{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/9p2w37m82m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Kaufman, Gus"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2003-01-21 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGus Bernd Kaufman interviewed by Sandra Berman on January 21, 2003\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eGus Bernd Kaufman (July 18, 1918 - January 4, 2008) was born in Columbus, Georgia, the son of Simon Mony Kaufman and Elberta Bernd Kaufman. He had one sister, Jane. He graduated from Lanier High School for Boys in Macon, Georgia and attended the University of Georgia for two years. He then returned to Macon to work at the family harness shop, G. Bernd Company, and served as company president from 1943-1980. He also owned and operated Joyland Toy Store and Macon Raceway and Hobby Shop. In 1944, Gus married Marian Waxelbaum whom he met at Temple Beth Israel in Macon. They had four children; Aaron, Gus, Lise, and Marianna. Gus and Marian were active members of the temple, where they each served as president for a time. In 2007, they received the first Keter Torah Award for their lifetime service to the temple and the entire Middle Georgia community. A Democrat, Gus worked for years behind the scenes for Democratic candidates at the local, state, and national levels. He was active in the Civil Rights Movement, and in 2004 received the James Wimberly Racial Barrier Breaker Award for his pioneering work in that area. Gus B. Kaufman is perhaps best known for his work studying Jewish history in the Macon and Middle Georgia area. He was a member of the Georgia Jewish Genealogical Society, the Breman Jewish Heritage Museum, the Southern Jewish Historical Society, and the Straus Historical Society. He authored several books on the subject, including some he co-authored with Marian. These include: The Family of Simon Kaufmann of Lichtenau, Germany (1992); The Jewish Burials of Macon, Georgia, 1844-1997; 1490 Listings of Marriages of Macon and Bibb County, Georgia, With One or Both Spouses of Jewish Birth, 1823-1997; and The Great Migration and the Founding of Congregation Sherah Israel (Now Sha'arei Israel) in Macon, Georgia, 1881-1910.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eGus reflects on growing up in Macon, living with his mother and other members of her family following her divorce from Gus’s father. He talks about his time in scouting (he was an Eagle Scout), and describes his work as a young man at G. Bernd Company—his family’s harness business in Macon—where he worked until his retirement. He also discusses his involvement in politics and the Civil Rights Movement, and in the Jewish community in Macon and Middle Georgia. In the interview, Gus—historian and avid genealogist—shares interesting details and background about people, culture, and events spanning several generations.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28439"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGus Bernd Kaufman interviewed by Sandra Berman on January 21, 2003\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGus Bernd Kaufman (July 18, 1918 - January 4, 2008) was born in Columbus, Georgia, the son of Simon Mony Kaufman and Elberta Bernd Kaufman. He had one sister, Jane. He graduated from Lanier High School for Boys in Macon, Georgia and attended the University of Georgia for two years. He then returned to Macon to work at the family harness shop, G. Bernd Company, and served as company president from 1943-1980. He also owned and operated Joyland Toy Store and Macon Raceway and Hobby Shop. In 1944, Gus married Marian Waxelbaum whom he met at Temple Beth Israel in Macon. They had four children; Aaron, Gus, Lise, and Marianna. Gus and Marian were active members of the temple, where they each served as president for a time. In 2007, they received the first Keter Torah Award for their lifetime service to the temple and the entire Middle Georgia community. A Democrat, Gus worked for years behind the scenes for Democratic candidates at the local, state, and national levels. He was active in the Civil Rights Movement, and in 2004 received the James Wimberly Racial Barrier Breaker Award for his pioneering work in that area. Gus B. Kaufman is perhaps best known for his work studying Jewish history in the Macon and Middle Georgia area. He was a member of the Georgia Jewish Genealogical Society, the Breman Jewish Heritage Museum, the Southern Jewish Historical Society, and the Straus Historical Society. He authored several books on the subject, including some he co-authored with Marian. These include: The Family of Simon Kaufmann of Lichtenau, Germany (1992); The Jewish Burials of Macon, Georgia, 1844-1997; 1490 Listings of Marriages of Macon and Bibb County, Georgia, With One or Both Spouses of Jewish Birth, 1823-1997; and The Great Migration and the Founding of Congregation Sherah Israel (Now Sha'arei Israel) in Macon, Georgia, 1881-1910.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGus reflects on growing up in Macon, living with his mother and other members of her family following her divorce from Gus’s father. He talks about his time in scouting (he was an Eagle Scout), and describes his work as a young man at G. Bernd Company—his family’s harness business in Macon—where he worked until his retirement. He also discusses his involvement in politics and the Civil Rights Movement, and in the Jewish community in Macon and Middle Georgia. In the interview, Gus—historian and avid genealogist—shares interesting details and background about people, culture, and events spanning several generations.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/547/small/Gus_Kaufman.png?1619299993","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Kaufman_Gus.mp4"]},"duration":3622.053,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/547/small/Gus_Kaufman.png?1619299993","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/111/547/original/Kaufman_Gus.mp4?1618683096","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3622.053,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gus Kaufman [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is January 21, 2003 and I am here with Gus Kaufman who has\nagreed to participate in the oral history project, the Esther and Herbert Taylor\nOral History Project for William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. I am very\npleased to be here and I'm so glad that you decided to do this interview. I'd\nlike to begin by asking you to tell me a little bit about your own background;\nwhere you're from, your parent's names, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how you ended up in Macon, Georgia.\n\nKAUFMAN: I would like to do all this, but I want to first correct you. I like to\nbe known as Gus B. Kaufman--\"B\" as in boy--which is my middle name, Bernd,\nB-E-R-N-D, and that's the reason I'm in Macon. My mother's family, the Bernds,\ncame to Macon in 1865. My grandfather's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uncle had been a harness-maker for the\nConfederacy and was in Americus, Georgia, and I hope he wasn't connected with\nAndersonville. When the war was over, he came up to Macon and opened a harness\nshop. This is my grandfather's uncle, and he had several children who were not\ninterested in the business. In 1890 he brought his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nephew, Gus Bernd--who was\ncalled \"Junior\"--over from Louisiana to run the business, and this was my\ngrandfather, Gus Bernd. Gus Bernd came to Macon from Louisiana and had a small\nstore on the Mississippi [River]--which used to flood every year during the\nflood season--and the family would go up to St. Louis [Missouri] to get away\nfrom the flood and get away from the Yellow Fever. My grandfather, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gus Bernd,\ncame over here and brought all his family and his in-laws--the Blums and the\nBlochs--and set them all up in business here. And this grandfather of mine--Gus\nBernd, who was called \"Junior\"--became the president of the Temple [Temple Beth\nIsrael] in 1890 and remained the president for 19 years. He was called \"The\nCzar\", he was so interested in the temple. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had six children, of whom my\nmother was one--Elberta Bernd. In 1911 she married my father, Simon Kaufman of\nColumbus, Georgia. I was born in Columbus in 1918, right downtown--soon after\nthe Civil War--I tell people. My father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in the whiskey business in Columbus\nand had made a great deal of money, but then he went broke. And like so many\npeople, he went to Florida to recover his fortune in the Great Land Boom of 1925\n- 1926. Unfortunately, he didn't recover his fortune. My mother and my sister\nand I went to Florida to live with him, in Miami, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we stayed there for four\nyears until my parents were divorced and we returned to Macon. By that time, I\nwas 12 years old, 11 years old, and went to school here and eventually went to\nUniversity of Georgia, sent by my uncle--\n\nBERMAN: Your mother returned to Macon.\n\nKAUFMAN: Yes, we returned to Macon . . .\n\nBERMAN: And how did she make her living?\n\nKAUFMAN: . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to live with my maternal family, my grandmother was with us. She\ntaught school and managed a dress shop. My uncle, my mother's brother who lived\nin the house with us--who was single--sent me to school in Athens.\nUnfortunately, he died when he was 43 years old in 1937 and I had to drop out of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school and came to work for my other uncle, the third generation in the\nbusiness, at G Bernd Company, and worked there from 1937 until I retired in 1981.\n\nBERMAN: And what, exactly, did the company do?\n\nKAUFMAN: My grandfather, who came up from Americus, [Georgia] opened it as a\nharness shop, to make harness for horses and so on. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To make harness, you have to\nhave leather, and to make leather, you have to have cow hides to tan into\nleather. So, he began buying hides from the southeast and tanning them and\nmaking them into leather. And they had a tremendous business downtown in World\nWar I (WWI), making harness for the Army. Unfortunately, after the war, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they\nwere still making harness and the horse went out of fashion [when] the\nautomobile came in. They went broke in 1922, before the Great Republican\nDepression. They were already broke, and stayed broke throughout the years, and\nit was the support of the whole family. When I went to work in 1937, you\ncouldn't have liquidated the business and paid off the creditors if hell had\nfrozen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over. But, the war years came along and we were very fortunate. We no\nlonger tanned the hides, but we collected hides from all over the southeast and\nwe brought them to Macon and sorted them and graded them and shipped them to\ntanners in New England. The boot and shoeing industry was located in New\nEngland, around Boston [Massachusetts], Peabody [Massachusetts] at large, and we\nsold carloads of hides ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to those companies. My second uncle [Laurence Bernd], who\nran the business, died prematurely in 1943, and I was 25 years old, going on\nabout 10. And I had to become the head of the business, which I ran until 1980,\nwhen I had to have heart surgery. Heart surgery was in its infancy then, and I\ndidn't know if I'd ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive it, so I had to sell the business which had been in\nthe family for four generations. That was pretty traumatic, doing that.\n\nBERMAN: I can imagine.\n\nKAUFMAN: (laughs) I survived the operation, and have done nothing but mess\naround with genealogy for the twenty-two years [since then]. Somewhere along the\nline there, I married Marian, whose family had been here since the 1890s. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marian\nWaxelbaum, original spelling was Weichselbaum--W-E-I-C-H-S-E-L-B-A-U-M--but they\nhad anglicized it to Waxelbaum when they came to The States. She had lived in\nMacon all her life, was born here. We got married in 1943 . . .\n\nMRS. KAUFMAN:\"4\" (off camera)\n\nKAUFMAN: 1944 (laughs) seemed like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1943, 58 years ago.\n\nBERMAN: And how did you meet?\n\nKAUFMAN: How did we meet . . . she had been here all the years, we were both in\nthe temple, except I never went to the temple much, and I grew up late. Finally,\nabout 1938 she noticed me one day and, (laughs) we got involved, and we got\nmarried. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was right in the war years. We've had four children, two of whom\nare in Atlanta, one here in Macon, one in Albuquerque [New Mexico]. Meanwhile,\nmy Kaufman family--my father, I told you, Simon Kaufman in Columbus, Georgia,\nwho'd gone broke early and went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Florida--I began to research his family. I\nfound that they had come into Talbotton, Georgia, which is halfway between here\n[Macon] and Columbus, in 1850. My grandfather, [Joshua] Julius Kaufman, and his\nthree brothers had come out of the little town of Lichtenau [North\nRhine-Westphalia, Germany]. This is an interesting story. They came first to\nOglethorpe, Georgia which is down across the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"river [Chattahoochee River] from\nMontezuma [Georgia]. They stayed there for two years and peddled, as everyone\ndid, and then opened up a couple of stores in Oglethorpe. A year later, a friend\nof theirs from Europe came over and joined them--Lazarus Straus--and Straus\nstarted peddling for them. Straus was older than they were, and he persuaded\nthem to move up to Talbotton, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia--which was the county seat of Talbot\nCounty--and he thought it was very prosperous. So, they moved up to Talbotton\nand they were in business with the Strauses there. They had three stores in the\narea; one in a little town called Carsonville in north Talbot County, and one\nsouth of there in Geneva, and the main store in Talbotton. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1863, in the\nmiddle of the war years . . . (Incidentally, my grandfather had enlisted in 1861\nalong with the rest of the Talbotton people, and was discharged after a year up\nat a camp near Norfolk [Virginia] and walked back to Talbotton.) ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1863,\nmerchandizing in Talbot County was running away and prices were outrageous. The\nGrand Jury in Talbotton issued a statement, regretting that things were so\nterrible, but blamed it all on the Jews. So, Straus and my grandfather and the\nthree brothers left and moved down to Columbus. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandfather and his brothers\nstayed in Columbus, but as soon as the war was over, Straus went to New York and\nbought out a little store called Macy's. His son, Isidor, built it up to be the\nbiggest store in the world, and his son, Isidor, sank on the Titanic, of course.\nBut the Straus family stayed in touch with our family. Meanwhile--and this is an\nimportant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meanwhile--my grandfather Julius Kaufman, and his brother Jacob\nKaufman, married two of the poor relations that Lazarus Straus had brought over;\nMatilda Straus and Fannie Straus. We thought that they were cousins, but over\nthe years, [have] never been able to substantiate it until three weeks ago we\nhad a DNA test and proved 99.9% sure that we are the same family. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the Straus\nHistorical Association [Straus Historical Society], which I'm on the Board, has\nprinted it all up. It's a fascinating deal, I'll put you in touch with them so\nyou can have some information. In 1984, Marian and I, and our son Gus Junior\n\"Smokey\" went to Europe and went back to the little town ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the family came\nfrom, where the Kaufman brothers came from.\n\nBERMAN: What was that town again?\n\nKAUFMAN: Lichtenau, L-I-C-H-T-E-N-A-U, Lichtenau. It's a little town on the\nRhine [River] right across from Strasbourg [Germany]. We went to the place where\nthe ancestors came from. And on the same trip, incidentally, we went over to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eastern Germany where Marian's family, the Waxelbaums [Weichselbaum] came from,\nwhen they left in 1850 and came into New York in Oswego [County]. [It is] a\nlittle town call Pretzfeld, [Germany], P-R-E-T-Z-F-E-L-D, which is near Bamberg\nand Nurnberg. What else?\n\nBERMAN: Let's go back for one minute.\n\nKAUFMAN: Alright.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me again, what were your parent's names?\n\nKAUFMAN: My father was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Simon Mony Kaufman, S-I-M-O-N and he took the second name\nMony, M-O-N-Y and nobody knows why, and people called him Mony. He was a very\ncongenial man. And my mother was Elberta Bernd B-E-R-N-D, and she was one of the\nsix children of Gus [Gustave] Bernd who came over here from Louisiana in 1890. I\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"named after my grandfather; my name is Gus Bernd Kaufman.\n\nBERMAN: You briefly mentioned The Temple [Temple Beth Israel]. The Temple was\nfounded in 1859.\n\nKAUFMAN: Correct.\n\nBERMAN: Was your family active at The Temple, and who were some of the other\nfamilies that were active in The Temple?\n\nKAUFMAN: There were eight men who founded it in 1859. I'm sure they'd been\nhaving meetings, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minyans together since then. The first Jew in Macon, in 1840, a\nman named Nathan Grossmayer, who reputedly was in the French Revolution--I don't\nknow if that's true or not--and Jews began to come in here. None of them came up\nfrom Savannah [Georgia], they all came in from the North. By 1844 there were\nenough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews here that they organized a Hebrew Burial Ground and the first burial\nis there, 1844. And incidentally, the oldest burial there--the oldest person\nburied there--was my grandfather's grandfather, Levi Bernd who came to live with\nmy grandfather in his old age. He was born in 1788 in Germany, and he's buried\nright out here (gestures to outside the room). The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cemetery [Rose Hill Cemetery]\nis my avocation. Marian (gestures to Marian off camera) and I did a whole book\nabout every Jewish burial in Macon.\n\nBERMAN: Do you recall any names of the others, of the eight?\n\nKAUFMAN: Yes. Einstein, and Dessau D-E-S-S-A-U--family is still in Macon,\nnon-Jewish--who were the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"others, baby? (to Marian, off camera)\n\nMRS. KAUFMAN: E. Isaacs\n\nKAUFMAN: E. Isaacs, yes, who was a sephardic Jew from England. They intermarried\nwith the Bernd family, and we have a relation there. And I can't remember . . .\n\nBERMAN: We can look it up . . .\n\nKAUFMAN: Yes, we can look up the others.\n\nBERMAN: You mentioned also that your father was in the . . .\n\nKAUFMAN: Whiskey business . . .\n\nBERMAN: Whiskey business, but then the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family went into the harness business.\nWhat were some of the other businesses that some of the earliest Jews were\ninvolved in, and were any of them in agriculture, were any of them in farming?\n\nKAUFMAN: I think the answer is no, there were none of them that I know of in the\nfarming business. Primarily they were in retail businesses, which, as you know,\nwas all that was left to them in Europe. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They couldn't be in the guilds, they\ncouldn't own land. Some of them were . . .Some of them--a great many of\nthem--were in the meat business, butchers, and many of them were shochet, ritual\nslaughterers. But primarily, they went into retail businesses. There was a\ntremendous number of them in dry goods. Marian's family, the Waxelbaums, had a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"firm here in Macon--S. Weichselbaum Company--and they were wholesalers. But they\ncreated stores in towns all around, in Dublin, Georgia; in Columbus, Georgia;\nEufaula, Alabama; and they had a chain of stores which they supplied.\n\nBERMAN: What was the name of that, was it S. Weichselbaum?\n\nKAUFMAN: S. Weichselbaum Company, the old spelling,\nWeichselbaum--W-E-I-C-H-S-E-L-B-A-U-M. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Only part of the family changed their name.\n\nBERMAN: There were the eight families that founded the Temple in 1859 . . .\n\nKAUFMAN: Right.\n\nBERMAN: . . . and then, in 1861 the war [Civil War] breaks out.\n\nKAUFMAN: Right.\n\nBERMAN: The eight families, were they actively involved in the Confederate\ncause? How do you see the . . .\n\nKAUFMAN: There was a company organized in Macon, a German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"artillery company, a\nGerman drilling company. And primarily, the members of that group appear to be\nJewish, but there's never been any definite information whether they all were. A\nname, Feutchwanger--F-E-U-T-C-H-W-A-N-G-E-R--some Benzwangers, none of the Bernd\nfamily were in that outfit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Actually, the Bernds didn't come in here until 1865.\nHow active the Jews were here in the Civil War here, I don't know, other than my\ngrandfather, Julius Kaufman, in Talbotton, who was in for a year. Over in\nLouisiana, my grandmother Bernd's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father--she was a Blum--was an officer in the\nConfederacy. But the sympathy was all, of course, with the Confederacy. They\nlived among them, you know.\n\nBERMAN: Why do you think that was?\n\nKAUFMAN: Peer pressure, peer pressure. Remember, they'd come out of Europe and\nthey'd never been a member of the society. All of a sudden, they're members of\nthe society, and important ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"members, because most of them--at least the ones we\nknow about--were successful. So, they succumbed to whatever pressure, whatever\nthe group did they did, as a generalization. How many Jewish people were in the\nConfederacy, I don't know, from Macon. However, a man named ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ginsburg (sp), in\nAtlanta, has written a tiresome little book about it called, The Story of Two Cities.\n\nBERMAN: I have it.\n\nKAUFMAN: Right. He came down and talked to me about it.\n\nBERMAN: When did the community start to grow? You have this early group of\nGerman Jews, when did that community start to grow and then when did the Russian\nJews . . .\n\nKAUFMAN: The eight people organized it, a few weeks later they had 78 people\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"signed up for it. The temple probably grew to about a hundred members and right\nat the hundred level was where they stayed. The big families came in; the\nDannenbergs, and the Blocks, and the Greenwalls, came in. This is B-L-O-C-K,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Block. My family, the part of my family that came over from Louisiana was\nB-L-O-C-H, Bloch. I think the hundred level was about where it stayed. Today the\ntemple has 125 members, but I don't think it's ever much exceeded that. Then, of\ncourse, the Eastern Europeans [Jews] came in and some of the people who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were in\nthe temple were dissatisfied with the temple and left. The temple was founded in\n1859, the charter was issued, and it was set up as an Orthodox German\ncongregation following the Orthodox German minhag, which means sequence or\nseder. And the first four or five years the services were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conducted in German\nand in Hebrew. And the first argument was about changing to English, but they\ndid. Then, when they built the first building in 1871--the first temple--they\nput a pipe organ in it, and that was hell! And those of the Northern Europe -\nPrussia/Poland persuasion, dropped out and formed their own congregation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\ncalled it Congregation B'nai Israel and we don't know who they were, except one\nman who protested, but they purchased a separate cemetery lot. Ten years later,\nthe congregation had apparently disappeared and the cemetery reverted to Beth\nIsrael who gave it to the newly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrived Russians.\n\nBERMAN: And did they form their own synagogue?\n\nKAUFMAN: That's what my new book is about, the formation of . . .\n\nMRS. KAUFMAN: (off camera) There are three Blue Birds on the feeder.\n\nKAUFMAN: This is more important (smiling) three Blue Birds on the feeder. In\n1904 the, then Orthodox, but now Conservative, synagogue was formed.\n\nBERMAN: What was that called?\n\nKAUFMAN: Sherah Israel, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S-H-E-R-A-H which was corrected in 1999 by the incumbent\nrabbi [Rabbi Aaron Rubinstein] who said, \"That's no such word--it means \"gates\nof Israel\"--but it's [a] misspelling, and so on. It should be Sha'arey Israel,\nand is now changed, to everyone's discomfort except his. (laughs)\n\nBERMAN: How do the two groups, the Germans and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians, get along?\n\nKAUFMAN: Of course, no association . . . until, the beginning of the Holocaust.\nThen the Federation [Council of Jewish Federations], the United Jewish Appeal,\ntook over and the Germans started, but very soon the most able Eastern Europeans\ntook over. I worked at it 50 years, I know, so I was in that transition. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was\nregrettably, stupidly, 40 years old before I was ever in the Sherah Israel\nsynagogue. But, today, it's all the leadership of Macon and all the experience,\nand all the things valuable.\n\nBERMAN: Were there a lot of social clubs here, for the community?\n\nKAUFMAN: Yes. Probably in 1900, and I'm guessing at the date, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Jews formed\na social club called the Progress Club. They maintained it up to the years of\nthe beginning of The\n\nDepression. It was a social club, poker playing, and lots of big Christian men\nplayed poker there with them. I'm sure that there were no Eastern European Jews\nin it. And I found, just last week--another of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"serendipities--that in 1912 or\nthere abouts, the Eastern Europeans organized a social club, which I'd never\npreviously heard about.\n\nBERMAN: Does it have a name as well?\n\nKAUFMAN: It had a name, which name I've forgotten.\n\nMRS. KAUFMAN: Ideal? (off camera)\n\nKAUFMAN: No, no, Ideal was in the 1940s.\n\nBERMAN: So, did they keep separate until the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust years . . .\n\nKAUFMAN: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: . . . and now, is the community slowly integrated?\n\nKAUFMAN: Absolutely, tremendous number of people are members of both\ncongregations. Temple Beth Israel, the Reform congregation, didn't have a rabbi\nfor four or five years, and Rabbi [Aaron] Rubenstein is a very able, wonderful\nman. Sherah Israel took over and helped out, and there's no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distinction based on\nhistory anymore, [just] distinction based on practices.\n\nBERMAN: What about socialization and marriage? Did the German Jews pretty much\nmarry within the German Jewish community, in those early years . . .\n\nKAUFMAN: Historically they did, until the 1920s when they began to all marry\nChristians. They didn't convert, they never converted, but the children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\njust raised in the more fashionable religion. It was not until after the success\nof the State of Israel--and this is opinion again--that Jews began to\ninter-marry and the partner just as well become Jewish, and it's now fashionable\nto be Jewish, but it wasn't in those years. It must have been very uncomfortable\nin the 1920s. I have a close friends in the Catholic Church and I've ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talked to\n[one of them] about the antisemitism and the anti-Catholic feeling that went on\nthen, and he said, \"Oh, you mean when we had guns stored in the basement of the\nchurch?\" It was pretty bad. There were people who moved out of Georgia during\nthe period of the Leo Frank trial.\n\nBERMAN: What was it like, here in Macon?\n\nKAUFMAN: I don't know, because I didn't come back here until 1931, and grew up\nvery late, so I'm no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"observer.\n\nBERMAN: It must have been an interesting time in the 1920s.\n\nKAUFMAN: It must have been a very frightening time in the 1920s.\n\nBERMAN: How active was the Klan [Ku Klux Klan] here, do you have any knowledge\nabout that?\n\nKAUFMAN: Only through history. I remember in the early part of WWII my\nuncle--who was a leader in the community--said, \"We hear ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stories that no Jewish\nboys are enlisting and I would like you to check for me and see how many there\nare.\" And I did, but, instead of telling them [anti-Semites] to go to hell, he\nbothered to try and refute it. And there was a branch of the outfit [the KKK]\ncalled \"The Columbians\" who had made some threats here.\n\nBERMAN: This was right after the War, correct? Because The Columbians became\nactive in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta after the War.\n\nKAUFMAN: Yes, sure, right. And of course, this sort of permeated the society,\nthe thinking, until--I think--the catalyst for change was the establishment of\nthe State of Israel.\n\nBERMAN: Well, how active or involved was the Jewish community with the general\ncommunity here in Macon?\n\nKAUFMAN: Vitally. Marian's uncle, who was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married to Marian's mother--Marian's\nmother married brothers. Her mother, who was a graduate of the University of\nCalifornia in 1900, which is phenomenal, and was the daughter of the big rabbi\ncame to Macon in 1905 and she married a man named Emanuel Waxelbaum. And when\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city celebrated its 75th anniversary--it was founded in 1823--in 1898 he was\nchairman, citywide.\n\nBERMAN: And his name was . . .\n\nKAUFMAN: Emanuel Waxelbaum. Cut it, cut it a minute.\n\nKAUFMAN: I told you that Marian's uncle, her mother's first husband, was the\nhead of the 75th ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anniversary celebration for the whole city of Macon. And Jewish\npeople have done this continuously, been head [of things]. Every organization in\nthe city has been headed by a Jewish person.\n\nBERMAN: Any mayors?\n\nKAUFMAN: Any mayors? No, several city council people but the Mayor is a fulltime\njob and nobody would devote that to it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Particularly in the arts, the Jewish\npeople had dominated every organization. The Opera Guild, when they had one\nyears ago, the Symphony Orchestra is headed by this Don Rosen I told you about,\nand his parents-in-law the Elkins ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"headed it for many years. And I built the\nCommunity Little Theater here and the family's been in it for years.\n\nBERMAN: That's wonderful.\n\nBERMAN: Going back to the temple again, what can you tell me about Rabbi Isaac\nE. Marcuson.\n\nKAUFMAN: Isaac Marcuson came here about 1890 and then was here perhaps nine or\nten years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then left. We thought he had left the pulpit, but it turned out\nthat he had had a pulpit in Charleston [South Carolina] for a few years. He came\nback here, my grandfather--who was the president of the temple for twenty\nyears--brought him back here about 1918--my grandfather died in 1919--and\nMarcuson stayed here until 1952, when he died. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was a classical Reform rabbi,\nanti-Zionist, highly educated man, and a great liberal man. He was married to a\nwoman named [Rose] Thorner, who was one of the early Jewish families here. And\nhis sister-in law, another Thorner, married Rabbi Morgenstern, who was the\npresident of Hebrew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Union College [HUC]. And when Rabbi Morgenstern retired in\nthe 1960s or so, he came back to Macon to live. His children, the Greenebaums,\nlived here, and he spent his remaining years here. Marian and I used to ride in\nto temple, occasionally on Friday night, and I remember we rode in--Morgenstern\nwas such a brilliant man--we rode in one night, about sunset, and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quoted the\nfirst line of Gray's [Thomas Gray] \"Elegy to Country Churchyard\" [Elegy Written\nin a Country Churchyard], the line about the cattle \". . .wind slowly o'er the\nlea,\" and he quoted the whole damn poem from one end to the other, when he was\n80 years old. (laughs) And I thought 80 years old was old then, it's not so old\nnow. (laughs) Marcuson ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remained true to his liberal tradition, and anti-Zionist,\nuntil the State of Isreal was . . .\n\nKAUFMAN: . . . restored, and the story is that he and Morgenstern pulled out the\nTorah and said a blessing and said they'd been wrong and they were sorry.\n\nBERMAN: Really?\n\nKAUFMAN: Which is a fascinating story.\n\nBERMAN: That is fascinating. How did the rest of the congregation feel about his\nanti-Zionist stand?\n\nKAUFMAN: The congregation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went along with the tradition; congregations in\ngeneral--Christian congregations too--go along with the tradition. Movements are\nstarted by the \"oddballs\". The congregation was sympathetic to civil rights, but\nnobody did anything--except me--and that was a problem of great magnitude.\n\nBERMAN: I'd like to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk a little bit about that. That was actually one of my\nnext questions. What was it like here, during the Civil Rights Era, and what was\nthe congregation's . . .\n\nKAUFMAN: The congregation did absolutely nothing. They were sympathetic to the\nBlack causes, but as a generalization . . . now remember, I was a wild young man\nat that time, and I was involved, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I have a prejudicial air about it. But I\nwas involved in the Civil Rights Movement and it made them very uncomfortable.\n\nBERMAN: What was your involvement?\n\nKAUFMAN: We had had, in Macon, starting in the mid 1950s, an inter-racial\ncouncil. [It was] a strictly informal group, appointed by no one, just a group\nof us, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whites and Blacks, who used to get together and talk. We couldn't find a\nplace to meet until the Episcopal Church gave us a place to meet. We met there\nmonthly, to talk--which is about all we did--for ten years I guess. And I heard\nthe difficult stories, and so on. And we wrote letters and did a minor bit of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agitation. In the 1960s a young law professor from the Law School ran for Mayor\nand a big lawyer here named Melton [Buckner F. Melton], knowing my relations to\nthe Black community--and a few of them had begun to be registered--asked me to\nhelp and I stayed home and helped. And this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man lost the election to the White\nvote, but the 1,800 Negro votes [\"nigra votes\"] gave him the Mayor's race. At\nthe time of the party afterwards, he embraced me and said he thanked me, and\nthereafter, (laughs) he never spoke to me again, because I was a radical. I was\ninvolved in another election, and helped to get someone a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"win. The community had\nhad enough, and the Grand Jury asked for an investigation for buying the Negro\n[\"nigra\"] vote, and I was subpoenaed before the Grand Jury. Of course, it came\nto nothing, because I'd had no involvement. Then, stupidly, later I joined the\nNAACP, and that was anathema. But, of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, I was fortunate, all my business\nwas done outside of town.\n\nBERMAN: I was going to ask you about repercussions . . .\n\nKAUFMAN: There were no business repercussions, except in 1953 I opened a\nsideline business, a toy shop. At that time toys were only sold by department\nstores who pulled them out at Christmas and then put them away after Christmas.\nWe opened a year-round toy store, and it was very, very successful. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After I'd\nbeen in it five years, I heard rumors that it was going to be boycotted because\nI was a Communist. \"Communist\" is a term for anybody who disagrees with the\nmajority. So, the business was too difficult for me anyway, being a sideline\nowner, absentee owner, so I sold it to someoney and it remained in business for\n25 years. It was a very worthwhile ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"endeavor. And gradually, the people forgot\nabout my relationship.\n\nBERMAN: What were the social repercussions for you and your family?\n\nKAUFMAN: My social repercussions were interesting. I don't think they were\ndamaged because Marian's so well-liked and [has] been such a great member of the\ncommunity. I left the temple for a period, anyway, because I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a sophomoric\nyoung man and helped to found the Unitarian Fellowship. Didn't resign from the\ntemple, but was just not active, for 20 or 30 years, and wouldn't join several\nsocial groups because I didn't believe in them, and so on. Marian suffered, and\nmy children perhaps suffered, but I wasn't aware of it. I was blind to all that.\nAnd over the years, why it's completely ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disappeared and Marian and I, here at\nCarlyle Place--in the \"old folks home\" --are much in demand. (laughs) We know\neverybody here.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me about, for your family and in general were there any instances\nof antisemitism that you can remember?\n\nKAUFMAN: My uncle, a third uncle . . . my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother, remember, was a Bernd, and my\ngrandfather--this man who was president of the temple for 20 years and the head\nof the business--had six children. The younger brother [Laurence Joseph Bernd],\nthe one who died in 1937 and sent me to school, was a brilliant writer. He wrote\na column for the Macon paper for 20 years. When he returned from World War I, he\ncame back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he wrote a column for the Macon paper, contributed to The New\nYorker [magazine] and was a friend of all the intelligentsia in the world, and a\nbig friend of Walter White, the second head of the NAACP. He wrote some\nanti-lynching columns, and thus the like in his period, and I have a book of all\nthe scurrilous letters he got criticizing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him for writing so. But people forget\nawfully quick, people forget.\n\nBERMAN: Were there incidents of lynching that you can recall personally?\n\nKAUFMAN: No, no, no. But, of course, my timing is so strange. I was born in 1918\nand was so late growing up, when I went to college in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1935 I was only 5 feet 1\ninches tall and 99 pounds. I wasn't stunted, I just never reached maturity, and\nmy thinking was childlike also. Then I grew up late and became a rebel, a\nmal-content is a better word than rebel. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Incidentally, I told you my grandfather\nwas president of the temple for 20 years. Since his death, thirteen members of\nour family have been president of the temple . . .\n\nBERMAN: That's remarkable.\n\nKAUFMAN: . . . including Marian, including me, and in-laws and so on.\n\nBERMAN: The community being not that far from Atlanta, did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"participate--as\nmembers of the temple--in activities that were in Atlanta? Did you attend\nBallyhoo or any of those kinds of events that were southern, southeastern in\nfocus, but not just Atlanta?\n\nKAUFMAN: Don't talk about me because I was the oddball. But Marian's was a\ntraditional Jewish family, although they had absolutely no money. She went to\nBallyhoo two years, I have the program of her last Ballyhoo, and have been\ntrying for two years to find out who she had a date with; ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she doesn't remember.\nI've got his name and know where he lived in Atlanta, and I think it was Stan--I\ncan't remember his name--who was later in business with her cousin, a man named\nTheodore Waxelbaum in Atlanta.\n\nBERMAN: So, do you think that, generally, people in the community did\nparticipate in those events?\n\nKAUFMAN: To some degree. Marian was so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beautiful, she was dated by lots of\npeople, but I don't know anybody else in Macon who participated in Ballyhoo. But\nwhen you're talking 100 members of a congregation, and probably in the\nDepression years--which we're now talking about--membership had probably\ndwindled to 70 or so, and there weren't many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eligible people. And the size of\nfamilies was small then, I don't know why, but that's concurrent result of\nDepression years. So, it's interesting, I don't know. Go talk to Kerry Becker\n(sp)--whose name I've given you--talk about the reaction of Macon Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people.\n\nBERMAN: What are some of your fondest memories of growing up here in Macon.\n\nKAUFMAN: My fondest memories of growing up in Macon, I don't have any fond\nmemories . . . yes, yes, I was very successful in Boy Scouting. I got in a scout\ntroop and [was] only one of two people in Macon who was an Eagle Scout ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a\nScout Master and holder of the Silver Beaver, which is an award for adult\nactivity in scouting. I guess scouting was my escape from high school, where the\nfraternity system--and I wasn't in the fraternities, they didn't have Jewish\nboys, except a few--were really Christian in their orientation. So, scouting was\nmy escape and I was active and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"successful in it for many years.\n\nBERMAN: Were you friendly with Moe Goldman in Atlanta?\n\nKAUFMAN: Who?\n\nBERMAN: Moe Goldman.\n\nKAUFMAN: No, I don't know that name.\n\nBERMAN: He was very active in scouting in Atlanta.\n\nKAUFMAN: No. When I was a youngish man (laughs) 40 years ago, I became active in\nUnited Jewish Appeal (UJA) in the late 1940s. I went around the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"southeast\nspeaking for them and was in two or three big conferences in Atlanta. One, I\nhave my picture taken with George Jessel, and the big man from Birmingham, and\nBernie Coleman . . .\n\nBERMAN: Cab Coleman?\n\nKAUFMAN: Cab Coleman and the big lawyer in Atlanta. We had a conference in\nAtlanta at the Biltmore, and I spoke at that group. So, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was an escape for me.\n\nBERMAN: That must have been a very interesting time to be active in UJA.\n\nKAUFMAN: Believe me, it was. Very exciting, State of Israel was very exciting.\nAnd now, I'm so disappointed. I guess I gave as much as anybody, over the years\nprobably given as much as anybody, except in the last four or five years. Spent\nall my money on Carlyle Place (laughs) and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Second Great Republican\nDepression\". I'm so disappointed in Israel, instead of making peace--which they\ncan do--you know. Tell the Arabs, \"You've licked us, what do you want?\", and\nthen give them what you're going to give them anyway, but let them appear the\nvictors, multiple ways to bring it. The new man whose ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"running for the Labor\nParty, whose supposed not to have a chance, will produce peace in Israel, I think.\n\nBERMAN: Do you have any regrets having grown up in a smaller community rather\nthan a big city, or do you think the experience has broadened you?\n\nKAUFMAN: I think the advantages of growing up in a small city are so great. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nhave relationships or contacts with everybody in the community. I spoke to you\nabout my involvement in the Civil Rights Movement, well, following that I became\ninvolved politically. And though I've never run for office I've always worked in\nit. I was responsible, 25 years ago, for getting a man ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"elected to Congress. He\ndefeated the incumbent Democrat--he was a Democrat--from Dublin, Georgia. Macon\nwas the principle town in the district, and I was responsible and we carried it\nand we elected him. He was in Congress for 12 years.\n\nBERMAN: Who was that?\n\nKAUFMAN: Roy Roland from Laurens County, Dublin, Georgia. He's gradually become\nmore and more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Republican, but he's still my very good friend.\n\nBERMAN: You mentioned earlier, also, The Columbians. Do you have any memories of\nthat organization?\n\nKAUFMAN: No, because I was still, slightly a little boy and that was three years\nbefore my uncle died and I became the head of the business. This was when I\nremember the Klan or Columbians or so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on started talking about \"No Jewish boys\nwere in the [military] service.\" My uncle asked me to get a list of who all were\nin the service.\n\nBERMAN: What's the community like today, is it growing?\n\nKAUFMAN: The community is growing and Congregation Sherah Israel--the original\nRussian congregation--is the dominant congregation.\n\nBERMAN: Why do you think that is?\n\nKAUFMAN: (sighs) Why is it, I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know, but it is. And I suspect they are\ndominant in most towns. The German Jews have died out, most families will die\nout in about three generations. Either they'll have all female children, or no\nchildren, or move away, so that families being in a community with the same name\nfor a long time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marian and I went to temple last Friday night--we hadn't been\nin three months, regrettably--and we didn't know but a third of the people\nthere. All new people and tremendous number of intermarriages with the\nnon-Jewish spouses coming to the congregation.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think there's a chance that the two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregations will merge?\n\nKAUFMAN: Fortunately, the Sunday Schools have already merged, which has been a\ngreat step . . . . . Yes, it's inevitable that they will. For many years, the\nSherah Israel--the Conservative synagogue--wanted to merge with the temple and\nthe Sunday School and Temple Beth Israel wouldn't have anything to do with it.\nBut ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finally, the shoe became on the other foot and Sherah Israel, [became] the\ndominant congregation. And most of my Jewish associates are from Sherah Israel.\nThere are not many left from Temple Beth Israel who are of my generation. In the\n1920s all the male members left or intermarried. The 1920s was a great exodus ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in\nthe South from Reform Judaism.\n\nBERMAN: Why is that?\n\nKAUFMAN: Because of the Leo Frank case and also the Jews had been so successful\nin the communities, socially and otherwise, that they no longer--congregation is\na social body, remember--they no longer needed it. They were so successful among\nthe Christian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. The country club here accepted Jewish people. My family\nand Marian's family were in the original founders of the thing. Now, that's not\ntrue today.\n\nBERMAN: It's not?\n\nKAUFMAN: Well, over the years, they have accepted Jews, but I suspect--and this\nis only my suspicion--if you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looked at the number of people they have turned\ndown you would find a very high percentage of Jews. And though Jews have been\nactive in it since its founding in 1900, there's never been a Jewish president\nof it. But, of course, I have a skewered view of it, (laughs) having resigned\nmyself when they didn't take a Jewish member.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did your family actively celebrate a lot of Jewish traditions?\n\nKAUFMAN: I had no family.\n\nBERMAN: Because of the separation?\n\nKAUFMAN: Because of my mother's divorce in 1931. We came and lived at my\ngrandmother's house. My grandfather was dead, and we had my uncle--my mother's\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother who was the literary figure who had no interest in Judaism whatsoever,\nwas never in the temple--and another brother who was slightly disabled\n[\"retarded\"]. I used to have to go, with my grandmother, every Saturday morning\nto temple, but that was the extent of our Judaism.\n\nBERMAN: So, most of your friends were within Boy Scouts . . .\n\nKAUFMAN: Yes, right, right. You'll have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk to someone of a more traditional\nbackground to find out about that sort of thing.\n\nBERMAN: After World War II, were there any Holocaust survivors who settled in Macon?\n\nKAUFMAN: Yes. Quite a few.\n\nBERMAN: Are the families still here?\n\nKAUFMAN: Yes, yes. Quite a few of them still in Macon. One of them, young man,\nLeo Blonze (sp), is thinking of moving out here [Carlyle Place] now. He's from Germany.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were they welcomed by the community?\n\nKAUFMAN: Yes, welcomed by the community, but they most all had to start their\nlives over.\n\nBERMAN: Was there an organized effort to help them here?\n\nKAUFMAN: Organized, no, but there was plenty of help available for them.\n\nBERMAN: So, you were a member of the United Jewish Appeal at that point?\n\nKAUFMAN: Oh yes, absolutely.\n\nBERMAN: So, were your efforts supposed to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help refugees and Israel?\n\nKAUFMAN: Yes, but only one time did we get any refugees under the program. In\n1955--or somewhere along in there, 1952--I went to a conference in Jacksonville\n[Florida] for new Americans, and we agreed to take four of them in Macon, and we\nonly got one and I gave him a job. He went to work for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody else, went to\nwork for a woman who owned a furniture store. And instead of following the\ntradition of marrying the boss's daughter, he married the boss. (laughs) [We\nhad] a half dozen Germans here, who were--strange enough--about half to\nCongregation Beth Israel, and half to Sherah Israel. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Reform is not near\nas Reformed as American Reform.\n\nBERMAN: You may have been too young, but do you have any recollection of . . .\nall throughout the South, there were requests coming in constantly for families\nto write affidavits, especially within the German congregations, for relatives\nthat were still left in Europe. Do you remember that discussion?\n\nKAUFMAN: I never remembered. I've heard about them since. A man named Dannenburg\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here answered several and employed them. He was never active in the temple,\nthough he was Jewish, and he took several. I was thinking the other day, you\nmentioned the St. Louis. If there was any activity in Macon to protest it, I\nnever heard about it, but that was in my growing up years. I'm a bad candidate\nfor many of these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things.\n\nBERMAN: Actually, you've been a great candidate. You've been wonderful.\n\nKAUFMAN: (laughs)\n\nBERMAN: We're getting close to the end.\n\nKAUFMAN: Alright.\n\nBERMAN: I want to ask you if there's anything you think I have missed, because\nif there is, I'd like you to . . .\n\nKAUFMAN: No, no, I just want to thank you [\"ya'll\"] because my consuming\ninterest now is genealogy. I'm two days a week, and that's a lot for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody in\nthis old folks home, down at the Genealogy Room looking up records. On this new\nbook I'm doing I just went through the 1910 census of Macon. There are 56,000\nnames in there and I had to go through all of them to pick out the Russian-born\nnames. But it's fabulous work.\n\nBERMAN: It's exciting work, I know . . .\n\nKAUFMAN: Yes, sure. This is your field, and you're trained in it. (laughs)\n\nBERMAN: Yes, yes, and we're always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/transcript/24917/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interested in what you might come up with.\nAnd I really want to thank you for participating in this. It's wonderful for me\nto interview you and also, I know that the tape will be used by a lot of researchers.\n\nKAUFMAN: I hope so.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you very much.\n\nKAUFMAN: Thank you for coming down.\n\n 2","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=3600.0,3630.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGus B. Kaufman’s mother, Elberta Bernd Kaufman, was one of six children of Gustave Bernd, 2nd and Henrietta “Yet” Blum. Elberta’s siblings were Ferdinand J. Bernd; Laurence Joseph Bernd; Mynette Bernd; Flora Helen “Coco” Bernd, and Aaron Blum Bernd.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the American Civil War (1861-1865), the Confederacy was a group of 11 Southern slave-holding states (including Georgia) that seceded from the Union in 1860 after the election of President Abraham Lincoln. The Civil War began at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina in 1861 and the Union and Confederate armies battled until spring of 1865, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9 at Appomattox. In August, 1866, President Lincoln formally declared an end to the war and slavery was abolished later that same year.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Andersonville Prison was a Confederate prisoner-of-war camp during the final fourteen months of the Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYellow fever, a deadly virus, first appeared in the U.S. in the late 17th century and continued for the next two hundred years. Hundreds, sometimes thousands, of people could die from the disease in a single summer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Beth Israel is a Reform synagogue in Macon, Georgia. Formed in 1859 by Jews of German background as Congregation Kahal Kadosh Beth Israel, it was originally Orthodox, and followed the German minhag (accepted traditions).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1920s, millions of Americans moved to the state of Florida seeking quick riches in real estate; many made fortunes, others returned home penniless.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Georgia—a public research university with its main campus in Athens, Georgia—is one of the oldest public universities in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLaurence Joseph Bernd\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 1914 to 1918. Described as “the war to end all wars”, it led to the mobilization of over 70 million military personnel, making it one of the largest wars in history. The U.S. declared war on Germany in 1917; before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to the United Kingdom, France, and the other Allied powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries, it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. In the U.S., it began with the “Wall Street Crash of 1929,” the most devastating stock market crash in the country’s history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe study of families and family history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo adapt a foreign word, name, or phrase to English usage or to alter words to a characteristic English form, sound, or spelling.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarianna Kaufman (partner Diana Aleman); Dr. Gus B. [“Smokey”] Kaufman, Jr. (partner Reydante Banag); Lise K. Dayan (husband Sig Dayan); and Dr. Aaron B. Kaufman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA person who offers merchandise (such as fresh produce) for sale along the street or from door to door.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the close of the Civil War, Lazarus Straus decided to move his family north. They settled in New York, and opened L. Straus \u0026amp; Sons, importers of china, porcelain, glassware and crockery. In 1873 they opened a concession in the basement of Macy’s department store and by 1896 were sole owners of R. H. Macy’s \u0026amp; Company. Lazarus’ son Isidor ran Macy’s for many years until he and his wife Ida, passengers on the Titanic in 1912, both died when it sank.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Straus Historical Society, Inc. is a non-profit with a principal purpose of fostering educational activities with respect to the settlement of Jews in the U.S. in particular, the family of Lazarus and Sara Straus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA minyan is a quorum of ten Jewish adults (traditionally men, but now also women may participate) required for certain religious obligations. The most common activity requiring a minyan is public prayer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNathan Grossmayer opened a store in Macon in 1840, and later opened another store in Americus, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRose Hill Cemetery was built in Macon in 1840 and has multiple sections containing Jewish plots including Hebrew Burial Ground, Congregation B’Nai Israel, William Wolff, The Hebrew Aid Society, Congregation Sherah Israel and The Workman’s Circle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGus and Marian’s book The Jewish Burials of Macon, Georgia, 1844-1997 was published in 1997. Gus’s first book was The Family of Simon Kaufmann of Lichtenau, Germany. He and Marian also wrote 1490 Listings of Marriages of Macon and Bibb County, Georgia, With One or Both Spouses of Jewish Birth, 1823-1997. Gus’s last book was The Great Migration and the Founding of Congregation Sherah Israel (Now Sha’arei Israel) in Macon, Georgia, 1881-1910.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAshkenazic and Sephardic Jews represent two distinct subcultures of Judaism. Ashkenazic Jews are the Jews of France, Germany, and Eastern Europe and their descendants. Sephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa and the Middle East and their descendants.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom the Temple Beth Israel website: “. . . An informal meeting of several Israelites of Macon was held at the home of E. Brown, Esq. on Sunday, October 30, 1859. Present were E. Einstein, R. Einstein, E. Isaacs, E. Brown, H. Goodman, M. Landauer, S. Landauer, I. Weill, E. Feuchtwanger, I. Hershfield, A. Dessau.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA person certified by a rabbi or Jewish court of law to slaughter animals for food in the manner prescribed by Jewish law.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is the traditionalist branch of contemporary Judaism. Reform Judaism is a liberal strand characterized by a lesser stress on ritual and personal observance. Conservative Judaism has historically represented a midpoint on the spectrum of observance between Orthodox and Reform.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMinhag is an accepted tradition or group of traditions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe seder is a ritual performed by a community or by multiple generations of a family, involving a retelling of the story of the liberation of the Israelites from slavery in ancient Egypt. It is often accompanied by a feast, like the seder that marks the beginning of Passover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation B’Nai Israel appears to have been established by members of Beth Israel who separated from that congregation as it shifted increasingly to Reform practices. But it is not known if Congregation B’Nai Israel was actually formed or held services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Migration and the Founding of Congregation Sherah Israel (Now Sha’arei Israel) in Macon, Georgia, 1881-1910, was published in 2003.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSherah Israel (now Sha’arey Israel) is a Conservative congregation that works with Congregation Beth Israel on several community projects.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust was the World War II genocide of the European Jews. Between 1941 and 1945, across German-occupied Europe, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews, around two-thirds of Europe’s Jewish population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Council of Jewish Federations (CJF) is an association of Jewish community organizations in the U.S. addressing issues of budgeting, campaigning, public welfare, public relations, and business management services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Jewish Appeal (UJA) was a Jewish philanthropic umbrella organization founded in 1939. The United Jewish Communities (UJC) organization incorporated in 1999 as a result of the merger of the CJF, the United Israel Appeal (UIA), and the UJA.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a Jewish nationalist movement with a goal of creating and supporting a Jewish national state in Palestine, the ancient homeland of the Jews. On May 14, 1948, in Tel Aviv, Jewish Agency Chairman David Ben-Gurion proclaimed the State of Israel, establishing the first Jewish state in 2,000 years. Ben-Gurion became Israel’s first premier.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is hostility toward, or discrimination against, Jews as a religious or racial group.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Frank, a Jew, was a superintendent at the National Pencil Company in Atlanta. He was falsely accused of murdering 13-year-old Mary Phagan. He was convicted and jailed, then kidnapped from jail and lynched in 1915.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is an American white supremacist hate group whose primary targets are African Americans, Jews, immigrants, leftists, and homosexuals.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world’s countries eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. By the end of the war, more than half of the Jewish population of Europe had been killed by the Nazis (political party of the mass movement known as National Socialism, an extreme racist and authoritarian group) in the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Columbians were a neo-Nazi group that came to brief prominence in Atlanta, Georgia in 1946-47.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiriam “Mamie” Corper Voorsanger Waxelbaum\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Voorsanger\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMacon Little Theatre is the oldest, continuously running community theatre under the same name in the southeast. The theatre opened its doors to the public on March 14, 1934, and Gus Kaufman was president of the organization for many years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Isaac E. Marcuson, accepted the rabbinate at Temple Beth Israel in 1894 and served the congregation for over 50 years until his death in 1952.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulian Morgenstern was the first American-born scholar to be appointed to the Hebrew Union College (HUC) faculty. He was named Acting President in 1921 and served as President from 1922 until his retirement in 1947. HUC is a Jewish seminary with three locations in the U.S. and one location in Jerusalem. It is the oldest extant Jewish seminary in the Americas and the main seminary for training rabbis, cantors, educators and communal workers in Reform Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first stanza reads, “The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, the lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea, the plowman homeward plods his weary way, and leaves the world to darkness and to me.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTorah is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the Talmud and other rabbinical works.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSegregation, the practice of requiring separate housing, education and other services for people of color, was made law several times in 18th and 19th-century America. The Civil Rights Movement in the mid 1950s to late 1960s, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, helped to fight segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the U.S., formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans, by a group including W.E.B. DuBois.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSomeone or something intensely disliked or loathed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoyland Toy Store. Gus also owned Macon Raceway and Hobby Shop for a time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA system in which goods are owned in common and are available to all as needed; a theory advocating elimination of private property. Also refers to a doctrine based on revolutionary Marxian socialism and Marxism-Leninism that was the official ideology of the U.S.S.R.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Unitarian Fellowship of Middle Georgia (now The Unitarian Universalist Fellowship of Middle Georgia) was established in 1949. Unitarian Universalism is rooted in the Judeo-Christian tradition, but is a liberal religion characterized by a “free and responsible search for truth and meaning”.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Macon Telegraph\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA status class of educated people who critique, guide, and lead in shaping the culture and politics of their society. The intelligentsia includes artists, teachers, academics, and writers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalter Francis White (1893 – 1955) was an African-American journalist, novelist, essayist, and civil rights activist who led the NAACP from 1929–1955. He directed a broad program of legal challenges to racial segregation and disfranchisement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eContaining obscenities, abuse, or slander.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA type of coming out party for upper middle-class Jewish society in Atlanta in the 1930s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Boy Scouts of America (BSA) founded in 1910, is the largest scouting organization, and one of the largest youth organizations, in America; Eagle Scout is the highest rank attainable by youth in BSA, and The Silver Beaver Award is the council-level distinguished service award for adult leaders who have shown outstanding dedication to scouting.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLanier High School for Boys\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Albert “Georgie” Jessel was an American illustrated song “model”, actor, singer, songwriter, and film producer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39923/file/111547/annotation_set/490/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Biltmore Hotel, built in 1924, was the focal point of Atlanta’s business and social life for almost 60 years. 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