{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/9882j69m5n/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Grabia, Abe"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2000-10-12 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Abe Grabia (Interviewee)","John Kent (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Kent interviews Abe Grabia in Atlanta, Georgia on October 12, 2000.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eAbe (Abraham) Grabia was born December 20, 1925 in the small town of Brzesko Nowa, Poland. He was the youngest of nine children—five girls and four boys—born to Perla Cylca Grabia and Zelik Grabia. As a toddler, Abe’s family moved to Lodz, Poland. Abe attended a Jewish public school and enjoyed a carefree childhood in a predominantly Jewish neighborhood. Abe’s mother died in 1937. A year later, his eldest brother immigrated to the United States and began the process of bring Abe over to join him—a plan that was interrupted when World War II broke out.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eWhen the Germans invaded Poland in 1939, Abe’s family left Lodz, settling briefly in Krakow and a small town called Dzialoszyce. In 1940, Abe was sent in his father’s place to perform forced labor. He never saw his father or sisters again. For the next five years, Abe endured hard work and brutal living conditions in a series of labor camps. In the winter of 1944-1945, as the Russians advanced in Poland, Abe was sent to Germany. When the Americans advanced toward the area where Abe worked in an ammunition factory in April 1945, he was sent on a death march to Theresienstadt in Czechoslovakia. With weeks, the Russians liberated the camp and Abe began the long road to recovery. Abe briefly returned to Poland to search for family. In Poland, he encountered violent antisemitism and risked conscription in the Russian Army. Returning to Czechoslovakia, Abe joined a group of child survivors brought to England.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn England, Abe made contact with his eldest brother in America and learned his two other brothers had survived. On March 25, 1947, Abe arrived in the United States. Eventually, all four surviving Grabia brothers settled in the United States. In 1952, Abe married American born Selma Siegel (1932-2022). The couple had two sons. Abe worked as a jeweler in New York City until two other survivors, Ben and Alex Gross, hired him to help sell and build houses in Ohio. When the Gross brothers relocated to Atlanta, Georgia, Abe and his family moved, too. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eAbe recalls his childhood in Lodz, Poland. He describes the chaos that ensued when the Germans invaded in 1939 and his family fled to a small town. Abe explains how he was drafted into forced labor and sent to the Plaszow labor camp. He remembers learning his family had been killed. Abe recounts his transfers to multiple labor camps before being liberated in Theresienstadt. He talks about the road to recovery, returning to his hometown briefly, and then continuing his recovery in the United Kingdom. He recalls coming to America and adjusting to a new life. Abe discusses his wife, children, and career. He considers how his life may have been different without the war. Abe discusses his educational and religious background. He describes the antisemitism in Poland before and after the war. Abe shares his thoughts on being a survivor. He contrasts the Jewish communities in New York City and Atlanta. Abe recounts his first encounter with segregation in the South. He explains why he thinks no one talked about the Holocaust in the beginning. Abe reacts to Holocaust deniers. He offers his opinion of how the Americans could have done more to stop the Holocaust, on reparations, and on the Holocaust’s representation in literature and movies. Abe remembers how prisoners related to one another. He shares his hopes for the future. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29203"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Abe Grabia (personal name)","Abraham Grabia (personal name)","Adolf Eichmann (personal name)","Alex Gross (personal name)","Ben Gross (personal name)","Brian Grabia (personal name)","C. Israel Lutsky (personal name)","Channa Grabia (personal name)","David Duke (personal name)","David Irving (personal name)","Deborah Lipstadt (personal name)","Elie Wiesel (personal name)","Franklin D. Roosevelt (personal name)","Frieda Grabia (personal name)","Gittel Grabia (personal name)","Isidore Grabia (personal name)","Joe Grabia (personal name)","Joshua Grabia (personal name)","Leonard Grabia (personal name)","Perla Cylca Grabia (personal name)","Rachel Grabia (personal name)","Razel Grabia (personal name)","Saul Grabia (personal name)","Selma Siegel Grabia (personal name)","Steve Grabia (personal name)","Steven Spielberg (personal name)","Zelik Grabia (personal name)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic)","Austria (geographic)","Brzesko Nowa, Poland (geographic)","Carrolton, Georgia (geographic)","Colditz, Germany (geographic)","England (geographic)","Europe (geographic)","Germany (geographic)","Czechoslovakia (geographic)","Ohio (geographic)","Russia (geographic)","Scotland (geographic)","Soviet Union (geographic)","Switzerland (geographic)","Poland (geographic)","Israel (geographic)","Czestochowa, Poland (geographic)","Dzialoszyce, Poland (geographic)","Glasgow, Scotland (geographic)","Kielce, Poland (geographic)","Krakow, Poland (geographic)","Lodz, Poland (geographic)","London, England (geographic)","Miechow, Poland (geographic)","New York City (geographic)","United States (geographic)","Windermere, England (geographic)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic)","United Kingdom (geographic)","Troutbeck Bridge, England (geographic)","World War II (named event)","Holocaust (named event)","World War I (named event)","Nuremberg Trials (named event)","Garnethill Boys’ Hostel (corporate name)","HASAG (corporate name)","Central British Fund (corporate name)","Der Yidisher Filosof (corporate name)","Schindler’s List (other)","Marine Falcon (ship) (other)","St. Louis (ship) (other)","Protectorate (topical term)","General Government (topical term)","Third Reich (topical term)","NKVD (corporate name)","Nazis (topical term)","The Jewish Philosopher (corporate name)","Bystanders (topical term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Camp (topical term)","Buchenwald Concentration Camp (topical term)","Colditz Labor Camp (topical term)","Extermination Camp (topical term)","Concentration Camp (topical term)","Labor Camp (topical term)","Czestochowa Labor Camp (topical term)","Theresienstadt Camp Ghetto (topical term)","Terezin (topical term)","Julag I (topical term)","Krakau-Plaszow Concentration Camp (topical term)","Skarzysko-Kamienna Labor Camp (topical term)","The South (topical term)","Followers (topical term)","Litzmannstadt (topical term)","Soviets (topical term)","Judenlager (topical term)","Krakow ghetto (topical term)","Calgarth Estate (topical term)","Camp Windermere (topical term)","Collaborators (topical term)","Communist (topical term)","Poles (topical term)","War brides (topical term)","Survivors (topical term)","Survivor’s guilt (topical term)","Refugee (topical term)","Immigration (topical term)","Judaism (topical term)","Daven (topical term)","Shul (topical term)","Yontif (topical term)","Shabbos (topical term)","Conservative Judaism (topical term)","Jewish community (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","Jewish religious observance (topical term)","Jewish organizations (topical term)","Greenhorns (topical term)","Death march (topical term)","Concentration camp (topical term)","Holocaust Deniers (topical term)","Forced labor (topical term)","Antisemitism (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Kent interviews Abe Grabia in Atlanta, Georgia on October 12, 2000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAbe (Abraham) Grabia was born December 20, 1925 in the small town of Brzesko Nowa, Poland. He was the youngest of nine children\u0026mdash;five girls and four boys\u0026mdash;born to Perla Cylca Grabia and Zelik Grabia. As a toddler, Abe\u0026rsquo;s family moved to Lodz, Poland. Abe attended a Jewish public school and enjoyed a carefree childhood in a predominantly Jewish neighborhood. Abe\u0026rsquo;s mother died in 1937. A year later, his eldest brother immigrated to the United States and began the process of bring Abe over to join him\u0026mdash;a plan that was interrupted when World War II broke out.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eWhen the Germans invaded Poland in 1939, Abe\u0026rsquo;s family left Lodz, settling briefly in Krakow and a small town called Dzialoszyce. In 1940, Abe was sent in his father\u0026rsquo;s place to perform forced labor. He never saw his father or sisters again. For the next five years, Abe endured hard work and brutal living conditions in a series of labor camps. In the winter of 1944-1945, as the Russians advanced in Poland, Abe was sent to Germany. When the Americans advanced toward the area where Abe worked in an ammunition factory in April 1945, he was sent on a death march to Theresienstadt in Czechoslovakia. With weeks, the Russians liberated the camp and Abe began the long road to recovery. Abe briefly returned to Poland to search for family. In Poland, he encountered violent antisemitism and risked conscription in the Russian Army. Returning to Czechoslovakia, Abe joined a group of child survivors brought to England.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn England, Abe made contact with his eldest brother in America and learned his two other brothers had survived. On March 25, 1947, Abe arrived in the United States. Eventually, all four surviving Grabia brothers settled in the United States. In 1952, Abe married American born Selma Siegel (1932-2022). The couple had two sons. Abe worked as a jeweler in New York City until two other survivors, Ben and Alex Gross, hired him to help sell and build houses in Ohio. When the Gross brothers relocated to Atlanta, Georgia, Abe and his family moved, too.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAbe recalls his childhood in Lodz, Poland. He describes the chaos that ensued when the Germans invaded in 1939 and his family fled to a small town. Abe explains how he was drafted into forced labor and sent to the Plaszow labor camp. He remembers learning his family had been killed. Abe recounts his transfers to multiple labor camps before being liberated in Theresienstadt. He talks about the road to recovery, returning to his hometown briefly, and then continuing his recovery in the United Kingdom. He recalls coming to America and adjusting to a new life. Abe discusses his wife, children, and career. He considers how his life may have been different without the war. Abe discusses his educational and religious background. He describes the antisemitism in Poland before and after the war. Abe shares his thoughts on being a survivor. He contrasts the Jewish communities in New York City and Atlanta. Abe recounts his first encounter with segregation in the South. He explains why he thinks no one talked about the Holocaust in the beginning. Abe reacts to Holocaust deniers. He offers his opinion of how the Americans could have done more to stop the Holocaust, on reparations, and on the Holocaust\u0026rsquo;s representation in literature and movies. Abe remembers how prisoners related to one another. He shares his hopes for the future.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/208/113/small/Grabia_Abe.mp4_1695138190.jpg?1695138190","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Grabia_Abe.mp4"]},"duration":6235.23,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/208/113/small/Grabia_Abe.mp4_1695138190.jpg?1695138190","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/208/113/original/Grabia_Abe.mp4?1695138186","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6235.23,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Abe Grabia [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe: If I do not sound too good, it is I have hay fever. It usually gets a\nlittle bit hard on my throat.\n\nJohn: Let us start with your name, including your original birth name.\n\nAbe: My birth name is Abraham Chaim--that is what it is--Grabia, G-R-A-B-I-A. I\nwas born in a small town in Poland. The name of the town is Brzesko Nowa. It is\nnot far from -- It is between Krakow and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miechow. I was born December 20, 1925.\n\nJohn: Since you have already done the full testimony before, maybe if you could\njust give an overview of what happened during the war.\n\nAbe: We moved when I was about three years old. My whole family and my\nfamily's--my mother's side and even from my father's side--they all moved mostly\nto Lodz, which is a big town. There we stayed till World War One. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mean World\nWar Two, rather. We moved there in -- must have been 1928 or 1929. The war broke\nout in 1939. What happened [was that] in the end of the year, when it was very\nbad, the Germans, they picked up a few blocks of Jewish people. They just --\nmiddle of the night, they got them up and moved them out of town. We did not\nknow what happened. There was a rumor in the whole city what is going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. The\nrumor started that Lodz will become part of Germany, the Third Reich. If the\nJews want to have peace, let them move out to the Protectorate, which is outside\nof Lodz. My father, and my two sisters, and my brothers, we moved out, but they\nmoved back and we went to Krakow to my aunt. We stayed there. Right there, they\nclosed the ghetto. We could not go back no more. We stayed in Krakow, where most\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my family stayed in Lodz, remained there. From Krakow, we moved -- since we\nyoung kids, we needed somebody to stay. We had not too much room there. One of\nmy sisters and then my dad, we moved to his brother in a small town outside\nKrakow, which is Dzialoszyce. We stayed there for the first year. Then, the\nGermans started right away to take people to work, which was like a forced\nlabor. Naturally, they would not -- You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could not get my dad to work because he\nwas an old man already. I went instead. Somebody had to go for the family. I\nworked through end of 1940 and through 1941. During the summer, you worked in\nthe fields. In the winter, we shoveled the snow, clear the roads for the\nGermans. In 1942 of spring, they came in. They said they had to [have] a certain\namount of people to go to a camp in Krakow. The same thing happened. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father,\nat that time, was already in the early sixties. You cannot take a man in his\nsixties to go to a camp to work. I was the only one. I went instead. This was\n1942. It was Judenlager [German: Jewish Camp] number one in Krakow, Plaszow,\nwhich is not far from the real Plaszow, where [Steven] Spielberg had the movie.\nThere, I stayed and I never went, never saw anybody. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the summer of 1942, I\nran away from camp, going back -- Where would you go? Back to Dzialoszyce, where\nmy father is. On the way, going home, we were running home. We had to run at\nnight and during the day, we had to hide because even the Poles did not help us\neither. On the way going one night, we met quite a few boys who were run away\ntoo, but they were going back. I asked, \"Where are you going?\" This is at night.\nSome of them I knew from this little town. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Don't you know?\" I said,\n\"No, we just -- We are going home.\" They said, \"No, don't go home, because there\nis nobody there.\" The Germans took the whole town and mostly if they did not\nkill them right there, they took away the rest. There used to be in Dzialoszyce,\nwhich is a small town, but outside the city limits used to be -- I do not know.\nThe word would be like 'gully,' where the kids used to play before the war.\nThere, they took mostly the elderly people. That is what I was told. Whoever\nthey wanted to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rid of, they just pushed them off there, killed them, covered\nthem up, and the rest, whatever, they took to different camps. You never heard\nof the people. I knew quite a few of them. I do not think anybody was alive from\nthese people, even the ones who they took the camps. I met a few people who I\nwas with in Dzialoszyce, who stayed with me in camp. I stayed in that camp, in\nPlaszow, for about a year. From there, they took me to another camp. It is\nSkarzysko-Kamienna. This is an ammunition ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factory. There, we stayed over a year.\nThat was a very bad camp. It was three camps. There was an A, B, and C. A\ncompared to C was like a hotel--compared. It was not as good. It was bad anyway,\nbut comparable. B was in between. C was a death camp really. That was where I\nwound up, but we stayed over a year. From there, they took us to Czestochowa. I\nworked there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for about eight months. It was a factory that made steel. Right\nbefore the Russians came in, they took us out from there. They took us to\nBuchenwald. I stayed in Buchenwald for a while. From there, they took us again.\nBefore the liberation really, they took us to Colditz, which is another factory.\nThey were trying to build an ammunition factory. Right before the Americans came\nin--actually it was at the time that President [Franklin D.] Roosevelt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died; we\ndid not know, but that is what happened--they took us on a march from Colditz to\nTheresienstadt. It took us two weeks to walk and most of them really got killed,\nshot on the way. If they could not walk, they shot them on the road. Then,\nTheresienstadt was liberated by the Russians. That was in 1945.\n\nJohn: What condition were you in?\n\nAbe: Nobody was in good condition. I do not see how -- I was pretty ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bad. I was,\ncomparable to others, maybe I was better; maybe not. I do not know. I know I did\nnot feel so hot either. We were very skinny, undernourished. How we survived, I\ndo not know. A lot of them, really, even when they were liberated, they died.\nThey could not eat. Even if they had some food already from the Russians, like\nbread and soup, we could not eat because everything was, I guess, was shrunk\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inside. We could not take it. I remember one thing, the first thing I grabbed\nwas a can of meat, canned meat. I opened it up. It just got me. I could not even\nsmell it. It was so -- It was fresh, but I could not take it. I gave it away and\ntook a piece of bread because just the smell of it -- I just could not take it.\nSome people ate it and they got sick, too, because the food was too rich. They\ncould not absorb it. From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, we went to -- Right after the war, I went back\nto Poland. I figured maybe I will find some of the family, but I did not see\nnobody. I went from there back to Theresienstadt, and from there, we went to England.\n\nJohn: Do you remember what it was like when you learned that the war was over?\n\nAbe: I remember the day. Everyone was running. We did not know where to run. We\nran. We tried to get something to eat, the first thing. It was not too much to\nrun. We were -- Actually, Theresienstadt is located in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country, which is all\nfields. This was already May. We were liberated one of the last ones. I remember\na few weeks later, we found a field of strawberries. I started -- Even to\ntoday's day--and this is quite a few years--I eat a strawberry, but I do not\nhave the taste. I used to love it, but I ate so many strawberries that summer.\nThey were big. There was a field. I will bet you it could have been for a square\nmile, just strawberries. [It was] some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German's farm. They left it and we picked\nit. We ate so many strawberries--at least, I did. I ate strawberries for\nbreakfast, strawberries for lunch, with some butter, whatever I could. After a\nwhile, I just could not look at strawberries.\n\nJohn: Were any of the German authorities, and guards, and so on still around?\n\nAbe: On the day that we were liberated, we did not even know. The Germans\ndisappeared. We did not see no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans. Then we saw Russians. Somebody, some\npeople were more healthy, ran out before me even. We did not know where we going\nso we stayed in the camp. Because we did not go running around in the fields, we\ntried to get something to eat. That was the first [concern] in our mind. We did\nnot know what goes on. We knew we were liberated, but we did not know -- We\nactually were lost in a way.\n\nJohn: Then, what did the Russians do after that to help the prisoners?\n\nAbe: The Russians ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treated us -- At that time, as far as I remember, they treated\nus pretty good. They did not have -- The Russians did not have too much really,\nbut they took a lot of help to the sick people. A lot of us were sick. They\ncleaned the people--not me, but some of them. The food -- As far as food, we did\nnot have too much food. They only gave us some bread, and some soup, whatever\nthey could. They themselves, the soldiers, did not have too much, really. They\nwere looking for something to steal for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"themselves. Overall, they treated us\npretty good at that time. Not as [well as] in the American sector, which I heard\nthey did more for us, for the survivors, than the Russians.\n\nJohn: Then, what happened in the following days and weeks?\n\nAbe: We stayed in camp and we just -- We did not -- I went back to Poland. When\nI went back to Poland, the first thing what I heard is, \"Jews! Jews! Jews!\nThey're still alive!\" I did not have no family, so I looked around to find --\nmaybe I will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find somebody. I did not find too many. I found a few Jewish people\n[who] came back, but I did not find nobody I knew. I just turned around. I\nfigured, 'No use staying here.' I went back to Theresienstadt. In the meantime,\nI found out that any of the young children or my age, there was a transport\ngoing to England, to be after that. I figured I might as well go there; no use\nin staying. In Poland, I did not want to stay. In Czechoslovakia, I could not\nstay. The best ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing would have been to go to England. We went. They transported\nover -- About 400 kids went. Some younger; maybe some a little bit older. Each\none gave a different name just to get out of it. Because if you stayed in\nPoland, they would have wound up in the Russian army. After going four years in\na camp, I did not want to wind up as a Russian soldier or a Polish soldier, so\nthe best --\n\nJohn: Did you go back to your actual home?\n\nAbe: I went back to my home. The only thing I found is four walls. That was it.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everything in the -- no [possessions], nothing. I could not find even an item,\nanything. Everything was empty. The buildings used to be so big. When I got\nback, they looked so small. I said, \"My gosh! Where did all these people live in\nthat street?\" It used to be a nice street. Always people walking back and forth.\nHere, it looked so tiny. I actually got scared, so I left, and that was it.\n\nJohn: Do you remember what it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like for you when you learned that your family\nwas gone and your home was gone?\n\nAbe: It was very bad feelings. We hoped maybe somebody will live. I had -- We\nwere nine children. I was the youngest one. I had five sisters. The only thing I\nfound -- I heard -- One brother came before the war here, in 1938. I did not\nknow where he lived. I knew -- I always thought it was the Bronx, but actually\nhe lived in -- I thought it was Brooklyn, really, but really, he lived in the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bronx. Then, I found out that two of my brothers are alive. I did not know\nwhere. Somebody told me, \"Yeah, I saw them in such and such camp.\" I did not\nknow where even. I went to England, and then from there, I gradually found out\nwhere they were. We all wind up in the United States after a few years. We were\n-- That is the only four of us survived, which is three --\n\nJohn: What was it like in England?\n\nAbe: England was pretty good. They fed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. They taught us a little bit the\nlanguage. We became more human. We were all wild. We went to a camp in England,\nwhich is Windermere, like a big group of kids. They could not supply enough\nbread for sandwiches for us. Each one would three, four sandwiches at a time.\nBut gradually, we filled up. It took us a while. The people were really nice to\nus. They knew what is going on, so they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give us whatever to please us.\nGradually, we slowed down a little bit like anything else, and we became more to\n-- a human race. We were very -- not wild, just we did not know what goes on. We\ngrabbed. We did not know what. We thought, 'Maybe if I don't take an extra\nsandwich, I will starve later on.' We still thought in the mind [that] we still\nin camp.\n\nJohn: What was it like to be with people again who were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"normal humans after\nyears of the horror?\n\nAbe: It took a little time. It took time. Some adjusted. I know from a lot of\npeople, some adjusted faster, some slow. It all depended, like anything else. I\nfeel I adjusted fair compared. Some did not adjust till today. Really, it is\nhard. It stays always in your mind. It is something which you cannot forget. It\nis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so embedded in your mind that, no matter what you think, it is still there.\nYou cannot get it out. Either you dream about it, or you think about it, or you\n-- You do not talk about it too much. Some do; some cannot even talk about it.\nIt takes time. I do not think it will ever get out of it. It is something which\nis so hard for anybody to imagine really what that person went through. Like I\nsaid, some went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through a few months. I happened to be one of the lucky ones. I\nwent close to four years. Some had it bad, but some had it worse. Nobody had it\nbetter. Ask anybody if they had it bad, somebody had it always worse. Nobody had\nit better. It was not a question, \"Who had it good?\" Nobody had it.\n\nJohn: What was your outlook on life and moving forward after that?\n\nAbe: In camp, I always wanted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my family, because I was by myself. Sometimes you\nwere with family. Not that it was you felt better because you were with family,\nbut at least you had somebody to talk to. Here, you were with people who\nsuffered the same way as I did, but yet, they were strangers in a way. Of\ncourse, we got together. We became friends in a way, but as far as -- Each one\nhad his own -- what goes on. Many times, we went -- bad. We had a little tough,\nvery tough going, in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp many times. How we survived? There were many days\nwhere life was hanging on a hair. It was so very bad that every minute, you\ncould have been killed. Many times, it happened to me. I am sure with others it\nwas the same way. But the will of life is more powerful than anything else. You\nalways wanted to survive. You did not know why, but I guess we just wanted to\nlive through, to see what happened. We always thought, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Maybe the war will end\nsoon,\" and it was dragging. We thought every day, \"Maybe, maybe soon. Maybe,\nmaybe soon.\" It just dragged a little too long for us.\n\nJohn: Can you describe what kind of a person you were as a young man, teenager?\n\nAbe: I was a kid; not a man. I became a man. I was a kid. I did not know. What\ndo I know? You are 12, 13 years old, what do you know about? You do not think\nabout these things. You are listening. But you became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a grown up fast when\neverything is so tough. You are by yourself, nobody to look after you. It was a\ntough -- for my age. I look at the survivors today. There is very few comparable\nin my age who survived in Poland, not in other countries, because we were the\nfirst ones to go, in Poland. You do not have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many survivors today who are\nyounger, who were born after 1925, or like 1926, or 1927, 1926. You do not have\nmany 1928. You might 1924, 1923. If you were 16 or 17, you had a chance if you\nwere in a camp where you had to work, but if you were younger, you could not\nsurvive. If you were older, definitely you could not survive the hard work. I\nwas not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a hero. I was not a strong person, but somehow you got used to it. You\ngot used to the work. It is a miracle. You can say it is both: it is a miracle\nand it is just a will to live. That is the main thing. I wanted to live.\n\nJohn: How would you say you were different after the war? How did it change you?\n\nAbe: You start -- I really do not know. You just start ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thinking of different\nthings. Life has to go on, like they say. But the older person adjusted\nthemselves easier maybe than the young ones. We did not know too much of life.\nWe had no childhood. We had no teenage childhood, not children. [For] most\npeople, the best years in life, I guess, is [as] a teenager. You become -- You\ngo to school, you go here, you go there, you got friends. I was in between; far\nbelow. What do I know? I was not even like 12 [or] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"13. What I had was life as a\nkid. You thought of different things comparable to grownups. It was a lot\ntougher for the [younger] ones to adjust, especially you lose parents, you lose\neverybody. Here, you have a big family and all of a sudden you are by yourself.\nYou wish you would be with them, yet if you were with them, you maybe also would\nnot be alive today. I guess ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had years to live. Actually, every survivor really\nlives on -- not borrowed time, but wishing whatever. I do not know how to say\nthe word -- years which is wishing them, something like this. We did not expect\nto live. Who would have thought to live even till today? Even under normal\nconditions, how many people reach the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"age? Can you imagine if you go through\nsuch a terrible thing to be alive? The odds to me being alive today would be a\nbillion to one maybe, or maybe more.\n\nJohn: Once your health came back in England, how did you go about deciding what\nto do next?\n\nAbe: The first thing, I did not know really what -- See, I was in a place, in a\nway. I really did not know what should I -- what I would do. I had no trade. I\ndid not know what to do. I did not know too much. Luckily, I had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little\nschooling before the war. Comparable to some other kids of my age, maybe I had a\nlittle more because I at least finished like two years high school here\ncomparable. I had a little knowledge of reading and everything, so it was a\nlittle easier for me maybe. Then, when I came to the United States. I looked for\ndifferent jobs. Finally, I wind up the jewelry line. I used to be a jeweler.\n\nJohn: How did the move to America come about?\n\nAbe: I have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother in the United States. He came in 1938. In 1938, he came\nand when he came here, he wanted to bring me over to the United States, but the\nwar broke out. My papers were made out because he figured I have a chance better\nthan the grownups. But then when the war broke out, I was stuck. I had to stay\nthere. When I came to -- I found out through a newspaper ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ad. They found him and\nhe found me in the paper. There used to be a [radio] show in New York, \"The\nJewish Philosopher,\" they used to call it. They used to have a show every day.\nEspecially after the war, people sent in mail and names. Somebody heard that,\n\"Abe Grabia is looking, has a brother here.\" My brother heard the name, he did\nnot know what to do. He ran to the radio station. I found out it was on a\nSaturday. It was closed. Then, they looked for the mail and they could not find\nmy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"letter. Finally, they did. He was so excited. He sent me a telegram to\nEngland, but I stayed without a return address. Here I got a telegram [saying]\nhe is looking for me and I do not know where. Then, he sent another telegram for\nme. That is where we got together. But he found me. In the meantime, I found out\nthat my brothers lived. One was in Germany -- in Poland, rather. He came back to\nfind out the family, but he stayed. He could not get out no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more. My other\nbrother was in Austria. Finally, he took over my brother from Austria and I came\nfrom Austria over here.\n\nJohn: What was it like for that brother in America to realize that he was lucky\nand his family was alive?\n\nAbe: He was really -- He was almost sick from it. He was so excited. He did not\nexpect anybody to live. He especially found me. They were grownups, but I was a\nkid. When he left, I was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little schoolboy of 11 years old. He did not expect\nme to be alive really. I did not expect it myself. Finally, we got together here\nin the United States. Then, I -- Of course, it was a different life already\nhere. It was very -- I was a little bit with the language a little bit. Not that\nI am good in it, but I am better than I was. Gradually, you have to adjust\nyourself to wherever you are.\n\nJohn: What were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your interests and inclinations then, once you were in America\nand you had some options?\n\nAbe: I tried to go to school, but my mind was [not] in there. I could not. I\njust could not take it; some did. I looked for a trade and I wound up with the\njewelry, as a jeweler. Then, I met my wife. Then, we got married.\n\nJohn: Tell us about how you met her.\n\nAbe: She lived in Coney Island, which is part of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brooklyn. Her mother had a\ncousin who came to the United States and stayed with them. I got to know him.\nGradually, when I used to go up there to meet him, I met her. She was born here\nin the United States. Then, finally, gradually, we got together. I got two sons\nnow. They are in their upper forties now. I [have] got two grandsons. They both\ngo to college. Then, in between, I met Alex Gross, which is -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I used to be with\nhim in the camp after the war in England and Scotland. He was in business here,\nselling part of homes. He needed a good salesman, I guess, so he took at me. He\nwas very wrong. But I made it and I stayed with him. Gradually, they moved here\nto Atlanta and I came with them. I am with him the last -- over 40 years. Now,\nwe are here now, in the same age with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ben [Gross]. I became helping out Ben,\nbecause he had a stroke. We go to work. We do not work, but we come every\nmorning and we spend time. That is it. In the meantime, I am getting older.\nThank G-d, in not the best of health, but I am here. I cannot complain because\nlife was not bad to me after the war. It was bad before -- during the war, rather.\n\nJohn: Describe more of those earlier days in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York you were starting to put a\nnew life together.\n\nAbe: Like I said, we got married. We lived in New York. I was never a rich man,\nbut we were making out fairly. We had my family, which is my brothers. My\nbrothers lived there, too, so we at least had some relatives. We made friends.\nLife was going pretty good. I could not complain. When I heard they want me to\ngo to Ohio, my wife said, \"Let's go,\" so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we went. The kids liked it a bit\nbetter than New York. Of course, they would have gone any place where I went,\nbut my wife really wanted to get out of New York. When this came along, we\ngrabbed the opportunity. I am not sorry that I did. Maybe I would have been a\nrich man then, maybe so, but the money is not everything to me, not to me. As\nlong as I stay along with my wife and my kids are happy, that is the main thing.\nI am not hungry for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money. I never was. I wish I had. It would not hurt me.\n\nJohn: In those earlier days in New York, how did the community respond to the\nimmigrants and survivors in particular?\n\nAbe: There was quite a few. Not too much -- They never talked too much about it.\nWe were just like any 'greener,' they called us, like anybody else. Like they\ncame, mostly were newcomers in New York who came in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"last -- At that time,\nwhich is now about -- actually, now, you would say 80 or 90 years ago, most of\nthe newcomers who came before the war, so we were new newcomers. They were old\nnewcomers. We got along pretty good. They were mostly the working class. We were\nnot staying with the rich families there. They all were working class. We all\nlooked for a job to make our living. We were in the same boat as they. They were\nmore ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"established maybe in a way we were not. But we got along pretty good. There\nwas no hard feelings there that we -- I got friends there, still got friends\nthere. My brothers still live in New York. They do not want to move and I hate\nto go back and forth a long way. I see them once in a while.\n\nJohn: During those early years, how did the war experience affect you or color\nyour experience?\n\nAbe: It did affect me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it took away five years of my life. That is a long\nway. It is a long time. You cannot get it back. Maybe I would have more\neducation. Maybe I would have more -- First of all, if the war had not broken\nout, I would have been here the United States in 1939, because my brother, who\ncame to the United States, he promised me. He promised my family that I will be\nthe first one he will take over, because he was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"oldest and I was the\nyoungest. He figured I will have a better chance for schooling here in the\nUnited States than in Europe. The papers were already made out. I had the papers\nin Warsaw, which is the main capital. But when the Germans came in, we could not\ngo no more. My papers were stuck there and I could not get the final papers. If\nthe war would have broken out a few years or a couple of months later, maybe I\nwould have been here. My being here, who knows ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what would have happened? The\nonly thing I can say is I maybe would have been able to have a better education,\nschooling education. It is a possibility. I do not know. It is something which\nis hard to say for sure.\n\nJohn: Were there any other ways in which you felt different from other\nimmigrants and immigrant concerns? Was there anything different about surviving\nwhat you did?\n\nAbe: In a way, I do not know for sure, but I think I had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better chance. Being\nin England, I became more settled than some of them who were in Europe, who\nremained in Europe right after the war. I was more -- In Germany, I heard--and I\nwas not there after the war so I could not--they were still running to try to\nget something. In England, we were already settled more. We were treated\nhumanely. The people who took care of us, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taught us, they were also eight\nmen and women who came to England before the war from Poland, from Denmark, from\nall over. They were teaching us the language, arithmetic, whatever we could.\nSome of the boys, believe me, became high professors. I did not. I am not that.\nBut they were really brains. Some of them really got very high education, quite\na ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few of the boys who came with the group from us. I know quite a few who became\nreally high in the ranks and profession. Some are like me. They became laborers,\nworking class. I am not sorry I became -- because I had, I would say, I had a\ndecent life, or maybe decent, I would say.\n\nJohn: What was Alex like when you met him?\n\nAbe: Alex Gross came -- When I met Alex in Scotland, he came with a different\ngroup. I came in the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States in 1947. He came in, I think, 1949. Him, and\nhis brothers, and uncle, they went to business in the precut homes in Ohio. He\nwas always looking for salespeople. He found out that I am there and he knew me.\nHe called me up and he said he would like me to work for him. Of course, my wife\nhad said, \"Let's go.\" I said, \"Wait a minute. Let me see what he -- Go? Go for\nwhat? I am not a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"salesman.\" But it was not bad. I was never the great salesman.\nBut I did not care for it, really. But it was to get out of the city, of New\nYork. Gradually -- They bought some property here in Atlanta and I came with\nthem. Gradually, I learned quite a bit. I was forced to learn--not by\nthem--because we learned how to develop land. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became, in a way, like an\narchitect. I made plans for the homes. We built quite a few homes. I am not an\narchitect either, but I drew the best I could. We built nice homes. To this day,\nif somebody -- I make a plan. Like I said, it is not a regular plan. I take a\nsketch and make them. From that, we build homes. We never built in a regular\nplan, but we built quite a few good homes.\n\nJohn: Looking at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish aspect of your life, what did Jewishness mean to you\nearlier on in your family?\n\nAbe: We were not fanatics, but my father was always wearing a hat. He was going\nto shul [Yiddish: synagogue] every day, prayed every day at least. Saturdays and\nSundays, we observed Shabbos--not my brothers no more, but they were already in\ndifferent trades--but in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. We lived in a mostly Jewish neighborhood.\nThere was only -- In the whole street, there was maybe a thousand. In that\nlittle street, I bet you, at least a thousand tenants and maybe five, maybe ten\nnon-Jewish people lived there. The rest were all Jewish people. I went to school\nin Poland, which had to be separate from the Poles because they would not allow\nPoles and Jews in the same school. I went in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public school, but only Jewish\nkids went there. I was lucky. I had the good teachers and whatever I learned, at\nleast from geography to history to math, I knew it--not the high math, but\nmultiplication, divisions, and all this I learned. I knew how to read, so it was\neasy for me to pick up the English language, easier than some who did not have\nthe school. Some of them--even the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people--went only to Jewish schools.\nThey did not go to public school. They learned mostly Hebrew. They did not have\nthe schooling in both, so they had it a little tougher.\n\nJohn: What was your understanding of the difference between being Jewish or\nnon-Jewish and why there was a conflict?\n\nAbe: Europe was -- Poland, was always a conflict. You went through the street.\nIf the Poles saw you, they used to fight. They used to chase you. Luckily, in\nour city, it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like half and half, so it was not so bad. You were separated\nfrom school right away, so you knew you are not the same category. You knew that\nyou were Jewish because you were separated. You did not mix with Poles unless\nyou were -- In some parts of the city, maybe there was mix a little bit, but not\nin my neighborhood. Half of the city was Jewish, so you are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talking a lot of --\n\nJohn: Was it ever explained to you why this was happening?\n\nAbe: No, it was never explained, but we knew from experience. We were separated,\nso you knew right away, if you were not that naive. We knew that the Poles did\nnot like us, never liked us. Even during the war, it was the same way. They did\nnot give you help. If there was once somebody you met--you did not meet, but if\nyou had to get up close to somebody--very few gave a 'hello' to you or tried to\nhelp you with something. There was nothing. You could not look at them for help.\nEven after the war, it was just as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bad or worse even. When I went back after the\nwar to Poland, the first thing what I heard is, \"The Jews are still here.\nThey're still alive.\" It was pogroms in some cities. While I was in Lodz, in the\nsame time--I did not know that, but at the same time--in Kielce, which is part\nof one of the districts, they killed a lot of Jewish people who came back after\nthe war to the city, who lived there. They killed quite a few, so we knew. You\ncould not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get a seat on the train when I went back because they knew I am\nJewish. I do not know. They had an idea. They looked at you and they could tell\nsomehow, like it was written on your own forehead that you were Jewish. Here,\nthey saw a kid coming back from a camp. We did not have the best clothes, so\nthey could tell right away that we are. They just hated us. We knew they hated us.\n\nJohn: How did you react to that?\n\nAbe: What can you react? You cannot react to something which is -- You could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not\nfight them. The police were with them. Everyone was with them against you. There\nwas no fighting back because you could not. There was not a handful of Jewish\npeople hardly. Some of them were sick yet from camp. I figured, 'What am I going\nto do? Stay here?' I figured, 'The family is not here.' The only thing, I went\nback is for one reason: to find out. I heard that one of my brothers is alive. I\nfigured, \"I'll go back.' Otherwise, I had nothing to go back for. There was\nnothing there to hold ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me back for any reason.\n\nJohn: All of this oppression, and insults, and threats --\n\nAbe: You could take it.\n\nJohn: How did it affect how you felt about yourself, or did it?\n\nAbe: You could take this here, but after a while, it gets so much against you,\nthat you cannot take it no more. If you had a chance--some did not have the\nchance; I had a chance to go out and get away from it. I took the chance. First\nof all, I did not -- What would I do by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself, in a big city, no place where to\nstay, no trade, no money? What would I do there? The first thing was in my mind\n-- One thing they -- All of a sudden, NKVD there, like a Polish NKVD, which is\nlike a Russian secret police, they find out. They start talking to me like\nfriends. He talks real nice to me, [asking] what I do. I said -- When I told\nhim, [he said], \"Oh, you went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school?\" He said, \"By the way, why don't you\ncome back? We'll put you in the army. You'll be -- \" A lieutenant they wanted to\nmake me already. Here, I came back from a camp and I did not want to go to a\nlieutenant. The first thing I did, I figured, 'Uh oh.' [When] first they told\nme, I said, \"I'll be back.\" I said, \"But I heard my father is alive in\nCzechoslovakia. I'll go bring him. I'll come back.\" That was it. Here I had gone\nfive years in camp, and I am going to be a soldier in the Russian army, and not\neven a decent army? That made me also run ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fast.\n\nJohn: In getting back to New York again, how much did you stay involved with\nJewish people, or Jewish culture, or anything like that?\n\nAbe: We belonged to a shul there, which was right across the street from us\nreally. That is it as far as -- That is all we did. There was not really as much\nJewish life so much that there is in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta. Somehow there is more Jewish go on\nhere in Atlanta than in New York. I would not say all of New York; at least\nwhere I lived. There were people [who would] go to shul on Yontif, but there was\nno really -- like here, you have more schools for Jewish. In New York, you had\nmaybe -- in the real Orthodox areas, you had schools, but I did not live there.\nI lived in a part of -- It was a nice Jewish neighborhood, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that was it. It\nwas -- There is more Jewish life here than in New York; at least, in part of New York.\n\nJohn: Was there any concern in the people around you about specifically war\nexperiences and what you had been through?\n\nAbe: There was quite a few. We maybe talked too much about it. Really, it was\nlike a taboo in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way. They knew we were in camp. They knew we went through\n[unintelligible; 40:06] between, but really it never came out. Actually, it\nnever came out till about 15 years after. The first few years, nobody would have\n-- Either they were like, ashamed to talk, afraid to talk, or it hurts them to\ntalk, something. Even to this day, a lot of them do not talk about it too much.\nIt hurts so much to talk about it. Some go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to schools and talk. They can do it\nand some cannot do it. It is not they do not want to do it. They just cannot. It\ndoes not come out right.\n\nJohn: What was it like for you?\n\nAbe: Same thing: I could not talk on. Some people can go out and talk about it.\nAn interview is different, but to go up in front -- It is like stage struck.\nSome go out to the schools and they can talk. Me, when I started talking one\ntime, it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"choked me. I could not just continue, so there is no use talking when\nyou cannot do it. Some, I give them credit, that some do it.\n\nJohn: With your wife, in the early days, how much did --\n\nAbe: My wife, not too much. We talked once in a while and she asked, but she is\nAmerican. It is hard to take a person who never went through, who -- Her\nchildhood was quite different than mine. It was like a different life. It is no\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"use bothering her with something which I went through, and keep knocking, and\ntelling her what I went through. She knows I went through a lot. She still hears\nme at night, moaning sometimes, but why bother to tell her? Even the kids, my\nkids, they are the same way. They know it, but I never went really through\ntalking to them about it. That is my kids. They know that I was in camp. They\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know I went through with it. They know. They heard it. They asked sometimes\nquestions and something. They do not want to ask too much because they figure it\nwill hurt me. That is how it is. I am sure that goes in every family from the\nsurvivors. Some talk it out more, some less.\n\nJohn: How did you go about learning how to be a father since your own childhood\nwas interrupted?\n\nAbe: It is hard. I can see. I go back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to -- My son, he has kids. He is a\ndifferent person than I was. Not that I did not play with them. I can tell\nwatching them, that he is a different than I was.\n\nJohn: How were you?\n\nAbe: He plays more with them. He -- different things like, which I did, too. I\ndid not stay away from them, but I can tell that they have a different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life,\ndifferent things. I am glad of it because I was never -- I had like, my\nchildhood was not -- First of all, with a big family, it is harder. There were\nso many kids, when my father called my name, by the time he reached me, there\nwere five names mentioned. My mother died before the war, so it was also tough.\nWhen the war broke out, I was a young kid. [At] 11, 12 years old, you do not\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. You want to run around with friends outside. You have no other things to worry\nabout. All of a sudden, they take you away and all of a sudden, you are working.\nNot only do you work hard, but you have no food. You have no family, no\nrelatives, and you are between people who [you] do not even know. Of course,\neveryone had it bad, so they could not help you. They did not care if you were\nyoung or old. Everyone was on his own, trying to help himself.\n\nJohn: Your mother was already gone before the war?\n\nAbe: Yes, she died before the war. [It] was better off this way, then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"otherwise\nbe killed some place. Not that is better--they are both bad--but at least she\ndid suffer like the other people. Who knows what happened to them? I do not say\nit is better. I would not say that. Just, maybe it was better for her than to\nsuffer like other people, especially when you were an elder person. I can see it\nnow. How could a person who was -- In Europe especially, a person who was 60\nyears ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old at that time was an old man. How can you take a 50, 55, 60 year old\nman and tell him go to work, shovel snow, or shovel brick? Over there, with this\nkind of work, even when you are young, you could not do it. It was hard. That is\nwhy even the guy who did not get shot or killed and he worked in the camp, he\ncould not survive. They could not survive. I had people came in, elderly people.\nThey were strong like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bulls. I mean, really. They fell over. Within four weeks,\nthey were dead. They did not have -- I did not have the benefit over them, but\nsomehow, it was a will of power. They gave up. They could not take it. Their\nbody could not take it.\n\nJohn: What was the attitude then about you and maybe other survivors that was\nsomehow different?\n\nAbe: We were no different.\n\nJohn: It was not muscles?\n\nAbe: It is like the story goes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around where a guy has a horse and the horse\nfinally dies. The guy said to G-d, \"My G-d, I finally taught my horse not to\neat. Now, when he stopped eating, you took him away?\" We got more used to it\ngradually with hard work. Not everybody survived really. There is only a\nhandful. Luckily, I was one of the lucky ones that we were in the camp with like\n5,000. When we left the camp a few months later, in Skarzysko, there was only\nabout 800. From the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"800, I do not think there is ten people left alive after the\nwar from these people. It is like shooting the moon. I was just a happy, lucky\none, had life to live, I guess. Like I say, you just live on borrowed time.\nLuckily, somebody gave it to me to stay alive. It is a miracle.\n\nJohn: Tell me about these really strong ones that gave up, lost the will to live.\n\nAbe: I had guys that really, they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"powerful guys. They were like big, five\n[feet,] eight [inches], six foot guys, in their early thirties. They could break\nme in half in a second. In four weeks, they were gone. The food, they did not\nhave enough. They needed more food. They only got a piece of next to nothing.\nThey got what I had. They did not eat better than me. They had the same food. It\nis just they needed more. Their body could not absorb and they gave up on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life.\nReally, they just gave up. They just could not take it. The old, they could not\ntake it. We had some guys who were old. What I mean [by] 'old'--you could not be\ntoo old if you came in the camp--let us say, they were in their thirties. That\nwas 'old' already, because if you were older than that, they would not take you.\nThey could not take that kind of work.\n\nJohn: What was your conviction based on, that kept you going? How come you did\nnot give ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up?\n\nAbe: I can only say the will to live. I am not very religious, but G-d gave me\nthe life. I can say that it. It is simple as that. There is no other explanation\nwhy I survived. I did not have nothing [more] special [than] what they had. I\ndid not have no more food than any other ones. I worked hard like anybody else.\nWe worked really hard.\n\nJohn: What are the types of lessons or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"messages that you would want your\nchildren to gain through what you have gone through? Are you conscious of trying\nto teach them anything in particular?\n\nAbe: Teach them -- What can you teach them? As far as life, they should be\nhappy. They should stay in good health. They should go be educated, stay with\ntheir people. We hope they stay. So far, they stay with the same people, Jewish.\nI do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not like -- Not that I do not like any other non-Jewish, but I can see the\ndifference between marrying Jewish and the Jewish life than to be intermarriage.\nIt is tough. Most of them I know, people who intermarried, somehow very few got\ntheir life together in good shape. Mostly, they wind up in divorces or troubles.\nNot that the Jewish people stay together either. I just have to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hoping that\nthey will stay like this. Basically, I told my grandchildren [to] have a good\neducation so they at least an easier life [and] stay in contact with their\npeople. That is all you can tell them.\n\nJohn: What are some of the other differences between American Jewish life and\nEuropean that you noticed?\n\nAbe: The Jewish people of Europe stayed more together. They had to because they\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived together. They lived in the same town. Families lived in the same town, so\nthey got together more often. Here, it is a big country. I live here, I live\nthere. You are busy. You try to make -- I always said, \"Family comes first.\" The\nliving is nice to have, but America is one thing the mighty buck takes care of\nmore than anything else; where in Europe, the family was more closer. If you had\na family, you used to meet together on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holidays. Here, not as much. They stay\naway as much as -- Not as much, but more often. Only on a wedding they get\ntogether or a bar mitzvah maybe. But in Europe, the family stayed more together.\nThat is the only difference really. But as far as the Jewish people there, they\nare nice here. They are the same. Like I say before, the Jewish life here is\nquite a bit better than in Europe sometimes.\n\nJohn: What was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"environment, the culture, like in the South when you first\nmoved here? When was that when you came here?\n\nAbe: I came here in 1947.\n\nJohn: To Atlanta?\n\nAbe: No, to New York. I like the style of Jewish people better here than in New\nYork. It is more -- You get more together the Jewish people. Over there was a\nrush. You run here and you run there. You did not get together with them because\neveryone is running their own way, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like a chicken without a head, make a dollar.\nThey want to work and [are] busy all the time. Here, you have a chance to go to\nthe synagogue, you go to a meeting, you go to -- you belong to the\n[unintelligible; 51:15]. There is more Jewish life here, if you want to use it;\nwhere, in New York, there was no such things unless you went to certain areas.\nThey had a little bit more, but most of them stayed separate. They were busy\nrunning to work. But, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here, it is more settled. I think that is quite a big\ndifference between the Jewish life in Atlanta and the Jewish life in New York.\n\nJohn: How was, let us say, the culture, or the environment different when you\nfirst moved here than today? Has it changed?\n\nAbe: Yes. I would say 'yes.' You have got a lot of -- First of all, there is\nmore Jewish people in Atlanta, more synagogues you can belong to. I belong to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nConservative, what you call it, but some like it Orthodox, and some like it more\nliberal, but there is a choice. At least you have a choice. You have got quite a\nfew areas where you have somewhere to go. When I came, there were not too many\nsynagogues. It is quite a big difference now in Atlanta. It grew quite to a\nJewish city. It could be better, yes.\n\nJohn: Tell us about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"black-white relations when you came here and how that\nchanged over the years.\n\nAbe: It surprised me in the beginning, but it was -- That was life. Where I was\nborn, there was Jews and Poles. Here, there were -- In the South was maybe more\nwhite and black, but it changed. You can see now the difference. The neighbor\nchanges, the attitude from between whites and blacks changes quite a bit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is\nnot completely perfect, but it is quite a big difference compared to forty years\nago. When I came down here, I remember I went with Mr. Ben Gross. We went to\nCarrolton [Georgia]. We had a customer, a black one. Ben said, \"Let's go have a\ncoffee.\" The guy says first, \"If you want a coffee, then we are going to stop.\"\nHe said, \"No, I changed my mind. I do not need it.\" He was afraid to go in. We\ndid not know. But there is a difference between now and 35 years ago. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Attitudes\nchanged quite a bit in the South, like any place else.\n\nJohn: Did you encounter any kind of discrimination or prejudice towards you or\nother immigrants in America?\n\nAbe: No, not too much that I could think of. They -- It is more maybe they were\n-- Somebody said, \"Jew,\" but nothing special. I do not think right now. Look, a\nJew was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always an outsider in a way, but it is not as bad. It could be better.\nIt always could be. A Jew is still considered an outsider. I do not care where\nyou are going to go. It is all over the world even. Not that I was all over it,\nbut you hear it. You hope they will straighten out a little better. It will\ngradually; maybe not now, not in my lifetime.\n\nJohn: As you look over your last 50 years and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life you made here in America,\nhow do you how do you assess that for yourself? Are you comfortable with what\nyou have done?\n\nAbe: I was never -- Like I said, I was never trying to be high above. I had a\ndecent life. Like I say, it could always be better. Never say it is enough. I\nwould have maybe had another bundle of money. That is the only thing would have\nbeen different, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it would not make too much of a difference. I think you\nwould feel maybe more secure. The money does not make you better; the money\nmakes you a little more secure. As you get older, you need it and if you do not\nhave it, you are in trouble. But the money [does not] makes you better than\nanybody else. It only makes you feel, \"Hey, I got some money something happens.\"\nThat is the only thing which makes it -- would be a difference. I was not hungry\nfor the money. That is why I do not have it, but I am not sorry for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I would\nthrow it away.\n\nJohn: What types of images, and memories, and feelings come back to you when the\nwar period still comes back?\n\nAbe: We had a good family. Not that I am bragging, but we had a good family. My\nmother and my father had a big family. There were sisters and brothers.\nEverybody used to come to home. Some of them were married already. Some of them\ndid not stay at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. They had business, so they stayed away, but they used to\ncome every weekend to come to see the parents. My mother used to be the oldest,\nis the oldest from her family, her side. On Saturday, we used to have always\ncompany. That was a good part in Europe that the families used to come visit. We\nalways had a few uncles, a few aunts, with their kids come into our home. We did\nnot have a big home. We had an apartment, but they used to come. We used to\nenjoy our Saturday afternoon till late in the evening. It was more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"togetherness,\nwhere here, you do not see them unless you go once a while. The life in Europe,\nthe family life was more closer than here.\n\nJohn: Do you miss that?\n\nAbe: Yes, now it is too late to miss. I used to miss it because -- But, like I\nsay, you live long, you get to learn this is it. You are not going to change it.\nBut it was nice to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have when I was a kid. The aunts came and my cousins came to\nplay around when I was a kid. The elderly were talking inside and had a tea or\nwhatever they had. We used to play around. It was nice.\n\nJohn: How was anger been a part of your life, or has it?\n\nAbe: I gave up on anger, but I still do not like what I went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through. You cannot\nbe angry with the whole world what happened. You have to live with it. You\ncannot have poison in your system keep poisoning you all the time. I do not like\nwhat they did to my family. I will never forget it. I cannot forget it. But you\ncould not keep hating somebody all these years and not to get sick over it. I\ndream about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I used to take pills. I figured they did not help anyway. It\nstays in my mind. I still go through it. I still get -- I wake up sometimes\nsweating, but I cannot get rid of it, so I might as well make the best out of\nit. You live with it. You take a pill in the morning, you take a headache. That\nis it. You cannot forget it, but cannot hate all your life. I do not like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. It\nis tough. It is a tough situation for any survivor. If you went through like me,\nor went less or more -- Some had it really bad, and some had it maybe -- I do\nnot think -- like I said, no better, but they always had it worst. But everybody\nhas to live with it.\n\nJohn: Have you been back to Europe over the years?\n\nAbe: No. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would like maybe, but then I do not like it really. I [ask] myself,\n'What if I go back?' If I am going back to Poland, let us say, what will I see\nthere? The only people who go back is to see [unintelligible; 59:16] the dead. I\ndo not know where they are. You are going to go there and you go to the\nneighborhood? Maybe it change and I do not know. The Poles would not like me\nanyway. If they did, who knows what they will say to themselves? I have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nobody\nto go to. The only thing you could go back to see is the neighborhood. I am sure\nthe neighborhood has changed quite a bit. I would not recognize it and if I\nwould, what would I do with it? I went back to it after the war. It did not\naffect me. I looked at it. I felt bad that nobody was there. I see a big street\n[where there] used to be thousands of people walking back, especially on a\nholiday or Saturday to go to shul, go back, and people, kids playing. All of a\nsudden, you go back in the street, it looks ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like it is so small. You say, 'My\ngosh, where did all the people live in this street?' There were thousands of\npeople living and all of a sudden it is so small. Where did they stay? We had\ntwo rooms. I looked at the rooms and I said, 'How did we all stay here in the\ntwo little rooms?' [They were] shacks, they were so small.\n\nJohn: I think the tape is stopping now.\n\nJohn: In the days after you came to America, did you receive any help from\nvarious organizations or Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people?\n\nAbe: No, I did not. When I was with my brothers, at that time, there was some\nhelp [but] not for me. I did not get it. I do not know why. I never applied. I\nheard there used to be one of these organization [that would] just help a little\nbit. I never went. I never got it. I guess nobody looked for it at that time\nreally. It was -- Later on years, it was helping more the newcomers than when I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came. I was one of the first ones who came to the United States after the war.\nThat was in 1947. Very few came before. The immigration was not so easy to get\nand they needed -- First of all, they had no room to get the people down here.\nMost of the ships came here with American GI brides, the boats. Really. When I\nwas in England, they told my brother I can get to the United States if I can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get\na ticket by plane to fly. You could not get it easy either. Finally, my brother\ngot the plane ticket for me. It was like $500 at the time. That was a lot of\nmoney at that time, in 1947. Then, I could not get it. Finally, I got from an\nEnglish Jewish organization, they gave me. They had me on the boat. We came on a\nbig boat. It was only more brides than anybody else. We slept way ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down below, in\nthe very down below. Nobody stayed. It was so bad downstairs to stay from the\nsmell from the oil and everything, so that we stood on top. Finally, he got back\nmoney from the plane but he lost ten percent. When we came here, there was no --\nNobody looked for us. After, the Jewish organizations started to look, but it\nwas not like in later years. You have to build your own. Especially when you\ncame to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother, they figured, \"Well, that brother will take care of him most likely.\"\n\nJohn: What has your attitude been about reparations and this whole idea of justice?\n\nAbe: At that time, nothing. There was no reparations, nothing. It was just like, “You are here. That is it.” Nobody talked about it. Nobody mentioned anything. Nobody did anything. It was like a taboo to talk about it. It was like nobody wanted to talk about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it in the first place. Gradually, naturally, gradually, the people started to talk a little bit in the newspapers, and people wrote books, and saw a movie, and it started. It came more to life. It did not come until, I guess, until the late fifties; not in the forties, early fifties. Nobody talked about it. You had to go and you find your own job. That was it. Gradually, there became more. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember in New York, the Jewish organizations started to look more [after] the newcomers, who came after. They tried to get them a job or tried to help them out, but in my time, I remember nothing was there.\n\nJohn: Do you remember the time of the [Adolf] Eichmann trial and how that how\nthat affected you?\n\nAbe: I looked at it. I read about it in the paper a little bit, the fact that\njustice was being done, but nothing really as big as it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became later on -- They\ncaught Eichmann, they caught this guy, they caught -- Nuremberg -- It did not so\nmuch -- because it was like a show, like a movie show. Gradually, it became more\nimportant, but the beginning was nothing. It was like a circus in a way.\n\nJohn: That was one of the first times when the whole issue really came out --\n\nAbe: It started, yes.\n\nJohn: -- after about 15 years or so.\n\nAbe: That is right. It took a long time. It is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more and more written and more\ntalked about today than it was 50 years ago. We hope it will stay like this and\nnot will be forgotten because it is a big thing what happened. It is a terrible\nthing. Like they say, \"Nothing happened.\" What happened to all the people? I\nremember after the war. What happened to all the people who were born, let us\nsay, between 1928 and 1939? That is about ten, eleven years. As a nation, so\nmany people were born. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every -- anybody. What happened to the Jewish kids who\nwere born between 1928 and 1939? They had children. There were marriages. You do\nnot see these kids. What happened to them? After the war, they said, \"No,\nnothing happened.\" There must have been born a half a million kids between that\nperiod. There was no kids left there. Where are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they? Where were they? Where are\nthe older people, who were, when the war broke out in 1939, they were 50, 60\nyears old, 55? After the war, you did not see nobody. The only few people who\nremained alive after the war--and I can just guide myself--is a person who was\nborn between, let us say, 1915 and 1925 maybe. Anybody younger or anybody older,\nyou do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not see. There is very few.\n\nJohn: What is your response to people who say that either the Holocaust did not\nhappen, or that it has been exaggerated, or Jewish people are using it for\nself-promotion maybe? What is your response to them?\n\nAbe: You read, you tell them, you talk to them, you tell them the same as I tell\nyou now. But, if a person hates, is an antisemite, or whatever, or he does not\nbelieve it, he wants to spread false rumors, they always find a way how to tell\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you it never happened, even if they know. I am sure these people know. Even the\nguy who had the trial in England, he knows what happened. They are not that\nstupid. They are professors. He says he denies it. He knows for sure that it is\ntrue. Yet, he comes out and he denies it. This is intelligent people. It is not\nsome hillbilly someplace, who never heard of anything. If he says it, at least\nhe does not know better. But this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is an intelligent person, a professor. He\nshould have more brains than that to come out. The guy that is not educated, or\nhe lives in the mountains someplace, and he says, \"It never happened.\" He is\nignorant. What can you tell him? But you talk about intelligent people, like the\nguy from Louisiana, [David] Duke, this is intelligence guys.\n\nJohn: How would you respond to people like that?\n\nAbe: What can you tell them? You tell them, but they do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not talk to somebody.\nTheir mind is made up to hate. Their mind is so poisoned that they do not care.\nThey know they are wrong, but they fight you that they are right. What can you\nreally -- What can you tell them? You tell them your side, but they stick to\ntheir side. How can you prove it unless you go to a court, like they did in\nEngland? It is a good thing it happened. But he is coming out in the paper. He\nstill comes out [saying] that he is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right. He is going to get money to fight it\nback again. How can you fight a person like this? You have to fight him again,\nsame way. As long as it keeps on going on in the news, keeps on repeating the\nsame thing, the history should be in it. They should teach the kids what\nhappened. As long as they will teach the kids, maybe it will help. But if they\ndo not teach them what, it will be the same thing.\n\nJohn: To what extent do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you believe that people have learned from all of that\nand that something has changed? How deep do you suppose the learning has been?\n\nAbe: Very little.\n\nJohn: Really?\n\nAbe: Very little. They know. They teach a little bit, but even today, you go to\nthe American schools--the kids, I am talking about--and you talk to them. They\ndo not know it, never heard of it. Alex went one time to the [unintelligible;\n1:09:00]. He is supposed to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teach them, talk, make a speech, why do I not go? He\nhad to go away, so I went there. They did not know nothing, absolutely nothing.\nThese were not little babies; this was already teenagers. If they do not know\nit, they are not going to know it the next year either. If they do not teach\nthem in school -- That is the only way you can do, is teach them in school, like\nin history. The same -- I do not know. In Germany, they do a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bit, but not\nmuch. If they are not going to teach the kids in school about the period of 1939\nto 1945, what happened, then nobody will know. If you do not teach them, if you\ndo not have history in it, what happened during World War Two, they will not\nknow it. The parents are not going to tell them.\n\nJohn: Yes, I would like to get into that a little bit more. Along with young\npeople knowing the actual history of the war and what happened, what would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you\nwant young people to learn personally that would help them in their lives and\nwith their troubles?\n\nAbe: That, first, they should learn in school about the Holocaust, what could\nhappen to our nation, where it becomes -- And the followers, that you could fall\nin as a follower innocently. You are following in. Then, you get so bad that you\nafraid to talk to your kids. The kids hate your father if he does [or] is\nagainst it and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father is afraid to talk about it because the kids should\nrepeat to somebody else that, \"My --\" That is what happened in Germany. All of a\nsudden, everyone is afraid of each other. They afraid to say a word and they go\nalong with every[thing] what happens. That is a problem, but if they get --\nHistory would show them exactly what happened, how the Germans did it, the\ncamps, and what they did. It is hard, believe me. I myself figured--myself, I\nwent through--how did it happen? I said to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself, 'How did I go through with\nit? How did I live through this here?' It is hard for somebody else who was not\nthere to believe it. It is hard. It is really a hardship for a person who did\nnot go through it to believe what -- It could happen to our nation, which is --\nWhen I was a kid, I heard the words. My father used to talk to his friends, \"In\nWorld War One, the Germans who came in in Poland, and the Austrians, the\nRussians, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were so nice, the soldiers. It was a war, but they were\nsoldiers.\" They never believed. We talked about what the Germans could do to\npeople, the Jewish people. They did not believe it. They could not believe that\nthe Germans, who were so intelligent, educated, how could they do it? Yet, they\ndid it. You say to yourself, 'How did they do it?' Take the doctors, professors,\nbusiness ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people: why would they do these things to people, to go and kill people\nlike rats? The more they killed, they did not care. The captain did not care if\nthe soldier killed somebody for no reason. They did not say nothing. They might\ngive him a pat on the shoulder, \"It's a good thing you did.\" You say to\nyourself, 'How did this happen? How could it happen?' Yet, it did happen.\n\nJohn: In hindsight, what is your opinion of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how the Jewish world dealt with the\nsituation throughout the 1930s and the time leading up to it?\n\nAbe: The Jewish people were, in my opinion, too quiet about it. They did not\npush it hard. The only way you could have pushed at that time would be America.\nThere were quite a few in higher [ranking positions], in higher government, and\nthey were afraid to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk. Some people who were very high, they were not for\nJewish people anyway. Nobody spoke up. They were high -- I read in the papers\nafter the war, there were quite a few in the [administration of President]\nRoosevelt who were really right hand, Jewish people. They were afraid to talk to\nRoosevelt about it. Everybody kept quiet or tried to smooth it down a little\nbit. They were afraid to show that they are Jewish, maybe, or they were afraid\nto bring the Jewish issue up too much. You read in the paper about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boat who\ncame and the United States did not let them in. This is one little example. This\nis not a thousand people; we are talking millions. They did not do it. They were\nafraid or they were ashamed. Who knows what reason? They did not speak up. That\nwas the problem because there could have been saved quite a few people. Then,\nwhen the war -- during the war, the Americans, or the English, or whatever it\nwas, they did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not bomb [Auschwitz-Birkenau]. I was never there. They knew what\ngoes on. They knew what they did. They could have saved quite a few. They could\nhave given the ultimatum to Germany, \"If you do not stop, we will do something,\"\nsomething like this. I do not say kill them, but at least -- They never\nthreatened them. They had the upper hand. They figured, \"Well, hey, look, the\nAmericans don't want them. The British don't want them. France doesn't. Cannot\ngive them [away]. Might as well get rid of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them.\" That was the problem. Nobody\nspoke up for us and we had no place to -- Who would talk for us? Everyone who\nspoke did not like the Jews anyway, so they had a good excuse to get rid of\nthem. And they were the good ones.\n\nJohn: What is your opinion of all of the issues around reparations, and funds,\nand insurance, and all those things that have been out the last five or ten years?\n\nAbe: It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helps a little bit. It is -- You could say it is not enough. Some need\nit more than the others. It would have been better off if they would give to the\npeople like doctor's bills and insurances, instead of giving them a few dollars,\nbecause a few dollars does not mean nothing. A guy gets 200, 300 a month, or\n400, or something a month pension and spends $500 a month for medicines. What\ngood is it? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It helps a little bit. It is like any -- It is like Social Security.\nIt does not keep you alive, but at least you have something. What they give you\nis nothing, but some do not want to take it really. But somebody needs it, he\nhas to take it. What can he do really?\n\nJohn: How sincere do you suppose Germany, and Switzerland, and I do not know\nwhat other countries might be contributing, what their reason ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is for doing it?\n\nAbe: They would not give you ten cents if it were not for public opinion. The\npublic opinion of countries like America or Britain, they are ashamed what\nhappened. They tried to cover up the bad and tried to make it a little bit that\nthey are the good ones, and they are pushing the Germans to give it. The Germans\nwould not give you nothing. They would not give you. Whatever they have, they\nstole it anyway. We were not rich people. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were -- I do not say -- People\nalways say we were rich. We were average people. We made a living, but we were\nnot millionaires. We were not even 'thousandaires,' like I say, but we had\nsomething. We had a home, we had furniture, some jewelry--not much, but we had\nsomething. What happened to it? Some people had more. Who stole it? If not the\nPoles, was the Germans. They were the ones. They became rich. But this is --\nForget about this. They would not give ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us nothing. The only thing they do is\n[because] public opinion pushes them. Or Switzerland -- They were -- Everyone\nwas [saying,] \"Switzerland was a neutral country. They are the top of the\nworld.\" Switzerland? They were the ones who took advantage. They was stealing,\nin a way. They changed from Germany the gold. They hide for them money, buy\nammunition from them. In America, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. We have companies in the United States\nwho were partners with Germany. Now, they are trying to please the world. [They]\nsay, \"Look, they deserve something because they took it away,\" so they give you\n-- They throw you -- like a dog you would throw them a bone to be quiet. But it\namounts to -- It helps a lot of people. I cannot say it does not, but not to the\nfact that -- It does not cure nothing. The only people who take it is just to\ntake it out, because if they do not take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, they are going to keep it.\n\nJohn: One sort of complicated question without an easy answer: as a survivor,\nwhen you look at the situation in the Middle East, and knowing that a lot of\nsurvivors helped build Israel, and so on, what do you make of that? What does\nthat do to you when you see the news nowadays?\n\nAbe: I would like to see Israel survive really. I am not -- like I said, I am\nnot a rich man. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe they made a mistake. They have should taken all the\nmoney--and I could use it just as much as anybody else--and given it to Israel.\nBut the only problem is there will be thieves there to take it. It is like\nAmerica sends money to other countries, and who winds up with it? The big shots\nwind up with the money. They throw a little bit for the rest, they take the\nmoney. Like Russia -- They gave money to Russia. Who wound up with the money?\nThe big shots wind up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the money; the poor people do not have nothing. The\nsame thing with Israel. It will be the same way. You send them all the millions,\na few people will grab all the money and the rest -- They will give you a little\nbit here, a little bit there. They will cover up. But I would like to see--and\nlike I say, I could use the money myself--but I would like to see to give all\nthat money would have been to Israel, to build up the country. That is it. We\nwould have been the better off. But you cannot do what I would like to see. But\nif ever it should have been done ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe, maybe we will better off. The few\ndollars that the people get, it is like nothing next to nothing. They give you\n200, 300 dollars. It helps a little bit; nothing too much. That would have made\na big difference. But the only problem is that they would steal it. That is it.\nThat is the only thing. The money would disappear, or at least most of it [would\nbe] in somebody's pocket.\n\nJohn: Finally, getting back to your family again, just to get a little more\npersonal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again, is there anything that you would want your wife and kids to\nunderstand about you that maybe they do not understand well enough?\n\nAbe: It is hard to understand a survivor. Simple, believe me. It is very hard\nbecause we do not understand ourselves. How can we teach them to understand? You\ntry to make them realize what we went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through, that they should fight for\nsomething, it should not happen again. You live with it. That is all. But it is\nhard for me to tell them. Not that it is hard--I tell them--but it does not mean\nanything if you did not go through [it]. You cannot get somebody to live through\nwhat you went through and maybe some of them do not want them to go through. It\nis a sickness that stays in the mind. Why bother somebody else too much? You try\nto teach ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them a little bit. They should know what happened, why it happened. But\nwhat can you tell them really? It is a hardship in a way for every survivor--not\nonly for me, but every survivor. I can see it. Some get sick over it themselves.\nAlso, some kids who were told, they get sick, too. Some become very active, too,\nthe kids. But mostly they do not because it is so much in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mind to tell them.\n\nJohn: Has your wife or children given you feedback over the years --\n\nAbe: Sometimes --\n\nJohn: -- that it is coming out of you?\n\nAbe: They know it. They sometimes question. My son will ask me or my grandson\nwill ask me, but they are afraid to ask me too much, too. I could tell. We start\ntalking a little bit and then they cut off a little bit.\n\nJohn: Would you want them to?\n\nAbe: I do not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know really. Really, it is hard to say. I talked to them a little\nbit, but then it hurts me, and they feel the same way, so they cut it off. It is\nhard to talk about it really. I talk here now, but it is a hardship. It is a lot\nof things still in the mind, which is -- There is nobody -- I do not care.\n[Elie] Wiesel writes his book. He is a good writer. I do not know him. I know I\nwas in the same camp with him, in Buchenwald, but I do not know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. He was in\nthe same -- maybe the same barrack. I do not know. But nobody can really explain\nand write about it. You see the movie. That movie does not mean nothing--the\n[Steven] Spielberg movie. It was hardship. You look at it. I did not want to see\nit, but I went to see it anyway because Plaszow. It is nothing, zero compared.\nBelieve me, it is zero. How can you talk about it? This is a movie. Everybody\ngoes, \"Oh, my gosh, what is going to happen?\" It is zero--believe me, it is a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"zero--compared [with] what really happened. How can you talk about it?\n\nJohn: But what is lost when you do not talk about it?\n\nAbe: I know. I know you [should] talk about it, but you cannot show it. You\ncannot explain what a survivor went through. Not everybody--I do not say\neverybody--but most of them. Some were less in camp. You got people in Czechoslovakia. They were about a year. You got Hungary, but also about a year ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only. They were from [Greece], from all over. The Poles were the longest. They were the first ones to go. They were there the longest. Maybe that is why I am alive, because we got used to it already. They came fresh from home, or did not know, and we were used to it. I do not know why. It is hard to say, but it is a\nhardship to explain things. [We] went through so much. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody could write. I\nstarted also to write a book, but I am not a writer. I could not do it after the\nwar because there was so much -- I give credit to Wiesel because he is terrific.\nI read him. I like to read his book. He writes really good, but it is nothing.\nHe went through quite a bit, but believe me, it is nothing compared [with] what\nreally happened. Every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day, every minute you were -- could be killed, or shot,\nor something. If you worked or if you walked, anything could have happened. You\nsaw the people today; did not see them the next day. You woke up next to the guy\nwho slept next to you today; you did not see him. You went to work, you come\nback, maybe nobody was there no more. That happened every day in every camp\nwhere I was and I was in quite a few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps. Some were bad; some were worse.\nThere was never better. You starved every day, and you fight for the every day,\nand you tried to get something from someplace, but there was nothing to get. If\nyou found something, you were lucky.\n\nJohn: For maybe the first 30 years or so, the Holocaust, as you said, was a\ntaboo subject. In the last 15 or 20, you have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become like heroes in a way. What\nis that like?\n\nAbe: There is -- Nobody is a hero. Some figure we are heroes. Some say the\nsurvivor feels guilt that he is alive, and some [say we are] heroes that [we]\nsurvived. We are heroes that we survived, as far as because we are here. But\nnobody gives us a medal for it. We do not want a medal for it. I would not want\nit. It was lucky to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alive. We fought for it daily, to stay alive the best we\ncould. Some did not last. Some were praying. It was different things.\n\nJohn: If 'hero' is not the right word because you would be --\n\nAbe: No. There is no --\n\nJohn: -- a lot of extra respect and concern.\n\nAbe: Some -- I know I survived [with] a clear conscience. I did not steal from\nnobody. Some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tried. Look, if you are hungry -- I have no bad conscience. It is\njust that I lost my family naturally. Only thing what I got -- I was not with\nthe family to the end, at least. See, not that I would have helped them, but at\nleast I was -- It was tough for me. I was by myself. You do not know the\nfeeling. All of a sudden, you are by yourself. No one -- You have brothers, and\nsisters, and uncles. All of a sudden, you are by yourself in a camp with people.\nThey are Jewish. That is the only thing you had in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"common: they were Jewish. But\nthe rest, you did not know them. They did not know you. Nobody cared because\neveryone was running for their own to survive. Everyone had his own problems.\nYou are by yourself. You try to work out the best you can on your problems.\nBelieve me, we tried our best. We had friends. You made friends and all of a\nsudden, the friend was gone the next day. There was quite a few. We were\ntogether, young kids, my age. Somehow, they grabbed the group to kill some\npeople. The group was too many of us alive, so they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grabbed -- We were running\nin single line, like ducks [or] geese flying. They grabbed us from the line out.\nAll of a sudden, you look back to the guy who was your friend, who worked\ntogether. Suddenly, they pulled him out in front of you, or back of you, just\nbecause they did not like their face, or he did not look so good, and I just\nlooked better, so it was lucky.\n\nJohn: You talked about the guilt that some survivors feel.\n\nAbe: Yes, some have guilt.\n\nJohn: What --\n\nAbe: I do not know.\n\nJohn: Do you have--\n\nAbe: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Guilt that they are alive and the other ones got killed. What can have\nguilt? They did not do nothing, they did not kill nobody. They are guilty\nbecause they are alive and their parents, or their uncles, or their brothers are\nnot. That is all they could have guilt [for]. I am not guilty for -- I did not\ndo nothing to them.\n\nJohn: Was there any sense that somehow life is more meaningful or that you have\nto accomplish something?\n\nAbe: Life -- Believe me, life is very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important, especially in the situation we\nwere [in and] I was [in]. It was very important to stay alive, to live through\nit, to see a defeat for the enemy. Not that you will live forever--because\nnobody lives forever--but for what they did, you want to see them fall apart.\nThey did fall apart, not as we wanted them to. I remember the first day I went\nout. I was liberated. Everyone had run out in the road. The Germans were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"running. Some guys who were stronger, they grabbed their suitcase, whatever they\ncarried, maybe find some bread. They gave it away like they were afraid to say,\n\"No.\" That was also a big deal. Something -- Here, a German. You were afraid to\nlook at him. All of a sudden, you grab his suitcase or backpack to look for some\npiece of bread. That was a defeat. At least, you felt good that you could do it.\nI could not because I was weak enough to run. But some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guys were a little\nbetter, maybe healthier a little bit better. I was not. I feel that if the war\nwould have lasted another few weeks, I would not have been here or most of us\nwould not, the survivors, because the last few weeks was very bad. When we left\nColditz, we walked for two weeks without food. We left. We sat down. This was\nMay, the beginning of May [or] end of April [1945]. We grabbed the grass like\nducks [for] something to eat. We slept on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"snow in the mountains, freezing.\nIf you could not walk, they shot you. We were lucky we [were] alive. At least a\nfew people survived. I do not know how I survived that time. Some people -- All\nof a sudden, you see a person working today and the next day, he swelled up. You\nfigured, \"He looks so big.\" All of a sudden, he swelled up from not eating. You\nare scared yourself. [You think,] \"My gosh, what is going on?\" This is what\nhappened to me, to some other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, the same way. But you went back, because\nif you did not -- Some people were -- started swelling up. Like here, you say\nyou got water, you swell up in your ankles, but they were swelling up from not\neating, so they did not go to work. If they did not go to work, they got killed.\nThey did not care. They did not need you, so you worked. Even if you were sick,\nyou went to work. You were afraid to say you are sick.\n\nJohn: How has that affected your relationship with food since then?\n\nAbe: Thank G-d, I hate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything. I am pretty good. I watch myself a little\nbit. But food is -- You like to eat, but [it is] not important really. In the\nbeginning, after the war, we ate. We did not know when to stop. We were so\nhungry we did not -- Especially [when] we went to England, they gave us white\nbread with sandwiches. They gave you enough. They fed you so they should stop\nbecause they figured there is no use stopping you. [They said,] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Eat whatever\nyou want, as much as you want.\" Gradually, you stop. How much can you eat? We\nhad a lot of food. After the war--I have a picture here--my waistline was 18 and\na half inches--the belt; not the waistline. The waistline would have been\nsmaller. I was very thin. I was never big a big person. I feel that if the war\nwould have lasted another few weeks, I would say at least 50 percent who\nsurvived would not have been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here, because everyone of us was already at the\nedge. That is it. How much can you go? That was about the edge as far as person\ncould go. There is a limit.\n\nJohn: What is important to you now, at this age in your life?\n\nAbe: Now, right now, to stay the best I can, to stay well, the few years I have.\nIf I have a few years, I do not know. We pray for this, to stay well, and we\nhope to stay well, and see the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids, and the grandchildren. That is all you\ncould do. I am going to be 75 years old in my age. I look back at Europe, very\nfew survived to that age, very few. Here I am. I am living in a time where I\nstill feel -- I am not very healthy, but I am not -- I still can walk around and\nI drive the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"car. I have to be thankful for that. We hope to stay -- I hope to\nstay well to the end. At least, I hope to still be in my mind. I should not lose\nmy mind. I should stay, and walk around, and maybe stay to enough that when I go\nto sleep, that I should go that way, without suffering. That is the only you can\nhope for. Nothing else. What can you do? I do not want. I am not going to get\nrich now. I do not want to be that rich, unless I win the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lottery.\n\nJohn: If there is any one image that you could convey to your kids, grandkids,\ngreat grandkids, how would you want them to remember you or to see you?\n\nAbe: I want them to remember me as I am. Let them remember me as I am. I am not\na scholar. I am an average person. Let them remember me as I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"am. I do not want\nto be different. I am not going to change now if I wanted to. I did not change\ntoo much in mind in all the years. I am a plain, ordinary person. I mind my own\nbusiness most of the time. I never tried to be over. Especially money wise, I\nnever tried to be. I tried to be with the family the best I could. Some have\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more knowledge about family life. I maybe did not have as much as a kid, but I\ndo my best. I hope they agree with me. So far, it looks like maybe they do. They\nare pretty well off. Not well off, but I mean, my son makes a good living and my\nkids go to college now, the two grandsons, in Alabama. I hope they will have a\ndecent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life. I hope they have a better life, a younger life than I had. That is\nall you can do.\n\nJohn: Thank you for sharing your life with us.\n\nAbe: I hope that life is a bit better from now on for everybody. That is all we\nhope. I hope that we will have no -- that it should never happen again. It is\nvery tough for a survivor, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really, to talk about it. I can see now. A survivor\nmeets a survivor, he talks a little about it; not too much either. They talk a\nlittle because they were -- it is like they have something in common. But you\ntake a person from the United States or from any another other country who never\nwent through -- Figure, a guy from here. I talk and I meet some Jewish people\nfrom Iraq, Iran. They never heard it because they were thousands of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"miles away\nand I am glad they did not have it there. But they know. Even Europe was a\ndifferent level. Polish Jews, and Czechoslovak Jews, and French Jews, and German\nJews, [it was] a different life. There is a difference between a Polish Jew, and\na French Jew, or a German Jew. They were Jewish, but it was a different life.\nPoland always had a tougher Jewish life than any other nation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukraine and\nRussia, they had the same problem, but as far -- In Germany, Jewish people were\nwell off up to a point. They were the high class. They were respected more.\nPoland was -- The Jew was always the victim in Poland. It was always like this.\nWe were suffering before anybody knew about suffering. We were already in the\nstage where we were the Jew that goes. What do you call it? The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"underdog.\n\nJohn: I know with a lot of survivors, there is a conflict between, \"Whatever\nyears we have left, let us just put it behind us. Do not keep bringing it up. It\njust hurts.\"\n\nAbe: No --\n\nJohn: -- versus, \"It is good to --\n\nAbe: They will never forget.\n\nJohn: -- make as much noise as you can,\" and --\n\nAbe: They never forget it. I do not care if they want to forget. Sure, you want\nto forget it. You want to see it -- Anything that happens bad you want to\nforget, but this is so buried inside. It stays so much in the mind.\n\nJohn: In terms of expressing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it and --\n\nAbe: Hard. It is --\n\nJohn: -- getting it out, is it better to do that or is a better to just move on?\n\nAbe: It is good to talk a little bit about it. Some cannot talk about it. That\nis the problem. A lot of people I know, they cannot. They do not. Some can talk\nabout it, but some people cannot talk, or they talk a little bit, or it hurts\nbecause they feel guilt for some reason. I do not know why they should be\nguilty. They did not do nothing, but they feel guilty that they are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alive.\n\nJohn: The reason I ask is there is this one fellow we had interviewed a while\nago. He said the same thing: that nobody is interested and that he would really\nlike to get into it. But then when I called him later, he said, \"It just hurts\ntoo much. I don't want to deal with it anymore.\"\n\nAbe: No, they are interested, it is just -- Nobody could -- Believe me, I know a\nlot of people, and there is nobody could believe -- I do not care what you read.\nYou could interview a thousand people, 10,000, or whatever, you will never\nreally get to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point of what happened. That is how bad it was. Very few\npeople -- Maybe they did not go [through] maybe as much; most did. Some were\nbad; some very worse. There was nobody better. Everybody suffered, except some\nit had a little bit easier maybe. I know I went through a lot and some had\nreally -- which was really bad compared, and I went through a lot of different\ncamps, so it is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard to imagine -- It is hard for the survivor to understand\neven how you survived. How can a person who did not go through it understand? If\nthe person who survived it does not -- thinks, \"How did I survive? How did I get\nthrough so many years? How did -- What happened?\" Now, take a person who never\nwent through. He never -- Like, here in the United States. I am not\n[unintelligible; 1:39:27]. I am not talking against it, just -- \"Oh, we had a\ntough time here. We had to go and -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meat was on [ration] cards.\" Big deal, meat\nwas on [ration] cards, or gas, right? Or, you could not get a new car because\nthere was a war. You know what I mean? How can you tell the person what went\nthrough--a survivor--for a few years, how can you tell them? They cannot\ncomprehend what happened. They know it was bad. They lost families, they lost\nuncles, but they still was not there. They say in Polish, in the language: what\nyou do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not see, it does not hurt as much, because you do not see it. You feel\nbad it happened, but you do not feel it. Sure, it happened a lot. You had a lot\nof people lost their families, uncles, aunts, mothers, fathers. People came\nover, but they did not see it. How could you tell them, really? They feel bad\nthat it happened, but you how can a survivor tell them everyday life? Every day,\nyou lived on a string between here and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"death, every minute. For no reason, he\njust did not like you, he shot you, and nobody said anything.\n\nJohn: Are you developing any more or less of a religious --\n\nAbe: No, I am the same. I am not very religious in the first place. I go to\nshul. I belong to the shul, but I am not very Orthodox. My father was; my\nbrothers were not, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like I am. We were not in a very religious -- in the home. I\nmean, we were [unintelligible; 1:41:07]. My father went to shul. My mother used\nto go to the shul, too, with him on Yontif. We were -- My father wore a cap all\nthe time. He davened every day. But we were just like anybody else. In Europe\nespecially, the Jewish people used to go [to shul]. Time change after a little\nbit, became more modernized before the war, so you had less, a little bit.\n\nJohn: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What attitude or conviction do you have about death eventually?\n\nAbe: I know one thing: we all have to go someday. Nobody likes it. Nobody wants\nto go. The only thing I said is I would like to go in a quiet, no suffering way,\nto go to sleep. I see sometimes, somebody goes to sleep and that is it. That is\nthe best way. The suffering for the family--you hear ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, all the things--is\nterrible. But we cannot ask how to live or how to die, so we hope that if we\nhave to go, it should be in a nice, easy way, without hurting the loved ones.\nThat is the only thing we can hope for because -- We wish that should happen.\nBut who knows? I hope the same way, that if I should go, I should go in a nice,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no suffering way. I do not like to suffer no more. But we do not know. Everybody\nis the same way. Nobody likes to -- Nobody wants to die, but we know we have to\ngo someday. Someday, we have to go. There is no other way. It is just that we\nlike to stay well to the end. That is the thing. I wish it will be like this.\nYou can die, go to sleep, that is it, and that is all, so the family will not\nsuffer, like people see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people get sick for a year or two years. It is not\ntheirs -- They do not suffer; the family [does]. Or, a guy loses his mind. He\nhas old timer's [Alzheimer's] disease. It is a shame. It is a terrible thing.\nBut what can you do? It is not -- They do not know what goes on, so it does not\nmatter, but they will, the family around you. That is what it is. We hope to\nstay well and I hope to stay well through to the end, whatever it is, if it is a\nyear, or ten, or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever, whatever I will have, to stay the best as I am now,\nat least not worse. I am not too well now, but at least I will stay -- If you\ncan walk around and you can still know what you are talking about. I hope I do.\nThat is all I can do.\n\nJohn: Thank you for the interview.\n\nAbe: Yes, you are quite ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/transcript/50593/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=6240.0,6270.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrzesko Nowa is a village in south central Poland, about 20 miles (32 kilometers) east of Krakow and 120 miles (193 km) south-southeast of Lodz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiechow [Polish: Miechów] is a town about 25 miles (40 km) north of the city of Krakow, Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles (121 km) from Warsaw. After the Germans occupied it on September 8, 1939, it was annexed into the Reich and renamed “Litzmannstadt.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo make room for “repatriated” ethnic Germans [German: Volkesdeutschen], waves of Jews and Poles were deported from Lodz to the Generalgouvernement [German: General Government]. By March 1940, almost 70,000 Jews had already been forced out or fled the city voluntarily.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the invasion, Germany annexed most of western Poland into German provinces with the Reich. The remainder of partitioned Poland that fell to Germany under the secret provisions of the German-Soviet agreements of August and September 1939 was organized into the Generalgouvernementand further divided into four administrative districts with seats at Krakow, Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish: Kraków; sometimes also “Cracow”] is the second largest city in Poland, situated on the Vistula River. In 1939, some 56,000 Jews (almost one-quarter of the total population) resided in Krakow. When the Germans invaded Poland, many of Krakow's Jews fled east. Meanwhile, other Polish Jewish refugees fleeing the advancing Germans flooded into Krakow. On Wednesday, September 6, 1939, the German army entered Krakow and it became the center of the General Government. The 60,000 to 70,000 Jews in Krakow at the beginning of the war were not put into a ghetto at first but their lives were highly restricted, and they were put to work for the Germans. The ghetto was formally established on March 3, 1941 in a southern part of Krakow, in Podgorze, a poor part of town. Between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews lived within the closed off ghetto. The ghetto was liquidated in a series of Aktions between June 1942 and March 1943, when it was officially considered liquidated. Only 2,000 Jews from Krakow survived the war. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDzialoszyce is a town in south central Poland, about 28 miles (45 km) northeast of Krakow. On the eve of World War II, about 7,000 people, at least 80 percent of whom were Jewish, lived in the town. The Germans occupied the town on September 7, 1939 and soon established a Judenrat. In March 1940, a ghetto was established.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder German occupation, all Jewish and Polish males between the ages of 18 and 60 were required to perform unpaid forced labor. Forced labor was part of the systematic persecution of Jews but also served as a method for economic gain and to meet the increasingly desperate labor shortages necessary for the war effort. The Nazis subjected millions of people (both Jews and other victim groups) to forced, or slave labor, both inside and outside concentration camps, often under brutal conditions. Forced labor was often pointless and humiliating, and imposed without proper equipment, clothing, nourishment, or rest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbe is referring to “Schindler’s List,” a 1993 American film by director Steven Spielberg, based on the novel Schindler's Ark by Thomas Keneally. The ‘list’ refers to a list of Jewish workers transferred to Brunnlitz, Czechoslovakia from the Plaszow concentration camp by factory owner Oskar Schindler in the fall of 1944. There were multiple drafts of the list, but ultimately almost 1,200 Jews were saved thanks to their inclusion on it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Plaszow camp was initially a labor camp, constructed in a southern suburb of Krakow, Poland on the site of two Jewish cemeteries. Built in late 1942 and further expanded until mid-1944, it was transformed into a full-fledged concentration camp when Jews from the Krakow ghetto were sent there. Mass executions, random violence and beatings were an almost daily feature of life Plaszow. At its peak, an estimated 25,000 prisoners were in the camp and at least 8,000 died there. The approaching front line caused the evacuation of Plaszow and its sub-camps to begin in the summer of 1944. Most inmates were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Mauthausen and Stutthof concentration camps. Only a few hundred prisoners remained alive in the camp when Soviet soldiers liberated it in January 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePlanning for the Plaszow camp [Polish: Płaszów; also known as the “Krakau-Plaszow” camp] began in the summer of 1942. Construction began in October. There was already a small camp for Jewish railway workers called “Julag I” (Judenlager or Jews’ camp). The first group of Jewish forced laborers in Plaszow was the Barackenbau group, which was used for the hardest outdoor work in harsh winter conditions. They erected camp barracks, leveled the ground, dug trenches for the water supply and the sewage systems, and demolished the Jewish gravestones of the one-time cemeteries. Two other labor camps, Julag II (Prokocim) and Julag III (Bieżanów), were soon established and all three worked to construct the new camp nearby. In the beginning, the camps held young Jewish males from the suburbs and liquidated communities in the surrounding areas in the district. When the liquidation of the Krakow ghetto began in the spring of 1943, they were increasingly joined by Jews from Krakow. In different stages of their existence, Julag I had between 1300 and 1800 Jewish workers, Julag II had 400–600, and Julag III around 600. In all three camps, prisoners were put to work improving the railway system and building the camp. Work was overseen by German foremen. The camps were surrounded by barbed wire and guarded from the outside by mostly Ukrainians. Inside, Jewish Police from the Krakow ghetto kept order. Living conditions were brutal. Food, shelter, and sanitation were insufficient. A typhus epidemic in the summer of 1943 killed hundreds. In September 1943, around 10,000 Jews from the liquidated Krakow ghetto arrived in the main camp. The three small Julags became sub-camps and were later liquidated. In October 1943, the prisoners from Julag I and II were sent to an ammunition factory in Skarzysko–Kamienna.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe liquidation of the Dzialoszyce ghetto began in the first days of September 1942. Around 2,000 were murdered and thrown into mass graves. The rest were sent to the Belzec extermination camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSkarzysko-Kamienna is a town located 81 miles (130 km) northeast of Krakow. In August 1942, a slave labor camp was established by HASAG (also known as ‘Hugo Schneider AG’ or its original name in German: Hugo Schneider Aktiengesellschaft), a German metal goods manufacturer. By 1944, it was officially a concentration camp. Altogether, 25,000-30,000 Jews were brought to the camp from around the region. Prisoners worked in three separate factory camps (A, B, and C). Prisoners in camps A and B worked producing armaments. In camp C, prisoners worked in underwater mines where picric acid was produced. The mines were the most brutal of the camps as the acid poisoned the prisoners within three months. The camp was closed at the beginning of August 1944, when the roughly 6,000 surviving prisoners were deported to other camps—mainly Buchenwald in Germany and Czestochowa in Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzestochowa [Polish: Częstochowa; sometimes also Czenstochowa or Tschenstochau] is a Polish city located about 124 miles (200 km) southwest of Warsaw. HASAG maintained at least four armaments factories around Czestochowa. When the Czestochowa ghetto was liquidated, the surviving Jews were moved to the factory sites, which became labor camps and some 5,000 to 6,000 more Jews were brought in from Lodz, Plaszow, and Skarzysko-Kamienna to supplement the labor force. The largest labor camp was HASAG-Rakow, which was a former ironworks. HASAG-Pelcery (also spelled Pelzery) was a former textile factory near the railroad station, which had been converted into an ammunition factory. It functioned from June 1943 until January 16, 1945. There was also Metalurgia, a foundry on Krotka Street, and HASAG-Warta and HASAG-Czestochowianka. In general, a policy of “extermination through work” was applied in the labor camps. With the Soviet offensive making the situation in Poland more dangerous for HASAG, operations were moved to Germany. In December and January 1945, the Czestochowa factory camps were evacuated. Some prisoners were transferred to camps in Germany, where most did not survive, and others were sent on death marches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the U.S. through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he collapsed and died just a few months before the end of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmerican troops captured the area around Leipzig and Colditz on April 16, 1945. Although they advanced east soon afterward, fighting in Czechoslovakia did not end until early May.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith the relocation of production from Poland to Germany, HASAG began setting up several subcamps around Leipzig in the summer and autumn of 1944. Prisoners were housed next to production sites in Taucha, Altenburg, Meuselwitz, Schlieben, Colditz and Flossberg. The camp in Colditz, which is a small town 24 miles (38 km) southeast of Leipzig, held at least 718 prisoners, primarily Hungarian and Polish Jews. Between April 6 and 14, 1945, the SS cleared the subcamps in the area. Prisoners were sent on a death march east. In Abe’s case, this meant a march over mountains to Theresienstadt, which is 73 miles (117 km) southeast of Colditz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald was a Nazi concentration camp established near Weimar, Germany in July 1937. It was one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps within Germany's 1937 borders. Many actual or suspected communists were among the first internees. Prisoners came from all over Europe and the Soviet Union—Jews, Poles and other Slavs, the mentally ill and physically disabled, political prisoners, Romani people, Freemasons, and prisoners of war. There were also ordinary criminals and sexual \"deviants.\" All prisoners worked primarily as forced labor in local armaments factories. The insufficient food and poor conditions, as well as deliberate executions, led to 56,545 deaths at Buchenwald of the 280,000 prisoners who passed through the camp and its 139 subcamps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil the autumn of 1942, the German army was consistently victorious. By February 1943, however the tide began to change. After defeating the Germans at Stalingrad, the Soviet army remained on the offense and began pushing into German controlled territories in central and eastern Europe. Most of Ukraine and virtually all of Russia and eastern Belorussia were liberated during 1943. In the summer of 1944, the Soviets liberated the rest of Belorussia and Ukraine, most of the Baltic states, and eastern Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt (Terezín) \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present-day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. It served as a ghetto, an assembly camp, and a concentration camp. In the course of its existence, approximately 140,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia were sent to Theresienstadt. Roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself due to starvation and disease. Nearly 90,000 Jews were deported from Theresienstadt to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiberators confronted unspeakable conditions in the camps. Piles of corpses often lay unburied, and survivors were so weak, emaciated, or sick that thousands died in the weeks after liberation. After liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Well-meaning soldiers, volunteers or locals without proper medical training often gave survivors foods that made their conditions worse. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn August 1945, the Central British Fund brought 732 displaced children under the age of 16 to England. Approximately half would settle permanently in England. The others moved to Israel, the United States or Canada.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChildren often changed their names and dates of birth as they arrived in England. Whereas survival in the camps and ghettos had been better if they claimed to be older, after the war, they often made themselves younger (or reverted to their real age) to qualify for programs offering refuge and transport out of Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Der Yidisher Filosof” or “The Yiddish Philosopher” was one of the most beloved advice programs in Yiddish Radio. Hosted by C. Israel Lutsky (1897-1985), show ran from 1931 to the mid-1960s. During the show, Lutsky energetically responded to letters from listeners seeking advice with a mix of folk wisdom and teasing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1]\u003cbr\u003e Despite their wartime alliance, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States and Great Britain intensified rapidly as the World War II came to a close. After Germany’s surrender in 1945, several countries in Eastern Europe—including Poland—were occupied by the Soviet Union. A new government was installed in Poland that was aligned politically and militarily with the USSR. In 1946, a surge of Jewish survivors and refugees from the Soviet Union flooded into the western Allies’ zones, hoping to escape the anti-Jewish violence and further persecution from Stalin’s regime. In order to curb a concentration of anti-communist political expatriates in the West, the Soviet Union began closing borders. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlex (Yankele) Gross was born in Palanok, Czechoslovakia in 1928. He, his five brothers (Alex, Filip, Benjamin, Bernie, Bill, and Sam), and one sister survived the Holocaust. With the help of extended family, all seven siblings immigrated to the United States after World War II. The testimonies of Alex and his sister, Rosalyn Gross Haber (1933-2002), are housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History. Alex has also shared his story with The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and published a memoir, Yankele: A Holocaust Survivor's Bittersweet Memoir.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA ‘greenhorn,’ ‘greeny,’ or ‘greenie’ is an inexperienced person, and oftentimes refers to newcomers who are unfamiliar with the ways of a place or group.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Garnethill Boys’ Hostel was opened in Glasgow, Scotland in 1939 to house Jewish children arriving in the United Kingdom on Kindertransports. The hostel was located at 125 Hill Street, in a building next to the Garnethill synagogue, whose Orthodox congregation operated the hostel. Between 1939 and 1948, the hostel was home to over 175 boys between the ages of 12 and 16, who attended the local school. Some stayed only a few days or weeks, others longer. According to immigration records, the hostel was Abe’s last U.K. address before he immigrated to the United States. Today, the hostel is home to the Scottish Jewish Archives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTraditionally, Jewish males wear a hat of some kind to fulfill the customary requirement that the head be covered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the time Abe was in school, elementary education was compulsory in Poland and the majority of Jews attended public schools. However, as Poland’s largest minority, Jewish communities were allowed to fund and maintain their own public schools. Jews were not formally required to attend these schools, but in a predominantly Jewish neighborhood like Abe grew up in, that likely would have been the closest public school.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. In Poland’s major cities, Jews and Poles spoke each other’s languages and interacted in markets and on the streets. Even smaller towns and villages in Poland were, to some extent, mixed communities. That did not mean that antisemitism did not impact the lives of Polish Jews, however. The antisemitic atmosphere increased in Poland during the 1930s. After World War I, Poland had become a democratic independent state and increasing Polish nationalism made Poland a hostile place for many Jews. A series of pogroms and discriminatory laws were signs of growing antisemitism, while fewer and fewer opportunities to emigrate were available. An economic boycott of Jewish businesses was in full force by 1937.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePogrom is a Russian word meaning \"to wreak havoc, to demolish violently\" that historically refers to violent attacks by local non-Jewish populations on Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, many Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In postwar Poland, there were a number of pogroms. One of the most well-known examples occurred in the southeastern Polish town of Kielce, which is about 78 miles (126 km) southeast of Lodz, on July 4, 1946. To avoid punishment for wandering away from home for three days, a nine-year-old boy claimed he had been kidnapped and held in the basement of the Jewish Committee building. When police went to investigate the fictitious claims, Polish civilians, soldiers and police killed 42 Jews and injured 40 others. While not an isolated instance, the massacre symbolized the precarious state of Jewish life in the Holocaust’s aftermath and prompted many survivors to leave Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Russians liberated Lodz in January 1945, only about 900 Jews were still alive. Another 10,000 to 20,000 survived in other camps in the Reich or in the Soviet Union. By the end of 1946, more than 50,000 Jewish survivors settled in the city. Within two years after the end of German occupation in Lodz, the Jewish community was rebuilt to be the second largest in Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany Poles saw the Soviets as enemies. Although they had liberated Poland from Germany, they had also invaded and brutally occupied part of Poland from 1939-1941. Eager to install a communist government in Poland, Russia’s secret police force, the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs [Russian: Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del; abbreviated NKVD], was tasked with identifying Poles who were loyal to the government-in-exile, part of the underground Home Army, or otherwise posed a threat to communist ideology. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYontif refers to a Jewish holiday, especially one on which work is prohibited, and is a term most commonly used among Orthodox Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConservative Judaism seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture (like generally observing gender equality), while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism, women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany of the millions of American soldiers (colloquially called ‘GIs’) who served in World War II married or engaged partners overseas, but restrictive immigration laws made it difficult for them to bring their spouses and fiancés home. In 1945 and 1946, two War Brides Acts allowed non-quota immigration to them and a flood of women and their dependents joined Holocaust survivors and other immigrants on their journey to the United States. Statistics vary, but around 300,000 women and dependents made their way to the United States before the expiration of the “War Brides” and similar acts in December 1948. The majority of these women came from Europe and the United Kingdom, although tens of thousands came from China, Australia and New Zealand as well.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbe arrived in the United States on March 25, 1947 aboard the Marine Falcon, an American Navy ship that was used after the war to carry many repatriated or immigrating survivors, as well as war brides.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKarl Adolf Eichmann (1906-1962) was a German-Austrian SS-Obersturmbannführer and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust. During World War II, Eichmann headed Gestapo Department IV B4 for Jewish Affairs, serving as a self-proclaimed “Jewish specialist” and was the man responsible for keeping the trains rolling from all over Europe to death camps during the Final Solution. He escaped from the Allied forces that had captured him after World War II, disappeared, and was presumed dead by some until he was apprehended in Argentina in May of 1960. In 1961, his trial in Jerusalem, Israel sparked international interest and heightened public awareness of the crimes of the Holocaust. In 1962, he was hanged by the State of Israel for his part in the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommonly referred to as the Nuremberg Trials, the Trial of Major War Criminals was held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 in Nuremberg, Germany and was widely covered by the media. An international military tribunal tried 22 leading German officials for war crimes. Twelve prominent Nazi Party members were sentenced to death. There were twelve additional tribunals that tried Nazi doctors, judges, industrialists, and leaders of the Einsatzgruppen [German: mobile killing squads].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmong the estimated six million Jews killed during the Holocaust, Germany and its collaborators killed around 1.5 million Jewish children. Children were not specifically singled out because they were children, but because of their alleged membership in dangerous racial, biological, or political groups. Children had on of the lowest rates of survival in concentration and extermination camps. In Auschwitz-Birkenau and other killing centers, young children were immediately sent to the gas chambers. Adolescents (13-18 years old) had a greater chance of survival as they could be used for slave labor. Tens of thousands of Romani, between 5,000 and 7,000 German children with physical and mental abilities living in institutions, as well as many Polish children and children living in the German-occupied Soviet Union were also killed during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbe is referring to a 2000 lawsuit that took place in London, England. David John Cawdell Irving (born 1938) is an English Holocaust denier and author who has written on the military and political history of World War II, with a focus on Nazi Germany. Irving sued American academic Dr. Deborah Esther Lipstadt (b. 1947) after she accused him of being a Holocaust denier. Lipstadt won the case, which proved to be as much Holocaust denial as about libel. As of 2023, Lipstadt is the Dorot Professor of Modern Jewish History and Holocaust Studies at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. She created the Institute for Jewish Studies at Emory and was its first director from 1998-2008. Lipstadt authored numerous books about Holocaust deniers including Denying the Holocaust, The Eichmann Trial, and History on Trial: My Day in Court with a Holocaust Denier, which chronicles the case.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Ernest Duke (1950- ) is an American neo-Nazi, antisemitic conspiracy theorist, far-right politician, convicted felon, and former grand wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. From 1989 to 1992, he was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. Prior to World War I, Poland’s territory was divided among the empires of Germany, Russia and Austro-Hungary. Poland’s geographical position between the fighting powers meant that much of the fighting occurred in Poland and its territories existed under different occupation regimes. When the war ended, the three powers that had partitioned Poland at the end of the eighteenth century ceased to exist. This paved the way for a fully independent and united Poland. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt’s (FDR) legacy regarding the Holocaust remains controversial. Throughout the 1930s, political leaders with ties to the Jewish community, including New York Governor Herbert Lehman, advised FDR of the growing refugee crisis in Europe. When World War II began in September 1939, most Americans hoped the United States would remain neutral. Although Americans had access to reliable information about the persecution of European Jews as it happened throughout the 1930s and many were sympathetic, most could not imagine the mass murders of the Holocaust could happen. Domestic concerns about the economy and national security further combined with prevalent antisemitism and racism in the United States to make any efforts to assist refugees or rescue victims of Nazism unlikely. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe St. Louis was a German ocean liner most notable for a single voyage which began on May 13, 1939, in which her captain, Gustav Schröder, tried to find homes for 936 German-Jewish refugees, after they were denied entry to Cuba (even though they had valid visas), the United States and Canada. The ship with its Jewish refugees was forced to return to Europe where the passengers were admitted to France, Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The 288 passengers who were accepted by the United Kingdom survived. Of the 620 who were returned to continental Europe, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that the Germans murdered 254.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy 1942, information regarding the mass murders of Jews had begun to reach the Allies and the State Department confirmed that the Germans planned to annihilate Europe’s Jews. A November 1944 report written by escapees of the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp, detailed the use of gas chambers for the mass murder of Jews. By then, the gas chambers had already ceased operations, but some Jewish leaders, the World Jewish Congress, and the War Refugee Board (WRB) pressured the U.S. War Department to bomb the gas chambers. The proposal was denied. The United States’s wartime priority remained focused on military victory rather than humanitarian considerations. There was much uncertainty about the death toll that might be inflicted as well as concerns about how German propaganda might exploit any bombing of the camp's prisoners. The War Department also believed it would divert Allied strategic air forces from vital military targets and argued that the best way to save Jewish lives would be to defeat Nazi Germany as quickly as possible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1945 and 1947, the Allied governments enacted various legislation dealing with reparations to be paid to the victims of Nazi oppression. The Jewish Agency presented the first official claim to the Allied governments in September 1945. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. In 1952, the government of West Germany reached an agreement with the state of Israel and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany to pay reparations for material losses and injuries incurred during the Holocaust. Three separate German laws, known as the West German Federal Indemnification Laws, were adopted in 1953, 1956, and 1965. They further provided for compensation in the form of one-time payments and monthly pensions to Holocaust survivors. In the years since, other agreements for reparations have also been reached.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs a neutral country, Switzerland became a favored repository of capital in the years leading up to and during World War II. With the rise of Nazism, many European Jews sought to safeguard their assets by depositing their money in Swiss bank accounts and valuables in Swiss safe deposit boxes. During the war, the Swiss were the principal bankers and financial brokers of the Nazis, handling vast sums of currency, gold and other valuables they had plundered directly from individual Holocaust victims and from the reserves of conquered countries. Switzerland also purchased vast amounts of gold from Allied and Axis powers. It exchanged the precious metal for Swiss francs, the only free convertible currency at the time outside the American dollar. This trade benefitted Germany in particular, effectively turning Switzerland into an enabler of the German war effort. After the war, survivors were often unable to provide the required documentation needed to retrieve the assets that belonged to them or their deceased relatives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany major U.S. corporations played an important role in the rise of Hitler’s regime and continued to do business with the Nazi government after World War II began September 1939. These companies included: Ford Motor Co., IBM, General Motors, Coca-Cola, Kodak, Random House, Chase Bank, General Electric, Standard Oil, and others.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSince 1992, the U.S. and other donors have provided Russia billions of dollars in aid for radical economic “reforms,” largely defined as privatization of state-owned assets. The chief beneficiary of these reforms has been a small clique of political and economic powerbrokers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEliezer \"Elie\" Wiesel (1928-2016) was a Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He was born in Sighet, Transylvania, which is now part of Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113/annotation_set/1150/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavening is the act of reciting Jewish liturgical prayers during which the prayer sways or rocks lightly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/107221/file/208113#t=6060.0,6090.0"}]}]}]}