{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/901zc7s581/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Klein, Rose Libowsky"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1990-10-24 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":[" Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRose Libowsky Klein interviewed by Joel Lowenstein on October 24, 1990 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRose Libowsky Klein was born in Atlanta to Sarah (née Rosen) and Joseph Libowsky on October 20, 1920. Her family moved to New York City shortly after her birth for 15 years before returning to Atlanta in 1936. She was the third of four children and only daughter. She graduated from Girls’ High. Her family was highly active in the Arbeiter Ring. She went to their schools and learned Yiddish fluently. Her family was also involved with Congregation Shearith Israel. She and her husband Eugene Klein (1917-1973) were the parents of five children: Rochelle [Rothenberg] Herrick, Maxine Jacobs, Hershene Borrin, Harley Klein, and Jody Klein. She was also deeply involved with the community, volunteering for the Red Cross, Young Judea, and working at the Jewish Federation for more than 30 years. She passed away on January 20, 2015 at the age of 94.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eRose talks about her family coming to America from the Russian Empire. Her father had fled due to his socialist political leanings and he helped found the Atlanta chapter of The Workmen’s Circle, a liberal institution that helped Jews from Eastern Europe integrate into American society and promoted workers rights and helped small business. Rose goes into the group’s purpose and the difficulties it faced, especially being cleared of being a subversive communist organization. Rose mentions other leaders associated with the Atlanta Workmen’s Circle: M. J. Merlin, Morris Russ, and attorney Joseph Jacobs who helped to maintain the Workmen’s Circle section at Greenwood Cemetery in Atlanta. Rose recalls two teachers at the Workmen’s Circle School: Moshe Mordecai Bloshtein and Leon Rosen. Rose tells about the Workmen’s Circle building, called the Lyceum, on Capitol Avenue in Atlanta. She also touches on her family’s religious background and practices. She mentions that her family observed Pesach, Rosh Ha-Shannah, and Yom Kippur. She attended Shearith Israel Synagogue in Atlanta and her brothers were bar mitzvahed. Rose discusses her five children with pride, mentioning her daughters’ involvement with the synagogues in their communities. Rose touches upon reasons for the decline of Yiddish among American Jews, noting that none of her own children speak Yiddish.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28469"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Atlanta, Ga (geographic term)","Brînza, Moldova (geographic term)","Der Arbeiter Ring (corporate name)","Der Arbeiter (corporate name)","Geffen, Tobias (Rabbi) (personal name)","Girls’ High School (corporate name)","Linde Air Products (corporate name)","Linde Group (corporate name)","Moldova (geographic term)","Piedmont Atlanta Hospital (corporate name)","Russia (geographic term)","Workmen’s Circle (corporate name)","Aleichem, Shalom (personal name)","Ashkenazi Jews (topical term)","Ashkenazic Jews (topical term)","Bloshstein, Moshe Mordecai (personal name)","Greenwood Cemetary (geographic term)","Jacobs, Joseph (personal name)","Libowsky, Bernard \"Ben\" (personal name)","Libowsky, Irving (personal name)","Libowsky, Joseph (personal name)","Libowsky, Robert \"Rube\" (personal name)","Merlin, Mitchell Julius \"M.J.\" (personal name)","Rosen, Leon (Rabbi) (personal name)","Russ, Morris (personal name)","Shephardic Jews (topical term)","Socialism (topical term)","World War II (named event)","Yiddish (topical term)","Congregation B’nai Torah (corporate name)","Bar Mitzvah (topical term)","Conservative Judaism (topical term)","Hebrew Academy Of Atlanta (corporate name)","Kiddush (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","Passover (named event)","Reform Judaism (topical term)","Rosh Ha-Shanah (named event)","Shabbat (topical term)","Shearith Israel (corporate name)","Traditional Judaism (topical term)","Yeshiva (topical term)","Yom Kippur (topical term)","American Red Cross (corporate name)","Atlanta Bureau Of Jewish Education (corporate name)","Bingo (topical term)","Gray Ladies (topical term)","Jewish Federation Of Greater Atlanta (corporate name)","Young Judea (corporate name)","Aliyah (topical term)","Bnei Brak, Israel (geographic term)","The Temple (corporate name)","Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (corporate name)","Jewish National Workers Alliance (corporate name)","Natzionaler Arbeiter Farband (corporate name)","Yiddishkeit (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRose Libowsky Klein interviewed by Joel Lowenstein on October 24, 1990 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRose Libowsky Klein was born in Atlanta to Sarah (née Rosen) and Joseph Libowsky on October 20, 1920. Her family moved to New York City shortly after her birth for 15 years before returning to Atlanta in 1936. She was the third of four children and only daughter. She graduated from Girls’ High. Her family was highly active in the Arbeiter Ring. She went to their schools and learned Yiddish fluently. Her family was also involved with Congregation Shearith Israel. She and her husband Eugene Klein (1917-1973) were the parents of five children: Rochelle [Rothenberg] Herrick, Maxine Jacobs, Hershene Borrin, Harley Klein, and Jody Klein. She was also deeply involved with the community, volunteering for the Red Cross, Young Judea, and working at the Jewish Federation for more than 30 years. She passed away on January 20, 2015 at the age of 94.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRose talks about her family coming to America from the Russian Empire. Her father had fled due to his socialist political leanings and he helped found the Atlanta chapter of The Workmen’s Circle, a liberal institution that helped Jews from Eastern Europe integrate into American society and promoted workers rights and helped small business. Rose goes into the group’s purpose and the difficulties it faced, especially being cleared of being a subversive communist organization. Rose mentions other leaders associated with the Atlanta Workmen’s Circle: M. J. Merlin, Morris Russ, and attorney Joseph Jacobs who helped to maintain the Workmen’s Circle section at Greenwood Cemetery in Atlanta. Rose recalls two teachers at the Workmen’s Circle School: Moshe Mordecai Bloshtein and Leon Rosen. Rose tells about the Workmen’s Circle building, called the Lyceum, on Capitol Avenue in Atlanta. She also touches on her family’s religious background and practices. She mentions that her family observed Pesach, Rosh Ha-Shannah, and Yom Kippur. She attended Shearith Israel Synagogue in Atlanta and her brothers were bar mitzvahed. Rose discusses her five children with pride, mentioning her daughters’ involvement with the synagogues in their communities. Rose touches upon reasons for the decline of Yiddish among American Jews, noting that none of her own children speak Yiddish.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/756/small/Rose_Klein.png?1619534049","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Klein_Rose.mp3"]},"duration":1529.20816,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/756/small/Rose_Klein.png?1619534049","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/111/756/original/Klein_Rose.mp3?1619026052","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mp3","duration":1529.20816,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Klein, Rose [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LOWENSTEIN: This is Joel Lowenstein interviewing Rose Klein on October 24,\n1990, for the Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta, co-sponsored by American\nJewish Committee, Atlanta Jewish Federation, and National Council of Jewish\nWomen. This is Tape Number One, nine-thirty, Wednesday morning. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rose, I would\nlove for you to start at the beginning and tell me how you got to Atlanta\n[Georgia] where you came from, and a little bit about your parents and your background\n\nKLEIN: I'd be glad to. My father came from Russia, a city called Brinza [now\nBrînza, Moldova] which has been eliminated, it's not there anymore. He got here\naround 1904, 1905, sometime. He was a teacher there. He was a socialist. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had\nto run away from Russia, so he came to this country and then brought my mother\nhere. I think they were in New York a short time before they came directly down\nto Atlanta, where they got married by Rabbi [Tobias] Geffen, the old Rabbi Geffen.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: You know what year that was?\n\nKLEIN: Nineteen... it would have to be in 1913 or 1912, around there, because\nthey were... it had to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around that time. I have three brothers, and three of\nus were born right here in Atlanta. I was born at the old Piedmont Hospital in\n1920. I was born on October 27, 1920. When I was nine months old, my parents\ndecided to go back to New York for business reasons, and we stayed there about\n15 years.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: What business were they in?\n\nKLEIN: My father had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a garage and a warehouse type [building] where he kept\nLinde Air Products, the oxygen tanks and things. My mother was from a family of\nkosher butchers, so she opened up a kosher butcher store in New York and so did\nall her family. They all settled there. We had one aunt that had settled here,\nand they were in the grocery business. My parents were in the grocery business\nhere, before they even got married here, and they went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York and came\nback. We came back here in 1936, where I entered Girls' High School here in\nAtlanta. My real early youth in New York, I didn't like, so I used to come here\nevery summer to Atlanta.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: To visit?\n\nKLEIN: Yes, I liked it. Then we moved back here permanently in 1936, my three\nbrothers, one brother that was born in New York, and we settled here. Now my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father was one of the original organizers of the Workmen's Circle better known\nas the Arbeiter Ring. The translation is Workmen's Circle. This was a fraternity\nfor people, laborers that worked. There were no unions, and they needed\nsomething to get the people from the unions to be organized. These were all\nrefugees from some part of Eastern Europe.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: What was your mother's maiden name?\n\nKLEIN: My mother's maiden ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name was Sarah Rosen. R-O-S-E-N.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: And your father?\n\nKLEIN: My father was Joseph Libowsky. L-I-B-O-W-S-K-Y. My father was a big\nsocialist, and was a very liberal man. He and three others from Atlanta\norganized the Workmen's Circle here. There was a Mr. M. J. Merlin from Atlanta,\nalso a refugee, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Mr. Russ, Morris Russ and then they had a big following.\nThese were people that had so much in common. They all spoke Yiddish. They all\nhad business. They helped each other. Whenever they had family problems or\nbusiness problems, they got together. The Workmen's Circle became a national\norganization all over the country. In the big cities where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it warranted the need\nfor people that came from Eastern Europe who had no one here, as to the American\nstyle of living. They did not want their children to forget Yiddish.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: So it was just for the Jews?\n\nKLEIN: It was only a Jewish organization.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: It was just a Jewish organization?\n\nKLEIN: Yes. I went to Arbeiter Ring Shul, the old Workmen's Circle school in New\nYork as a little girl, and my brothers went to it here, where you were taught\nYiddish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You never forgot your Yiddish. I speak Yiddish very fluently. I write\nand read Yiddish. All my brothers do. I feel now that most people want to go\nback and learn more about it.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Absolutely.\n\nKLEIN: The only problem that happened after all this, the new generation, the\nsecond generation evidently did not want their children, or the children were\ntold not to speak Yiddish. We had our grandparents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we spoke Yiddish. The\nWorkmen's Circle is still in existence today. Not as affluent and not as busy,\nbut they still have their needs. Now then they started organizing young English\nspeaking Workmen's Circle and young people of the younger age. They were the\nchildren of the original organizers.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Do we still have Workmen's Circle?\n\nKLEIN: We still have a Workmen's Circle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here, and it's under the jurisdiction of\nJoe Jacobs, the attorney. I do not know how many belong, but they were big in\nMiami. They are still big now in New York. They bring all the Yiddish shows that\ntravel around the country. They were for the workingman. That's why it was\ncalled a Workmen's Circle. It was needed. They helped in the sweat shops. They\nhelped to organize better labor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conditions. They fought for the laborer.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Much the same as a union today.\n\nKLEIN: That's right. They were part of like the interest of the union. The\nunions are not needed as much today, but they were needed then.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Was there a great charge to belong to this or was it a...\n\nKLEIN: No, it was a nominal fee. You had certain benefits that went with it. In\nother words, the Workmen's Circle had their own cemetery. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had their own\ndoctors. They had connections with clinics. You could go to a Workmen's Circle\nclinic and it was very cheap for these people. Now, they have Workmen's Circle\nretiring homes, nursing homes, those that are still being kept up. But we\nwere... how shall I put it? Politically there was a misconception there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You had\nthe socialist and the communist, the left wing and the right wing. The worst\npart of it is that families were split because of this. Some of them believed in\nthe socialistic ideal of freedom without force, and the left wingers believed in\nfighting. So families were actually split up by this thing. My father was a\nvery, very, liberal man, and very much interested in freedom.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LOWENSTEIN: What about your brothers?\n\nKLEIN: My oldest brother was very, very, active.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: What are their names?\n\nKLEIN: It's Irving Libowsky, who is retired now and lives in Pompano Beach\n[Florida]. My second brother is deceased, and my youngest brother is Ben...\n\nLOWENSTEIN: What was his name, the second boy?\n\nKLEIN: Robert Libowsky, better known as 'Rube.' My youngest brother, Ben\nLibowsky, was born in New York. He also went to Workmen's Circle. But he didn't\nget involved as a youth ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as much because at 18 he went into the service. That's\nwhen we were in World War II. You see, the Workmen's Circle was looked at, you\nremember when there... I don't know if you would remember, but there were\nsubversive groups that Washington was trying to pick out because their ideas\nwere more on the socialistic idea. Workmen's Circle was cleared of all these\nthings that people were talking about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as being a subversive group. Any time you\nmentioned Workmen's Circle, the ears perked up as Communist. This was not...\nuntil it was fully, fully, investigated, and cleared. Mr. Joe Jacobs still takes\ncare of the cemetery that we have here in Atlanta. We have a cemetery out at\nGreenwood it's called the Workmen's Circle Cemetery. All my father and mother\nand most of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"older ones...\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Is your brother Rube here also?\n\nKLEIN: My brother...\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Is he in the cemetery?\n\nKLEIN:... is buried here too, right.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Did the boys come to Atlanta also? They lived...\n\nKLEIN: We all came back.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Everybody came back.\n\nKLEIN: The whole family came back in 1936 and we settled here. The two older\nboys graduated school in New York, and my younger brother and I graduated here.\nThe Workmen's Circle started to deteriorate when the second generation decided\nto do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away more or less with the speaking of Yiddish and the producing... we\neven had a Yiddish school here that was called the Workmen's Circle Shalom\nAleichem School, and Yiddish was taught there. There were two teachers that I\nremember, Mr. M[oshe Mordecai] Bloshtein and Mr. [Leon] Rosen. It was on Capitol\nAvenue, and the building was called the Lyceum... L-Y-C-E-U-M. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were the, how\nwould you call us, like... You have the Ashkenazic Jew and the Sephardic Jew and\nthe German Jew. We were more or less the Ashkenazic Jew. We kept the Jewish\nlanguage alive, and the Jewish history more. Not the... Yiddish history, I\nshould use the word Yiddish more. We still have... There are theatres that go\naround, that come out of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York, and that are sponsored by the Workmen's\nCircle. This is all done in Yiddish. We now have a request, more or less a\ndemand, to do more Yiddish shows and bring them here. Two of my children went to\nthe Workmen's Circle school here until it completely closed.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: I'd like to know a little bit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about your religious background before...\n\nKLEIN: All right, now that...\n\nLOWENSTEIN: I know that's...\n\nKLEIN: That's where the difference came in. A lot of Workmen's Circle people did\nnot belong to synagogues. So they got the impression--some people--that we were\natheists, we were not religious, and we had no religion, which was not true. My\nfather was a yeshiva bochur in Europe, and he came from very ultra-religious\npeople. When he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came to this country, they became very Yiddish, not over\nreligious in the synagogue. After we came back as grown children here in 1936,\nwe all got involved in Shearith Israel. We were all married out of Shearith\nIsrael. Rabbi Geffen married me, who married my parents. I have been a member\nthere since I've been back, which is 50 something years. All my children. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[My\nbrother] Irving happened to have married a religious girl from a very religious\nfamily, and is quite religious in his way. My younger brother moved to Milwaukee\n[Wisconsin] and married a girl that was not. They were from the more or less\nReform, or highly Conservative. But we are all involved in our synagogue, and\nmore on the Orthodox that have turned Traditional. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the original Workmen's\nCircle was downed for the fact that the first thing when you mentioned\nWorkmen's, \"Oh they don't believe in any religion.\" Which I don't believe was\ntrue. They may not have practiced it--which there are so many today--but they\ndid come from some sort of religious background. Those that were on the left\nwing, they never belonged to synagogues. They sort of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went the thinking of a\ndifferent political way of thinking.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: What about the holidays when you were growing up in your home? Did\nyou celebrate them?\n\nKLEIN: Yes, we celebrated every holiday as we do today.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Did they...\n\nKLEIN: Pesach was very big. My grandparents came here, when I was nine months\nold, to this country. They lived in New York and we lived there at the same\ntime. Passover was a tremendous thing because all the families were there. Rosh\nHa-Shanah and Yom Kippur were very important ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to us. The other holidays were not\nas significant as the three most important to us at the time. Because we weren't\ninvolved going to shul. We were learning Yiddish. Yet my brothers were bar\nmitzvahed. My son went here to the Hebrew Academy [of Atlanta], and he was bar\nmitzvahed 20 some years ago. So, it's hard to explain what happened in between\nthe growing up, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where those that intermarried into other, different parts, of\nthe Jewish people of Atlanta, because we were a mixed group.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Mixing more and more every day.\n\nKLEIN: Mixing. Right. The Sephardic married Ashkenazic, Russians, and Germans.\nThe same thing happened to us. We took our religion with us. My husband was from\nNew York, and they were third generation Americans, so they were really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not into\nreligion. They belonged to the synagogue, but I don't think they practiced the\nway we did in Atlanta. After he got here in the service, he loved it. He loved\ngoing. He loved his services at the synagogue. We had our Shabbat at home. We\nhad our Kiddush at home. We did the things that we felt were needed to expose\nour children. I am proud to say that I have a daughter who is very involved here\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in one of the synagogues. I have another daughter very involved...\n\nLOWENSTEIN: What are all their names, your children?\n\nKLEIN: I have five children. I have four daughters and a son. Rochelle\nRothenberg lives in Charlotte [North Carolina] and has two grown children.\nMaxine Jacobs lives in Columbia, Maryland, who is the first woman president of\nthe synagogue. Hershene Borrin who is a teacher here, is involved in B'nai Torah\nvery much, her husband is a Canadian. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have a son, Harley Klein, who is not\nmarried yet. I have a daughter, Jody Klein, who is not married yet. They are\nmembers of Shearith Israel. As for grown adults, they attend when they should,\nand they should attend more.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: How many grandchildren?\n\nKLEIN: I have five grandchildren. I have a granddaughter 26; a grandson 25, who\nlives in California. I now came back from a trip to San Diego, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where grandson\nnumber two just graduated boot camp. He joined the navy right before the\nconflict. I have a granddaughter Elisha, who's 15, and a granddaughter here in\nAtlanta, Danielle, who is eight, who goes to the [Hebrew] Academy [of Atlanta]\nnow. I think we have wavered away from the feelings of them saying, \"Oh those\nWorkmen's Circle people are not interested in religion.\"\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Right.\n\nKLEIN: I hope that the people have thought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about this.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Tell me a little bit about your background, besides Workmen's\nCircle, the things that you did as a mother with your children. Activities, if\nyou had any time, being a mother of five.\n\nKLEIN: Yes, I did. I was very busy in volunteer work. I was a Gray Lady with the\n[American] Red Cross for nine years. I led Young Judea clubs for 19 years. I was\non the Youth Commission. Then I came to work as a volunteer at the [Jewish]\nFederation [of Greater Atlanta] in 1958. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was offered a permanent position\nhere. I've been here now 32-and-a-half years.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: I think that's as permanent as a temporary position.\n\nKLEIN: Yes. I'm still very interested in my Yiddish background. I'm not\nover-religious, but I am very Yiddish. I like still listening to my Yiddish\nrecords, and I like to go to the Yiddish shows. I like the concerts. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We find\nthat it comes in very handy when I went to Israel, and no one spoke Hebrew, but\nI spoke Yiddish. I met people who couldn't speak English, but they spoke\nYiddish. So, it made it very comfortable.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Do your children speak Yiddish?\n\nKLEIN: No.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: None of them?\n\nKLEIN: They went to Yiddish school when they were little. Then the school\nclosed, so none of my children speak Yiddish. I have one who is now trying to go\nto school to learn Hebrew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because her daughter is at the Hebrew Academy. No, not\na one speaks Yiddish. My brother speaks a very fluent Yiddish. You'd think he\nwas born in Russia somewhere. He keeps in very close contact with what goes on.\nThe schools here were sort of under the supervision of the Atlanta Bureau of\nJewish Education, the Workmen's Circle school, when it was in its prime. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had\na bus system, and we had quite a number of children who went to it. But then\nwhen it started to drop down in the next generation, parents were not sending\nthem to Yiddish school.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: It was not the \"in\" thing to do.\n\nKLEIN: No. That's when the Hebrew...\n\nLOWENSTEIN: They were trying to assimilate into the United States and the\nAmerican way.\n\nKLEIN: Right. That's what really happened, between Workmen's Circle and the\nAmerican way of life. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The grandparents were told not to speak Yiddish because\nthey were in an American country and you spoke only English. So, it made it hard\nfor the children to continue. But I still find it very fascinating. It helps in\nmy work.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Absolutely.\n\nKLEIN: I have people who come here and they'll call me from the front desk and\nsay, \"Rose, we have someone here who's talking Yiddish. Can you come up and help\nthem?\" I feel like I've ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"added a little something to it. I still do my work, my\nvolunteer work. I like to, I help them down at Bingo. I did that for [inaudible\n20:10] three years. I worked with the Veteran groups. I'm very close to Veteran\ngroups, because we had five boys in the service, and they all came home. So I\nfeel, now I have a grandson in the navy, and I just feel like it's real important.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Do you feel like that maybe today we're ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting more back into the\ntraditional way of living for the Jew?\n\nKLEIN: I think they are because we're not separating ourselves. At one time, I\nremember that Ashkenazic girls weren't taken out by The Temple crowd, and vice\nversa. I feel like now a Jew is a Jew. It's not whether he's a Yiddish speaking\nJew or a Hebrew speaking Jew. We have a lot to work together for. Yes, I think\nwe're getting back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into it. I would like to see the younger people getting back\neven more, like my younger people. I mean, they respect me for my thinking of\nYiddishkeit so much, but they could do without it. I feel that they are missing\nout a lot. We do have a lot of people in their early seventies who were children\nof Workmen's Circle members here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Atlanta, but I don't think they're involved.\nNow Joe Jacobs is still very much involved. I was just down at the cemetery the\nother day, on our portion of it, the Workmen's Circle, where my parents are\nburied. I was proud to see the front gate that said, \"Workmen's Circle\", and\nthat these were all the old members of the Workmen's Circle. I don't know how\ntheir meetings are now because I don't attend ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any of the meetings. I'm so\ninvolved with... you get away from it, which I'm sorry I have.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: You have no idea how large the Circle is anymore?\n\nKLEIN: No, I really don't. I need to talk to Joe Jacobs and get more details on\nwhat they do. I do know they bring the shows here.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Right.\n\nKLEIN: They're very interested. They're teaching Yiddish now at the [Atlanta]\nBureau [of Jewish Education]. They have a couple of different classes. Now some\nof the synagogues have picked it up, because some of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"members would like to.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: At any time, was any of the aim of Workmen's Circle Zionistic? I\nmean, did they want to go back to Israel or was...\n\nKLEIN: I think they had a quite a few. There was a split there. The Farband,\nthat's another group that came out of all this. Workmen's Circle members that\nwanted to go back to Israel, that's a portion I know very little about; ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how many\nwere active in it, how many have been there, and how many would have gone\naliyah. I know most of us had people there. I have a cousin, a rabbi in Bnei\nBrak [Israel], so there was religious doings in the background of our families.\nAs for now, I can't even try to give you an answer there.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: Back then, was there any feeling for Israel, do you remember?\n\nKLEIN: Yes. I personally feel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when Israel was established that we were all in\nfavor of it, definitely, that we needed a country. I don't think that we've ever\nbeen against Israel, and against Zionists. Except they have their own political\nbeliefs of how to bring around a country like this, or how to give our support\nto a country like this. We came from a... our parents came from a trying time.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When they came to a free country their main purpose here now was to raise their\nchildren to be educated and not to be slaves of any kind. To work, schooling,\nand going to school was very important to my parents, and to most of us.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: I think to most Jews.\n\nKLEIN: Right. The only beliefs that I feel are different are our political\nbeliefs. I remember as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little girl even walking in the parades for the\nWorkmen's Circle on May the first. It was for the laborer. I mean, that's what I\nwas told, I'm fighting for the working man. It sounds like right away they\ncalled us communists, which was very degrading. But we had to prove to them that\nwe were not.\n\nLOWENSTEIN: It was certainly different.\n\nKLEIN: It really was. I was married to a man who knew nothing about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/transcript/24899/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Workmen's\nCircle or Yiddish...\n\nLOWENSTEIN: What was his feeling for it?\n\nKLEIN: He respected it because of my parents, but he never was involved in it at\nall. When we got married, the Workmen's Circle here with the youth group was\nrather not the same. So we got involved with the veteran groups and the\nsynagogue. We were involved in the synagogue. That was important to us with our\ngrowing children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1500.0,1530.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Klein, Rose Libowsky [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrînza is a village in Cahul District, Moldova (in Bessarabia, Russia prior to World War II) that was established in 1630.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Tobias Geffen (1870-1970) was an Orthodox rabbi and leader of Shearith Israel in Atlanta from 1910-1970. He is widely known for his 1935 decision that certified Coca-Cola as kosher. He also organized the first Hebrew school in Atlanta, and standardized regulation of kosher supervision in the Atlanta area. Rabbi Geffen and his wife Sara had four sons and four daughters: Joel, Samuel, Louis, Abraham, Lottie, Bessie, Annette, and Helen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiedmont Atlanta Hospital is located at 1968 Peachtree Road, Atlanta, Georgia. Piedmont was established in 1905 as the Piedmont Sanitarium in the former mansion of Charles Thomas Swift at the northwest corner of Capitol and Crumley streets in the then-affluent Washington-Rawson neighborhood. The name was changed to Piedmont Hospital and, eventually, the hospital took up an entire square block. The Washington-Rawson neighborhood was razed in the early 1960s to make way for Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium and its parking lots.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLinde Air Products, now known as the Linde Group, is a German multinational company that was founded in 1879 by Carl Von Linde. It is the world’s largest industrial gas company (2017). A manufacturer of compressed gases, industrial and medical gases, and welding equipment, it has been a part of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation since 1917.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGirls’ High School was one of seven schools that were part of the original Atlanta public school system. It opened in 1872, and was the only public school in the area exclusively for girls. It was a superb school academically, and had 104 rooms including science halls, laboratories, sewing rooms, a library, and outdoor classrooms. In 1947, Atlanta high schools became co-educational and Girls’ High was renamed ‘Roosevelt High School.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorkmen’s Circle, or Der Arbeiter Ring, is a Yiddish language-oriented American-Jewish organization committed to social justice, Jewish community and Ashkenazi culture.  It provides old age homes for its aging members, as well as schools, camps, affordable health insurance and programs of concerts, lectures and holiday celebrations.  It was founded in 1900 and was strongly socialist politically.  It has moved more to the right on the American political spectrum in modern times.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Libowsky (1887-1956) was a businessman and the owner of Libowsky Grocery located at 482 Decatur Street in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMitchell (also known as Michel) Julius “M.J.” Merlin (1885-1969) was an Atlanta grocer who was born in Dubrovno in the Russian Empire (now Dubrowna, Belarus). He was one of the founding members of the Arbeiter Ring (Workmen’s Circle) in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Russ (1883-1944), a native of Russia, was a belt manufacturer in Atlanta, Georgia. He was one of the founding members of the Arbeiter Ring (Workmen’s Circle) in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShule is a Yiddish word meaning “school.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Jacobs (1908-1998), a graduate of the Atlanta Law School, was a labor lawyer in Atlanta, Georgia and the southern United States. He was a union organizer during the 1934 Textile Strike and the 1936 Lakewood-General Motors Strike. He served as an officer and member of the Workmen's Circle for more than fifty years. He was the first recipient of the Organized Labor and Workmen's Circle Award Banquet award in 1969. He was elected three times to the Democratic National Convention and as chairman of the Fulton County Democratic Party.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrving Libowsky (1914-1998) was a native of Atlanta. He was the owner of Gale City Table, a dinette manufacturing firm in Atlanta, renamed Duchess Furniture when it merged with National Service Industries. A World War II veteran who served in the Navy, he attended Brooklyn College and Brooklyn Law School in New York. He was a Jewish War Veterans post commander in Atlanta, president of the Zionist Organization of America (ZOA) Atlanta district, and president of the Atlanta Jewish Board of Education. When he retired to Pompano Beach, Florida, he was known as a philanthropist and co-founder of Broward County's largest adult day-care and feeding program, a precursor of the Daniel D. Cantor Senior Center in Sunrise, Florida. He was awarded the JNF Tree of Life Award and was the first inductee into the North Broward County Jewish Federation Hall of Fame.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert “Rube” Libowsky (1916-1986) was the owner of Rube’s Market in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBernard “Ben” Libowsky (1924-1999) was born in Brooklyn, New York and resided in Atlanta, Georgia where he graduated from Commercial High School. He was served overseas in the United States Army during World War II and lived later in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 6 million Jews were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centers (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreenwood Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia opened in 1904. It is designed in the Lawn style, with long vistas in all directions. Greenwood has a large Jewish section.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShalom Aleichem (Yiddish: “peace be with you”) was the pen name of author and playwright Solomon Naumovich Rabinovich, born in Russia in 1859 (d. 1916).  Shalom Aleichem wrote in Russian and Hebrew at first but only in Yiddish after 1883, which earned him a place as a prominent Yiddish author by 1890.  As pogroms raged through Russia in 1905, Aleichem immigrated to New York City, New York, but later joined his family in Geneva, Switzerland.  The family moved to the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York in 1914.  Shalom Aleichem died of tuberculosis and diabetes in 1916.  The musical Fiddler on the Roof was based on his stories about ‘Tevye the Milkman.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoshe Mordecai Bloshtein (1893-1964) was a teacher and principal at the Arbeiter Ring Shule in Atlanta, Georgia from 1938 to 1955. He also authored two Yiddish books on child psychology: In Defense of the Child, and The Ways of the Child’s Soul.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRabbi Leon Rosen was a director for the Arbeiter Ring Shule in Atlanta, Georgia during the 1940’s.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa and the Middle East and their descendants. The adjective “Sephardic” and corresponding nouns Sephardi (singular) and Sephardim (plural) are derived from the Hebrew word ‘Sepharad,’ which refers to Spain. Historically, the vernacular language of Sephardic Jews was Ladino, a Romance language derived from Old Spanish, incorporating elements from the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Hebrew, Aramaic, and in the lands receiving those who were exiled, Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Greek, Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian vocabulary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAshkenazic Jews originated in the Holy Roman Empire in the early 1000’s. They established communities in Central and Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva (Hebrew for “sitting”) is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a Talmudic college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish word meaning “young unmarried man” or male student.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904 in Atlanta, Georgia, Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960’s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA division within Judaism especially in North America and Western Europe.  Historically it began in the nineteenth century.   In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture.   While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah and women rabbis), music is allowed in the services and most of the service is in English.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism.  It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance.   They also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis and bat mitzvahs).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTraditional Judaism stands between Modern Orthodox Judaism, which retains a belief that the Torah was transmitted in an unbroken tradition from Moses on Mt. Sinai, and Conservative Judaism, which has sometimes permitted personal views to override classical scholarship.  Traditional Judaism attempts to combine modern approaches to studying Judaism’s sacred texts while staying in keeping with classical approaches to interpreting and making decisions regarding Jewish law.  For instance, it does not ordain women as rabbis but it does allow women’s prayer groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach is a Hebrew word meaning Passover, the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage.  The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzah, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise.  On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday is celebrated.  The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.  In addition to eating matzah during the seder, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats unless those foods are labeled ‘kosher for Passover.’ Jews traditionally have separate dishes for Passover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah [Hebrew: head of the year; i.e. New Year festival] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh Ha-Shanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘Day of Atonement.’ The most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25 hour fast day.  Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShul is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBar mitzvah is Hebrew for ‘son of commandment.’  A rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day.  At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes.  He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship.  He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew Academy of Atlanta was established in 1953 as the first all-day Jewish day school in Atlanta, with Alex E. Milt chairing its organization committee. It was renamed the Katherine and Jacob Greenfield Hebrew Academy and in 2014 the Greenfield Hebrew Academy (grades pre-K through 8) and Yeshiva High School (grades 9-12) merged into one college preparatory day school now called the Atlanta Jewish Academy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays.  Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: ‘Sanctification.’  A blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Sabbath and Jewish holidays.  In many synagogues congregants gather for Kiddush reception after the Friday night or Saturday morning service to recite the blessing over wine or grape juice and have something to eat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation B’nai Torah is a synagogue on the north side of Atlanta.  It was founded in 1981 by young unaffiliated Jews who met in the Hillel facilities of Emory University on the High Holy Days.  In 2004 they became affiliated with the Conservative movement.  Membership is about 800 families and the rabbi is Joshua Heller (2017).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGray Ladies were American Red Cross volunteers who worked in American hospitals, other health-care facilities, and private homes, notably during World War II. They provided friendly, personal, non-medical services to sick, injured or disabled patients. They wrote letters, read, tutored and shopped for patients, and served as guides to visitors and as hostesses in hospital recreation rooms and at information desks. Gray Ladies also provided hospitality services in Red Cross Blood Centers and joined forces with other Red Cross workers in caring for disaster victims.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/annotation_set/485/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Red Cross (ARC) is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief and education in the United States. It is the designated United States affiliate of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. 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During the Great Depression of the 1930’s, hundreds of thousands of workers marched in May Day parades in New York’s Union Square. Unions and anarchist, socialist, and communist groups have continued the International May Day tradition with rallies and demonstrations. During the Cold War, May Day became the occasion for large military parades in Red Square by the Soviet Union and was attended by the top leaders of the Kremlin, especially the Politburo.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=1470.0,1500.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/index/47830","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Klein, Rose [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/index/47830/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family background","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=0.0,229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/index/47830/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LOWENSTEIN: Rose, I would love for you to start at the beginning and tell me how you got to Atlanta [Georgia] where you came from, and a little bit about your parents and your background.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=0.0,229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/index/47830/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Ga","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brînza, Moldova","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Der Arbeiter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Der Arbeiter Ring","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Geffen, Tobias (Rabbi)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Girls’ High School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Linde Air Products","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Linde Group","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moldova","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Piedmont Atlanta Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Workmen’s Circle","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=0.0,229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/index/47830/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Workmen's Circle","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=229.0,681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/index/47830/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLEIN: My father was Joseph Libowsky.  L-I-B-O-W-S-K-Y. My father was a big socialist, and was a very liberal man. He and three others from Atlanta organized the Workmen's Circle here.  ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756#t=229.0,681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40115/file/111756/index/47830/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aleichem, Shalom","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ashkenazi Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ashkenazic Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Ga","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Blohstein, Moshe Mordecai","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Greenwood 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