{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/9c6rx94m61/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Cohen, Gerald (1980)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1980-11-18 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGerald Cohen was interviewed by L. W. Leeds on November 18, 1980 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eGerald Cohen was born in 1918 in Pocomoke City, Maryland shortly before his Russian and Polish immigrant family moved to Atlanta. He grew up on Pryor and Washington Streets, in the heart of the Jewish community. As a youth, Gerald was involved in many Jewish organizations. He attended activities hosted by the United Hebrew School, Young Judaea, B’nai B’rith Youth Aleph Zadik Aleph, and Jewish Educational Alliance. He attended Georgia Avenue School, Hoke Smith Junior High School, and Boys High School. Growing up, his friends were mostly Jewish. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Gerald went to Emory University after graduating high school and trained to become a metallurgist. He found it difficult to find jobs in his profession after he graduated, and eventually began Central Metals Co., a metal recycling business, with his father and brothers. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            He married his high school sweetheart, Helen Hillman Cohen. Together, the two had three children: Judy Cohen Kogon, Carol Cohen Deutsch, and Mark Cohen. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald was very involved in the Atlanta Jewish community. He has served as president of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue (1974-76), the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (1984-86), and the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization Adult Committee (1959-61). He was the chairman of the Atlanta Jewish Federation's Annual Campaign (1978), Men's ORT, and Year 2000 Committee of Atlanta Jewish Federation, national chairman of National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council (NJCRAC), and was a founding member of The Harry H. Epstein School and The Doris and Alex Weber School. He served on the boards of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the American Jewish Committee (AJC), the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta, ORT, Jewish Family \u0026amp; Career Services, Bureau of Jewish Education, The Epstein School, The Weber School, Ahavath Achim Synagogue, Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, and as a National Officer of Council of Jewish Federations. Gerald received the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta's Lifetime Achievement Award, B'nai B'rith's Century Club Man of the Year, ADL's Abe Goldstein Humanitarian Award, AJC's Selig Distinguished Service Award, The Weber School's First Annual Honor, and The American ORT Federation's Leadership Service Award, and as a member of the Rabin Legacy Society and the King Solomon Society.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald passed away in February 2009 at the age of 90. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eGerald begins the interview by describing his family background. His father came to America from Russia as a young man to avoid being drafted into the Tsar’s army. He discusses how his father first landed in Galveston, Texas and traveled throughout the Untied States doing odd jobs. His mother was from Poland. Gerald’s brother was born in Maryland before the family moved to Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Gerald explains that he and his family lived in the heart of the Atlanta Jewish community. He recalls the many organizations he was involved with, even as a child, including B’nai B’rith Youth, Aleph Zadik Aleph, and more. His friend group was mostly Jewish and Gerald remembers how he and his friends would band together when traveling to and from school to prevent being harassed by their non-Jewish neighbors. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Gerald then comments on antisemitism at Emory University. He states that the university had a quota that limited the number of Jewish students that could attend, and that discrimination was worse in the medical and dental schools. Despite the antisemitism at Emory, Gerald graduated with a degree in chemistry and sought work as a metallurgist. He remembers that it was difficult for him to find a job in his field right out of college, so he, his father, and brothers went into business together. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Gerald describes the social divisions between different Jewish groups in the early 20th century. Different denominations socialized in different places and at different institutions. He also discusses how the Jewish community worked to welcome immigrants and help them start their new lives in America. Gerald comments on the Leo Frank case and The Temple Synagogue bombing. He recalls that growing up his family was wary of the Klu Klux Klan.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Gerald then remarks upon the relationship between Jews and non-Jews in the 1980s and the Jewish community’s relationship with African Americans. He also recalls how he felt when he first heard about the Holocaust and describes how survivors of the Holocaust became a part of the community. Gerald discusses the importance of Israel to Jews around the world. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            He then lists his family members and children before talking about his extensive involvement in the Atlanta Jewish community. Gerald brings up his involvement with the Ahavath Achim Synagogue, the Jewish Home, Jewish Theological Seminary, American Jewish Committee, and more. Gerald lists individuals whom he looked up to throughout his life and how they impacted the Atlanta Jewish community. He describes his Jewish education and compares it to the education and attitudes of his children’s generation. Finally, he discusses what he believes is the most profound problem that the Atlanta Jewish community faces. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29180"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["African Americans (topical term)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","Aleph Zadik Aleph (corporate name)","American Jewish Committee (corporate name)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Assimilation (Sociology) (topical term)","Atlanta (Ga.) (geographic term)","Ben David, Tova (personal name)","B'nai B'rith (corporate name)","B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (corporate name)","Bombings—Georgia (topical term)","Boston (Ma.) (geographic term)","California (geographic term)","Boy Scouts (topical term)","Childhood (topical term)","Civil Rights movement (topical term)","Clubs (topical term)","Cohen, Gerald (1918-2009) (personal name)","Cohen, Helen Hillman (personal name)","Cohen, Mark (personal name)","Columbus (Ga.) (geographic term)","Conservative Judaism (topical term)","Cuba, Max (personal name)","Deutsch, Bobby (personal name)","Deutsch, Carol Cohen (personal name)","Education (topical term)","Education, Elementary. (topical term)","Emory University (corporate name)","Epstein, Harry (personal name)","Evans, Eli (1936-2022) (personal name)","Feldman, Sidney (1921-2005) (personal name)","Frank, Leo (1884-1915) (personal name)","Galveston (Tex.) (geographic term)","Genocide. (topical term)","Georgia (geographic term)","Georgia Tech Research Institute (corporate name)","Germany (geographic term)","Goldstein, Abe (1892-1982) (personal name)","Gralnick, William “Bill” (1945-) (personal name)","Great Depression (named event)","Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society of America (corporate name)","High School (topical term)","Holocaust. (named event)","Immigrants--United States. (topical term)","Jewish congregations (topical term)","Institutions (topical term)","Israel (geographic term)","Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (topical term)","Jewish literature (topical term)","Jewish sects (topical term)","Jewish Theological Seminary of America (corporate name)","Jews, Polish (topical term)","Jews, Russian (topical term)","Kahn, Edward M. (1895-1984) (personal name)","Kaplow, Herb (personal name)","King, Jr., Martin Luther (1929-1968) (personal name)","Kogon, Judy Cohen (personal name)","Kogon, Martin “Marty” (personal name)","Kuniansky, Max (personal name)","Lapadis, Harry (personal name)","Marriage (topical term)","Maryland (geographic term)","Massell, Jr., Ben J. (1917-1986) (personal name)","Massell, Sr. Benjamin Joseph (1886-1962) (personal name)","McGill, Ralph Emerson (1898-1969) (personal name)","Medical schools (topical term)","Medintz, Barney (1919-1960) (personal name)","Morris Plan Corporation of America. (corporate name)","National Community Relations Advisory Council (U.S.) (corporate name)","National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council (U.S.) (corporate name)","Nazis (topical term)","New York (N.Y.) (geographic term)","Old age homes (topical term)","Philadelphia (Pa.) (geographic term)","Pocomoke City (Md.) (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Public schools (topical term)","Rabbis (topical term)","Race (topical term)","Reform Judaism (topical term)","Religious education (topical term)","Rothschild, Jacob Mortimer (1911-1973) (personal name)","Russia (geographic term)","Schools (topical term)","Segregation (topical term)","Stamford (Conn.) (geographic term)","Temple (Atlanta, Ga.) (geographic term)","Terrorism (topical term)","Travel (topical term)","United Hebrew Schools (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","Universities and colleges (topical term)","Weinstein, Isadore Milton “I.M.” (1887-1954) (personal name)","White supremacy movements. (topical term)","Yiddish Language (topical term)","Young Judaea, Inc. (corporate name)","Zayban, Irwin (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGerald Cohen was interviewed by L. W. Leeds on November 18, 1980 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerald Cohen was born in 1918 in Pocomoke City, Maryland shortly before his Russian and Polish immigrant family moved to Atlanta. He grew up on Pryor and Washington Streets, in the heart of the Jewish community. As a youth, Gerald was involved in many Jewish organizations. He attended activities hosted by the United Hebrew School, Young Judaea, B\u0026rsquo;nai B\u0026rsquo;rith Youth Aleph Zadik Aleph, and Jewish Educational Alliance. He attended Georgia Avenue School, Hoke Smith Junior High School, and Boys High School. Growing up, his friends were mostly Jewish.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Gerald went to Emory University after graduating high school and trained to become a metallurgist. He found it difficult to find jobs in his profession after he graduated, and eventually began Central Metals Co., a metal recycling business, with his father and brothers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; He married his high school sweetheart, Helen Hillman Cohen. Together, the two had three children: Judy Cohen Kogon, Carol Cohen Deutsch, and Mark Cohen.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald was very involved in the Atlanta Jewish community. He has served as president of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue (1974-76), the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (1984-86), and the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization Adult Committee (1959-61). He was the chairman of the Atlanta Jewish Federation's Annual Campaign (1978), Men's ORT, and Year 2000 Committee of Atlanta Jewish Federation, national chairman of National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council (NJCRAC), and was a founding member of The Harry H. Epstein School and The Doris and Alex Weber School. He served on the boards of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the American Jewish Committee (AJC), the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta, ORT, Jewish Family \u0026amp; Career Services, Bureau of Jewish Education, The Epstein School, The Weber School, Ahavath Achim Synagogue, Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, and as a National Officer of Council of Jewish Federations. Gerald received the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta's Lifetime Achievement Award, B'nai B'rith's Century Club Man of the Year, ADL's Abe Goldstein Humanitarian Award, AJC's Selig Distinguished Service Award, The Weber School's First Annual Honor, and The American ORT Federation's Leadership Service Award, and as a member of the Rabin Legacy Society and the King Solomon Society.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald passed away in February 2009 at the age of 90.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerald begins the interview by describing his family background. His father came to America from Russia as a young man to avoid being drafted into the Tsar\u0026rsquo;s army. He discusses how his father first landed in Galveston, Texas and traveled throughout the Untied States doing odd jobs. His mother was from Poland. Gerald\u0026rsquo;s brother was born in Maryland before the family moved to Atlanta, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Gerald explains that he and his family lived in the heart of the Atlanta Jewish community. He recalls the many organizations he was involved with, even as a child, including B\u0026rsquo;nai B\u0026rsquo;rith Youth, Aleph Zadik Aleph, and more. His friend group was mostly Jewish and Gerald remembers how he and his friends would band together when traveling to and from school to prevent being harassed by their non-Jewish neighbors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Gerald then comments on antisemitism at Emory University. He states that the university had a quota that limited the number of Jewish students that could attend, and that discrimination was worse in the medical and dental schools. Despite the antisemitism at Emory, Gerald graduated with a degree in chemistry and sought work as a metallurgist. He remembers that it was difficult for him to find a job in his field right out of college, so he, his father, and brothers went into business together.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Gerald describes the social divisions between different Jewish groups in the early 20th century. Different denominations socialized in different places and at different institutions. He also discusses how the Jewish community worked to welcome immigrants and help them start their new lives in America. Gerald comments on the Leo Frank case and The Temple Synagogue bombing. He recalls that growing up his family was wary of the Klu Klux Klan.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Gerald then remarks upon the relationship between Jews and non-Jews in the 1980s and the Jewish community\u0026rsquo;s relationship with African Americans. He also recalls how he felt when he first heard about the Holocaust and describes how survivors of the Holocaust became a part of the community. Gerald discusses the importance of Israel to Jews around the world.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; He then lists his family members and children before talking about his extensive involvement in the Atlanta Jewish community. Gerald brings up his involvement with the Ahavath Achim Synagogue, the Jewish Home, Jewish Theological Seminary, American Jewish Committee, and more. Gerald lists individuals whom he looked up to throughout his life and how they impacted the Atlanta Jewish community. He describes his Jewish education and compares it to the education and attitudes of his children\u0026rsquo;s generation. Finally, he discusses what he believes is the most profound problem that the Atlanta Jewish community faces.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Cohen_Gerald_(1980).mp3"]},"duration":2257.34531,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/198/575/original/Cohen_Gerald_%281980%29.mp3?1689634133","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":2257.34531,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gerald Cohen (1980) [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"L. W. LEEDS: I'm going to read it so that I can get this on tape and it'll be\npart of the introduction to this whole thing here.\n\nCOHEN: That's fine.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Do you mind that?\n\nCOHEN: Fine.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Okay. You can speak up. We have a microphone here and it's going in\nthere as well. Bill Gralnick says, \"Dear Herb [Kaplow], I am pleased to extend\nto you on behalf of AJC's [American Jewish Committee] Atlanta [Georgia, United\nStates] chapter an invitation to be the interviewer at our 75th Anniversary Oral\nHistory program. The program will be held December the 3rd, 8 p.m. at the\nstudios of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"W.A.G.,\" whatever it is. \"You will be interviewing four individuals\nselected for their impact on the growth of the Atlanta Jewish community and the\ngrowth of Atlanta itself. These individuals also represent the internal\ndiversity of Atlanta Jewery: Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, Ashkenazi, and\nSephardic. In the next several weeks, we will deliver to you a brief biography\nof the individuals, an outline of areas we wish to explore ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the\ninterviewees, and selected historical background information on Atlanta Jewery,\"\nand so on and so on. What I want to do now is begin to ask you these questions\nso that you can give me a handle and give Herb Kaplow a handle on how to talk to\nyou. He has already gotten questions on the others and he will know how to\naddress them. In other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"words, to have an insight in the beginning of the\nquestions. When did you come to Atlanta?\n\nCOHEN: I was born in Atlanta in 1918.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: 1918.\n\nCOHEN: Yes.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: So you are really a native. Do you remember your family's\nbackground? I'm sure you do. But where did they come from?\n\nCOHEN: Yes, my father came from Russia as a very young man, approximately 19\nyears of age and my mother came from Poland with her family as a very young\ngirl, approximately ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five or six years of age.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Mhm.\n\nCOHEN: My father landed at Galveston, Texas [United States], and not knowing any\nEnglish and not having any particular skills, bought a horse and wagon and went\nto California [United States]. He worked various jobs, some of which were in the\nscrap metal business, collecting scrap metal. He came back east and he went to\nMaryland [United States], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the eastern shore of Maryland, a small town called\nPocomoke City, Maryland [United States]. My brother was born in Pocomoke City,\nMaryland. My father came to Atlanta shortly before I was born.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: One of them came from Poland and the other--\n\nCOHEN: Yes.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: And--\n\nCOHEN: My mother came from Poland.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Poland. Where in Poland, you remember?\n\nCOHEN: No. I have attempted to trace this, the names of the towns that they gave\nme, but I have been unable to spot and confirm it.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Then your father?\n\nCOHEN: Apparently the names have been changed. Both--\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Both came from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland?\n\nCOHEN: No, my father came from Russia.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: From Russia?\n\nCOHEN: Yes.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Did they ever tell you as to how they came here and why?\n\nCOHEN: Yes. My--I know that my father was of age to be drafted into the Tsar's\narmy immediate want to put in 25 years of military service in the Tsar's army.\nHe had heard of the opportunities that there were here and decided that he would come.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mhm.\n\nCOHEN: My mother, of course, was too young to make the decision, but my\ngrandfather decided he would come to the United States with his whole family,\nfor better economic opportunity.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: That reminds me of my father and mother telling me that he came to\nthis country, that is, his father, my grandfather, came to this country to\nescape the draft in Russia. What did they do here when they got here?\n\nCOHEN: I've already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said that my father worked at odd jobs. Then when he went to\nMaryland on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay, he was in the butter and\negg and in the chicken business. My grandfather was also buying and selling produce.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Were they married here in Atlanta, or were they--\n\nCOHEN: No, no. My parents got married in Pocomoke City, Maryland.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: In Maryland, eastern ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shore. When did they come to Atlanta? What\nyear? Do you remember?\n\nCOHEN: Approximately 1917.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Oh, you were--\n\nCOHEN: Before I was born.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: You were just-- Yes, I can understand that. Could you relate any\nexperiences with either Jews or Gentiles from your childhood or young adulthood,\nwhich would help explain the Jewish experience, your Jewish experience in Atlanta?\n\nCOHEN: Now that that's a very long story because, as you recall, the center of\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish community was Pryor Street, Central Avenue, Washington Street,\nCapitol Avenue, and I grew up in the center of the center of the Jewish\ncommunity. We lived first on Pryor Street, and then we moved to Washington\nStreet. We lived at the corner of Washington Street and Fulton Street, and I was\ninvolved in all of the neighborhood activities. I was involved in all of the--it\nwas called the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew School activities. As I grew some older, I got\ndeeply involved in Boy Scouts. I participated in all of the club activities,\nYoung Judaea and the B'nai B'rith Youth, which was AZA [Aleph Zadik Aleph], at\nthe Jewish Educational Alliance. I went to--mainly to Georgia Avenue School.\nThen I went to Hoke Smith Junior High School. Then I went to Boys High ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School.\nMy friends were all Jewish, mostly all Jewish. As I think back, we walked to\nschool, naturally. I remember that we always walked to school in threes. That\nwas more or less self-protection because we walked through some rather rough\nneighborhoods to get to school and we were occasionally accosted and had to run\nor stand and scrap with some of our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighbors. I remember that my--let me see\nhow I can express it-- I remember that that that I was defensive in my grammar\nschool days. That an example would be, if we as a group were singing Christmas\ncarols, I would not actually stand up and refuse to sing Christmas carols, but I\nwould stand and mouthed the Christmas carols ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without singing the words. I did\nthis as a defense. Our whole association, our whole social life was with Jews,\nbecause we were living in a very settled Jewish neighborhood.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Let me backtrack for a little bit on-- I think you said your father\ncame into Galveston [Texas, United States]?\n\nCOHEN: Yes. He landed in Galveston, Texas.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Right. How did he come to go to Galveston? I ask this question\nbecause ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recently in a book that I read by Ande Manners, which was called, Poor\nCousins, you may have read it, relates to the Jews of the of Eastern Europe who\ncame here and who were moved to various ports of entry by an organization in in\nNew York [City, New York, United States], I believe. I've forgotten for the\nmoment the name of that organization, but I believe that there were many Jews,\nGerman Jews, who had migrated here earlier, who had a hand in that, in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distributing the Jewish influx between the ports of Boston [Massachusetts,\nUnited States], New York, possibly Philadelphia [Pennsylvania, United States],\nand out through Galveston. Do you, did you ever get any input on that at all?\n\nCOHEN: No, I don't. I don't know exactly what, why dad--\n\nL. W. LEEDS: That was a long question, was a short answer. [memoirist and\ninterviewer laugh]\n\nCOHEN: I imagine it was the cheapest ticket he could get! [memoirist laughs]\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Okay.\n\nCOHEN: It's probable that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was directed by some, maybe HIAS [Hebrew Immigrant\nAid Society]. I really don't know.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: What was it like entering into the business and professions as a\nJew in Atlanta? You came into the business world and not the professional world.\n\nCOHEN: Let me address that from what I know to be the case when a person wanted\nto enter the universities in Atlanta in my day. There was a--I'm a graduate of\nEmory ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University--there was a quota. It was not a published quota, but there was\na[n] unwritten ratio of Jewish to non-Jewish students. I was more pronounced in\nthe Medical School and the School of Dentistry at that time. I think it was\nparticularly pronounced in the School of Dentistry. What was it called? The\nAtlanta Dental College or something like that. Anyway, the--there were certain\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"directions that the Jewish students took. I chose to study chemistry. I remember\nwhen I got out of school, that it was in 1940, it was particularly difficult to\nget a... I remember that I made a round trip, a job-seeking trip, and I had many\nrefusals. I don't attribute those refusals to my being--attributed to being--\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Jewish?\n\nCOHEN: There was a time when there weren't people seeking metallurgists or\nchemists for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their factories.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: When you entered the business community in Atlanta--and I imagine\nthat you opened your own business--can you tell me when you went into business yourself?\n\nCOHEN: In 1945.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: 1945?\n\nCOHEN: I didn't go into business for myself. I went into business with my father\nand my brothers.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: You merged in with them. Did they have any trouble borrowing from banks?\n\nCOHEN: Oh, yes. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father had a great deal of trouble during the Depression. Our\nfamily struggled. My father was in business with my uncle and they were forced\nto separate themselves and form two separate businesses because it really wasn't\nenough to sustain two families at the time. My father at that time had a great\ndeal of trouble borrowing money, obtaining enough capital, to run his business.\nBecause he told me-- He told me about having to go to Columbus, Georgia [United\nStates], to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"borrow some money from a friend of his there.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Did he feel that he was having this trouble because he was Jewish\nor because it was just the general condition of the economy?\n\nCOHEN: No, I don't think that there was any connection with being Jewish, the\ndifficulty. He talked to me about the Morris Plan Bank and that he borrowed money.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: That seemed to be an institution, that was apparently the point of\nlast resort for many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who wanted to go out and borrow money.\n\nCOHEN: I'm sure he was at the point of last resort.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Mhm. In your experiences of interaction between the Jewish\ngroups--and I assume that you may have had some--were there difficulties between\nthe German and the East Europeans, or with those and the Sephardic Jews?\n\nCOHEN: There was a very distinct separation between the communities in terms of\nthe focus of their social ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life. Naturally, I didn't have any interaction in my\nvery youngest years, other than social. I remember that there was a club called\nthe Top Hat Club that was centered around children, all the members of the\nStandard Club at that time. I think that was strictly an offshoot of the Reform\ncommunity. Members of the Orthodox or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conservative community tended to gravitate\naround the Jewish Educational Alliance, and we found our social life, our\nathletic life. That was the place where I first joined the Boy Scouts. That was\nthe place where I first joined Young Judaea. When I joined AZA [Aleph Zadik\nAleph], it was meeting at the old orphan's home, the building. But mainly the\npeople who joined AZA [Aleph Zadik Aleph], were from the then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox,\nConservative community. Did I respond to your question?\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Yes, I can understand your approaches to it. Were there cooperative\nefforts? I'm speaking now, as you grew older-- Were that cooperative efforts at\nall between the various communities? Anything bring them together?\n\nCOHEN: No.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Would your father have mentioned--\n\nCOHEN: I don't want to give you any impression that there was any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antagonism. I\nfelt no antagonism and I naturally gravitated toward the people that I was\nassociated with, and whatever activities. I didn't feel that--the fact that I\ndidn't associate with any other particular group meant that I was antagonistic.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: I could understand that. Did any of the earlier settlers help the\nnewcomers and how? People came into the community, and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strangers-- Were\npeople who were coming into the Atlanta community being welcomed by the people\nwithin the Jewish community?\n\nCOHEN: Now you've got to understand that I'm a-- I was a native Atlantan. You've\ngot to understand that I grew up as part of the community and I was too young at\nthat time to be personally involved in either helping people get on their feet\nor either assisting people that had moved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the community. I was probably\nunaware--I don't recollect being aware--of that--migrants or immigrants into the\ncommunity even had problems. I was deeply involved in many other things. Now,\nI'm sure, and I understand, and I've read the history of what went on, that\nthere were self-help and there were organizations and I understand that there\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were landsmanschaften groups. I remember people used to greet each other as\nlandsman because they came from the same community and they did help each other\nget established. I remember, many times, people saying, \"When I first came over,\nI lived with them for two years. When I first came over, he helped me do this.\"\nBut this was not something that I was personally...\n\nL. W. LEEDS: But then you knew that there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help for those who came here. The\nLeo Frank case was about 1912 or 1913. I'm sure that it had a major impact on\nevery Jewish family in the community. I have heard many stories about it, and I\nhave read a great deal. I am not myself a native of Atlanta, as you can well\nunderstand. Was there any impact that you can remember through your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family as\nyou were growing up? Was there ever any discussion of that as you were growing\nup and in your household?\n\nCOHEN: No, because that was prior to the time that my father, and was before I\nwas born.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: That's right, yes.\n\nCOHEN: I have read the case, and I'm familiar with the details of the case. I've\nseen the presentation of it, but I don't have personal experience of it. I don't\nthink that the scars of that were deep enough in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community that I associated\nin, that it was visible on the surface.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: You mean by that time,\n\nCOHEN: No, by that--\n\nL. W. LEEDS: --it might have been nullified?\n\nCOHEN: By that time it had faded. By the time that I was of age enough to even\nbe aware of it, it had faded enough. That would be some 20 years later. It had\nfaded and enough that it wasn't the forefront of anybody's consciousness at that time.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: I ask the question particularly with this in mind, because I\nremember as a child, this was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"matter of concern in my own home. My family, my\nmother and father talked about it many times, and they were some 900 miles or a\nthousand miles from Atlanta. I wonder, how did the people here in Atlanta, years\nlater relate to it?\n\nCOHEN: We had some concern about the Ku Klux Klan. We were more concerned about\nthe Klan than any other overt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitic group. I remember that my father used\nto take us for a ride on Sunday. It was a family event. I remember that he would\ntake us by a particular building and he would never fail to point out this is\nthe meeting place of the Klan. He would comment on things about the Klan. He was\nconscious enough or concerned enough that he gave us that concern, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. I\nremember that we had a neighbor that we were certain was a participant in the\nKlan, but as far as his personal relationship with us, he was pleasant.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: What you do remember was this major incident when they bombed The Temple.\n\nCOHEN: Yes, very much.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: I imagine that that produced scars into your memory.\n\nCOHEN: Very much.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Would you like to talk about that?\n\nCOHEN: Oh, yeah. The bombing of The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Temple, I believe, had a great deal to do\nwith shaping the community from that day on. The outpouring of sympathy and help\nfrom the non-Jewish community was one thing, but I believe it made all of us\nrealize, all of the Jews in this community, realize that we were one community.\nI remember that I was working every day, all day, long day. But I remember that\nmy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wife went down to trial every day. I remember that she sat there and she was\nterribly upset. She was upset by the defense attorneys, upset about the conduct\nof the trial. She felt depressed. She felt put upon. She still brings it up\noccasionally, in connection with other trials that might have any type of\nrelationship to the circumstance.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Did you feel that there was a closing in, a hostile community\naround ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you, when this happened?\n\nCOHEN: No, no. On the contrary, I felt that there was a great feeling of\ngoodwill in the community. There was more goodwill there than we realized. Prior\nto that time, I was of the impression that there was a hostile majority there.\nAfter the implosion there was a very hostile minority there, but the majority\nwere people could count on to interrelate with and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cooperate.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: The bombing really opened the doors to greater interrelation?\n\nCOHEN: I would think so.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Are you conscious of the relations between the Atlanta Jews and\nGentiles? In which areas did they cooperate and interact? Now, this may be a\nrough question to try to answer, but the interfaith movement in other\ncommunities is very strong, and in many communities it does not exist. How do\nyou perceive the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interfaith movement here in Atlanta?\n\nCOHEN: I'm not well qualified to address that question. The reason for that is I\nconcentrate most of my energy and most of my life working within the Jewish\ncommunity. My relationships with the non-Jewish community have been mainly in\nthe business world and generally in certain civic organizations. But the main\nthrust of my civic efforts have been within--[interviewer coughs]--so I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"less\naware of what the interrelationships of the two communities are, perhaps other\npeople in the community. Now, of recent times, more recently, I have become more\ninvolved with the non-Jewish community. I would have to say that I don't see an\nimprovement in our relationships. I think we are managing to hold the status\nquo. I think the Jewish community is widely respected; I think that they're\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well-liked, sometimes detect a subconscious attitude that smacks of\nantisemitism. I have been in several visits with members of the non-Jewish\nattempt to solve a problem. Sometimes we have difficulty in getting them to see\nan overall picture from our view. I think it's because of where they come from,\nbecause of the attitudes that have been built into them, their churches, social\nclubs. Some of these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attitudes are subconscious. They're there nevertheless and\nthey have to be overcome before we can get them to begin to understand any\ninternational problem, or national problem, or a local problem from the Jewish\npoint of view.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Did you have any experiences with other minority groups,\nparticularly blacks? Could you speak of your reactions to Rabbi [Jacob]\nRothschild's work with Martin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Luther King Jr. and Ralph McGill in behalf of\ncivil rights?\n\nCOHEN: I think Rabbi [Jacob] Rothschild did an outstanding job in terms of\nbuilding bridges between the Jewish community and the non-Jewish communities,\nspecifically the black community. Although I wasn't a member of his Temple, we\nlived in the same neighborhood. [telephone begins ringing] I knew him well\nenough and got--\n\nL. W. LEEDS: You analyzed--\n\nCOHEN: We were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talking about Rabbi [Jacob] Rothschild. I was-- I don't remember\nwhen the tape stopped, but anyway, Jack [Rothschild] did an outstanding job for\nthe community in his day. Not only that, he is the one that deserves a great\ndeal of credit for bringing the Reform community and the non-Reform--the\nOrthodox, Conservative, Sephardic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community--together as one because he bridged\nof a lot of the gaps that was there in his time.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: I have been brought into an understanding of Atlanta by so many\ndifferent people. I know Eli Evans, who wrote The Provincials. Are you familiar\nwith that book?\n\nCOHEN: Yes.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Of course, his chapter on Atlanta is enlightening, as far as I'm\nconcerned. Let me go into another area. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a migration of Jews from\nHolocaust Europe. Now, this is far different than the migration of Jews from\nEurope during the late 1880s, 1890s, and the early 20th century. How did the\nAtlanta Jews, the Jewish community, feel about and understand and view the\nproblems of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jew in Nazi Europe?\n\nCOHEN: If you're asking how the Atlanta Jewry, how I felt or reacted to what was\ngoing on in Nazi Germany at the time that it was going on, I was no different\nthan any other American Jew. I didn't realize it was going on. I recall with\ndistinct horror my reaction when I read in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newspaper on the liberation of\nthe death camps, of the atrocities that took place. I remember the revulsion at\nthinking when I first read, that human skin was used to make a lamp shade, that\nhuman beings were used to make soap, that people were intentionally\nexterminated. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that the realization of this fact and then-- We, at that\npoint in time, we became as individuals and as a community, deeply involved with\nthe moving of people internationally, the moving of people. I remember in 1946,\n1947, probably 1947, we had people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come to our community, some clandestinely,\nand we helped them in terms of supplies for the forces in Israel trying to\nestablish the country there. We really didn't get involved as a community with\nreceiving some of the survivors until later, as a community, later, we did that.\nThat was done mostly on an individual ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basis. There was no broad community effort\nto welcome them into our community and as a community, to get them settled. I\nthink we did-- We're doing, or have done a much more effective job with Russian\nimmigrants than we did with survivors. The survivors that came to our community\nwere helped by individuals, and they established themselves in small businesses.\nBecause they were just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very vibrant and resilient people, they were able to\nbecome members, established members of the community in a short period of time.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: I'd like to talk for just a moment about the state of Israel--\n\nCOHEN: Okay.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: --and what you, in your mind would like to recount of your\nunderstanding and the position of Israel in the life of the average Jew who\nlives in your community.\n\nCOHEN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you'd asked me to just state what I think is the importance in terms\nof the involved Jew, I'd be better able to respond.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Do that, too.\n\nCOHEN: Because the circles that I'm in, the people that I'm involved with on a\ndaily basis are all committed Jews who have been, as I have, most of, many times\nto Israel. They have begun their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help, or their involvement at an early age.\nThis is something that we've been doing for 30 years now. It's a process. It\ntends to feed on itself. If your batteries get charged down, you make one trip\nto Israel and they're charged up again and you're ready to go again. In my\nopinion, the existence of Israel, and the strength and the well-being of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel\nis central to the continued well-being of the world Jewish community. Don't ask\nme my disappointments, because there are some, in the way that certain affairs\nare handled there. These things have to be handled as a problem within a family.\nI believe over time, my disappointments and my frustration will be worked out by\nmy children, probably not by me. I don't know whether or not the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"average Jew is\nas convinced about the centrality of Israel, but I do believe that the average\nJew is convinced that Israel must exist. I'm sure that there's large segments of\nthe Jewish community that believe that the ultimate fate of the Jew depends upon\nthe ultimate fate of the American Jewish community. I believe that-- I believe\nthat another community could exist ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parallel to the American Jewish community and\ncould interact with and cooperate with Israel on the same way that we could. But\nI don't believe that we could do it without Israel.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: I asked you for your biography If you remember, and you said you\ndidn't have one. Permit me to ask you a few questions, which are biographical in\nnature. You have how many children?\n\nCOHEN: I have three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Three children. Would you care to give me their names?\n\nCOHEN: My oldest child is Judy [Kogon], who is married to Martin [Kogon], Marty\nKogon. My middle child is Carol [Deutsch], who is married. Married to Bobby\nDeutsch. My youngest child is Mark [Cohen], who is married to Tova Ben David who\nwas a [indistinct, 30:24].\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Your wife?\n\nCOHEN: My wife is Helen Hillman. She's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too is a native of Atlanta. She was my\nfirst date.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: You told me that you were, took a degree at Emory.\n\nCOHEN: Yes.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Do you have any further degrees? Have you gone on for any further\nhonors in education?\n\nCOHEN: No, I did a little post-graduate work at Georgia Tech, but I never got a degree.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: You're involved with what organizations on a civic level, including\nyour temple. I would like you to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell me what temple you belong to.\n\nCOHEN: I belong to the A.A. [Ahavath Achim] congregation. I'm on the board of\nmany organizations. The A.A. [Ahavath Achim] Synagogue, the Jewish Home,\nAmerican Jewish Committee, Board of Overseers of the Jewish Theological\nSeminary, Advisory Board of the United Synagogue.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: That's quite an impressive--yes, yes.\n\nCOHEN: Jewish Federation. Board of Jewish Federation. I'm on the Executive\nCommittee of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council, oh gosh,\nand many others, but that's enough.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: [interviewer laughs] What else would you like to tell me about your life?\n\nCOHEN: If you were to ask me what I would say to a stranger about the city of\nAtlanta, if I was trying to describe what has happened in the city of Atlanta in\nmy lifetime, I would probably zero in on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men, the people that I have come in\ncontact with. The people that influenced me and how we influence each other in\nthe shaping of our community. That I would have to think of people like Rabbi\n[Harry] Epstein, who's been not just my rabbi, but my close personal friend\nsince I was in high school. I remember when I had to make a speech in high\nschool, that was the man that I went to, not as a rabbi, but as a friend. I\nwould ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to think about people like Abe Goldstein, who incidentally happens to\nbe my brother-in-law's father. I would have to think about people like Barney\nMedintz who had a great influence, not just me, but most of the people in the\ncommunity of my age. Ed Kahn. Harry Lapadis, who was my AZA [Aleph Zadik Aleph]\nadvisor. So many outstanding ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, people who I didn't have personal contact\nwith, but people who influenced me in terms of having observed the way they\nfunctioned. People like Ben Massell, or I. M. Weinstein, people that I would\nfrom a distance, and someday I would like to operate the way that man does, or\nhave the impact that man has. As I see the institutions that we've developed and\nbuilt in this community, Max ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cuba, who was I think was the first Jew that was in\nthe elevated office in the community, on the Zoning Board, on the City Council.\nThey would recognize a problem. They would recognize a need and gather a group\nof people together and they would discuss the need. First thing you knew, we had\na synagogue building built, or we had a Jewish Progressive Club built, or we had\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a community center built. We had Max Kuniansky, Irwin Zayban, people\nthat--people of action, or Sidney Feldman. That when they recognized a need,\nthey were the first one willing to take time off, get on the telephone, let's\ntalk about it, let's do it. And I think that if I had to describe the city,\nthat's the way I'd describe it, in terms of the people, in the way they react\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interact, and how we've managed to get things done because of them.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Let me tell you that I'm deeply indebted to this time that you've\nlet me have so that you and I could talk. It's been a pleasure and thank you\nvery much.\n\nCOHEN: If they had children, they had a good education. Their children had\ncertain advantages. They felt--and I remember my grandfather and my\ngrandmother--when I would go to them and ask ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them for an explanation of any\nJewish custom, they thought it was sufficient to say, [indistinct, 35:06].\n\nL. W. LEEDS: Yes.\n\nCOHEN: That explains, \"we dare not do it,\" was sufficient. Now, that wasn't\nsufficient to me, but I accepted it because I understood that. Now I could never\nsay to my children, \"The reason you don't do this is you dare not.\" They simply\nwouldn't accept ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. I would have to sit with them and I would have to give\nthem a more complete or logical explanation of what we did and why we did it.\nNow, this is the generation that's moving out beyond the perimeters, moving into\nthe far reaches of the community. There are many professionals. Now, we have to\nsomehow know that our community faces the challenge of having the type of\ncommunity structure that gives them enough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involvement and gives them enough\nparticipation on the intellectual level to which they've been trained to\nparticipate, that they will come into the community regardless of where they\ncame from--Stamford, Connecticut [United States], or wherever--they will come\ninto the community and they will quickly latch on to whatever community function\nthat they will feel most at home with. Then they will become part of the overall\ncommunity and it will grow from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. If we fail to do this, or if we fail to\nfind the answers to how to do this, because [indistinct, 36:36] is there, then\nthe community can fracture. It can be just a group of disjointed community. I'd\nhate to see that happen because I think our strength up to this point of time\nhas been we manage to have a certain unity. The unity is, as I say, started\nafter Rabbi Morris died. It started with Jack Rothschild and it's continued to\ngrow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since then. I think that's the biggest community problem that I see that we face.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: It's been interesting. Steve?\n\nCOHEN: Gerald Cohen.\n\nS. LEEDS: Hi, Steve Leeds. Nice to meet you.\n\nCOHEN: Nice to meet you.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: We are wrapping up--\n\nS. LEEDS: Oh, sorry!\n\nL. W. LEEDS: We are wrapping up into your--\n\nS. LEEDS: No, I have had the conference room, which is right next door all day\nanyway, for my meeting that lasted all--\n\nL. W. LEEDS: I put this over here, Steve. Your file is on the table.\n\nS. LEEDS: That's fine.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: We've been talking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/transcript/46439/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and enjoying a great deal of--\n\nCOHEN: We are.\n\nL. W. LEEDS: --understanding of each other here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=2250.0,2280.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam “Bill” Gralnick (b. 1945) is an American activist, writer, and leader in the Jewish community. He was born in Brooklyn, New York and attended George Washington University [Washington D.C.] before beginning a 33-year career with the American Jewish Committee first in Atlanta, Georgia and then in South Florida, serving as its Southeast Regional Director.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta is the capital city of Georgia. Before European settlers arrived in the area, the Creek people lived in the region. The 1821 Indian Removal Act forced the Creek to leave their north Georgia home. Atlanta was founded as a railroad hub and became the center of multiple tracks. The settlement at the railroad hub was called Terminus, Thrasherville, Marthasville, and finally, Atlanta. Atlanta was an important depot for military supplies during the American Civil War. General William Tecumseh Sherman ordered that the city be destroyed during his March to the Sea and the city was slowly rebuilt after the war. In the early 20th century, Atlanta’s population tripled, and Atlanta was vital to the United States war effort in World War II because of its local industries and railroad network. After the war, Atlanta became a hub for the Civil Rights Movement. As of 2020, over 498,000 people live in the city proper, while the larger metro area has over 6,100,000 residents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Esther and Herbert Taylor Family Foundation was founded in 1983 and is administered by the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta. The Foundation supports the Oral History Project at the Breman Museum in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the nineteenth century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] Ashkenazi Jews [also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim] are Jews who originally lived in northern and eastern Europe. They once lived in the area of Rhineland and France and after the crusades they moved to Poland, Lithuania and Russia. In the 17th century, avoiding persecution, many Jews moved to and settled in Western Europe. As of 2018, Ashkenazim account for about 75% of the world's Jewish population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa, and the Middle East, and their descendants. The adjective “Sephardic” and corresponding nouns Sephardi (singular) and Sephardim (plural) are derived from the Hebrew word Sepharad, which refers to Spain. Historically, the vernacular language of Sephardic Jews was Ladino, a Romance language derived from Old Spanish, incorporating elements from the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Hebrew, Aramaic, and in the lands receiving those who were exiled, Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian vocabulary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePoland is a nation in Central Europe the size of 312,696 km², or over 120,700 mi². Poland has a population of 38 million residents and is the fifth-most populous member state of the European Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRussia spans Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world and covers 6,601,670 sq mi. Russia has eleven time zones and borders fourteen countries. It has a population of over 147 million people. The country's capital and largest city is Moscow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGalveston is a coastal city off the Southeast Texas coast on Galveston and Pelican Island. The community had a population of 53,695 in 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCalifornia is a state in the Western United States that Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, and Mexico. It has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean. Over 39 million people live across 163,696 square miles, making California the most populous and the third-largest U.S. state by area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaryland is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It borders Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, D.C., to its south and west; Pennsylvania to the north; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. It has a population of over 6 million (2020).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePocomoke City is a city in Worcester County, Maryland. It is a center for commerce, home to industries like aerospace engineering and plastics fabrication. It has a population of over 4 thousand residents (2020). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTsar was a title used by Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word, “caesar.” Tsar and its variants were the official titles in the First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018), Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396), the Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946), the Serbian Empire (1346–1371), and the Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721). The first ruler to adopt the title tsar was Simeon I of Bulgaria. Simeon II, the last tsar of Bulgaria, is the last person to hold this title.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. It is located in the Mid-Atlantic region and is primarily separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Delmarva Peninsula, including parts of the Eastern Shore of Maryland, the Eastern Shore of Virginia, and the state of Delaware. It is 200 miles long. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Hebrew School was created by leaders of Ahavath Achim Congregation and housed in the Jewish Education Alliance building. When the congregation moved to a larger synagogue, two or three classrooms were designated in the building’s basement for the school. A Sunday school was developed in the early 1920s to augment the activities of the United Hebrew School. Women members organized themselves into a sisterhood in September, 1920 and took upon themselves the task of developing and expanding the Sunday school.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWells St. SW becomes Fulton Street, which ends at Connally St. SE. Fulton Street is located in downtown Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCapitol Avenue begins at M.L.K. JR Dr. SE and becomes Hank Aaron Dr. SW, and is located in downtown Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington Street Northwest is located between Ozburn Road and Hamilton E. Holmes Dr. Washington Street Southwest is located in downtown Atlanta and is situated between Courtland St. and Pulliam St.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCentral Ave. SW begins at Decatur St. SE and becomes Pryor Rd SW, and is located in in downtown Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePryor Street runs from Edgewood Ave. SE to Osmond St. SW in downtown Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYoung Judaea is a peer-led Zionist youth movement founded in 1909 for Jewish youth in grades 2–12. Its programs include youth clubs, conventions, summer camps and Israel programs that provide experiential programming through which Jewish youth and young adults build meaningful relationships with their peers, emphasize social action, and develop a lifelong commitment to Jewish life, the Jewish people, and Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB’nai B’rith Youth Organization (BBYO) is a Jewish youth movement for students in grades from 8 through 12. The organization emphasizes its youth leadership model in which teen leaders are elected by their peers on a local, regional and international level and are given the opportunity to make their own programmatic decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAleph Zadik Aleph (AZA) is an international youth-led fraternal organization for Jewish teenage boys. Its sister organization for teenage girls is B'nai B'rith Girls (BBG). B'nai B'rith Youth Organization, now BBYO, is an umbrella organization including Jewish teens in both AZA and BBG.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) operated from 1910 to 1948 on the site where the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium was later located. The JEA was once the hub of Jewish life in Atlanta. Families congregated there for social, educational, sports and cultural programs. The JEA ran camps and held classes to help some new residents learn to read and write English. For newcomers, it became a refuge, with programs to help them acclimate to a new home. The JEA stayed at that site until the late 1940s, when it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgia Avenue School was a predominantly white school that was built in 1911. By the 1950s was a predominately black school. It was renamed in 1961 after Peter James Bryant who was the a Baptist pastor in the 1920’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHoke Smith was a junior high school formerly on Hill Street in Atlanta, Georgia. It was open from 1947-1985; it merged in the 1980s with Roosevelt High School to form Southside High School, now Maynard Jackson High School. The former building is no longer in existence and a track field now stands in its place. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMidtown High School, formerly Henry W. Grady High School, is a public high school located in Atlanta, Georgia. It began as Boys High School and was one of the first two high schools established by Atlanta Public Schools in 1872. In 1947, the school was named after Henry W. Grady, a journalist, orator in the Reconstruction Era. In December 2020, the Atlanta Board of Education announced the new name of Midtown which took effect June 1, 2021. Midtown is located adjacent to Piedmont Park at 929 Charles Allen Drive, between 8th and 10th Streets, in Midtown Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent. The term has a wide range of connotations. The region officially stretches from the Ural Mountains in the east to the borders of Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York City is the most populated city in the United States with over 8,800,000 residents as of 2020. It is a global cultural, economic, education, political, and tourism center. The city is comprised of five boroughs and sits on Hudson Bay, making it a major port city. The Algonquian peoples lived in lived in the region long before the first European settler, Giovanni de Verrazzano, arrived in 1524. The first European settlement in the area was a Dutch fur trading outpost, established in 1624. Shortly after, a Dutch fort was built, and New Amsterdam was established. New Amsterdam was surrendered to the English in 1664 and the settlement was named “New York.” In the early 1700s, the city quickly grew as an important port. During the 19th century, New York City’s population boomed, growing from 60,000 residents to 3.43 million. The city surpassed 10 million residents in the 1930s, making it the first megacity in the world. After World War II, New York became the leading city in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoston, is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts and the cultural and financial center of New England. It had a population of 675,647 as of 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhiladelphia is the most populous city in Pennsylvania and the second-most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic region after New York City. It is one of the most historically significant cities in the United States and served as the nation's capital until 1800. Philadelphia is the nation's sixth-most populous city with a population of 1,603,797 (2020).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881. Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. Since that time, the organization continues to provide support for refugees of all nationalities, religions, and ethnic origins. The organization works with people whose lives and freedom are believed to be at risk due to war, persecution, or violence. HIAS has offices in the United States and across Latin America, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Since its inception, HIAS has helped resettle more than 4.5 million people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Emory University School of Medicine is the graduate medical school of Emory University and a component of Emory’s Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center. Emory University School of Medicine traces its origins back to 1915 when the Atlanta Medical College (founded 1854), the Southern Medical College (1878), and the Atlanta School of Medicine (founded 1905) merged. It has over 400 students. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a global economic shock. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagion began around September 1929 and led to the Wall Street stock market crash of October 24. It lasted from 1929 until 1939. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbus is a city on the western border of Georgia. Columbus is located on the Chattahoochee River directly across from Phenix City, Alabama. Columbus is the second-most populous city in Georgia after Atlanta. At the 2020 census, Columbus had a population of 206,922.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Plan Banks were part of a historic banking system in the United States created to assist the middle class in obtaining loans that were difficult to obtain at traditional banks. Arthur J. Morris (1881–1973), a lawyer in Norfolk, Virginia, began the banks. The first was started in 1910 in Norfolk, and the second in Atlanta in 1911.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Standard Club is a Jewish social club that started as the “Concordia Association” in 1867 in Downtown Atlanta. In 1905, it was reorganized as the “Standard Club” and moved into the former mansion of William C. Sanders near the site of Center Parc Credit Union Stadium (formerly Turner Field). In the late 1920s the club moved to Ponce de Leon Avenue in Midtown Atlanta. Later, the club moved to what is now the Lenox Park business park and was located there until 1983. In the 1980s, the club moved to its present location in Johns Creek in Atlanta’s northern suburbs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Yiddish term for societies formed by Jewish immigrants from the same villages, towns, and cities in Central and Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Frank was an American factory superintendent who was convicted in 1913 of the murder of a 13-year-old employee, Mary Phagan, in Atlanta, Georgia. He was kidnapped from prison and lynched by a mob two years later, in response to the commutation of his death sentence. His lynching became the focus of social, regional, political, and racial concerns, particularly regarding antisemitism and racism. He was the only Jew ever to be lynched in American history. Today, scholars believe that Frank was wrongly convicted and Jim Conley was likely the actual murderer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Klu Klux Klan is the name of several historical and current American white supremacist, far right-wing terrorist, and hate groups. Their primary targets are African Americans, Hispanics, Jews, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, Catholics, immigrants, leftists, homosexuals, Muslims, atheists, and abortion providers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2022, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia was bombed in the early morning hours of October 12, 1958. About 50 sticks of dynamite were planted near the building and tore a huge hole in the wall. No one was injured in the bombing as it was during the night. Rabbi Jacob Rothschild was an outspoken advocate of civil rights and integration and friend of Martin Luther King Jr. Five men associated with the National States’ Rights Party, a white separatist group, were tried and acquitted in the bombing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Mortimer \"Jack\" Rothschild (1911-1973) served as rabbi of Atlanta’s oldest Reform congregation, the Temple, from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist. He was one of the most prominent leaders in the Civil Rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRalph Emerson McGill (1898 – 1969) was an American journalist and editorialist. An anti-segregationist editor, he published the Atlanta Constitution newspaper. He won a Pulitzer Prize for editorial writing in 1959.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEli Evans (1936-2022) was a Jewish-American author from North Carolina whose work explored the Jewish experience in the American South.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Provincials is a book written by Eli Evans, originally published in 1973. It includes recollections of Evans’s childhood and chapters exploring Jewish experiences across the American South. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermany is a Central European country. It is the second-most populous country in Europe second to Russia, and the most populous member of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North seas and the Alps; it covers an area of 137,847 sq. mi, with a population of almost 84 million within its 16 constituent states.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael is a country in Western Asia located on the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea. It borders Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, and Palestine. While Tel Aviv is the largest economic center of the country, Jerusalem is its capital. The first evidence of human habitation in the region dates back to 1.5 million years ago. Canaanites inhabited the area was inhabited since the Bronze Age and the Israelites’ ancestors belonged to an ancient Semitic-speaking people in the region. Israelite culture spread to various villages in the area. Jerusalem was occupied by many countries and empires throughout its history but became an independent nation in 1948. The independence of Israel from Britain led to the Arab-Israeli War, which lasted from 1948-1949. Today, there is still an ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine. As of 2022, it is estimated that over 9,000,000 people live in the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly referred to as Georgia Tech or, in the state of Georgia, as Tech, is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ahavath Achim Synagogue is a Jewish synagogue that was established in 1882 in Atlanta, GA. Eastern European immigrants founded the institution and built the first synagogue themselves in 1900 on Gilmer Street. The congregation grew to several hundred members in the 1920s, so they moved services to Washington Street (which would become Turner Field). Now the synagogue sits on Peachtree Battle Avenue and has more than 1,200 families attending.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA nursing home in Atlanta providing short and long-term dementia, Alzheimer’s, and nursing care. Formerly the Jewish Home, it first opened in 1951 at 260 14th Street, NW, on land that had been donated by real estate developer Ben J. Massell. The Home’s growth called for a larger, updated facility, leading to the construction of a new building at 3150 Howell Mill Road, NW. The second Jewish Home opened on February 16, 1971. In 1991, it was renamed the William Breman Jewish Home to honor and recognize its third president, Bill Breman, as the prime motivator of the modern-day facility.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Theological Seminary of America is a Conservative Jewish education organization in New York City. Founded in 1886, It is one of the academic and spiritual centers of Conservative Judaism and a major center for academic scholarship in Jewish studies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community. Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities. It is an affiliate of the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Community Relations Advisory Council (NCRAC) was founded in 1944 by the Council of Jewish Federations. Its purpose is to benefit Jewish communities internationally, to nurture and pursue the ideals of the Bill of Rights, and to foster American support for Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry H. Epstein, Rabbi Emeritus of Congregation Ahavath Achim was the spiritual leader of that congregation for over 50 years. His early life was spent in Chicago, Illinois where his father, Ephraim, was the Chief Rabbi of the Orthodox community. At a young age, he, too, decided on a rabbinical career. His studies in pursuit of the ordination took him to the Slabodka Yeshiva in Lithuania in 1922 to study with his uncle, Rabbi Moshe Mordecai Epstein, and then to Hebron in Palestine to be one of that Yeshiva's first students. Rabbi Epstein was ordained in 1925, and accepted his first pulpit at Congregation B'nai Emunah in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1927. A year later, at the age of 25, Rabbi Epstein left Tulsa and assumed the rabbinate at Ahavath Achim in Atlanta. Ahavath Achim was organized in 1886 as a small fundamentalist Orthodox congregation. Under the leadership and direction of Rabbi Epstein, it has evolved into one of the largest and respected Conservative congregations in the South. Rabbi Epstein introduced such innovations as interpreting the Hebrew liturgy to English at intervals during holiday service, conducting responsive readings in English, and the removal of the traditional segregation of the congregation by sexes. He also initiated an extensive educational program at the Synagogue, offering both Sunday and after school instruction. An ardent Zionist, Rabbi Epstein is devoted to the State of Israel, working first to ensure the creation of the state and then to insure it future.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBarney Medintz (1910-1960) was a Jewish leader both nationally and locally in Atlanta. He was one of the national leaders of the United Jewish Appeal and the Israel Bond Organization. He was also vice-president of the National Community Relations Advisory Council, vice-president of the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds and a former member of the executive committee of the American Jewish Committee. Locally, he was president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and past president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council and the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. He was also president of the Southeast Regional Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. Medintz graduated from Northwestern University at Evanston, Illinois where he was a star basketball player. He came to Atlanta after he graduated to become a recreation director at the Jewish Educational Alliance. In 1936, Barney married Dorothy Davis. Camp Barney Medintz, a Jewish camp in Cleveland, Georgia, is named in his honor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdward M. Kahn (1895-1984) was an immigrant from Bialystok, Poland. He became a leader in Atlanta’s Jewish community and served as executive director of several organizations including the Jewish Educational Alliance (presently, Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta), the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund, and the Atlanta Federation of Jewish Social Service (presently, Atlanta Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta), an earlier incarnation of the current Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and the Morris Hirsch Clinic (presently, Ben Massell Dental Clinic). Mr. Kahn also became Executive Secretary of the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund and of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council. He held these various positions until his retirement in 1964. Kahn was prominent in both local and national social work organizations as well as in Jewish organizations such as B’nai B’rith, the Jewish Children’s Bureau, the Jewish Home, and the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. He also worked with the Southern Israelite newspaper as a writer and adviser.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePotentially Ben Massell Sr. or Jr.: Benjamin Joseph Massell, Sr. (1886-1962) was a civic and community leader in both the Jewish and general communities of Atlanta. In the early 1900s, he and his two brothers, Sam and Levi, founded the Massell Realty Company, which had a hand in the development and sale of several landmark properties in Atlanta. Civic leader Ivan Allen, Sr., was known to say, “Sherman burned Atlanta and Ben Massell built it back.” Ben Massell was the uncle of former Atlanta mayor Samuel A. Massell, Jr. Ben J. Massell Jr., (1917-1986) was a native of Atlanta, Georgia who became chairman of Massell Company, Massell Investment Co., and Realty Operations Inc., three holding companies for the Massell family's properties. His father, Ben J. Massell Sr., was a well-known real estate developer in Atlanta who was often referred to as “Mr. Skyscraper.” Ben Jr. chaired a restoration committee for the Fox, a landmark Atlanta theater. He was a national co-chairman of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) Society of Fellows, a member of the ADL executive committee for the Southeastern United States, and a member of a local ADL development committee. He assembled a notable collection of antique cars, including a Packard formerly owned by Al Jolson and a 1928 Cadillac convertible. He was a graduate of Marist School and of the University of Virginia where he earned a degree in architecture. His first cousin, Sam Massell, was mayor of Atlanta in 1970-74.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsadore Milton “I.M.” Weinstein (1887-1954) was an Atlanta businessman who was born in New York City and raised in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1919, he founded the National Linen Supply Company, which expanded and eventually grew into National Service Industries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMax M. Cuba (1903-1972) was born in New York and lived in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a Certified Public Accountant, community leader, and philanthropist. Max served as a city alderman several times, and was a leader on the Atlanta-Fulton County Joint Planning Board for over 30 years. He was also twice the president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council, and a member of the Board of Directors of the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. He was the “Man of the Year” for B’nai B’rith, Jewish War Veterans, and the Jewish Theological Seminary. He was the President of Ahavath Achim Congregation and B’nai B’rith. As he had no family of his own, his personal life was closely linked with the family of his brother, Joe Cuba, as he lived with him for some time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSidney Feldman (1921-2005) was a leader of many organizations, both nationally and in Atlanta. Among his many honors were the B’nai B’rith Man of the Year, the Anti-Defamation League Abe Goldstein Human Relation's Award, Prime Minister's Medallion on the 25th anniversary of Israel, the National Council of Christians and Jews “Good Neighbor Award,” and the American Jewish Committee Award for Advancing Understanding Among All People. He was National Vice-President of United Jewish Appeal, President Emeritus of the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and past president of several organizations including the William Breman Jewish Home, and the Marcus Jewish Community Center. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/100214/file/198575/annotation_set/1076/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStamford, Connecticut is a city in Fairfield County, 34 miles away from New York City. It is Connecticut's second-most populous city, behind Bridgeport. 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