{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/9882j68n79/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Goldhammer, Ginger Pearl"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-02-15 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta","Legacy Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGinger (Gyongi) Goldhammer was interviewed by Saba Wise Silverman and Ruth Einstein on February 15, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eGinger discusses meeting and marrying her husband, who was arrested and sent to the Buchenwald concentration camp when the Nazis annexed Austria in 1938. She describes the struggle to find out information and get him released. Ginger relays the frenzy and frustration of trying to emigrate from Austria in 1939. When the couple finally escaped Europe, Ginger describes being forced in a ghetto in Shanghai, China. For five years, they struggled to survive starvation and isolation. Ginger describes finally leaving Shanghai and arriving in San Francisco in 1947 in what seemed a dream. She describes learning English while her husband studied to become certified as a doctor in the US. Ginger describes the two years they lived in Texas. Ginger outlines a brief move to upstate New York, where her husband encountered a former Nazi. She describes the next 15 years spent in Rome, Georgia as very happy years. She briefly mentions witnessing segregation and antisemitism. Ginger describes becoming an American citizen and changing her name. Ginger reflects on the bonds that develop between refugees. She determines the most important thing in life is to make friends and love people, regardless of race or religion.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28342"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Gyongi \"Ginger\" Goldhammer (personal name)","Egon Goldhammer (personal name)","Dr. David Blumenthal (personal name)","Yitzhak Shamir (personal name)","Eleanor Roosevelt (personal name)","President William Clinton (personal name)","Yevgeny Yevtushenko (personal name)","Rabbi Robert Ichay (personal name)","Arye Mekel (personal name)","Ruth Mekel (personal name)","Dr. Goldschmidt (personal name)","Dr. Segal (personal name)","Dr. Aladar Schoenfeld (personal name)","Dr. Rennert (personal name)","Dr. Iliev (personal name)","Dr. Deborah Lipstadt (personal name)","M.  William Breman (personal name)","Emperor Michinomiya Hirohito (personal name)","Ruth Borokoff (personal name)","Sir Victor Sassoon (personal name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","Jewish Federation of North America (corporate name)","Battey State Hospital (corporate name)","Vienna, Austria (geographic term)","Shanghai, China (geographic term)","Hongkew, Shanghai, China (geographic term)","Riga, Latvia (geographic term)","Budapest, Hungary (geographic term)","Reynosa, Mexico (geographic term)","Mission, Texas (geographic term)","Rome, Georgia (geographic term)","San Francisco, California (geographic term)","New York (geographic term)","Rue Cardinal Mercier, Shanghai, China (geographic term)","Mariahilfer Strasse, Vienna, Austria (geographic term)","China (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Hungary (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Buchenwald Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Concentration Camp (topical term)","Labor Camp (topical term)","Ghetto (topical term)","Gas Chambers (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Kristallnacht (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) (topical term)","Jewish Refugees (topical term)","Holocaust Survivor (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Pearl Harbor (topical term)","Nuremburg Trial (topical term)","Jewish Community (topical term)","Shabbat (topical term)","Passover (topical term)","Religion (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","Zionism (topical term)","Communism (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGinger (Gyongi) Goldhammer was interviewed by Saba Wise Silverman and Ruth Einstein on February 15, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGinger discusses meeting and marrying her husband, who was arrested and sent to the Buchenwald concentration camp when the Nazis annexed Austria in 1938. She describes the struggle to find out information and get him released. Ginger relays the frenzy and frustration of trying to emigrate from Austria in 1939. When the couple finally escaped Europe, Ginger describes being forced in a ghetto in Shanghai, China. For five years, they struggled to survive starvation and isolation. Ginger describes finally leaving Shanghai and arriving in San Francisco in 1947 in what seemed a dream. She describes learning English while her husband studied to become certified as a doctor in the US. Ginger describes the two years they lived in Texas. Ginger outlines a brief move to upstate New York, where her husband encountered a former Nazi. She describes the next 15 years spent in Rome, Georgia as very happy years. She briefly mentions witnessing segregation and antisemitism. Ginger describes becoming an American citizen and changing her name. Ginger reflects on the bonds that develop between refugees. She determines the most important thing in life is to make friends and love people, regardless of race or religion.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/823/small/Ginger_Goldhammer.png?1619298507","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Goldhammer_Ginger.mp4"]},"duration":5413.613,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/823/small/Ginger_Goldhammer.png?1619298507","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/103/823/original/Goldhammer_Ginger.mp4?1609758839","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5413.613,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Goldhammer, Ginger [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SILVERMAN: Today is February 15, 2001.\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Thank you for coming. I'm Ginger Goldhammer in America. Before, my\nreal name is Gyongi . . . G-Y-O-N-G-Y-I. That's Hungarian. In Jewish . . .\n'Pearl' . . . translated from 'Pearl.' I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"born 1906 . . . 16 June . . . in\nHungary. Nemes Kostova, that was the little village. I'm now 94-1/2 and trying\nto get rid of my accent, but I can't. Some people like it, some people don't.\n\nSILVERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where were you when the war ended?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: When the war ended, I was in China.\n\nSILVERMAN: How did you get to China?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: The Second World War . . . I was in China already seven years at\nthat time. We went to China. My husband went alone because he came from the\nconcentration camp Buchenwald. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived--a very sick man--and then he went to\nChina and I then followed him about nine months later . . . or ten. That was\nHitler's time. We stayed there about seven years. Life was not easy in China for\nthe refugees. There were two or three . . . I cannot tell you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really . . . I\ndon't believe more than 10 who were . . . so you called, \"Made it.\" . . .\ndifferent business or so . . . Most of the refugees had a very hard time. We\nwent hungry. People who escaped from Hitler died in China of hunger. All hunger\nrelated, about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"8,000 . . . that's what . . . if I remember that. Some of them,\nthey're lucky . . . very few went to Israel, mostly to America. Amazingly, a few\nwent back to Europe. Why? It's beyond me. I would not. We did not.\n\nSILVERMAN: How did you get to China?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: We were on a boat and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we did not need . . . that country was the\nmost wonderful with the attitude toward refugees. We did not need a visa or\nquota . . . all these difficulties . . . even this beautiful America . . . G-d\nbless America, but he failed his refugees ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"badly during Hitler's time. They\nfailed. Roosevelt made a very bad choice here not to give refuge for these poor\npeople who were desperate. There was no other way, either here or dying. Israel\nwas also hard to get in. Not right now--now Israel is a beautiful place. You\nwant to go there, you are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"welcome, and they will help you to get there.\n\nSILVERMAN: Who was with you in China? When you got to China, who of your family\nwas with you?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: No one, except my husband, but he had already many friends.\n\nSILVERMAN: When did you get married?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Nineteen thirty-four. We were engaged three years because my husband\nwas a young doctor, and he needed to establish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office, patients, money . . . to\ngive bread and butter on the table.\n\nSILVERMAN: How did you meet each other?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: I was taking care of one of my aunts who was dying in a private . .\n. they called it 'private sanatorium.' It does not exist in America . . .\nsomething like a recover . . . convalescent but rather ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"elegant . . . it's all\nvery . . . a garden and big house. Every patient had their room and their own\ndoctors. It does not exist here. No. Maybe someday they will think of it. He was\nthe doctor of my aunt in that room. That's where we met.\n\nSILVERMAN: So you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married before the war ever started?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Yes. We were married in 1934. Hitler marched in 1938 to Austria . .\n. Vienna.\n\nSILVERMAN: Were you in a concentration camp?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: No, I was never. My husband was in a concentration camp. By the way,\nif you are taking time out . . . from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Spielberg . . . I was interviewed and\nthere are many, many things I might have forgotten by now. If you would\nquestion, you can have that. Look it over and combine it or something. From the\nSpielberg . . .\n\nSILVERMAN: Where were you when the war first broke out?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the war broke out I was still in Vienna. In 1940, I landed in\nChina, then Pearl Harbor was invaded . . . Japanese. We had already . . . we\nwere supposed to be here in 1940, but because of the war we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't . . . There\nwas no more. It was like cut off everything . . .\n\nSILVERMAN: You were planning on coming to America . . .\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Right away, yes--as soon as we could. We had already two tickets to\nAmerica. Bought tickets to come here before my husband was arrested by the\nNazis. Unfortunately, they got him. Before the Kristallnacht, he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already in Buchenwald.\n\nSILVERMAN: Where were you the whole time?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: In Vienna. I stayed partially with my mother-in-law and sometimes I\nhad two very old aunts and they took me in because our apartment, everything . .\n. the office for my . . . everything was taken by the Nazis. They left us with\ntwo suitcases.\n\nSILVERMAN: When your husband was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrested and taken to Buchenwald, how did you\nmeet up with him? How did you get back together with him? How was he freed?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: First, for many months . . . weeks, months . . . we couldn't get\neven mail or news because they had typhoid fever infectious problem over there.\nThey did not let even mail out. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, when he was able to write, we found out\nthrough my friend that was not Jewish, where he is . . .\n\nSILVERMAN: Tell us the story.\n\nGOLDHAMMER: We got together by mail and for that I knew where he is. He had to\ndo it because of that . . . they found out from the Gestapo . . . where he is\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and until he got . . . that took many, many . . .\n\nSILVERMAN: Who was this friend? Tell me about the story with the friend.\n\nGOLDHAMMER: That was the greatest miracle. There was a young man. I was working\nas a volunteer . . . not really a volunteer . . . my husband wanted me to work\nin a hospital for a while so that I can help him in his office. There was this\nhandsome, non-Jewish guy . . . tall, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blonde, not dark . . . blonde, blue-eyes. I\nkind of had a crush on him. He had a crush on me. I used to be not bad looking,\nnot as ugly as I am now. That was a different life. We did not date. People did\nnot live together and all this stuff . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boyfriend . . . that didn't exist . .\n. waiting, I would say you did. A young girl never went alone. I used to go\neither with my cousins, my uncle, my aunt--always somebody around. Not with this\nfellow. He asked me for a date and we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went with his car. He had a friend, Dr.\nKatz, and he brought . . . he was engaged . . . Lotte was her first name, I\nforgot the other. They were Jewish both. It seemed to me this guy was probably\nfriendly to Jewish people. They were in our car. That's the only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"date I had with\nhim. My relatives would not let me--not my uncle. My father probably would have\nrather seen me dead than marry a non-Jew. At that time it was not very . . . I\ndon't think it was nice, because some of them are nice people whether they are\nnot necessarily Jewish religion. I don't agree with the many American because\nthey say, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Jewish.\" I don't think we are Jewish. I think we are Semitic. Our\nreligion is Jewish. I was Hungarian, married an Austrian, then I was Austrian.\nThen I came to America and I became American. But my religion was still Jewish,\nso it is not right . . . not quite clear . . .\n\nSILVERMAN: How did this man help you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out--the man you were telling us about, the\nman you went out with for a date and then were not allowed to see him again? How\ndid he help you out later on?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: I had to call him not to call ever anymore because of my religion\nand youth . . . \"I am not allowed that you call so please don't call, don't\ncome. That's all.\" That was the end of it. I saw him in the hospital . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strange . . . we said 'hello' to each other . . . maybe even I stole a kiss,\nthat probably was true. I didn't see him. Then my husband was very serious about\nme. He didn't want me to date anybody or see anybody. We were engaged. He took\nthree ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years . . . until we got married. I got very sick--a ridiculous illness.\nNow they help it very fast . . . at that time there was not much of a cure. I\nwas in and out of bed 18 months. In spite of it, my husband married me. I think\nhe loved me. Then I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met this guy on a street, Mariahilfer Strasse in Vienna . .\n. I went to his car and told him we were married and he should come visit us. He\nsaid, \"No\" . . . he cannot forget that he was not allowed even to call me on the\nphone, so I didn't see him ever. Then Hitler came. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I came from the Gestapo--I\nwill never forget it--on a strasse. . . I forget the street's name. I saw his\nname on the door advertising Dr. Goldschmidt and I said that could be only him,\nbut it could be another one with the same name. I went up in the office. It was\nhim--the same. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"broke down and I cried. I said to him, \"You have to help me.\" I\nsaw on his jacket lapel the Nazi Party's badge . . . that he belonged to them.\nHe was a member. He listened to me and my story. I cried badly and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he could help\nme . . . \"You see, you are not Jewish. Maybe you could help me. I don't know\nhow. I don't know. I'm just desperate.\" He listened to me and my story. He said,\n\"I will help you. I will try to help you. I have a friend in the Gestapo . . .\nHungarian . . .\" Unfortunately, I forgot his name. My friends--if they would be\nalive in Vienna--they would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember because I told them all about it. He called\nhim. He was there in the office. He came right away. He ordered for me from the\nhousekeeper dinner for three, a very elaborate, beautiful dinner with the\nHungarian Nazi and he. He listened to the story. He said, \"I will try my best.\"\nI told him the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"date when he was arrested, and the name, and everything. It was\nall in the Gestapo--they knew it. A few days later he called and said that,\n\"Yes,\" he knew where he is . . . in Buchenwald, and he will try to do his\nbest--which he did. Actually, on the day he told me that my husband will be out,\nhe was on that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same day out. My husband from September until April or May . . .\nMay he came out.\n\nSILVERMAN: You decided to try to get to China?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Not decided . . . we had no choice. When he was released, leaving\nthe concentration camp, he had to sign he leaves the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country within 48 hours.\nWhere to? There was something like the Federation or Jewish Community Center who\ntook care of all these problems . . . tried to help us. They had already several\nkitchens in the city, feeding . . . because we were not allowed to buy food\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore, most of us. I worked there many weeks or months already at that time as\na volunteer in the kitchen.\n\nSILVERMAN: That was a Jewish organization?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: I was potato peeling, carrots peeling. Some men cooked in a kettle.\nPeople came at noontime and we served. That I did for many weeks, many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"months. I\nmet over there all these. . . like here, Mr. Breman. . . the top people. They\nknew me. I had the Hungarian accent and they were all Viennese. I went there\nwith my husband and my mother-in-law begging how to get him out of the country.\nI looked up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back and forth . . . one single ticket on one boat leaves in a week\nfrom Italy . . . Victoria, the boat's name. It was a luxury boat. One ticket\navailable . . . very expensive . . . my husband traveled like a pasha with a\nsunken ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bath. Many, many months he never had a wash in the concentration camp . .\n. luxury cabin . . . but they would not allow the second person. So we had to\nsell our American tickets. My mother-in-law gave some money, my sister-in-law .\n. . one of them, friends, too. Dr. Segal--I remember him. He took my tonsils\nout--he gave us some money to get that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"luxury ticket to be covered. That's the\nday he went without me to China. I have all the letters from China . . . from\nthat boat trip . . .\n\nSILVERMAN: How did you get to China?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: . . . from my husband. He just hopes that soon I will follow him. It\nwas not easy. I had no money. The Federation, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Jewish Community, said I am in\nno danger. I was three or four times on the deportation list and one of the\nperson who worked also in the Federation--Scherzer was his last name. Again, I\nforget his first--he each time took my name off because I volunteer work over\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. After I finished in the kitchen I worked in the Jewish hospital until\n11:00 at night when I walked home. It was very hard, but I was young and\nhealthy, so I could do that . . . I still couldn't get a ticket. My husband\nwrote to America, to my relatives, to beg them to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collect any way they can to\nget me a ticket that I can come to China. He said if I don't, he'd commit\nsuicide. So that did it. My relatives sent a ticket, but not the luxury ticket.\nSix people we were in one cabin . . . two beds--one up, one down . . . It didn't\nmatter. I got to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"China.\n\nSILVERMAN: Where in China were you?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Shanghai. The boat landed there.\n\nSILVERMAN: How much longer after your husband did you arrive?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: From May until next December . . . end of December I went on the\nboat in Italy and arrived in early January in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shanghai. Because America needed\nquota, visa . . . every possible way they did not make it easy to come . . . the\nAmerican government. I love America, but I think that's a black page in history.\nI think so. It shouldn't have happened.\n\nSILVERMAN: What did you do in Shanghai?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My husband was a doctor, worked free . . . no one with money. There\nwas no money. After Pearl Harbor, we were cut off from America. Until Pearl\nHarbor, America sent money. Over there, it was a terrible thing. Most of the\npeople lived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barracks.\n\nSILVERMAN: Like a displaced persons camp?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Terrible, terrible. Three beds and one bed sheet separated one\nfamily from the other . . . It was very hard.\n\nSILVERMAN: How long did you have to live like that?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: I was desperate. I just thought I cannot make it. The dirt . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nthe people died of cholera and all kinds of horrible illness. We got bad . . .\nboth of us sick . . . amoebic dysentery. We lived in a shack. First we lived in\n. . . the British UN row. We had our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own room . . . small, furniture, everything\nnecessary . . . what we needed. The bathroom we shared with three or four\ncouples in the same building. Then came a proclamation from the Japanese: we all\nhad to leave. We had to go to Hongkew . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"100 percent Chinese. The city was\ndivided by a river . . . We lived over there, all the refugees had to live--all\nof them--regardless ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether you had money or not. We got in a Chinese shack.\nThat was a shack--no bathroom, no nothing. A sailor changed with us. He went to\nour room downtown where it was halfway human, and we took up his one room, and\nlived with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rats. We shared a room with the rats. Food . . . very rare . . .\ngoing hungry many times . . . actually, five years . . . barely enough food to sustain.\n\nSILVERMAN: Did you help your husband with his practice?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: No, I went to work. I worked all kinds of work in Shanghai. I worked\nas a nurse. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After this, I got a very good job for Sassoon again because I'm\nHungarian. The British consul had a Hungarian wife . . . amazing, my life. Not\nmany people have that background . . . Before I came to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"China, he was at a\ndoctor's meeting, and he heard the Hungarian accent and he said to them, \"You\nare Hungarian? My wife is Hungarian, she has that accent like you have.\" They\nsaid, \"When she comes, you bring her. Let's get together.\" I met through this\nHungarian doctor--Dr. Schoenfeld was his name. He was half-Jew. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His wife was\nnot. Aladar Schoenfeld. When we were really desperate for food because we had\nnone, he asked me if I would go to a child as a nurse . . . scarlet fever . . .\n\"Did you have the scarlet fever?\" I can't remember--did I or didn't I? I took\nthe chance and I went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work for this British consul. The little girl's name\nwas Paji. I have the photo somewhere. I can't remember. That was a miracle,\nparadise on earth. Food up to here, lots, good, and I had my own room. The\nconsul had a house rented . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big. We had two rooms, one was mine, and one was\nfor the sick baby, and my own bathroom. Three, four, five times a day a silver\ntray of food came knocking on my door . . . whatever I want. I never heard of so\nmuch food and so good ones. Whatever I couldn't eat I took . . . I had my own\nlittle Frigidaire for the child . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I put it up and I took it home when I went\nhome every two or three days to my husband. She took me home--they had a\ncar--and picked me up to work the next morning. I took the food. We just\nstruggled as well as we could. Afterwards, I think . . . through the other\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian doctor . . . if I could work in a store, but my English was very poor.\nI came in and I learned English, whatever I needed--a few sentences. I worked in\nthe French concession, on Rue Cardinal Mercier. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were so, so many\nstores--all Russians. I have to mention because we were once in jail--everyone\nthat was on the Rue Cardinal Mercier . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". We were 26 hours in the Japanese\njail, because . . . the Japanese were not nice. Actually, you can say yes, nice\nor no. The thing is Hitler asked the Japanese ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government to make it Holocaust\nlike . . . gas chambers . . . He had in mind to kill us all in China. We were\nnot . . . because Hirohito, the Japanese Emperor, would not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"allow. We were in a\nghetto. My husband could not come out of the ghetto. He had no passport. I got a\npassport because I worked for Sassoon. One of these Hungarians lived in the\ngarden on Mercier . . . one of my friends--Dr. Rennert, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tirze his wife. They\nwere very kind. They gave me lunch once or twice or three times a week, and once\na week bath. Then I met Dr. Schoenfeld, the other Hungarian, and he ate there\nonce or twice a week for lunch, and baths once a week.\n\nSILVERMAN: How long were you in China?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Almost seven years. I was six and my husband over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seven, so combined\n. . .\n\nSILVERMAN: How did you pick America and Atlanta to come to? Did you want to go\nto Israel first?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: No, I never wanted to. My sister lived there before Hitler. She went\nout as a Zionist with her husband. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My sister married a Polish medical student,\nthen they moved to Israel. His parents were quite well-off. My sister's husband\ncame back for another half a year to finish his medicine and then he went back.\nThey lived all the time. I have one nephew--my sister's son--who was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"born in\nIsrael, so he's a sabra. He's a poet. If you want to see all the books, I cannot\nread them--it's all in Hebrew. I showed it to Dr. Blumenthal. I have an article\n. . . I made 15 copies or more . . . my nephew was awarded twice by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shamir. It's\nin the paper, because of his . . .\n\nSILVERMAN: His poetry. That's wonderful.\n\nGOLDHAMMER: My sister was once there. She came afterwards to America because she\ngot divorced, and she stayed in New York. My nephew still lives in Israel.\n\nSILVERMAN: But how did you come to America?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: After the war, again we wrote to my uncle . . . we had go again with\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quota, and this and that. We came to America--two years we had to wait.\nNineteen forty-five the war was over. That picture was taken in Dr. Schoenfeld's\nplace--that was taken in China. We went to celebrate the peace from all over\nwhen the Japanese surrendered. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we came to America 1947, two years before\nChina became communist. In 1949, Communists took over. The struggle was terrible.\n\nSILVERMAN: How did you come to America? Did you have to buy a ticket?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: I can't remember, darling, whether the Jewish community gave us a\nticket . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no, I had a cousin in San Francisco. He was an eye specialist from\nVienna . . . his mother was cousin to my father, so I was a second cousin. But\nfrom his father's side he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had multi-millionaire cousins in San Francisco. Their\nname was Friend . . . F-R-I-E-N-D. I have somewhere the address, I can't\nremember. He sent us the ticket. When we came to San Francisco, my cousins\npicked us up . . . the boat came under the Golden Gate Bridge. What a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dream!\nThey took us in a hotel. First thing I took a bath, because I didn't have a bath\nfor . . . horrible! Then we had celebrate . . . my uncle and my aunt . . . very\nnice, feeding us, and my cousins taking us here and there to experience ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America.\nIt was a dream. We arrived on the third of July, so Fourth of July was the next\nday. If I remember, five days was the celebration in San Francisco for the\nFourth of July. Wherever you went it was a dream after that misery in China. The\nfood and lots of food, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cousin took us to the market . . . food, my G-d . . .\nso much food. Whatever I saw, my cousins bought me . . . this, that . . . more\nfigs, dates, whatever was around that I wanted to eat. They bought, bought,\nbought. In the hotel, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had this, it looked like a market--a food market.\n\nSILVERMAN: Did you stay in San Francisco?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: My husband tried very hard to stay. He loved it. He could not get\nreciprocity to study from Vienna. Three weeks we tried. My cousin went with us\nall over for the medical whatever. He knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where to go. After three weeks he\nsaid, \"You'd better go to New York . . . \" In New York, I had my brother, and\ncousins, and many relatives. We went to New York. My husband was very studious.\nHe made within one month or two months an English ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exam. From July we arrived. He\nstarted to study . . . August. By February, he had his American license. He had\nto re-study completely.\n\nSILVERMAN: This was all in New York?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: He had studied ten hours a day. He just studied, studied. He made it\nthe first time. He was very lucky, because some of them failed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six or eight times.\n\nSILVERMAN: What did you do? Did you get a job right away?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: He was very sick--I told you so--when he came out from the\nconcentration camp. He was already very sick and in China under these\ncircumstances--no food, nothing. How we survived Shanghai is beyond ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. He knew\nhe cannot go private, even though he had the license. He could not do it, they\nsaid. He already had in New York a heart attack. One of my cousins, a Hungarian,\nsaid what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to do is work in a hospital, in an institution, where there\nare ten doctors or more. You have the weekends off. After four or five o'clock,\nyou are off. You don't have to worry about the patients, night calls, and all\nthat. That's what we did. We took the medical papers, and we went to the first\njob in Texas--heaven on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"earth. Really I have to emphasize--in Texas they didn't\nknow what a Jew is.\n\nSILVERMAN: Where in Texas was this?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Mission. Mission is stuck in nowhere. It was an army hospital,\nbarracks, but it was . . . tuberculosis . . . I showed it the other day to the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Blumenthals, the article from that hospital. The director was a jewel--a\ndarling, darling man--Dr. May. He was from Mississippi. He had a Mississippi\naccent, my husband Viennese, and I have Hungarian. We had trouble to understand\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"each other, but he was wonderful. He always took us everywhere with his car. He\nintroduced us to a checkbook. We never saw a checkbook in our lives. So he\nshowed us how to do it. My husband threw away half of it before we learned. His\nmother was very kind. They took us on picnics and was teaching us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"canasta.\n\nSILVERMAN: So they really welcomed you.\n\nGOLDHAMMER: The hospital had four doctors or six--I've forgotten now. We were\nthe only foreigners. There were no Jews.\n\nSILVERMAN: But they welcomed you--they were happy to have you?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: G-d, he was a jewel. Yes, but the problem was that heat--horrible.\nThe southernmost point of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Texas . . . we were about 30 miles from Reynosa.\nThat's already . . .\n\nSILVERMAN: Mexico?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Mexico, thank you. We could not go right away. He wanted to invite\nus but we were not citizens. Once you go, you cannot get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back. At the border,\nthey ask you to talk and, right away, the accent gave us away. We could not go\nuntil we got the first papers. That backed us. We had . . . not a passport, but\nsome kind of papers . . . that we had applied to become American citizens. Then\nwe went. If somebody had a birthday, we went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mexico. For $1, one dinner . . .\nelegant. I got two kinds of meat and all the food you can eat. Except the drinks\nyou had to buy. There was a floor show. One American dollar--can you imagine? At\nthe hospital, we got food . . . I think for $70 for a month. A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dozen oranges\nwas, I think, $1 . . .\n\nSILVERMAN: So you lived . . . it was like a commissary?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: I could not cook. It was too hot, so for a while we ate in the\nhospital. Then we had a friend in Vienna--one of them who failed several times.\nWe told him to come. So we had a friend from . . . he was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"China--Dr. Iliev,\nhe was a Bulgarian--another accent. His wife was from Vienna. She liked to cook,\nso she was the cook. I washed the dishes. We shared. It was very nice, but my\nhusband could not take the climate. The director, Dr. May, wrote the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"applications to several places . . . upstate New York, wherever . . . and he got\none. First to upstate New York and we stayed there nine months or ten. The\ndirector was the opposite from the other one. He was a German--Dr. Nauer--a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi\nin America. He made our life hell. In Texas, we were in heaven--over there was\nhell. My husband said he cannot take it. He has to move. He wrote back to Texas\nand the director got us the job in Rome.\n\nSILVERMAN: In Rome, Georgia. What year was that?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1951, we went to New York. In 1949, we went to Texas. In 1951, we\nwent to upstate New York for a short while. On April 3, 1952 we arrived in Rome, Georgia.\n\nSILVERMAN: How were you accepted in Rome, Georgia?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Very nicely. The director was very nice, exceptionally nice. He\ndied. He was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again outgoing . . .\n\nSILVERMAN: Was it a VA Hospital?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Battey State Hospital. There was 32 doctors. My husband sometimes\nfour weeks or more no weekend call, but the hospital was big. There was always\nseveral doctors on weekends--I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two or four every weekend. They separated\nthe white patients with two doctors and the black patients . . . the doctors\nwere all white. We did not have a black doctor. Again in Rome we met from Great\nBritain, Nazis from Europe who Mrs. Roosevelt brought them over--several Nazis\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"escaped from Europe because they would have been in the Nuremburg Trial. That\nwas not the best thing. We had some problems with those Nazis.\n\nSILVERMAN: Was there a Jewish population at all?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: In Rome . . . at that time very few. I can't remember how many\nfamilies. Borochoff could tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you--Levine--she was 14 or 15 when we came to\nRome. She visited first in Israel my nephew.\n\nSILVERMAN: Did the Jewish community welcome you?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: There was a Jewish community there and they came to see us, but they\nwere asking us to be a member there. We had not a cup to our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name. Ruth\nBorokoff, Phyllis' grandmother--it was like she adopted us. Very beautiful. She\ninvited . . . broke me off for Shabbos a piece of challah and . . . Passover she\nmade yellow cake . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":".\n\nSILVERMAN: Did you join a synagogue?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Yes, we did, but financially we could not. I had my sister in Israel\nand they had no money when my sister got divorced from her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"husband. My two aunts\nin New York--the one who survived Hitler, from Vienna, and we supported. Our . .\n. if he would be alive . . . he really tried very hard. We could not get a tax\nexemption . . . not exemption, you could not deduct ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ever, because first it was\nIsrael, not here. We had to prove that we supported them 50 percent. This tax\nman was very nice. He tried. He called up Washington to ask what to do. He could\nnot do it . . . and to Hungary we sent to my cousins. They wrote ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Hungary\nthat they had not enough money to buy food. My husband was an unusually good\nman. I don't think in the whole wide world there exists such a good person. He\nsupported the Hungarian relatives, in Israel my relatives, and in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York we\nsent even to my two old aunts. It was just very, very kind. The other day\nsomebody asked me . . . what would I change in my life. I said I would change a\nlot if I could go back 70, 80 years. One thing I would never change--I still\nwould marry my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"husband. Otherwise, lots to change . . .\n\nSILVERMAN: That's wonderful. That's a very nice testimony.\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Because it's not everything rosy also not in America, and I love my\ncountry for all the reasons. We were chased out of our country. We were\naccepted. My husband got a good job. We had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gorgeous house. We could buy a car\n. . .\n\nSILVERMAN: In Rome?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: No, the first car we got in Texas. The director was teaching us\ndriving. It was so cute. When we went on a drive, he always said, \"Good-bye,\nfolks, because I'm not teaching. I don't know if I'll ever get back.\" It was\nadorable. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Texas, I would only criticize the weather . . . Upstate New York,\nthe director. It was very cold also. The snow was not good for my husband. He\nhad five heart attacks, my husband.\n\nSILVERMAN: How old was he when you came to America?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Forty-nine, my husband . . . 1900 he was born. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had it easy--it\nwent with the years. He would be now 101. These months, on the 21st. I made\nalways a party for his birthday in Rome. I am still in touch with the director\nfrom Rome. He is very sick now. He is six years younger than I. I made the party\n. . . I made it always on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day when he was off for Washington's birthday so\neverybody could come. He used to say to my husband, \"Happy Birthday, President\nWashington,\" because it was my husband's on the 21. I think Washington's was on\nthe 22 . . .\n\nSILVERMAN: What were your main activities? What did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do in Rome?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: At first, I became a housewife. I took my husband to work, with the\ncar, back a forth because he had heart problems. We had a beautiful house--big\nhouse, big living room, big dining room, everything separated . . . breakfast .\n. . Hollywood kitchen . . . just beautiful. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Over there, I had problem what to\nput in the closets. Here I have problems what to do with my junk. I would need a\njunkyard to put this junk. But I love my junk. The life was very good. Sometimes\nwe compared it like a family. One picture is right here. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She is from Vienna, he\nis from Yugoslavia--her husband. We are still in touch. They are not Jewish.\nThey used to be . . . maybe even a Nazi, definitely an anti-Semite. But we are\nstill friends.\n\nSILVERMAN: So it didn't matter whether your friends were Jewish or not?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rome?\n\nSILVERMAN: In Rome.\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Yes. My husband once had very ugly things and he had to go to the\ndirector. He said look, we all live here, we just have to get along with each other.\n\nSILVERMAN: Did you think there was some antisemitism?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: One of the women was from Riga. They are famous anti-Semites and\nNazis. She was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woman doctor. Once she said to my husband . . . when they had a\nmedical discussion, \"You Jewish people!\" or something like that. When you have\none Hitler, you have enough. You didn't need it to get to America.\n\nSILVERMAN: How long did it take you to get your United States ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"citizenship papers?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Five years.\n\nSILVERMAN: You got them in Rome?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: No, in Atlanta. You couldn't get citizenship. We had to come here,\nin the capitol. It was very beautiful. I have somewhere that paper . . . from\nthe Atlanta paper. There were over 100 people on that day. Why, I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know,\nbut my husband was asked to make a few words--a speech. I don't know why. I have\nthat article. We met over there . . . an Atlanta lady read this paper. She wrote\nus a beautiful . . . she cut out the article from the paper and she sent it to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rome. She said she's Swedish descent and she loves people. I learned that from\nher and I live by that. She said, \"I love people regardless of race, color or\nreligion.\" I adopted that. I love people, period. But I do that really\nregardless of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"race, color or religion. I mean it. I learned that from her.\n\nSILVERMAN: That's wonderful.\n\nGOLDHAMMER: You learn American history--you had to, to get the citizenship. It\nwas a feeling you cannot describe it to become an American citizen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You are\nsomebody. You have a home. You belong somewhere.\n\nSILVERMAN: Did you have a big celebration afterwards?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Yes. We had a German friend here from Shanghai. She was married\nthree times to three Jewish men. She was a German--beautiful lady, beautiful. I\nmet her in China at my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job. At that time she was married to the second Jew.\nFirst Jew, she said she got divorced. The first one, she became Jewish. She used\nto tell me . . . she became Jewish . . . beautiful, blonde woman . . . just a\ngorgeous creature. Second marriage, again she married a Jew. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became a widow\nin China. Then she came to America and married the third Jew. Three times, she\nmarried Jewish.\n\nSILVERMAN: She ended up in Rome?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: She died of cancer. She was in Rome. She went everywhere. She came\nto Upstate New York, too, visiting us. She loved us.\n\nSILVERMAN: How long did you stay in Rome?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Fifteen years. Until my husband died. Nineteen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fifty-two, we\narrived. My husband died . . . he was 66 . . . in 1966. Five heart attacks--the\nfifth he did not make it. He stayed three, four months in the hospital. He died\nin the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital.\n\nSILVERMAN: Ginger, how about if you tell us how you got the name Ginger when you\ncame to America?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: When we came to America, I had an aunt in New York. She said, \"Who\ncan ever pronounce it? There's no way.\" She said, \"You look to me like a Ginger.\nI think I will call you Ginger,\" and I remain Ginger. Most of my relatives, my\nbrother or my cousins from Europe, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they still call me 'Gyongi.' Also, very funny\n. . . married 35 years and my husband really never could 100 percent pronounce\nit the Hungarian way because he was from Vienna. You have to be a Hungarian to\nname that name, because that 'G-Y' is a problem for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stranger. You have to\nhave a Hungarian . . . We Hungarians, we cannot pronounce . . . I have problem\nwith 'T-H.' I say 'D' instead of whatever it is. I cannot . . .\n\nSILVERMAN: How did you learn English? I know that your husband was thrown into\nthe work world, but how did you learn English?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: I went to a movie. Somebody told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me to do it who was already here.\nThey said, \"The best is in the movie.\" First of all, we had no money. I could\nnot afford to go to a teacher. So I walked nine blocks where I lived near my\naunt. We lived in a small room that we rented. Nine blocks, there were two\nmovie, and I always went to one. It was always the same. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was 20 cents some\ndays and 25 cents some days. No matter what--I can't remember what--I went to\nsee the movie, to hear it. We had no money but bananas were very cheap--5 cents,\nI think, 10 cents a pound, terribly cheap--and the water was free in the lobby.\nSo I took a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"banana or two because it was still cheaper even than bread at that\ntime. I listened to the movie twice. There were two shows . . . three hours and\nthree hours . . . sometimes six hours I was sitting, just going into the lobby\nto get water, and then I walked home. I saw that movie the whole week. I went\nback five times, to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to it, to the words. Sometimes I could remember a\nwhole sentence. Then there was free school in Washington Heights . . . I went\nthere twice or three times a week in the evening. I wrote down what I could. The\naccent you cannot forget. Mostly I would say I learned English ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the\nmovies--that was the cheapest. Then I met over there a darling young\ncouple--much younger than I am, in their twenties. I think they came from the\nconcentration camp. I forgot their name, I'm sorry--at the Washington school, I\nmet her. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also went shopping. We got money from the Federation. They got,\ntoo--in New York, on Park 15 . . . She bought expensive cherries and things like\nthat. I said, \"Sweetheart, that's very expensive.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said, \"I went hungry all\nmy life. I don't want ever to be hungry.\" That's what happened when I arrived in\nSan Francisco. I hungered enough . . . it was five years. I just wanted. Now,\nprobably that's it--I have always lots of food at home. I cannot cook anymore,\nbut I try to have enough bread and I have some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"margarine, some skimmed cheese,\nsomething . . . hard-boiled egg, because I'm supposed to eat the egg white. In\nmy mind always, I don't want to be hungry any more. I was enough hungry. It is\nkind of a crazy idea because in America, you don't have to be hungry. Everybody\nwho wants to work . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". Three things--I never drank, I never smoked, and I was\nnever in a beauty shop and I'm 95 almost.\n\nSILVERMAN: Those things weren't important to you.\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Otherwise I wouldn't be able to live in the Renaissance because it's\nvery expensive. My living now is expensive. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Renaissance is very expensive. I\ndid go to see the Jewish Home. I went to see but I could not live there--very\ndepressing. I cannot afford to get depressed. That would cost America too much\nmoney, because then welfare would have to take over. Whatever I have, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm fine.\nI have enough. I could say always . . . sometimes, I think, \"Boy, you are a\nmillionaire here!\" because I have everything I need. Thank heavens. Not many\npeople can say that.\n\nSILVERMAN: In your apartment surrounded by pictures of people who love you--what\ncould be better than that?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Usually I would say it looks very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pretty--usually. I cannot invite\npeople like that. As I told you, I was not well lately. I have been taken\nseveral times already by ambulance to emergency. I had already three\nangioplasty. I have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pacemaker. My sister died--the one from Israel. She used\nto say, \"You are artificially here,\" and I think I am.\n\nSILVERMAN: How many brothers and sisters did you have? You had a large family?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: My mother died normally. Then my father remarried and had another\nseven ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children, but one died normally. When Hitler came, we were six from my\nmother and six from my stepmother--little kids. I show you in the bedroom the\nphotos. Little kids--they all perished. I was already in Shanghai. My brother,\nmy other brother who lives in New York, 96 and a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half, legally blind, cannot\nhear, lost his wonderful wife a year ago--it was terrible. His wife was 17 years\nyounger. When she died, I pleaded with G-d that if he wanted someone he should\nhave taken my brother and me, leave that younger ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woman. G-d is too busy--he has\nno time for us. I have problems with very religious people because sometimes I\nhave a problem with G-d. There are too many things happening that I don't like.\nLast week--that terrible earthquake in India. \"Where was God?\" I ask ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself.\nHard to . . . Certainly, when you are very religious, you don't question how it\nis. I question. I don't know why I do it. Maybe I shouldn't, but I do.\n\nSILVERMAN: Did your thoughts about religion change because of the Holocaust?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Exactly. After ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Holocaust, because my father was a saint as far\nas religion goes. We were not allowed to . . . four or five o'clock . . . when\nit started to get dark and we were in the village . . . we had no electricity .\n. . whether the stove went out then we ate cold, if we wanted--if not, then go\nhungry. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was kosher and everything. So why was he killed by Hitler? Why were\nthe innocent children? When the war was over, we got a letter that they all\nperished. I met in Budapest in 1959 a cousin from my stepmother--a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"niece, also\nHungarian--and she was in Auschwitz. She was there when my father and my\nstepmother and the children came. They were holding onto my father, she said,\nand the people who could work right side or left side. The older one 15 or 16--I\ndon't know how old they were. I forgot . . . from my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stepmother . . . they could\nhave saved two, working, but they said, \"No, we go with my father.\" The next day\nthey were gassed. She said she was there. She saw when they arrived. They never\nmade the next day.\n\nSILVERMAN: So you got that letter when you were in China?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Then I started to think, you know, some people are no good. Look,\nNazis are here, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thriving. Who looks at them? I have many friends that are Jewish\nand I see that they are doing . . . their children are here. They made all the .\n. . no, it's very hard believing . . . sometimes I laugh about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself because I\nsay, \"G-d willing,\" or I quote, \"Please G-d help me,\" on one side and on one\nside I don't believe. We live a double life . . . very hard.\n\nSILVERMAN: Was your family very religious in Hungary? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How would you describe\nyour family, what you took from your family, and what is still within you as an\nadult? Before the war, what was your family like?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Very good . . . every Friday, benching . . . very religious way.\nEducation for the women . . . now I hope it's much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better. We were only taught .\n. . I wanted to be a doctor, but my father lost the money. Woman has to know how\nto be kosher and to be very good housewife for your husband or--if you have\nchildren--a good mother. I never had children--we never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had, unfortunately. It's\na very different life from what you have here now. Afterwards, I went two or\nthree times with my husband back to Hungary and Vienna, travelling. I met two of\nmy cousins. One of my aunts became 102. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were all in the working\ncamp--survived in the working camp. The men did not. One of my friends' husbands\nsurvived. His wife did not. They were not in the working camp. They were out in\n. . . I don't know which concentration camp. They had a very hard time, very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard. Hungarians are one of the worst anti-Semites there is. How can you say\nnumber one . . . the Germans . . . ? But they were very bad.\n\nEINSTEIN: When you went to China and had to deal with people from all over\nEurope, how did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel about meeting people from so many different cultures?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: I tell you, sweetheart, in the whole wide world you never made\nbetter friends. We shared that misery. We shared the hunger. They came to us\nwith empty cups because I didn't have . . . only two--one for my husband and one\nfor me. They brought it and they got this Chinese . . . downstairs and bread--if\nthere was bread--and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pork fat instead of butter. We shared that misery. We were\nas close as can be. Misery makes you . . . maybe better person, maybe. Yes, we\nmade beautiful friends there, I would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say. It's unbelievable that there were\nstill creative people, that they were able to do this or that. Very few learned\nChinese. Maybe 10 or 15 learned to read and write. I spoke Chinese--I still do\nsome, very little. I keep forgetting more and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more every day. I learned Chinese\nand I learned Russian there. There was no envy there because no one had\nanything. My friend . . . I was lucky . . . there were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two Hungarian doctors who\nwere not refugees. They came out after the First World War for money, because in\nEurope it was very hard to get a job. In those days, the dream was in Europe\nthat in China, money . . . you find some on the streets. You did not, but it was\neasy to make money. For these two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctors made wonderful . . . each one with the\nhouses, chauffeur and car, cooks--Chinese cooks--two or three Chinese servants\neach. They were not the refugees. I met because I am Hungarian. I probably never\nwould have met those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. Life has . . . chain reactions--you meet people\nfrom different countries . . . and one becomes friends. Chinese ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends . . . I\ndon't know of anyone who really had close friends. It was hard.\n\nSILVERMAN: So you went from a very large, teeming, busy, cosmopolitan city like\nShanghai to Rome, Georgia . . .\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Right. First to Texas.\n\nSILVERMAN: First to Texas. So how did you make that transition to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a small, very\nquiet, small town life?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: I told you, in Texas we were very fortunate. That man was not\nmarried. He lived with his mother from Mississippi. He was adorable, and he\nliked people. He took us, as I told you, to San Antonio for two or three days.\nIf my husband said he is on night call, he went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and asked another doctor to take\nover. We didn't have to ask . . . he did it. We went fishing with him. My\nhusband went only once. He didn't like fishing. He took a book anyway and was\nreading. My husband was always reading. When he was at home, only music--he\nloved music. Just music. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He woke up in the morning and right away . . . we had\ntwo record players and later . . . we had . . . radio. He just loved music all\nthe time and wanted culture. It would have been Atlanta, but we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never got to\nAtlanta because he had to work.\n\nSILVERMAN: You did a lot of volunteer activities in Rome, did charitable\nactivities, and were involved in helping out?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: I could not. I told you, I had to . . . That was Hans.\n\nSILVERMAN: That was Hans on the phone? Tell me how you know Hans.\n\nGOLDHAMMER: From the boat. We were on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same boat. Very young. He was not\nmarried at that time. When he came to America, he married. His sister and her\nhusband--they were on the boat together coming to America. He and his mother\nwere on the boat from Europe to Shanghai, they were . . . all four of them and I\nwas on that boat.\n\nSILVERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So he--like many of your other friends--you keep in touch?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Many, yes. We kept in touch. Most of everyone . . . they die. Most\nof the people are not here anymore. I had in California, beautiful friends. Some\nof them died young, some of them died older than my husband at a later ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"date.\nUnfortunately, at this point in life you lose many friends. Because . . . nature\n. . . very sad . . . and I miss them.\n\nSILVERMAN: So you started out in a little tiny village in Hungary and here we\nare 95 years later in Atlanta, Georgia.\n\nGOLDHAMMER: I lived in New York two years with my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"husband.\n\nSILVERMAN: So in all those years--what's been the most wonderful thing in your life?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: The most wonderful . . . that we found America and America took us\nin. People be kinder to America and appreciate the unusually beautiful country\nwho is so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generous to its citizens. You can even pardon people--even my beloved\nPresident Clinton.\n\nSILVERMAN: I see there's a picture of you with Bill Clinton.\n\nGOLDHAMMER: That's my greatest achievement--to kiss the President of the United\nStates--that's something . . . ten times. He kissed me back, probably eight of\nthem. He has a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sense of humor, otherwise he wouldn't have kissed an old, ugly\nwoman like me. You have to have a sense of humor to do that. G-d bless him.\n\nSILVERMAN: No, he knows a beautiful woman when he sees one. He found a beautiful\nwoman in you.\n\nGOLDHAMMER: I'm very fortunate. Mostly, G-d bless my friends. I'm very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fortunate--all I can say is I'm blessed with friends. Don't forget, if\nsomebody's somebody, you get friends. I am nothing . . . absolutely . . . just a\nplain Ginger who just loves people and who loves to work. I enjoy still being a\nvolunteer and I'm very grateful to G-d that he gave me these strengths.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes I collapse also in the hospital. I give them lots of worry. They put\nme in a wheelchair and try to revive me again. But I'm still here. I would say I\ndid live a rich life with all these connections and with all the great people\nwhom I kissed. I hope it on that I kissed that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"handsome Yevtushenko. He broke my\nribs almost. He picked me up like crazy and was dancing with me. I didn't hit\nthe floor--he just picked me up and danced with me . . . at Emory, at one of his\nlectures. He was twice in Atlanta. The second time, I went to two or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three of\nhis lectures. I had a great time. It's just very unusual to have these beautiful\nfriends-- Dr. Blumenthal and family; Dr. Lipstadt--Deborah; my friends, the\nKamheisens; Rabbi Ichay, who is my friend; my beautiful friends the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mekels,\nConsul General of Israel. I invited many times already the new consul, but he is\nbusy and has to get used to the job. I still hope before long I will be able to\nmake friends.\n\nSILVERMAN: I know that many young people will watch your tape. Is there some\nmessage that you have to them about how to live a good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life?\n\nGOLDHAMMER: To the young people my message would be to first get education--very\nhard to get especially now. In the future, there's all these computers, all this\ngoing to the moon, and all that. Education is very important. Then, you can\nreach for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moon but not materialistically. There are idealistic things in\nthis world, which makes you happy--not money. I don't think money can make you\nhappy. It's good to have whatever you need. If you have that, then you are\nblessed. You don't need more. If you have it, that's okay, too. Try to give it\naway--that makes you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happy. Give it away. Give your love away, share whatever\nyou have--it's very important. That makes friends and makes your life rich.\nAnyway, that's the way I feel and I feel very happy about it . . . probably my\nlove of everybody. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To close it, maybe I would just say G-d bless America and G-d\nplease help America--especially now we are in trouble.\n\nSILVERMAN: Thank you so much for a wonderful, wonderful talk today.\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Thank you. Thank you for taking the time out and listening to my\nsilly talks. What else can you expect from a youngster of 95--almost 95.\n\nSILVERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Until 120.\n\nGOLDHAMMER: Thank you. I would like to say before all these friends, number one\n. . . beautiful . . . my very special sweetheart, Alex Gross, who is very, very\nkind to me. There you can take example-- he's kind to everyone, he went through\na very hard life, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/transcript/21497/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I love him. I adore him. I wish him all the best, and I\nlove him as much as he loves me. G-d bless him.\n\nSILVERMAN: We'll make sure to tell him that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=5400.0,5430.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald was established in a wooded area near Weimer, Germany in 1937. Originally, the camp housed male political prisoners, criminals, Communists, and other “asocials.” After Kristallnacht on November 9, 1938, German SS and police sent almost 10,000 Jews to Buchenwald. They were subjected to extraordinary cruelty upon arrival and 600 Jewish prisoners died during their brief imprisonment. Due to pressure from the victim’s families and Jewish and International organizations, the Germans released over 9,000 Jews from Buchenwald at the end of 1938. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1933. The Nazi regime (also known as the Third Reich) lasted until the Allies defeated Germany in 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe majority of Jewish refugees in the Shanghai Ghetto did survive World War II, but overcrowding and limited supplies made severe hunger and illness widespread. Allied air raids also killed around 40 refugees in 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the 1930’s and the early 1940’s, Shanghai, China was an open city. It did not require visas or certificates of good conduct from Jewish immigrants. This leniency in immigration allowed between 15,000-18,000 European Jews fleeing Nazi racial policies and violence to find refuge there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout the 1930’s, isolationism and xenophobic sentiments allowed a restrictive immigration policy to prevail in the United States. Although aware of and sympathetic to the plight European Jews faced, President Roosevelt was also preoccupied by a severe economic depression. Fierce political opposition in Congress further prevented Roosevelt from asking for increased immigration quotas, allowing the entry of the refugees aboard the St. Louis in 1939, or supporting a 1939 bill to admit 20,000 Jewish refugee children to the United States outside of the quota.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early 1930’s, Jewish immigration from Europe to the British Mandate for Palestine rapidly increased due Zionism and the rise of Nazism. Nationalist uprisings and opposition to the mass influx of Jewish immigrants led to The Arab Revolt of 1936–39 and caused Great Britain to dramatically limit the numbers of immigrants allowed into Palestine in subsequent years and throughout the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAustria was forcibly annexed into the German Third Reich on 12 March 1938 by a succession of threats and the pressure of military feints by Hitler. The Austrian chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg was deposed and the Nazi puppet Arthur Seyss-Inquart was put in charge. German troops marched into Austria, Hitler did a triumphant entry parade into Vienna and Austria ceased to be its own country. After World War II, it became its own country again.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDirector Steven Spielberg (of \u003cem\u003eSchindler’s List\u003c/em\u003e fame) established the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation in 1994 to gather video testimonies from survivors and other witnesses of the Holocaust. In addition to interviewing primarily Jewish survivors, homosexual survivors, Jehovah’s Witness survivors, liberators and liberation witnesses, political prisoners, rescuers and aid providers, Roma and Sinti (Gypsy) survivors, survivors of Eugenics policies, and war crimes trials participants were also interviewed. Today the foundation is known as the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education and the collection includes nearly 52,000 video testimonies of Holocaust survivors. The archive has also been expanded to include another 10,000 testimonies of witnesses from other genocides, including Rwanda. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and its cultural, economic, and political centre.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 7, 1941 the Japanese surprised the United States by attacking the United States’ fleet in Honolulu, Hawaii. The ships were all docked in Pearl Harbor. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was the beginning of World War II for the United States, which until that time had remained neutral. A few days later, Germany declared war on the United States as well and we began fighting in the Pacific and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 8 and 9, 1938, a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom was started by the Nazis. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called ‘\u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e,’ which means ‘Night of Broken Glass,’ because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphoid fever is a contagious bacterial disease spread through poor hygiene or sanitation conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e is an abbreviation of \u003cem\u003eGeheime Staatspolizei\u003c/em\u003e, which means “Secret State Police.” It was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The \u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe word “semitic” is derived from the name of Shem, one of the three sons of Noah in the Bible, and typically refers to any people who spoke a semitic language, or a language originating in the Near East. The term “antisemite” later came to refer to a hostile or discriminatory attitude toward Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMariahilfer Straβe\u003c/em\u003e is Vienna, Austria’s longest shopping street, lined with cafes and department stores selling clothes, leather goods, furniture, accessories, books, and stationery. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eClose to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to emigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federations of North America represents 153 Jewish Federations and over 300 Network communities, which raise and distribute more than $3 billion annually for social welfare, social services and educational needs. The Federation movement, collectively among the top 10 charities on the continent, protects and enhances the well-being of Jews worldwide through the values of tikkun olam (repairing the world), \u003cem\u003etzedakah\u003c/em\u003e (charity and social justice) and \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e (Jewish learning). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish Community Center or Jewish Community Centre (JCC) is a general recreational, social, and fraternal organization serving Jewish communities in the United States and Canada, as well as in the former Soviet Union, Latin America, Europe, and Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam (Bill) Breman (1908-2000), owner of the Breman Steel Company, was a longtime resident and community leader of Atlanta, Georgia. Bill received numerous humanitarian and human relations awards for the extensive community service work that he did, including the Distinguished Service Award of the Gate City Lodge of B'nai B'rith (1965); the American Jewish Committee Human Relations Award (1981) and the Abe Goldstein Humanitarian Award of the Anti-Defamation League (1984). He served as president of The Temple and The Jewish Home, now called The William Breman Jewish Home. Bill also founded The William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1938, some 170,000 Jews lived in the city, as well as approximately 80,000 persons of mixed Jewish-Christian background. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, the Nazis quickly applied anti-Jewish policies to Vienna. Jewish organizations and universities were shut down. Jews were barred from many professions and forced to wear a yellow badge. The Nazis encouraged emigration and, by the summer of 1939, nearly half the Jewish population had left Vienna.  Emigration was not easy, however. Those seeking exit visas and necessary other documentation had to stand in long lines, night and day, in front of municipal, police, and passport offices. Would-be emigrants were forced to pay an exit fee and to register all of their immovable and most of their movable property, which was confiscated concurrent with their departure from the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShanghai is a city located in east China at the mouth of the Yangtze River. The city grew in importance as an administrative and shipping port during the nineteenth century. From the mid-1800s until World War II, the city was home to a large population of Europeans, especially British and French. Today it is a popular tourist destination and the largest city in both China and the world, based on population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen World War II ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the seven million uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). Allied forces established temporary facilities (displaced persons camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house the DPs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHongkew [also known as Hongkou] is a district in Shanghai, China on the banks of the Huangpu River. During World War II, it became the site of the Shanghai ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSir Victor Sassoon (1881-1961) was a businessman and hotelier descended from a wealthy Iraqi Jewish family. He moved to Shanghai in the 1920’s and built a series of luxury hotels and apartments. During World War II, Sassoon’s philanthropy helped European Jews survive in the Shanghai Ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRue Cardinal Mercier was one of the major streets in Shanghai’s French Concession, a premier residential and retail district of Shanghai in the 1930’s. Shanghai had multiple concessions at the time. A concession is a territory that is essentially ceded to and administered by a foreign government. From the mid-eighteenth century until 1941, the French, British, and Americans all enjoyed concessions in Shanghai. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs World War II intensified, the Nazis pressured their Japanese allies to participate in the Final Solution and hand over the Jewish refugees in Shanghai in what was known as the Meisinger Plan. The Japanese refused and instead established a ghetto in Shanghai, where between 20,000 and 25,000 Jews were confined for the duration of the war. Because Japan was allied with the Nazis and Japanese policy could be unpredictable, the Jews in Shanghai were nevertheless left in a difficult position throughout World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMichinomiya Hirohito (1901-1989) became Emperor of Japan in 1926. During his reign, Japan was highly militaristic from the early 1930s until the end of World War II in 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Shanghai Ghetto was an area in one of the poorest and most overcrowded sections of Shanghai, China, in which more than 20,000 refugee European Jews were required to live by the Japanese during World War II. Unlike European ghettos constructed by the Nazis, the ghetto was not fenced in and Chinese residents were not required to leave. Jewish educational, religious, and cultural institutions were also allowed to continue and some Jews were able to get passes allowing them leave the ghetto. Conditions in the ghetto were difficult due to overcrowding. Residents were chronically short of necessities like food, clothing, and medicine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. David Blumenthal is a professor of Judaic Studies at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYitzhak Shamir (1915-2012) served as the Prime Minister of Israel from 1983-1984 and again from 1986-1992.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe date the surrender of the Japanese was announced to the world was August 14, 1942 (in United States time zones).  The actual surrender ceremony took place on September 2, 1945.  Both dates are referred to as ‘Victory Over Japan Day” or “V-J Day.”    \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGinger and her husband, Egon Goldhammer, are listed as Eson and Josefine Goldhammer on the manifest of the \u003cem\u003eUSS General M.C. Meigs\u003c/em\u003e, which left Shanghai, China on June 17, 1947 and arrived in San Francisco, California on July 3, 1947. Eson is recorded as being a 47-year-old stateless Jewish doctor from Vienna, Austria and Josefine is listed as a 40-year-old stateless Jewish “shopper” from “Zemansky, Chechoslovakia.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn October 1, 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong declared the creation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The announcement ended the costly full-scale civil war between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party, or Kuomintang (KMT), which broke out immediately following World War II and had been preceded by on and off conflict between the two sides since the 1920’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMission, Texas is an agricultural town in south Texas, close to the Mexican border. From 1941 to 1945, Moore Air Force Base operated just north of the town. After WWII, the base was closed and became the Tri-Cities Airport and the Weaver H. Baker Memorial Tuberculosis Sanatorium, which operated until 1952. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRecords of the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service show Egon Goldhammer crossing the Mexican border on March 23, 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA commissary is a store that sells food and basic household supplies, generally on a military base.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRome, Georgia is a town in northwest Georgia, located in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains approximately 70 miles northwest of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) operates and administers hospitals for the benefit of Americans that have served in the active military, naval or air service and separated under any condition other than dishonorable.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBattey State Hospital in Rome, Georgia was constructed in 1943 to serve as a hospital for sick, wounded, and disabled World War II servicemen. In 1946, it was transferred to the State of Georgia and became a tuberculosis sanitorium. Today, it is an active hospital providing mental health and developmental disability services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals held by the Allied forces in the aftermath of World War II. The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany and prosecuted leading members of the Nazi regime. At the same time the trials were going on, a strategic Cold War rationale prompted President Truman to approve an operation to bring over 1,000 scientists, doctors, and engineers from Nazi Germany to the United States. Eleanor Roosevelt was among those who publicly decried the program. Some of the scientists were later investigated, tried, and deported or imprisoned for their activities during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage.  The holiday lasts for eight days.  Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzot\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise.  On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday is celebrated.  The \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.  In addition to eating \u003cem\u003ematzot\u003c/em\u003e during the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats unless those foods are labeled ‘kosher for Passover.’ Jews traditionally have separate dishes for Passover. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChallah is a special Jewish braided bread eaten on Shabbat and other holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish] or \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew] is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34926/file/103823/annotation_set/296/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe third Monday of February is a United States federal holiday that celebrates the birthdays of former presidents George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. 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