were sentenced to death. There were twelve additional tribunals that tried Nazi doctors, judges, industrialists, and leaders of the Einsatzgruppen [German: mobile killing squads].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHorn is a town in the Waldviertel in Lower Austria, Austria and the capital of Bezirk Horn.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler applied for entrance into the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Austria twice and was twice rejected, once in 1907 and again in 1908. For the next five years, Hitler struggled to earn money by selling small paintings, mostly images of buildings and other landmarks in Vienna that he copied from postcards. By 1914, Hitler was serving in World War I and would later enter politics. In his autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf, Hitler claimed that his antisemitic views formed during his time as a struggling artist in Vienna. His frustrated art career became part of the myth making—by Hitler himself and by his followers—that helped drive his fateful rise to power in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHitler was drafted for Austrian military service at the beginning of World War I but turned down due to lack of fitness. After moving to Germany, he enlisted as a German soldier in the summer of 1914 and was deployed to Belgium in October. Over the next two years, Hitler served first as an infantryman and then as a private. He won two decorations for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class and was wounded twice. He was recovering from his second injury when the war ended.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHitler loved animals in general, but his favorite were dogs and especially German Shepherds. He was known to have had several dogs during his lifetime.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, the overwhelming majority of Austrian Jews lived in Vienna, which was an important center of Jewish culture, Zionism, and education. In 1938, some 170,000 Jews lived in Vienna, Austria, as well as approximately 80,000 persons of mixed Jewish-Christian background. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, the Nazis quickly applied anti-Jewish policies to Vienna. Jewish organizations and universities were shut down. Jews were barred from many professions and forced to wear a yellow badge. The Nazis encouraged emigration and, by the summer of 1939, nearly half the Jewish population had left Vienna. Emigration was not easy, however. Those seeking exit visas and necessary other documentation had to stand in long lines, night and day, in front of municipal, police, and passport offices. Would-be emigrants were forced to pay an exit fee and to register all of their immovable and most of their movable property, which was confiscated concurrent with their departure from the country. Only 2,000 Viennese Jews survived deportations during the war, along with about 800 Jews who managed to hide. After the war, the city was under joint Allied occupation. After the city was liberated in April 1945, there were 17,000 Jews in the city, most of whom were Hungarian Jews or other refugees. Between 1945 and 1952, other Jewish displaced persons, who looked towards the American Army for services and protection, rather than towards the Austrian government, augmented their numbers. After the Kielce pogrom in the summer of 1946, Jews fleeing Poland flooded into Vienna. Some 52,000 individuals passed through Vienna. In response to the overcrowding, more DP camps were opened in Austria, with Vienna often serving as a transit point. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Vienna Conservatory of Music, now known as the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, is a university in Vienna, Austria. It was established in 1817 and is one of the largest institutions of its kind in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. The name seems to have originated in the song “Jump Jim Crow,” a song-and-dance caricature of Blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in Blackface in 1832. As a result of Rice’s fame, “Jim Crow” became a pejorative expression meaning “Negro” by 1838 and the later segregation laws became known as “Jim Crow” laws. Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly “separate but equal” status for Black Americans, although in reality this was not so. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and Blacks. Private businesses, political parties, and unions created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring Blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc. In the middle twentieth century, the Supreme Court began to overturn Jim Crow laws on constitutional grounds. Rosa Parks defied the Jim Crow laws when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, which became a catalyst to the Civil Rights movement. Her actions, and the demonstrations that followed, led to a series of legislative and court decisions that contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended Jim Crow segregation laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew school can be either the Jewish equivalent of Sunday school (an educational regimen separate from secular education, focusing on topics of Jewish history and learning the Hebrew language), or a primary, secondary, or college level educational institution where some or all of the classes are taught in Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSteven Allan Spielberg (1946- ) is an American director, producer, and screenwriter. Spielberg was born to an Orthodox Jewish family. Considered one of the most popular and influential directors and producers in film history, his films cover a wide range of themes and genres. In 1993, Spielberg directed and co-produced Schindler’s List. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMelbourne is a city in Brevard County, Florida, United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. In late 1945 and the summer of 1946, a series of horrific assaults against surviving Jewish communities occurred in postwar East Central Europe, particularly in Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Russia and Romania. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Often, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. Initially, the Allies herded Jewish DPs and non-Jewish DPs together, but conflicts arose. The need to recognize Jews as a unique and stateless group of DPs was urgent, and became obvious to the Americans. They created the first exclusively Jewish DP camp at Feldafing, which began absorbing Jews from Dachau in the summer of 1945. Most DP camps had been designated as either Jewish or non-Jewish by the end of 1945. In 1946 and 1947, the number of DPs in the camps rose substantially and conditions were often overcrowded and harsh. New organization and policies eventually took shape that substantially improved the DPs camps. Refugees were given some authority to manage their own affairs and some survivors began to establish new political and cultural lives. Many DPs married and started families while in the camps. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Korean War was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the support of the United Nations, principally from the United States). The war began on June 25, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and insurrections in the south. The war ended unofficially on July 27, 1953 in an armistice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFoley is a small city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobertsdale is a small city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew Orleans is a city located on the Mississippi River and is the most populous in the state of Louisiana. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against Black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Edmund Pettus Bridge crosses the Alabama River in Selma, Alabama. It is famous as the site of the conflict of “Bloody Sunday” on March 7, 1965, when armed officers attacked peaceful civil rights demonstrators attempting to march to the state capital of Alabama, Montgomery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConfirmation is a coming-of-age ritual that originated in the Reform movement, which scorned the idea that at 13 years of age a child was an adult. They replaced bar and bat mitzvah with a confirmation ceremony at about age 16 to 18. In some Conservative synagogues the confirmation concept has been adopted as a way to continue and child’s Jewish education and involvement for a few more years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Mishkan Israel is a temple located on Broad Street in Selma, Alabama. The congregation was founded in 1870 to accommodate the growing number of Jewish immigrants in Selma. Construction of the including in members’ private homes and a rented Episcopal church building. The synagogue was consecrated in February 1900. It reached peak its membership in 1940 with 104 families. Membership has been in decline ever since. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe GI Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act), was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944. It provided veterans of World War II funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1945 and 1947, the Allied governments enacted various legislation dealing with reparations to be paid to the victims of Nazi oppression. The Jewish Agency presented the first official claim to the Allied governments in September 1945. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. In 1952, the government of West Germany reached an agreement with the state of Israel and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany to pay reparations for material losses and injuries incurred during the Holocaust. Three separate German laws, known as the West German Federal Indemnification Laws, were adopted in 1953, 1956, and 1965. They further provided for compensation in the form of one-time payments and monthly pensions to Holocaust survivors. 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It was founded on 6 June 1844 by Sir George Williams in London, originally as the Young Men's Christian Association, and aims to put Christian principles into practice by developing a healthy \"body, mind, and spirit.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/annotation_set/949/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil War, widely known in the United States as the “Civil War” or the “War Between the States,” was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. In January 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often called the “South,” grew to include 11 states, and although they claimed 13 states and additional western territories, the Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by a foreign country. The states that did not declare secession were known as the “Union” or the “North.” The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. After four years of bloody combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and granting civil rights to freed slaves began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1380.0,1410.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/index/51967","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Pollack, Charles [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/index/51967/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=21.0,311.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/index/51967/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles, I'd like to begin by just basic information about how your family ended up in Selma.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=21.0,311.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/index/51967/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Esther Belle Yates","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harry Maring Sr.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Horn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaunas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leo Maas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg Trials","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rose Bernstein Pollack","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rubin Bernstein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Selma","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Theodore Pollatschek","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vienna","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vienna Conservatory of Music","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=21.0,311.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/index/51967/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigrating to the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=311.0,385.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/index/51967/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He and my Uncle Harry, his uncle, who was my mother's uncle of course,\ntoo, because my mother's mother and Harry Maring Sr. were brother and sister. So\nthey helped us get out. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=311.0,385.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/index/51967/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vienna, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=311.0,385.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/index/51967/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Learning English and German Accents in Selma","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=385.0,471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/index/51967/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By the time . . . within two years I couldn't even speak German anymore. Because when we came in at home,\nwhen we walked in that house . . . my sister and myself . . . we'd better speak English.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=385.0,471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/index/51967/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hanna Berger","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Selma, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Southern accents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=385.0,471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/index/51967/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Growing Up in Selma","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=471.0,628.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/index/51967/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are your earliest memories of being in Selma? 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Can you describe that?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=471.0,628.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/index/51967/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"African Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dallas Academy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jim Crow Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Selma, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sunday 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Did it, one, affect your business at all? Two, what are your personal recollections?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=861.0,1016.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/index/51967/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edmund Pettus Bridge","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jim Crow Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Selma, 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","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510#t=1151.0,1272.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83998/file/172510/index/51967/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have you been to Europe or Eastern Europe to see . . .?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial 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