{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/8k74t6fk3v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Ratonyi, Robert"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2015-11-20 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Federal Reserve of Atlanta","Stories of Holocaust Survival: An Economic Perspective","Oral History Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRobert Ratonyi was interviewed by Adina Langer and Sandra Ghizoni on November 20, 2015 at the Federal Reserve in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview has a focus on economics and barter during the Holocaust. Ratonyi recalls his early memories of having to wear the yellow star, the absence of his father, and his mother’s deportment. He shares remembrances of barter and trade systems during the terror and the kinds of objects, such as jewelry and household objects coated with precious metals, that the family took with them in order to bribe and purchase items. His descriptions of barter systems and money go beyond the Holocaust to also look at the ways Hungarian border guards used the swell of people leaving Hungary during the revolution to make money and the how Ratonyi and his friend packed vodka and cigarettes to be able to bribe Soviet soldiers for their freedom.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28375"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Robert Ratonyi (personal name)","Mike Spitzer (personal name)","Peri Spitzer (personal name)","Ivan Spitzer (personal name)","Tom Spitzer (personal name)","Latzi Spitzer (personal name)","Tibor Lesgo (personal name)","Lesgo Family (personal name)","Reichmann Family (personal name)","Adolf Eichmann (personal name)","Raoul Wallenberg (personal name)","International Committee of the Red Cross (corporate name)","The Arrow Cross (corporate name)","Budapest, Hungary (geographic term)","Eger, Hungary (geographic term)","Vienna, Austria (geographic term)","Lichtenberg, Austria (geographic term)","Montreal, Canada (geographic term)","Moscow, Russia (geographic term)","Hungary (geographic term)","Austria (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Canada (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","International Ghetto (geographic term)","Budapest Ghetto (geographic term)","Ghetto (topical term)","Labor Camp (topical term)","Anti-Semitic Laws (topical term)","The Final Solution (topical term)","Yellow Stars (topical term)","Yellow Star Houses (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Air Raids (topical term)","Holocaust Survivor (topical term)","Schutzpasses (topical term)","1956 Hungarian Revolution (topical term)","Jewish Labor Battalion (topical term)","Conscription (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)","Soviet Army (Red Army) (topical term)","Bartering (topical term)","Currency (topical term)","Inflation (topical term)","Communism (topical term)","Food Scarcity (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","Neolog Judaism (topical term)","Jewish High Holidays (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRobert Ratonyi was interviewed by Adina Langer and Sandra Ghizoni on November 20, 2015 at the Federal Reserve in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview has a focus on economics and barter during the Holocaust. Ratonyi recalls his early memories of having to wear the yellow star, the absence of his father, and his mother’s deportment. He shares remembrances of barter and trade systems during the terror and the kinds of objects, such as jewelry and household objects coated with precious metals, that the family took with them in order to bribe and purchase items. His descriptions of barter systems and money go beyond the Holocaust to also look at the ways Hungarian border guards used the swell of people leaving Hungary during the revolution to make money and the how Ratonyi and his friend packed vodka and cigarettes to be able to bribe Soviet soldiers for their freedom.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/104/573/small/Ratonyi_Robert.mp4_1611272009.jpg?1611254015","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Ratonyi_Robert.mp4"]},"duration":7064.237,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/104/573/small/Ratonyi_Robert.mp4_1611272009.jpg?1611254015","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/104/573/original/Ratonyi_Robert.mp4?1611253876","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7064.237,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Ratonyi, Robert [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: My name is Adina Langer and I'm with the Museum History and Holocaust\nEducation at Kennesaw State University and I'm here at the Federal Reserve with\neconomist Sandra Ghizoni and with Robert Ratonyi. Am I pronouncing your name properly?\n\nRATONYI: Yes, it's properly mispronounced.\n\nLANGER: Properly mispronounced. How would you pronounce it?\n\nRATONYI: It's a Hungarian name, I just it as Ratonyi.\n\nLANGER: Ratonyi. So the emphasis on the first syllable?\n\nRATONYI: In Hungarian language, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always accent the first syllable. No exception.\n\nLANGER: Well, we'd like to start at the beginning and a little bit of context\nabout the beginning. So you were born on January 11th, 1938?\n\nRATONYI: Correct.\n\nLANGER: In Budapest?\n\nRATONYI: Yes.\n\nLANGER: Can you talk a little bit about your parents and how they came to be in\nthe part of Budapest where you lived at the time?\n\nRATONYI: I don't know much about their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"history prior to my birth because I just\nnever was inquisitive enough to find out. All I know is that both my parents'\nfamilies, the Reichmanns--which is my real . . . my father's family, my name was\nReichmann until I changed it many years later--the Reichmann family and my\nmother's family, the Spitzers, both came from the northeastern part of Hungary.\nMy father's birth certificate is in Slavic, not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian. But these were ethnic\nHungarians and they kind of migrated and came south and ended up, both families,\nin Budapest. The Reichmanns and the Spitzers. That's where my parents met and\nthey got married in 1936.\n\nLANGER: Your mother had lived in the central part of the city, is that right?\n\nRATONYI: My mother lived with, before she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married, my grandparents and she\nwas the youngest of 10 children. She always lived with her parents until they\ngot married. Then, when they got married, my father was a laborer. He didn't\nhave much education. I know my mother had 8 years of schooling and I think my\nfather had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 8 years of schooling, so he worked as an assistant to deliver\ngoods for a major glass manufacturing company. It really quite a bit of driving\nto get around and they could not afford to live in the center part of the city\nwhere most of the Jewish population, those who could afford it, lived. So they\nended up renting a very small, tiny apartment on the outskirts of the city in a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more working class neighborhood. That's where they moved after they got married,\nor maybe shortly after I was born; I'm not sure exactly when. That's where I\nlived until the very day when I left Hungary 17 years later. So it was a working\nclass neighborhood.\n\nLANGER: Can you describe the apartment and its relationship with the larger\nbuildings around it?\n\nRATONYI: Where we lived was a typical European ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house with apartments and a\ncourtyard with a main gate out to the street and it was sort of in a U shape.\nThis house happens to be two stories on one side and one story on the other\nside. The apartment we lived in was literally a two-room apartment and it meant\ntwo rooms: one was a kitchen and the other was everything else, bedroom, living\nroom, and so forth. We didn't have indoor plumbing and we didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have heating\nand air conditioning, just a little buck belly stove in the corner with a stove\npipe going through the roof. It was very low class--the neighborhood wasn't low\nclass. What happened in the 1930s was there was a lot of demand for houses or\nplaced for working people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Budapest, so they ended up building these very low\nclass apartments next to more expensive, better class places. So one half of our\nbuilding where the two story buildings, there were very nice apartments with two\nbedrooms, bathrooms, and everything, all the facilities. They added this--one\npart of the U shape of the building they added these small apartments and ours\nwas one of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those. That's where we lived. So you can say that my parents were\ntruly working class people. My mother didn't work. My father was the only one\nthat was working. My mother never had any kind of a skill, she wasn't trained in\nanything. That's my recollection, from my early years before the war came to\nHungary. I remember that's how we lived and occasionally my father came back\nfrom his trips--I saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him not so frequently, but I remember seeing him from time\nto time--and he would bring food home, which was helping us a lot, making sure\nwe had enough to eat.\n\nLANGER: How large was the Jewish population in Budapest at the time?\n\nRATONYI: Probably quite substantial. I think it has always been, of course, the\nlargest Jewish community in Hungary. Back before the war, Hungary had as many as\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"700--close to 700-750 thousand Jews, depending on where the borders where drawn\nwhich kinda changed over time. Budapest had the largest population with 200,000,\nor maybe even more than 200,000 people, which represented 10% of the population.\nSo it was a very large Jewish population that . . . there was a real Jewish life\nthere. Most of the Jews, of course, were assimilated into the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fabric of the life\nof the city and the country. These were doctors, some of them were lawyers and\nsome of them professional, and some of them were just workers like my parents were.\n\nLANGER: So there was a fair amount of both economic and religious diversity?\nWere some of the more Orthodox than others?\n\nRATONYI: Yes, there was quite a bit of diversity. Neither of my parents were\nreligious in a traditional ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sense. They were . . . I guess the expression I\nremember Neolog is the label that was used for some of the Jews there. There was\nOrthodox--orthodoxy is where those who were truly religious and had Kosher food\nand so forth--and then there were those who weren't so religious. My\ngrandparents belonged to this second category but they observed all the major\nJewish holidays. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandmother's place, my mother's parents, they did have two\nsets of dishes, the Kosher and not, but it was in a big box and was only taken\nout when we had the Jewish High Holidays.\n\nLANGER: Did you recall any antisemitism, any negative feelings? Not that you\nwould have recalled because you were very young, but do your parents, did you\nmother ever speak about having problems before the war ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started?\n\nRATONYI: No. No.\n\nLANGER: In 1941, you mentioned your father's absence from home and this--you\nlearned that he had been conscripted into the Jewish forced labor force--\n\nRATONYI: --Labor battalion.\n\nLAGER: --when did that law get passed, the one conscripting the Jews into the--\n\nRATONYI: That law--well there were laws being passed from the early 1940s, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but\nwhat they did to some of these Jews didn't necessarily follow the exact dates\nthese laws were passed. Many times, they started rounding up the Jews and then\nthe laws were passed in parliament. It wasn't exactly--I don't remember the\ndate--I have it in my book--but I think it was in 1941 or 1942 that these young\nmen were conscripted, and they have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go to these various labor battalions. I\nthink from 1942 on, I don't remember seeing my father at all much.\n\nLANGER: In the beginning, could he come home from this work?\n\nRATONYI: Yes.\n\nLANGER: Did he bring with him provisions? Or money?\n\nRATONYI: Yes, provisions. I don't know about money. Provisions, this was really\nfood, which was perhaps the most important thing for us. Because of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nconditions we lived in, it wasn't a question of we needed this much furniture or\nany particular goods. It was really food that was important and that I do\nremember. Remember where the food was stored and so forth.\n\nLANGER: What kind of food did you eat early on? What would have been a typical\ntype of a meal?\n\nRATONYI: I really can't remember it but I assume it pretty much stayed the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same\nas the years went by and Hungarian cooking is fairly creative. There's lots of\nstarch that's available: potatoes, noodles, and pasta. And vegetables. I do\nremember we didn't have meat as a standard, like every day, and we didn't\nnecessarily have butter available. We didn't necessarily have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eggs. These were\nmore expensive things. These were sort of, at our level, luxury items. I do sort\nof remember that these were the things that you didn't just see in the kitchen.\n\nLANGER: Would you see them sometimes for these High Holiday gatherings with your grandparents?\n\nRATONYI: Yes. My grandparents lived in the center part of the city. I think they\nwere obviously better off ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than we were. They had a very nice apartment with lots\nof rooms and a much bigger apartment building that even had an elevator which\nwas to me like. To get into the building--to get to drive an elevator was like\nan amazing thing. They did have goods, they did have butter. If you've read my\nstory you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"may remember one of the things that later on became the legend in our\nfamily, as a little kid and we had the High Holidays, they had an ice box and I\ntook a stick of butter on the way out, my mother stuck it in my winter coat\npocket. We got on the street car and it was a 45 minute drive home. In the\nmiddle of the street car ride I discovered that the butter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had melted. I was\nprobably about 6 years old or something like that; I don't remember exactly. Of\ncourse, my mother got very terribly upset and we had to get off the street car\nand she had to empty my pocket. Then I heard about this for the next 60 years,\nhow I stole a stick of butter. I asked my mother, why did you do it? And she\nsaid, well, we never have any butter at home. So that kind of tells you that we\nwere not quite economically at the level where we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could've--my mother could not\nafford to have these goods. To have meat necessarily every day, or eggs every\nday . . . they were luxury items.\n\nLANGER: With your father absent from home and no money necessarily coming in,\nwhat did your mother do to provide for your basic provisions?\n\nRATONYI: She didn't work, as I said, and I think, in retrospect, she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did depend\non her family. I think they did support her. Not necessarily by money, but by\nother ways, whether it was a piece of clothing or Nyla stockings she didn't have\nto buy. She had siblings, so there were sisters and brothers, and my\ngrandparents probably helped her out. I know that she did not work and then it\nwas practically impossible for her to work because we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't live in a society\nthere where it was easy to--what do you do with a child? It's not like we had\ndaycares or kindergarten and even if there was it would've cost money and she\nprobably didn't have. And she had no skill.\n\nLANGER: In your book your mention one of your first memories being having to put\na yellow star on your clothing in 1944.\n\nRATONYI: Yes, 1944.\n\nLANGER: Can you talk a little bit about that?\n\nRATONYI: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That kinda how I remember. Early 1944, when Eichmann came to Budapest\nto implement the Final Solution for Hungary, they accelerated the process of\npassing new anti-Semitic laws, trying to segregate the Jews. One of the steps in\nthat process was trying to identify the Jews ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by having a law that said all Jews\nsix years and older had to wear a yellow star in public. That is the first time\nthat I really realized that I was Jewish. I knew I was Jewish. We lived in a\nChristian neighborhood, some of . . . next door to us lived a Christian family\nand next door to us lived another Christian family--they were just as poor as we\nwere--but I knew that they were Christians and I was Jewish. But to me the only\ndifference ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was they had Christmas trees and we had celebrated Passover and\nHanukkah at my grandparent's place. This was the first time I realized that,\npublicly, I had to look different from my friends because I had to wear a yellow\nstar if I went out on the streets and my mother had to wear a yellow star when\nshe went out to do whatever shopping she had to do. That's my recollection of\nthat particular time.\n\nLANGER: Do you recall any shopping ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"type of excursion with your mother when you\nboth had to be wearing the yellow stars?\n\nRATONYI: Not really, I don't. I do remember trying to go out and play with my\nfriends on the street, but I don't remember any shopping experience with her.\n\nLANGER: Do you know where she went to shop?\n\nRATONYI: Yes. We lived in the Tenth District of Budapest which is in the\nsoutheastern part of the city where a lot of . . . some major factories were. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It\nwas kind of known as a suburb, if you wish. There were shops there and bakeries\nwhere you could buy your food and so forth. These places, I don't know if they\nchanged over the years, we were literally no more than 10 minutes' walk from the\nmajor thorough fare where the street ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got. Everybody walked, you never--you\ndidn't have to take the streetcar to take a stop or anything. Everything was one\nor two stops. Before I was allowed to get on a streetcar, we just walked to\nplaces, and everything was within 15 minutes of walking. I'm sure that's where\nmy mother went to do her shopping.\n\nLANGER: If she wanted to purchase clothing for you, would she purchase clothing\nready made or fabric and make it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into clothing?\n\nRATONYI: Well there was no such thing as ready made, or very little, because\nthat whole thing did not come to Europe and then Hungary, I can always think of\nHungary not--anything that was a nice . . . you know shirts and things like that\nyou could buy, but a suit or a dress or most of these things had to be made. So\nyou went to the tailor and there were two Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tailors in our neighborhood. If\nyou had the money you could have yourself a nice suit or a nice dress made. I\ndon't know where my mother got my clothes, but I do remember one piece of\nclothing she got for me before . . . I guess it could've been 1940, maybe even\n1943, I don't remember exactly, but probably 1944, my first pair of white ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pants,\nlong pants, because children did not wear long pants. Even when you get to be a\nteenager, you didn't wear long pants; there were shorts or maybe knee pants. I\nwas just so proud of getting my first pair of white pants. It must've been in\nearly 1944. Obviously, she bought it some place, so these things were made. I'm\nnot sure where she bought it.\n\nLANGER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A few months after you first had to wear the yellow star, you talk about\nhow the government of Budapest, the government of Hungary, starts to create\nthese yellow star houses. Can you talk a little bit about yours? Your house,\nyour apartment house was actually designated as one of those?\n\nRATONYI: Yes, our house . . . the big plan was how to segregate--this was\n200,000 Jews or more than 200,000 Jews--was how to get them concentrated and\neventually get them ready for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deportation, to follow the other 450,000 Jews that\nwere already taken. The plan was first, yellow stars, then the establishment of\nthe yellow star houses. These are . . . all of these house you have to think of\nas apartment houses, not single houses as we think of here. They designated\nthousands of these houses and ours happened to be one like that. The idea was,\nJews had to move ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into these houses, vacate their apartment, Christians could\nmove into those vacated apartments. We had several Jewish families that moved\ninto our building. I don't remember exactly where they ended up in terms of\nphysical, but our house was one of those, literal translation from Hungarian,\nyellow star house. Csillagos háza is a yellow star ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house, that's what we called\nit. So we didn't have to move. That was the bottom line.\n\nLANGER: When your house became one of those, some of the other families, the\nChristian families, were allowed to stay--\n\nRATONYI: Only one.\n\nLANGER: Only one. How did that work?\n\nRATONYI: Only one family I remember and I knew that family really well because\nthis family, the Lesgo family, had two sons, an older son and a younger. The\nyounger son, his name was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tibor and Tibor was four years old than I was. So,\nfrom the day I was one years old, we lived together, because I think that's when\nwe moved into the building, and I grew up with Tibor. When I was 6, he was 10\nand I used to play with him a lot, it was a lot of fun. His mother was a really\nnice lady. She kinda liked me and I liked the idea that they had this really\nwonderful apartment with bathrooms, and she was home and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cooking and quite often\ninvited me to share a meal with them, so Tibor and I sat at the table and had\nlunch or whatever. So I really know this family real well. This family didn't\nmove out of the building. I didn't know why, but later discovered the father of\nmy friend Tibor, he was a big . . . in the Nazi . . . he was a big Nazi\nsympathizer, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"obviously an anti-Semite, and because of his position, he somehow\nor other managed to get an exception and they let him stay in our building. And\nthey stayed there after the war and when I left Hungary, they were still living\nthere. The father has died, but Mrs. Lesgo still lived in the same apartment\nthat I knew so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well.\n\nLANGER: When you say that he was a Nazi sympathizer, do you mean that he was a .\n. . was he a member of the Arrow Cross?\n\nRATONYI: I don't know if he was a member of the Arrow Cross, but I know he was a\nNazi sympathizer. I learned from my mother who told me decades later--and I mean\nliterally decades, I was probably already living in America and my many trips I\nmade back to Hungary--and one of those trips she did tell me that during this\ntime, somewhere in 1944, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she ran into him at the gate of our building--he was\ncoming and she was leaving, I don't remember exactly when--and he told my\nmother, something to the affect and it's in my book, but I do remember there are\nquotations that he told her, my mother, as they crossed each other in the\ngateway that: \"Mrs. Reichmann, one of these days, you're going to be polishing\nmy boots.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reference to the fact that he knew already these Jewish women will\nend up losing their freedom, they'll be collected and sent to some kind of a\ncamp. My mother remembered that. She was 70 years old. That was just kind of a\nquick reference, but that's all I remember. She's never forgotten him. The\ninteresting thing is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they lived together after the war. My mother stayed\nthere for many years and Mrs. Lesgo was also there and he also survived. He was\nnever persecuted, never put in jail. I don't know why, but it just never happened.\n\nLANGER: Now, at this point, most of the Jewish men were already gone, right? It\nwas women and their children?\n\nRATONYI: Most of the Jewish men were already gone by 1944, yes.\n\nLANGER: You mention October 10, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1944 is this pivotal moment when your mother and\nall the women in your area--\n\nRATONYI: That was the day they came into our building and that was\nOctober--there was a big change in the government again and the Arrow Cross, the\ninfamous Arrow Cross, took over. It was a kind of resurgence of the deportations\nof able bodied women and younger boys who were not men but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teenagers and so\nforth and they were rounding these people up and started a mass deportation of\nsome of these people out of Budapest. Some of these ended up in Austria and what\nwas referred to as the death march because many of them were driven on foot from\nBudapest to Austria. My mother was one of them. It happened on October 10th and\nthe only reason I know that date because in the official documentation that my\nmother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has about her . . . when she survived and she kept documentation in order\nto apply for some assistance after the war as a victim. That documentation, she\nhad to say when she was taken and when she was freed, when she came back to\nHungary and it was October 10th. I don't actually remember that date. I know it\nfrom the documentation that it was October 10th. They came in the middle of the\nnight and rounded up all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the women and they marched them out of our building,\nand that's when she was taken.\n\nLANGER: Was there an expectation of what would happen to the children left behind?\n\nRATONYI: I have no idea.\n\nLANGER: But for you, your . . . a friend of the family kind of helps you?\n\nRATONYI: My mother had a friend . . . Julia was an old, older of course . . .\nI'm not sure how old she was, but she was much older than my mother and she\nobviously wasn't rounded ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up. Many of these things happened in a . . . even\nthough they were organized it was still a random thing. Some women were taken,\nand some were not. In some districts it was more effective than in some other\ndistricts. So Julia, who lived in our neighborhood--she used to come visit my\nmother and I knew her--she came by that morning and found me there by myself and\nshe told me that she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to take me to my grandparents place. I still\ndon't know to this day whether my mother had made an arrangement with her,\nwhether she knew that she was going to be taken away and asked Julia to watch\nout for me or if she just happened to come by and discover that I was there by\nmyself. She's really my first hero, because if she didn't come by, I have no\nidea what might have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened because I was left there literally by myself. I\nwas six years old and nobody else really to take care of me.\n\nLANGER: Can you talk a little bit about arriving at your grandparent's house?\nWhat was the situation like there?\n\nRATONYI: I don't remember the arrival as much as I remember the trip. You have\nto remember, I'm six years old, six and half, almost seven. We'd been in our . .\n. we spent most of our time in the cellar because bombing started earlier that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year; sometimes in the summer when the Allies started bombing Budapest, the\nAmerican bombers came during the day and the British worked during the night. So\nwe almost spent . . . a lot of our time was spent in the cellar. It wasn't a\nbomb shelter, it was just an ordinary shelter where people kept their wood to\nprovide fire in the summer for cooking and maybe put their potatoes down there.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every apartment, including ours, was assigned a little cubicle, but it was a\ncellar down there and it was under the second story part of our building. By\nOctober, the war was in full force and Hungary was in the central part of the\nwar because the Russians were coming in from the East and the Allies were coming\nin from the West. The Germans were retreating on every front, so we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\nweighing the brunt of this thing. All I remember is the bombing. I couldn't go\nout too much because it was not safe to leave the building, so I didn't really\nknow what had happened. So when Julia came to pick me up and asked me to take\nsome of my clothes and put them in a bag and she was going to walk me to my\ngrandparents place, it was a long distance. A very long distance. We used to\ntake two street cars, at around probably 45 minutes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or maybe even around an hour\nto go by street cars into the center of the city where my grandparents lived.\nFor the first time I saw the bombed out Budapest and it was just a shock to\ndiscover all these buildings were destroyed and the streetcars all over the\nplace and military equipment all over the place. I was really more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attracted to\nwhat I saw there on the way to my grandparents' place that I don't actually\nremember what happened when I showed up there. In reflecting on it when I wrote\nmy story down, I realized it must have been a shock to them because all of the\nsudden they knew my mother was taken away.\n\nLANGER: The streetcars, they were still running at this time?\n\nRATONYI: No.\n\nLANGER: No. So you really had to walk--\n\nRATONYI: You had to walk. This was a long walk and we had to wear a yellow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"star\nand the curfews were in place; the Jews could only walk certain times or be out\nin public at certain times of day. My recollection is that I think you couldn't\nleave your buildings before eight O'clock in the morning and you had to be back\nhome by a certain time in the evening. So it was a risky trip. Air raids were\nstill going on. Julia took the risk of taking me there and then she had to\ntraverse the same thing and go back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home, wherever she lived in our neighborhood.\n\nLANGER: You were carrying with you, at that time, just a bag of clothes?\n\nRATONYI: Yes, just a bag of clothes that she asked me to put together, including\nmy white pair of pants . . . which I never wore.\n\nLANGER: You were in your grandparent's house, the apartment house. Who was with\nyou at that time? Who was there?\n\nRATONYI: My grandparents were there and my aunt who lived with them was there\nwith her son Ivan. Ivan ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had polio when he was 3-4 years old--he was a couple\nyears older than I was--and he could not walk. He had to sit in a wheelchair.\nSo, they were there. Another aunt of mine, Aunt Peri, whom I also knew was there\nwith two of her sons: Mike, who was seven years old than I was, so he was 14,\nand his younger brother Tom who was ten. Then there was another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couple, but I\ndidn't know them, an older couple. Only much, much later, decades later, I\ndiscovered who that couple ways. These were the people who lived that at the\ntime that I arrived there.\n\nLANGER: This was a more spacious apartment.\n\nRATONYI: Yes.\n\nLANGER: How man rooms--Do you remember how many rooms?\n\nRATONYI: Yes. I remember the layout exactly. It was a beautiful apartment. It\nwas an eight story building and they lived on a ground ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"floor that you walked\ninto the building. It was a square, the big middle was a courtyard, and they\nlived in the corner, main floor apartment. They had a nice foyer as you walked\nin and you had one little room right to the left which was whatever you wanted\nit to be with windows out to the courtyard. It had a small, little space ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which\nwas sufficient to put a small bed in which I guess technically would have been\nfor a maid, because in that area of Budapest people who could live down there\ncould sometimes afford to have somebody to live with them as a servant or a\nmaid. So, it was a servant's room, if you wish. A full bathroom with bathtub and\nso forth and a very nice kitchen. Then two big rooms next to each ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other. The\nsecond one was my grandparent's bedroom and the first one was served as . . .\nthe dining room, living room and this is where I remember even years later--we\nused to go when I was a teenager--go there and that's where we had our Hanukkah\ndinner, or Passover dinner. So it was a very nice--compared to our little tiny\napartment, this was, to me, a very spacious place. It was a luxury place.\n\nLANGER: What did you grandfather do? What was his work?\n\nRATONYI: I'm not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sure, to be honest with you, what he did. I grew up as a\ntypical teenager, not paying any attention to what the grownups were doing and\nthen I didn't inquire, and I didn't pay attention. I think that he was involved\nin textiles and the haberdashery and selling things. I do remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later, after\nthe war, that they had a little store where they were selling things like\nshirts, stockings, and things of that nature. In that one room of the apartment,\nafter the war, they had a big sewing machine where they were sewing things. So I\nthink it was in that kind of business. Frankly, right at that tie in 1944, what\nbusiness he was in, I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know.\n\nLANGER: Was there a knowledge especially among the older people that you were in\ndanger? That they couldn't stay in their apartment? That they were going to need\nto move? Because it's not too long after you get there that you actually have to go.\n\nRATONYI: I was very surprised. I only stayed there--I thought I was safe now,\nbut probably within weeks I was told we had to move. It kind of upset me because\nstill I'm sure I was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shock and I knew this place and I felt comfortable as a\nchild; I was the youngest one there. I was told we had to move. I didn't know\nwhere and nobody told me anything. All I knew was that my grandmother gave me a\nbig wicker basket and put a huge, to me it seemed like a huge, extremely heavy\ncast iron meat grinder. Put my clothes on top of it and said: \"You carry this.\"\nSo I knew we had to walk, but I didn't know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where, had no idea. Two or three\nweeks after I arrived there, we indeed started our travels to several different\nliving places. Again, I have no clue why or where we are going and where our\ndestination would lead us. All I was told was to carry the meat grinder.\n\nLANGER: What were other people carrying? What were the possessions you were\nbringing with you?\n\nRATONYI: Clothing, blankets, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pillows, anything that's valuable that they could\ncarry, because you had to carry things by hand. That's all I remember that\neverybody was carrying something and I was carrying the basket.\n\nLANGER: Did the adults carry currency with them as well?\n\nRATONYI: I don't know. Probably did. Probably carried currency, probably some\njewelry, and some special items. They had the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"silverware and anything that they\nthought that would be valuable. Probably my grandparents and my two aunts knew\nthat they had to have valuables with them because that would be useful for them\ndown the road. Then again, I was not conscious of it. The only reason that I\nknow that they had to have these things with them . . . a month or two later,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we ended up--our final destination was the Budapest ghetto and in order to\nget in there you had to go through a small gate and everybody had to discard\nwhatever valuables you had. I remember the argument my grandfather had with my\ngrandmother because she had a wedding ring and she was not willing to take it\noff and throw it in the pile with the other wedding rings there on the street.\nShe decided to hide it in the lining of the coat and the two of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them were just\nat each other arguing that, \"You're risk ours\" and da da da da da. Well, she\nwon. She never gave up this ring. Looking at this pile of goods there at the\nside of the street, I'm sure that that was what people had to discard before\ngoing into the ghetto. I don't remember what my grandparents discarded there\nbecause I was just paying attention to the argument about the wedding ring.\n\nLANGER: The first place you move . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's into what you describe as the\nInternational Ghetto? This is sort of a collection of protected houses?\n\nRATONYI: Right. Well, the story I discovered when I did the research for my book\nis, unbeknownst to me, my grandfather was trying to secure for us fake\nSchutzpasses issued by the Swedish government and this is where Raoul Wallenberg\ncomes into the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"picture, because obviously he is the one that was issuing these\nSchutzpasses. They were very difficult to get. I mean 200,000 Jewish people\nthere and he had to issue some hundreds, thousands, but to get them you either\nhad to have connections or money and my grandparents didn't have any of those.\nBut they were fortunate, and it's a kind of complicated part of the story, that\nmy grandfather's brother, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Samuel and his wife, were this couple that I didn't\nknow that were there. It turns out that they had three sons and one of the\nolder, the oldest son, was able to pass himself off as an Arrow Cross official.\nHe was a big guy. I met him many years later in Montreal, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Canada without knowing\nany of this story which I discovered later, he was no longer alive. I found out\nthat he had a uniform and he was able to get forged documents. The deal he made\nwas with my grandparents. His parents were much older, he was my grandfather's\nbrother, and they were frail, very old, maybe they were in their 80s and he\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to protect his parents. So, he came to my grandfather and said, \"Look,\ncould they move in with you and you look after them?\" And this was the couple\nthat I didn't know. The deal was, because of this, he was able to procure some\nSchutzpasses for all of them, including his parents, my grandparents, the two\naunts, and the children. So that was the scenario that was there and when I\narrived there, that was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surprise, which means that they needed another\nSchutzpass. That created some challenges for . . . but all of that I knew\nnothing of, of course. So, that the International ghetto--the reason we were not\nmoved into the ghetto is because we had these forged Schutzpasses. When the\nSchutzpasses arrived, we moved.\n\nLANGER: At that time, though, the Arrow Cross was going around and moving people\ninto the ghetto?\n\nRATONYI: Right, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exactly. The ghetto was . . . if my recollection is correct, the\nghetto gates were closed December 10th or something around that time. By that\ntime, they had the Jews either there or the International Ghetto or some\nother--a few other places where the Jewish children were protected by the Swiss government.\n\nLANGER: And this cousin of yours, his name was . . . how do you pronounce it?\nLacy or 'lasso'?\n\nRATONYI: . . . The nicknames was Latzi, Latzi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Spitzer. He's a Spitzer family, my\nmother's family. He had two brothers, but I never met those brothers until I was\nin Canada myself. He was the one who took care of us. He told us which apartment\nto go to in the International Ghetto, he found his girlfriend, he wasn't\nmarried, but his girlfriend was already there, he secured a place for her, who\nlater became his wife. They had one room there and all of us moved into this one\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room. How many of us? 8 of us? 10? And this was our first trip.\n\nLANGER: This was on Légrády Karoly Street?\n\nRATONYI: Lé-grá-dy.\n\nLANGER: Légrády Karoly--\n\nRATONYI: Karoly, yes. Accent is on the first syllable.\n\nLANGER: Right. I have to get that. It was one room. Did it have a kitchen? Did\nit have the ability to cook?\n\nRATONYI: No, the apartment had a kitchen; it was a big building. It was a very\nnice part of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city, where the International Ghetto was. Obviously, Wallenberg\nwas able to negotiate things. These were modern buildings, not like where I\nmoved from where they had rows of little apartments with nothing in it. These\nbuildings were more modern. They had elevators, some of them, and each apartment\nhad a kitchen and bathroom, but we had one room to live in, which was already\npretty much stripped of furniture. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't remember whether the windows in this\nparticular, this first one, were still there, because in subsequent places we\nwent to, most of these places had no windows left anymore because the bombing\nwas such that all the glass was gone.\n\nLANGER: Did your--did Lazslo bring food for you as well?\n\nRATONYI: Yes, yes. It turns out that he made sure that we had enough food,\nbecause getting food by that time for Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people was extremely difficult.\nFirst of all, there was a curfew. Then, you had to wear a yellow star to go out.\nThen you had to find the shop, a baker or someplace to buy food and now this is\nthe very end of the war, this is now October, 1944. The peasants long ago\nstopped bringing food into the city because they themselves were starving. So,\nfinding food was an existential ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effort to make sure you stayed alive. In fact,\nprobably lots of people died of malnutrition or starvation. That became the\nnumber one priority: food. And, with Latzsi's help, we survived. The job of\nfinding food actually fell on my cousin, my oldest cousin Mike, who was almost\n14 at that time. He had to go out and find things to barter with for food, which\nhe did. Whether it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the day or during the night, he went out, went to\nattics, went into cellars, went into places to find something maybe . . . find a\n. . . silverware, something that had value, or watch, or cigarette holder, or\nanything. All these buildings were bombed out, many of these buildings were\nbombed out, so you could risk and go into an attic or into a cellar. Mike's job\nwas to go find something to barter with and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bring home some bread or bring home\nsome food. That's how we tried to survive.\n\nLANGER: If he went into an attic and found a silver candlestick, let's say,\nwhere would he go to get the food?\n\nRATONYI: See, I don't know. When I sat down with Mike, in 2005, which was how\nmany years alter? 60 years later, when these things happened. There were a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot\nof things I in my mind, but I wasn't thinking of this particular project you\nwere heading up, think about the economy and currency and how you bartered. I'm\nsure if I did, he would have told me exactly what he did and how they bartered.\nBut it was a barter. Basically, money was not very meaningful by this time. The\nHungarian currency--which was I think the pengö, P-E-N-G-O with an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"umlaut, that\nwas later changed after the war was over--probably lost most of its value,\nprobably had very, very little value. People were probably trading and bartering\nwith other goods, like jewelry, things that had value, gold, or anything that\nwas silver. Cigarette holder, a silver cigarette holder which was very common,\nmost people smoked, was a very valuable thing, or a candelabra, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a menorah,\nthat was a very precious thing, would have had a value. That was what people\nwere bartering with. You could go to a baker, let's say, or a store, and\nactually get food or find people who were able to have families that somehow\nsmuggled food in for them from the countryside. But I don't have specific\ndetails because I simply didn't inquire about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that.\n\nLANGER: In your journey, you end up living in two of these International houses--\n\nRATONYI: It was more than two. I think it was more like 5 or 6.\n\nLANGER: Yea. So, those two before you were very briefly inside the general\nghetto, but that was before it was sealed. At that point, when you entered, I\nthink you wrote it was November of 1944, probably--\n\nRATONYI: Right.\n\nLANGER: --you didn't have to discard your valuables yet?\n\nRATONYI: Well, I don't know. This is where my memory kind of fails ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. Frankly,\nI don't know what happened. I do remember going in and that was probably the\nfirst time. The conditions were so bad there that Latzsi Spitzer decided to get\nus out of there because it was difficult for him to provide goods for us because\nnow we were behind walls and there were guards and there were four gates to the\nghetto. Now, in order to do anything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good for us, he had to bribe the people\nthat were guarding the gates and then he had to get to us. I think we were there\nfor a short period of time and then we got out and we went to some of the other\nplaces in the International ghetto.\n\nLANGER: Yea, you mention a Swedish protected house on 3 Karpatz street--\n\nRATONYI: Karpatz Utca.\n\nLANGER: Then one on Poszonyi road.\n\nRATONYI: Yea, that was a very Jewish neighborhood right along the Danube. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very\nnice. You go there, those houses are still there; some of them rebuilt, some of\nthem were bombed and new ones put up there. But that neighborhood is there and\nprobably attracts a lot of the Jews who live there. Although, the Jewish\npopulation today of all of Hungary is probably no more than 100,00, but it is\nquite big. It's one of the largest Jewish populations in Europe to this day.\n\nLANGER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was there someone who still owned these houses or were they basically\nowned by the government and then you have the Schutzpass--\n\nRATONYI: No, these were privately owned before the war.\n\nLANGER: And during the war, was there anyone you had to pay rent to or that your\ncousin would pay rent to?\n\nRATONYI: I don't think so, but I don't know. Because by this time, the\ngovernment basically dictated what had to be done. If they said, this house is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nYellow Star House, the people had to move out and people could move in. I don't\nthink anyone paid any attention, the government didn't pay any attention--if it\nwas owned by Jews, that was not an issue, because all of these things had to be\ngiven up. Jews had to turn in things like radios, anything . . . 1944 they were\nstripped of everything that was normally part of a standard of living in a big\ncity. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't recall anything like that and I don't think you had to pay\nanything to find a place where you could--\n\nLANGER: Your cousin, Latszi, was impersonating an Arrow Cross member, did you\nfind out anything about what he had to do on a daily basis to survive?\n\nRATONYI: No, I never found out. I think even my cousin Mike knew much about it.\nI mean, he was 14 years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old, not quite a grown man, and his job was survival and\ndo what he did to do. I don't think Latszi would have shared any of what he had\nto do during the day with anybody, including perhaps my grandparents and his own\nparents who were there with us! Now, the opportunity that I missed,\nunfortunately, where I got to know him rather well in Montreal, Canada in . . .\ndecades later, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a couple decades later, since I didn't know that background to\nthe story, I never asked him! I could've found out about all those things, but\nthat's gone, as far as history is concerned.\n\nLANGER: You were in a--one more kind of International Ghetto house on St. Istvan Park?\n\nRATONYI: St. Stephen's Park.\n\nLANGER: --before you were back in the general ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto. Did you stay in any of\nthose international houses long enough to kind of remember what they were like?\n\nRATONYI: Yea, I do remember. All I remember that it was extremely crowded. We\ndidn't sleep on beds, typically on the floor. Then I was hungry like everybody\nelse because we didn't have enough food. I didn't realize the danger we were in,\nonly later I discovered that. People in the International Ghetto did not have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\n. . . it was not gated, it was not fenced off. Nobody searched you before you\nwent in there. So people had money and jewelry and stuff like that that had\nvalue and the Arrow Cross knew that. They would come into these buildings under\nthe pretense of checking the Schutzpasses. They really came in to be bribed and\nthey wanted to get money or jewelry from the Jewish families that were there.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had to be bribed. That's one of the reasons why, I think, my grandparents\nkind of took us around. Maybe that's why they moved first back into the ghetto,\nthinking that it'd be safer since at least it was protected by a ten foot tall\nwall. The two dangers that we faced: one is how to find enough food to stay\nalive and how to find valuables to barter with and the second one was to stay a\nstep ahead of the Arrow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cross. Because if they came in and they didn't like you\nor you couldn't bribe them, they would take those Jews to the Danube, shoot\nthem, and dump them into the river.\n\nLANGER: This was something that, if you didn't know was going on, at least the\nadults probably knew.\n\nRATONYI: Oh, they all knew. I just knew that we didn't have enough to eat and I\nwas scared, obviously, because this is now when bombing was going on. This ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole\nthing is taking place in the middle of the warzone when there's air raids and\nyou have to find shelter. Of course, in the International Ghetto, typically, we\ndidn't even bother to go into the cellar. I don't remember ever going into the\ncellar. The siren went off, and it went off, and the bombs came down, they came\ndown, and you heard the whistling and then a big boom and you knew you were\nsafe. That was it. That was all I remember. That was very, very scary from that\nperspective and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being hungry all the time.\n\nLANGER: That last stop, before the Soviet army comes to liberate the area, is\nback in the general ghetto.\n\nRATONYI: Yes, we moved back into the ghetto.\n\nLANGER: The address you mention is 34 Kazinczy Street.\n\nRATONYI: That's a street inside the ghetto and I do remember going back because\nby that time I was too weak to carry the basket. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Good news was, I didn't have\nto, bad news was that I was really very malnutritioned that I couldn't walk\naround much. We moved in there, and I don't remember exactly when, but it was\nprobably in December sometime. We found--and I don't know if Latzi helped us\nfind the place in this particular building, because that building is still\nthere. In fact, I have a picture of this building here with me. I went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back in\n2009 and the first time I went back see the building, first time in Hungary, and\nthe building looked exactly what it looked like in 1944. It's a very interesting\npicture of a building on that street because all the other buildings have been\nremodeled or rebuilt except this one. It had all the bullet marks and everything\nand I could see the two windows of the room where we lived.\n\nLANGER: That's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"amazing. You discovered that it had been a clock making workshop.\n\nRATONYI: I don't know if it was that particular--the final place where we were.\nIt may have been. But I think it was one of the rooms in the International\nGhetto that we happened to be there. Somebody left . . . like I said most of\nthese rooms were stripped of furniture. Anything that was wood was probably\nburned up or sold; the Jews ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who moved in there might have sold it. I do\nremember, we were sleeping on the floor, and my grandparents slept on one side\nof the room right under the clock, the rest of us were on the other side of the\nroom. I was always worried that this clock would fall down on their head and\nthat's kind of my recollection of one of the places that we lived in. But I'm\nnot sure that was the last place that we were in.\n\nLANGER: Sure. I remember, though, a particularly interesting and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moving episode\nthat you talk about in your book where you found a little bit of potatoes starch\nand lubricant oil.\n\nRATONYI: My Aunt Peri, Mike's mother, they had found some flour, which was\nterrific. This was food. But they didn't have any oil, so what do you do? I\nthink that this was, maybe the apartment we were in was a watch maker, a watch\nrepair person, and they found ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some oil there. They said, \"Well, what are we\ngoing to do with this now? We have some oil that is not cooking oil. We got the\nflour.\" Somehow or other they managed to fry some . . . mixed it up and had some\nlatkes, I guess. I don't remember eating it but Mike told me that's what we had\nas food one day. That's how desperate things ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were. Horse meat, which was a\nluxury item, because there were horses that were dying; a bomb would fall and\nkill some horse and buggy on the street and people would run out there and cut\nthe horse into pieces and take that meat because that was a delicacy. It was\nreal starvation, the whole city was starving.\n\nLANGER: So it wasn't just the ghetto, although the ghetto was worse.\n\nRATONYI: The ghetto was worse because you couldn't get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. Although, according\nto the agreements that the Arrow Cross--remember, the International Red Cross\nhad offices in Budapest just like in all the big cities. They were there. They\nwere supposed to provide kitchens they were supposed to set up where they were\nsupposed to provide sufficient food for the people who were inside the ghetto,\nbut of course they didn't have enough food and some of it was stolen by who\nknows what. Those who had access or were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"closed to the hierarchy, because even\ninside the ghetto there was a sort of hierarchy; it was run by the Jewish\nelders, if you wish. So, the average person saw very little. That's why there\nwas starvation inside the ghetto and many people died simply because they\nstarved to death. Just, malnutrition was terrible.\n\nLANGER: Was there a particular, even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very small but expected ration that . . .\nsomething that was given to people inside from these kitchens?\n\nRATONYI: Apparently there was. I discovered this when I did my research: a\ndocument when the ghetto was liberated--they found it in the office of the\ncommander of the ghetto, who didn't live in the ghetto but was in charge of the\nghetto--they found some documentation of the weekly menu. One particular item\nthat I included in the book was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the portion that was given. It was typically\nsome kind of soup, different kinds of soup, and the amount of soup that was\navailable per person. It was an equivalent to a Campbell can of soup which is\nroughly 70 calories a day, which is totally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"insufficient for any human person to\nsurvive in. Even if you're totally motionless and lying down, you probably still\nneed 600 to a thousand calories to survive. That's why I was getting worse and\nworse and I don't know about my other cousins whether they were also getting\nworse and worse but I was not able to get up come January or so, I just was not\nable to get on my feet anymore because there was no food. Mike had to go to the\nkitchen with a bucket to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collect our soup, our daily portions for all of us.\nThat's what we had to survive on. There was bartering that, I'm sure, that went\non there to. Again, if you had anything jewelry or anything--\n\nLANGER: --If you're able to sneak it into the ghetto.\n\nRATONYI: --because you could always bribe the soldiers that were guarding the\nghetto. There was no--you can imagine everybody knew that the war was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lost. All\nthese Hungarians, the Arrow Cross, even the Germans probably knew that this was\na lost cause, so there was lawlessness throughout the whole place. Some of these\npeople who didn't try to escape were just trying to maximize their own . . . you\nknow, what they could get, get jewelry or valuables from the Jews. In order to\ndo that, maybe they provided some food that some of the people inside the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto.\n\nLANGER: Then it was January of 1945 when the Soviet army arrived.\n\nRATONYI: The Red Army came.\n\nLANGER: Do you remember what that was like when they came to the ghetto?\n\nRATONYI: The only thing I remember vividly is the day they showed up on\nKazsinscy Street, where we were. As I described it, there were no windows left\nin these buildings where we were. We're on the second ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"floor in the single room\nwith two windows and no window panes and not even frames because the frames were\nburnt--these are old homes, not like modern homes with aluminum frames; they\nwere wooden frames. Those were already ripped out and burnt up to provide warmth\nand heat. So you could hear everything. Day and night you could hear what was\ngoing on on the street. Typically, morning, daytime, you heard a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"noises;\npeople were still going about, doing whatever they did on the street. It was a\nfairly narrow street. Our window overlooked the gate of the orthodox synagogue\nin fact which wasn't functioning of course, but it was there. I remember one\nmorning, we woke up, and there was this eerie silence that was just unusual. My\ngrandparents and my aunts got up and looked out the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"window and I was just left\nthere on the floor. I said, \"I'd like to see what's going on too.\" I think it\nwas my aunt picked me up and took me to the window. My recollection is--it's\nkinda just so funny how you recall certain things that are kind of flashes in\nmemory and you don't what's going on before it or after it--and I remember\nlooking at one side of the street, to the left, seeing that some of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these\nsoldiers in the Arrow Cross or Nazi uniform were moving up and pulling this big\ngun on two wheels with them. There's still quiet, no noise at all. Maybe a short\nwhile later, I don't know how long, maybe ten minutes, fifteen minutes later, we\nsee some other soldiers coming from the right hand side of the street. These\nturned out to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Red Army soldiers that were liberating the ghetto. There\nwas street to street, block to block fighting, and the whole city of Budapest\nwas liberated sometimes week later. But it was very heavy fighting, literally\nblock by block. That's how we were liberated with the Red Army soldiers coming\nin. I do remember seeing that.\n\nLANGER: Did they bring bread with them?\n\nRATONYI: I don't know if they brought bread with them or not but one of the\ninteresting things ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I witnessed there when they showed up in the street and\nyou see then suddenly people rushing out of these houses, both sides of the\nstreets, running towards the soldiers, yelling something very strange. I didn't\nunderstand the word or what it meant but it was хлеб. хлеб is the\nRussian word for bread. So everybody was obviously starved so that's what\neveryone wanted: food. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whether the Russian soldiers had bread with them or not,\nthey were all yelling bread in Russian, trying to tell them that we needed food\nbecause people were literally starving to death day by day.\n\nLANGER: Once the occupation of the Russian army begins, did you notice changes\nto how easily you could get supplies, you could get food?\n\nRATONYI: All I remember is that the day after . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see I don't know whether it\nwas the very same day or the day after, but shortly after we were liberated. Of\ncourse, to me, it didn't really mean much because I couldn't even walk. I do\nremember that my grandfather and Mike went back to my grandparent's apartment\nwhich turns out, it wasn't so far from where we were. It just so happens that\nwere they lived, 106 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Király Street, king street in English, was just outside\nthe ghetto wall, maybe 15, 20, 25 minutes' walk. So, they walked back there and\nfound the Christian family living there. They told them they would like to move\nback, and the family said, as I'm told, \"Sure, give us a day to move out and\nthen you can move your family back.\" And this is the following day or a day or\ntwo right after liberation, my grandfather picked me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up and put me on his back\nand we all of us went back to their apartment, which is where we started in\nOctober. Back to your question specifically about food, then I remember we had\nsweet stuff, we had molasses because the Russians broke open some of the food\nstorages the Arrow Cross or the Nazis kept locked up where the public couldn't\nget to it. There was some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food that was made available. Of course, it wasn't\nfood-food, it wasn't very healthy, but it was calories and that, I remember\nthat, the molasses, because obviously it was sugar and had a lot of calories and\nwe had lots of those. I don't remember much of the other details of how we ended\nup getting back on a regular diet. Because of that, because of the lack of food,\nshortly after the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberation, my grandparents decided to send me to the\ncountryside to live with my Aunt Peri, where they were originally from; they\ndidn't live in Budapest, they lived outside of Budapest. That's where I ended up\nshortly after the liberation.\n\nLANGER: So, um . . . how did you get out to the countryside?\n\nRATONYI: That's kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting and that I do remember. Obviously I had to\nget enough strength to get on my feet, and shortly after the city was liberated,\nthe train service started up again, which was not possible during this time when\nthe fighting was going on. My Aunt Peri decided to go back to where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they used to\nlive, a small town called Eger, about 80 kilometers or so northeast of Budapest.\nNice little town, very historic. It fell to Mike the responsibility to take me\nto Eger, to fatten me up because food was available and that was better than\nbeing in a big city with my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandparents. Aunt Peri took the responsibility of\ntaking care of me. We ended up going to the train station and thousands of\nthousands of people were trying to get out of the city because everyone wanted\nto get out to the countryside. Some of them were from there, some of them were\npeople who lived in Budapest but in order to get food for their family they\nwanted to get to the countryside and find food somehow. It was an unbelievable\nsight and if you've seen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recent TV footage of refugee as you saw recently of the\nSyrians and others in various European cities where they're climbing on top of\ntrains to get out, that's kind of the scene I remember seeing. We got to the\ntrain station and people were on top of the train, hanging on the doorway--you\ncouldn't get in; it was all packed. Mike made a deal with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody in one of the\ntrain cars and pushed me through the window and said, \"If you take Robert, I'll\ncome and get him when we get to wherever the train is going.\" It wasn't going to\nEger, it was going from Budapest to the next major junction and that was it. And\nhe disappeared and I was picked up and literally put on the luggage rack. My\nfeet never touched the ground because people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were everywhere; just standing room\nonly. That's how we traveled to this small town. Indeed, Mike found a way,\nsomehow or other, he managed to get on the train and he collected me, took me\nout through the window again several hours later. Then we had to walk another\ngood 10 miles or so to get to the place where my aunt lived. Then they went back\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their house where they used to live before where also was occupied by\nChristian family and they asked to give their apartment back to them. Lot of\nthings changed really quickly right after the liberation of Budapest, of\nHungary. All the Jewish laws were rescinded almost immediately by a provisional\ngovernment that was in, not in Budapest, but in a city called Debrecen. This\ngovernment they immediately annulled all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these anti-Semitic laws, all these\nJewish laws so that a lot of things took place. That how, by the way, Raoul\nWallenberg got caught up in this situation and he was taken as a prisoner and\nnever been seen alive again since very shortly after the liberation. So we, as\nJews, were safe again. That's the primary thing. I spent several months with my\nAunt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Peri, just waiting to reconnect with my father and my mother.\n\nLANGER: So, when you were living in Eger, was there farmland around? Had that\nsurvived the war? There were things that people could--\n\nRATONYI: Yes, it was a small town and it's a very nice scenic place. Lots of\nfarms around, lots of peasants. Obviously, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the possibility of getting food was\nmuch better in a small town like that out in the countryside than in a major\nmetropolitan city where you couldn't produce vegetables or flour or anything\nthat was necessary. All I remember was that I was a happy kid able to run\naround, waiting for my mother and my father. Because they told me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this is\ngonna happen, it's just gonna take some time.\n\nLANGER: It's during the summer, then, of 1945, that you learn that your mother\nhad survived. How does that information travel?\n\nRATONYI: I'm not sure how the news got to us. Talk about . . . I don't know if\nit's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"significant from a point of view of bartering and so far and how you\nsurvive right after the--but just an incident that just came to my mind that\nmight be of interest to you: After I got back on my feet in Budapest living with\nmy grandparents following liberation, again, we still had to find--it was still\nmid-winter, January, very cold, those are the coldest of winter in Budapest. You\nhad to find wood to have a fire in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apartment and provide some warmth. On one\nof these occasions, my aunt--and I'm not sure which one it was, I don't remember\nif it was Aunt Peri or Aunt Klari--went out to hunt for wood. That within itself\nis a challenging thing. She took me with her. What I remember is she went into a\nbombed out store and where the shelves used to be was all . . . the whole\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"building was crumbling and it was a retail store with a . . . the shop was to\nthe street. There was some wood available there because of the remnant of the\nsupply wood and my aunt was very happy to find some to take it home. Just as she\nwas gathering the wood up--and I guess I was supposed to maybe help her--this\nother woman showed up and started screaming at her, saying, \"Don't you touch\nthat wood! This is my store!\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The next thing I know, my aunt and this other\nstranger, were fighting each other and the next thing you know, there was a\nbrawl! To me, what was really funny, while all this was happening, there was a\nRussian soldier that's sitting on some stones there, literally as far away as I\nam from this ladder there with his submachine gun and cigarette and laughing,\nwatching the two women fight over a scrap of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wood. Later on, as I thought about\nthis, to me, it was sort of illustrative of the desperation that people had,\nthat this woman, who had a shop, maybe she was Jewish, maybe not, who knows? But\nshe wanted to protect her place and didn't want a stranger to take a piece of\nwood out of there. Back to your question of how the news got to--I'm not sure.\nThere's no telephones, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so people . . . I guess post service came back and you\ncould write a letter and people were travelling back and forth. Somehow, the\nnews got back to me, my Aunt Peri, that my mother survived. Again, Mike, it was\nhis job to take me back to Budapest to meet up with my mother and he did. He got\non a train and, this time, I think we could take the train from Eger to--I\nforget the name of the town ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we had to change train--and then ended up in\nBudapest. Back to my grandparent's apartment which is where I was. What\nhappened, one day--by that time, one of my uncles, one of my mother's older\nbrother survived and came back. He was to go to the hospital where my mother\nwas--turns out my mother was in hospital for at least a month or two; she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\nstill so--she actually couldn't walk. Because of typhus, diphtheria, and god\nknows what else, but she was in such a bad shape that she couldn't be moved and\nthe reason why she came back so late because they had to wait in where this\nlabor camp was, for women in Austria, a place called Lichtenburg. Luckily she\nhad her friend with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her and she survived purely because of her friend who was a\nvery resourceful lady whom I got to know real well, because she survived and\ncame back. They were best friends before, they went together, came back together\nand reminded friends until Maria, her friend's name was also Maria, passed away.\nBut I knew her real well. All along when I grew up, she was there. And ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if it\nwasn't for her, my mother wouldn't have survived. And talking about how people\nsurvived and barter, as I discovered: the reason that he helped my mother\nsurvive, he became the servant of the camp commander. I was not able--by the\ntime I started to do my research, she was dead. But if I had thought about\nwriting the story down while she was alive, I may have discovered some\ninteresting things about how she was able to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"steal food, hide it, and take it to\nmy mother, because she had access to food because she was inside the house of\nthe Kommandant as one of the servants. They had some Jewish women who served\nthere as god knows what. But she was very smart and very resourceful and not\nonly that she helped my mother survive, but after the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war, she was kind of our\nfinancial banker. Without her, I don't know how my mother would have been able\nto really manage because, like I said, she had no skills. She had been working\nin a factory for minimum wages and she still had to take care of me. This\nlady--her nickname was Munzi, called her Munzi--she was there all along.\n\nLANGER: In this camp in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lichtenburg, what were the women supposed to be doing?\nWhat was their labor?\n\nRATONYI: Technically, they were supposed to be building fortifications against\nthe Red Army coming from East to West. If you looked at map of where Lichtenburg\nand . . . where my father was, they were very close to each other. This was\nclose to the Hungarian border, and they knew the Russians were coming east to\nwest. So they were using these women ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to dig trenches and build fortifications,\ntraps for the tanks, whatever they were able to do. Of course, like most of\nthese places, many of these women and men were worked to death, were starving\nthemselves, and they died of sickness or malnutrition; I don't know how much\nuseful work they were able to do. But that's where my mother was.\n\nLANGER: Do you have any idea how big that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp was, where your mother was?\n\nRATONYI: No. I never got a figure on that. But I would guess, just knowing the\nresearch I did on the number of women that were marched, there were probably\nseveral hundred if not more than a thousand Hungarian women. And maybe other\nwomen, but most of them were Hungarian because that was the natural path from\nBudapest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to . . . as you go . . . the nearest border crossing. These little\ntowns are right there within a half an hour walk from the border. But I don't\nknow the size of the camp.\n\nLANGER: Jews who were in the countryside, not in Budapest in Hungary, were they\ngenerally transported directly east or were they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes . . . did they come\ninto Budapest?\n\nRATONYI: The story of the Final Solution in Hungary, you can break it into two\npieces. I call it Phase One of the Hungarian Holocaust. Dealing with the\nnon-Budapest Jews of Hungary. In 90 days, in the last spring, early summer of\n1944, they rounded up close to 500,000 of these Jews from all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small\nvillages, smaller towns, everyplace where Jews lived and they were all over the\nplace. 90% of these, 460,000, were transported to Auschwitz. The reason, I\ndiscovered, as I did a little research, you look at the map and you discover\nthat Auschwitz was the closest death camp to Budapest, It's only 180 kilometers,\nas the crow flies. If you go through trains, it's a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little longer by train. But\nthat was the closest place and in 90 days, that's how many Jews were\ntransported. The only ones who could survive at that time were Jews who\nwere--who had gotten false documentation to prove they were not Jews, or they\nwere hidden by some Christian family. There were some. Not enough, obviously,\nbut there were some. Many of those from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countryside, when the news got\naround, they came into Budapest. That's why the population of Budapest grew from\n200,000 to 230,000. It was swollen up because of all these people, including my\nAunt Peri. That's a good example. They ended up in Budapest. Of course, her\nhusband was also . . . I think Aunt Peri's husband was also taken, but I'm not\nsure now exactly how he died. But my mother had four sisters and none of the\nhusbands ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived.\n\nLANGER: So, once you are reunited with your mother, you live with your\ngrandparents for a little bit longer?\n\nRATONYI: Yes. She was brought home and she still couldn't walk; she was brought\nhome by my uncle Bela, her brother, on one of these--what do you call these. Two\nwheels and a flat bed.\n\nLANGER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A cart?\n\nRATONYI: A cart. I didn't recognize her when I saw her. She looked typically\nlike what you see in these Holocaust movies of the concentration camp survivors\nwhen they have opened up these concentration camps and see these people skin and\nbones. That's exactly what she looked like. She was just skin and bone, no hair,\nterrible looking. I never would have recognized, that's not my mother. But\nthat's the shape she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. I guess she was out of danger of dying of whatever\nailment she'd brought with her from Austria. So, for a while we stayed there and\nthen we went back to our old apartment in the suburbs. Which, somebody else\nmoved in in the meantime and they had to move out. My mother and I moved in and\nthat's where I spent the next 11 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years after liberation.\n\nLANGER: Until 1956?\n\nRATONYI: Until 1956. It's not part of the scope of your study, but barter was a\nway for my mother to provide for me after these events took place. The reason\nshe was able to do this, because she worked in a chemical factory as a laborer\nand this was a big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factory. The raw material they used was alcohol. She managed\nto steal some alcohol, which many of the other people they did. Remember, this\nis now communism and people were trying to . . . the economy was terrible after\nthe war. Hungary was destroyed and the whole country was in bad shape. These\nwere not private businesses; these were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"owned by the government. The usual\npropaganda was that people owned everything and the thinking was that we owned\nit, we might as well take it. It was a nice rationalization. My mother managed\nto sometimes have access to some alcohol that she was then able to barter and\ntrade. And that's how I got my first suit that I wore for my high school\ngraduation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Otherwise my mother was not able to pay for a suit for my high\nschool graduation. But that came long after the Holocaust.\n\nLANEGR: When she worked there at this--it was the Chin-o-way?--how do you\npronounce that?\n\nRATONYI: . . . It's a big chemical company that you can still actually trace it\ndown as the predecessor of a current large chemical company but I don't remember\nthe name of it now.\n\nLANGER: She received ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a small salary, or small wages for it?\n\nRATONYI: Yea, she was a laborer, she was working with her hands. So she received\nsome salary, but it was never enough.\n\nLANGER: Was there a ration too? Were their ways to get food other than the\nsalary under the communist system?\n\nRATOYI: I don't remember the rations after the war. I think maybe during the war\nperiod there were rations, leading up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the war. All I remember was that we had\n. . . food was still very scarce and my mother had to rely on her friend, this\nlady, always. It was paycheck to paycheck, but never enough and she always owed\nmoney to her because she was always helping us out. For us the happy day was\nwhen my mother could buy a chicken, which we had every once in a while, or buy\neggs or buy butter. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These were still very expensive items, so I grew up on a lot\nof vegetables and starch and not much meat because she couldn't afford it. She\ntried to get it, of course. The problem was, like almost all the Jewish men, the\nyounger men, did not survive. None of my Jewish friends had father; they were\nall dead. So my mother tried to, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mean, she was still a young women. It was\n1945, she was born in 1915, so she was 30 years old. You couldn't find any\nJewish men and certainly, Jewish men that survived, didn't want to marry someone\nwith a child. They were a burden at that time. So she was never able to get\nmarried. She had some prospects, I do remember that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the men, they were\nseeing each other, but he ended up escaping from Hungary in 1946 of 47. Went to\nDusseldorf, Germany. He was trying to get my mother and me out, get\ndocumentation for us, but he was unsuccessfully and that was the end of that.\n\nLANGER: Did you notice the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anti-Semitism that had been there with the Arrow\nCross, did that kind of go underground at this time or was it gone?\n\nRATONYI: The Red Army liberated Hungary and the Red Army and the Russians and\nthe communist party managed to take control of the government in 1948. It took\nthem two years or three years but it was very successfully ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done. Many of the\nopposition to the communists were assassinated, killed, put in prison, and the\ncommunist party managed to take control and from that point on it was total\ncommunist dictatorship. And they uh . . . I forget what the question was.\n\nLANGER: Oh. Anti-Semitism, did you experience it?\n\nRATONYI: Of course, the communists, the only religion they recognized ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\ncommunism. That was the state religion. So they were against any religions, so\nthat was in a way good for the Jews, because anti-Semitism was driven\nunderground. You couldn't openly be anti-Semitic. One of the reasons was that\nalmost all the leadership that was brought into Hungary from Moscow, Russia were\nJewish. These were Jewish people that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were revolutionaries that grew up in\nMoscow. They were not religious, but they were Jewish. That in and of itself\ncreated some additional problems for the population, because everybody knew that\npeople that . . . you know this is during the Stalin era, the personal cult.\nThese people who were the top echelons, running the Hungarian government, being\nin charge of the secret service, many of them were Jewish. Antisemitism ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\nclearly not allowed, it was not openly there. Now that doesn't mean that you\ndidn't see it and you didn't experience it, when I was growing up as a child\nthere. You could hear it, because you would walk on the street, or you'd go into\na bar or something and you find some people having too many drinks, and the next\nthing you know they're talking about how, \"All our problems were created by\nthese dirty Jews that are now running the country.\" You heard all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these\nanti-Semitic comments, but it was never open in the public. No newspaper could\never write anything that was anti-Semitic. So, in that sense, it was safe. But\nit was not because antisemitism disappeared. Of course it hasn't; to this very\nday antisemitism is now as strong in Hungary as it was before the war. It was\njuts underground. This is one of the reasons why I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided to change my name.\nNot the main reason, but one of the reasons. When I graduated from high school.\nBecause almost all the Jewish population in Hungary had German names. Even\nthough I didn't--you know, it was the stereotype of a Jew with a crooked nose\nand all that, I was like, \"Blond kid with blue eyes?\" no one would have ever\nsuspected that I am Jewish. But my name gave me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away. Reichmann is my family\nname. Anybody with a name like Reichmann, the first thing you know is, \"Oh, they\nmust be Jewish.\" Indeed, the only Reichmann's in Hungary were Jewish. So I\nchanged my named, 'Hungarian-ized' my name thinking that if I have to live with\nthis . . . I'm going to spend the rest of my life in Hungary, I might as well\nhave a Hungarian name. That's why I changed it.\n\nGHIZONI: When did you change ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it?\n\nRATONYI: Right after I--before I graduated from high school. In fact, they\ndidn't have time to give me a new high school diploma with my new name, so what\nthey did was it had Robert Reichmann on it and they crossed the Reichmann out\nand just wrote Ratonyi on top of it. I still have it in my file. It was my high\nschool documentation. It became Ratonyi from that point on. That was a very\nwell-known ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name in Hungary, very Hungarian. And that is how I entered college in\nthe fall of 1956.\n\nGHIZONI: During the time of your education, while you were still in Hungary, did\nyour mother have to pay for this or?\n\nRATONYI: No, education was free. The communists did a couple of good things,\nbecause they needed to give something to the people. Economically, everyone was\nin terrible shape and you couldn't own anything and you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't just decide you\nwanted to be something and then proceed to create your own business or future.\nThe couple of the things they did give to people was free education and the\nother thing was cultural things; they were almost always free or cost very\nlittle. So, if you were a teenager, you could get a season ticket to the opera\nor the theater and have all the education as far as culture. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And sports events.\nThey encouraged all of that. Perhaps too much, because the government meddled in\nall of this. Just recently, you hear, the scandal what happened in the Russian\ntrack and field, where they were doping them. This is a typical thing.\nRemember--maybe you don't remember, you're too young--but East Germany was\nfamous. They won all the Olympic medals because they were, the government was in\ncharge of everything. In Hungary it was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same thing. If you wanted culture,\nyou could do whatever. Except you couldn't buy books that were not allowed to be\nread in Hungary, unless you had friends who had a library of old classics.\n\nLANGER: What kind of books were banned?\n\nRATONYI: Well, almost all the books that talked about the Western world, that\nwould give the population an idea of what real life was like in a free ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country.\nThose books were not allowed. Classics, any of them, whether the French classics\nor . . . certainly not American writers. No Americas. Although I did manage to .\n. . a couple of books they allow, and that was Uncle Tom's Cabin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and--what's the\nother one that's pretty famous? Which talks about the--how the blacks were\ntreated? Because, they wanted you to know that America is a terrible country\nwhere slavery is there and the blacks were mistreated. Anything that reflected\nnegatively on American society they would allow. Anything that would reflect on\nthe good part of the free world, that was not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"allowed. I managed to get some\nclassics because my mother had some friends who had a library and I was able to\nget some books, classics. Read Maupassant or some of the French writers.\n\nLANGER: You had mentioned earlier in your story that you'd read some comics,\nAmerican comics. Could you read those under the communist regime?\n\nRATONYI: That was interesting. This family, the anti-Semite living in our\nbuilding, the Lesgo family, one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things they had was a collection of\nAmerican cartoons, going back god knows how many years; this is the 1940s and\n50s when I was growing up. It was like a big book with thick hard cover and\nthese comics, colored comics, of all the comics that were published in America.\nThey were translated in Hungarian, so I could actually read them. It was just\nfascinating. I would go over and borrow the book. She wouldn't let me take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it,\nbut I could stay there and flip through the pages and read these comics. These\nwere the comics of the 1930s and the 1940s. It was just fun.\n\nLANGER: Did you work at all as a teenager?\n\nRATONYI: Yes, in the summers. And this friend of my mother, who I told you were\na very resourceful lady, she joined the Communist Party and because of that was\nallowed to become a manager of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chain of stores in Hungary that provided\nhousehold goods. The neighborhood household good where we lived, she became the\nmanager of that. So she would give me jobs sometimes after school where I could\ngo in and do some things in the store and get some material from the cellar and\njust work for a few hours. That was her way of paying me, in order to help my\nmother. After the war, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the biggest Christian holidays is All Saints Day\nwhich is very big, and all the Christians go to the cemetery to visit the graves\nof their loved ones. Because of the business she was running, my mother's\nfriend, she would set up stands at the cemetery to sell candles. She would let\nme grab a handful of candles and then, as people got off the streetcar, I would\nscream, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Candles, candles!\" and I would sell them and she would give me a couple\npennies per candle. So, I became an entrepreneur at a very young age. I was\nprobably seven, eight years old. That was the first job she gave me. Later on\nshe gave me other jobs. When I got older, I always worked during the summer. And\nwe had big winters where people needed to be hired to clear the tracks of the\nstreetcars for the streetcars to run. Which they probably still have to do in\nEurope in many cities. You get a big storm and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you . . . public\ntransportation was still . . . street cars. People were hired at night with a\nshovel and just cleared the snow. I used to do that in the winter times.\n\nLANGER: What were you given? What were you compensated? Was it Rubels or the Hungarian--\n\nRATONY: Forint. The currency was changed. There was tremendous inflation after\nthe war. The currency that was in use lost ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all its values. Just like you\nwitnessed it in Argentina and South American countries where the value of the\ncurrency disappeared literally daily, the values changed. You had to have a bag\nof currency to carry with you to buy something because the value disappeared\nliterally daily and weekly. Finally, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not sure exactly when it happened, but\nshortly after the war, they introduced a new currency called the Forint, which\nis the currency to this day. Today, Forint has more or less tied to the dollar.\n220 Forint to a dollar or 250, depending on--I haven't looked at it recently.\nBut that's been in place ever since the end of World War ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"II. That was the\ncurrency and I was paid in that currency, whatever they paid us on an hourly\nbasis. Even that little bit I could make was a tremendous help for my mother. As\nI became a teenager, obviously, I needed some clothing and I wanted to have some\nfun with my friends. I wanted to have a . . . I didn't tell you, but talking\nabout bartering, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first instrument was a violin. It was probably before they\ntook my mother away, that I had one. They got me a violin and I was starting to\nlearn it, but then things got so bad my mother had to sell it. I think she sold\nit for a big sack of flour or something. She later told me the story. I didn't\nremember why, but my violin was gone. I didn't have a chance to play another\ninstrument until I was already in this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country. But, these are the kinds of\nthings we had to do. Sold whatever you had to to get food.\n\nLANGER: In 1956, the uprising occurs.\n\nRATONYI: Yes.\n\nLANGER: What made you decide that you needed to escape?\n\nRATONYI: What happened was that . . . the thing that made me decide to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leave was\nfirst two events that took place. First, this Lesgo family. It's amazing how\nmany times they play a role in my life. The younger son, Tibor, was four years\nolder than I was. When I graduated from high school, I was 18, he was 22 and he\nwas drafted into the Hungarian Border Guard. He was a border guard at the border\nof Austria and Hungary. When the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uprising happened in October of 1956, almost\nall the border guards threw their guns down and uniform and either escaped, just\nwalked through the border to Austria--they knew where the mines were so it was\nokay--or they came home. Tibor came home. I saw him when he came back to\nBudapest. He and I remember this dinner I had with him at his place, his mother\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. His father wasn't there, his older brother was never there. He told\nme that he was going to leave, just came home to see his mother, and then he was\ngoing to say goodbye. He was leaving to go to Austria, he wanted to go to the\nWest. He left with a good friend of his who happened to be a Jewish friend,\nMichael Roth, whom I knew rather well. They were all the same age. They were 22\nand I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"18. So he left and that kind of left an impression on me. I said, \"Hm,\nthat's interesting.\" Then another good friend of mine who was the same age as I\nam, six months younger, and we grew up together. I found out from my mother that\nhe left Hungary. So I started thinking and I said, \"Well, gee, I wonder if I\nshould risk going myself.\" I talked to my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother and asked her what she thought\nand she, actually, did not resist. She didn't push me. Then she wanted to talk\nto her brother who was another one of the surviving brothers who kind of became\nmy substitute father during this time frame between 1945 and 1956. He kind of\nhelped my mother. When I stepped out of line, I had to go see this uncle of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mine\nand he gave me hell and told me what I should be doing and taking care of my\nmother, not cause her grief. This uncle very much wanted me to leave. He\nconvinced my mother that it was okay for me to try to leave the country. Those\ntwo things had influenced my thinking, so I approached another close friend of\nmine and asked him if he wanted to leave with me. He said yes. We concocted a\nplan to get to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"borer and eventually ended up leaving Hungary in December,\nquite a bit after the revolution was put down by the Russians. That was done in\nNovember, but the Russians came back and started sealing the border, but we\nmanaged to escape. But those things influenced my thinking. Plus the fact that I\ndid understand, I was old enough to understand what communism was, that I\nexperienced, and had some inkling of what the free world looked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like, because we\nweren't completely isolated. Voice of America was always there to listen to at\nnight and Radio Free Europe was always available to listen to on the radio at\nnight. So we had some idea what the West looked like, although we had no idea\nreally, because we had never experienced it. Also, I was 18 years old, and when\nyou're that young . . . there was a bit of this adventure. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of hey, let's go and\ntry and see if we can make it. Fortunately, my mother did not . . . if she said\nthat she didn't want me to leave, I probably wouldn't have left her.\n\nLANGER: Was your aim then to get to Austria or beyond?\n\nRATONYI: No, my idea was to get to America, so Austria was the nearest point of\nescape. But by the time I left in December ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"6th, and by the time I got to\nAustria, Vienna, which was maybe a week later--because you had to get through\nthe border and we were refugees just like what you see on TV these days, except\nthat we were all Hungarians and it wasn't like we were leaving Syria, a little\ndifference situation. The Austrian authorities would register people, get your\nname, who you were, and so forth. I had my documentation that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"graduated from\nhigh school and later on my mother sent me my documentation that I was already\nenrolled as a university student in September in 1956. By the time I got to\nVienna and went to the American embassy, the quota that the U.S. Congress passed\nat that time, a special quota for Hungarian refugees--I think it was 30,000\nHungarian refugees, it was pretty ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"substantial--it was filled. There were 200,000\nHungarians who had escaped during this period of week, so I could not come to\nthe States. I ended up going to Canada and ended up there.\n\nGHIZONI: How long did you spend in Austria before you went to Canada?\n\nRATONYI: About--December 6th . . . December, January . . . probably two and a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half, three months in Austria. Then they flew us, 20-25 kids of my age--18, 19\nto 20--they flew us out so we didn't have to wait for a ship or a boat like some\nof the other refugees had to, with kids and so forth. Because we were students.\nThe Canadians were very aggressive wanting to get students who wanted to study.\nI ended up in this group and they flew us to Montreal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in early 1957. I became a\nCanadian immigrant. A refugee, to be more technically correct, but I became a\nCanadian immigrant waiting to become an immigrant five years later.\n\nGHIZONI: I know in your book you describer, in Vienna, you lived in a monastery?\n\nRATONYI: A cloister. That was interesting because almost everybody in the group,\nI was maybe the only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jew. Everybody was . . . they were all Catholic, primarily;\nHungary is 85% Catholic. Was and still is, probably. My best friend who I left\nwith, he's catholic. So, when we arrived into Austria, they thought that\neveryone was the same. The Canadians wanted to find a place for this group of\nkids ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to stay in some place until they were ready to transport us from Vienna to\nMontreal. They found this monastery in the center of Vienna, District 1, very\nnice place. The monks there cleared their dining room, which was a room like\nthis, except it was more elongated. They put up rubber ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nets on the walls, put a\npotbelly stove in there near us, and they said, \"Okay, this is your place and\nyou can stay here.\" So that's where we slept. The Canadians then secured for us\na meal ticket for a cafeteria that was very popular in Vienna. There were many\nplaces around the city. These were tickets, and you went in there, gave them a\nticket, and you could get a meal. And they gave us that. Bill and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I--Bill is a\nfriend of mine that I was with--we decided to volunteer--this is in December,\nbefore Christmas--for the Red Cross and work there to put packages together,\nChristmas packages, for the refugees, the other Hungarians. We had access to\nfood, to oranges and chocolate and so forth, which we then bartered and ended up\nhaving some money. You could actually sell it.\n\nGHIZONI: Oh really? For--\n\nRATONYI: For ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shillings. So we had shillings. Then I started learning German\nreally quick. I already knew you have to ask for the price of the item: wie\nviele shillings? Picked up German pretty quickly. We were able to get ourselves\nclothing, because we didn't have anything. I left with a briefcase with a tooth\nbrush in it and a bottle of Vodka we had and some cigarettes in case we run into\nRussian. We wanted to make sure we could barter to allow us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to safely--which,\nyou didn't read that chapter but I have a chapter on escaping from Hungary. We\nwere afraid to run into Russians and so, we said, \"What are we going to do?\" We\ndon't have enough money, my mother had no money to give me. We had alcohol,\nVodka, and cigarettes. Indeed, we got caught, but not by Russian soldiers, but\nby Hungarian soldiers who saw a business opportunity. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For all these Hungarians\ntrying to escape, they knew where the escape routes were. They figured out a way\nto stop the flow of these Hungarian refugees, many of them parents with little\nchildren and single people, like ourselves, young kids. They would stop them and\nyou had to pay them in order to proceed, these were the soldiers. They had a\ndeal with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"peasants in the nearby village, the border village, where you pay the\nsoldiers to let you into the village and you had to pay the village guys to get\nyou across the border. It was a bargain thing all the way. The way I ended up\ncrossing the border is that I made a deal with a peasant that was leading 10-12\nHungarians across the border. I said, \"I have no money, but I can carry one of\nthe kids.\" One of the young families that had two kids, a boy and a girl, I\nended up walking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across the border with this probably six, seven year old girl\non my back. That was certainly a memorable experience. This little girl, who is\nprobably in Canada or America, probably tells the story to her grandchildren of\nhow she crossed the border on the back of this young guy. And I'm telling the\nstory of how I carried her across the border. I wish I knew her name. But that's\nhow I ended up in Austria. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was the way we had to deal with just everyday things.\n\nGHIZONI: The situation in Austria and Vienna, where you were, were there still\nmany food shortages or--what was the situation?\n\nRATONYI: No, in Austria, we had no food shortages. It was wonderful. I mean,\ncompared to what we had--Austria, Vienna, was free. It was absolutely\nbreathtaking to now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see freedom and being there and see what happens. First of\nall, Christmas was coming. Never seen anything like that. I mean, you talk about\nwhite Christmas, it was a beautiful, snowy winter and the jubilation and how the\npeople celebrated Christmas, and the freedom, the songs, and all of that. It was\nlike a picture story out of some book. It was wonderful. And then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had some\nmoney because we were working. We started to learn a little bit of English; my\ngoal was to learn ten English words a day, because I knew I had to learn English\nin Canada to go to school.\n\nLANGER: Were you learning French too or did you already know French?\n\nRATONYI: No, didn't know French. That was a choice when I got to Montreal. I\ndecided I needed to concentrate on English because I wanted to go to McGill\nUniversity which was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we had scholarship to. That required English, so I\nhad to really concentrated on learning enough so that by September of that year\nI could go to college there. Which I never did. I ended up at MIT, in America.\nBut that's another story.\n\nGHIZONI: Good thing you chose English.\n\nRATONYI: Good thing I told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English, right. I don't know how much value that you\nfound in my story, in terms of the economy and the bartering and the currency. I\nwas so young, by the time I realized that I needed to write these things down,\nthe people I could have talked to including my mother, my uncles, my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandfather, who survived quite a few years. My grandmother didn't; she barely\nmade it for a very short time after the war because she lost so many of her\nchildren, became very ill and very sick and very depressed, and she didn't live\nfor long. But my grandfather did. In fact, he got remarried, I remember, his\nsecond wife, even though he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/transcript/22003/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was probably an old man. So a lot of these stories\ngot lost unfortunately.\n\nGHIZONI: We appreciate what you could share.\n\nLANGER: Absolutely, thank you so much.\n\nRATONYI: Sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=7050.0,7080.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKennesaw State University’s Museum of History and Holocaust Education is located in Kennesaw, Georgia. Its mission is to present public events, exhibits and educational resources focused on World War II and the Holocaust in an effort to promote education and dialogue about the past and its significance today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Federal Reserve System‍—‌also known as the Federal Reserve or simply as the “Fed‍”—‌is the central banking system of the United States. The Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta is one of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks that, together with the Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., make up the Federal Reserve System. The Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank serves the Sixth Federal Reserve District, which consists of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEthnic Hungarians are a group of people, also known as Magyars, who speak Hungarian an are generally found in Hungary, but also exist as minority populations in a few other countries in Eastern Europe. They come from a combination of Urgic and Turkish people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Quarter in Budapest exists on the Pest side of the Danube. It is bounded by Rákóczi út, Erszébet krt., Király U., and Károly krt. The Jewish Quarter that exists today (and is being discussed here) was established in the 18th century during the rule of the Hapsburgs. The Quarter contains three synagogues, including the largest synagogue in Europe: Dohány Street synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the 1941 census in Hungary, the Jewish population number 825,000 (including the annexed countries).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNeolog Judaism is a reform version of Judaism specific to Hungary and Hungarian speaking Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘\u003cem\u003ekosher\u003c/em\u003e’ in English. In a kosher kitchen and home, meat and dairy are kept separate, so a separate sets of dishes, cookware, and serving ware are needed. Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law is called ‘\u003cem\u003etreif\u003c/em\u003e.’\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe word ‘\u003cem\u003ekosher\u003c/em\u003e’ has become English vernacular, a colloquialism meaning proper, legitimate, genuine, fair, or acceptable. \u003cem\u003eKosher\u003c/em\u003e can also be used to describe ritual objects that are made in accordance with Jewish law and are fit for ritual use.                 \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are\u003cem\u003e Rosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e (Jewish New Year) and \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e (Day of Atonement). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, the Hungarian government, having forbidden Jews to serve in the armed forces, established a forced-labor service for young men of arms-bearing age. By 1940, the obligation to perform forced labor was extended to all able-bodied male Jews. After Hungary entered the war, the forced laborers, organized in labor battalions under the command of Hungarian military officers, were deployed on war-related construction work, often under brutal conditions. Subjected to extreme cold, without adequate shelter, food, or medical care, at least 27,000 Hungarian Jewish forced laborers died before the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Eichmann was one of the major architects of the Holocaust. He was specifically in charge of the deportation of Jewish people in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “Final Solution of the Jewish Question,” or simply the “Final Solution,” was a euphemism used by Nazi Germany’s leaders to refer to the mass murder of Europe’s Jews. Policies that had once encouraged or forced Jews to leave Germany and other parts of Europe were replaced with policies of systematic annihilation. It remains uncertain when Nazi leadership decided to implement the Final Solution. A secret meeting held in January of 1942 in Wannsee, Germany is often cited as one of the pivotal points in the Final Solution as leading police and civilian officials discussed its implementation. However, the genocide or mass destruction of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of increasingly severe discrimination and violence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: \u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e.  The anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage.  The holiday lasts for eight days.  Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise.  On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday is celebrated.  The \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.  In addition to eating \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e during the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats unless those foods are labeled ‘\u003cem\u003ekosher\u003c/em\u003e for Passover.’ Jews traditionally have separate dishes for Passover. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar.  \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rules of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil.  This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003ehanukiah\u003c/em\u003e, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, by the ninth candle.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Tenth District of Budapest is called Kőbánya and is an industrial district. It used to be a site of quarries, but today it is known for its beer; many of the old quarries are now occupied by breweries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn June 16, 1944, Horthy’s government selected 2,000 apartment houses to become Yellow Star houses. The Jewish people of Hungary were given a deadline to move out of their homes and into the designated houses by June 21. Between the official designation and the deadline, the number of houses shifted and ended up being fewer than originally stated. The Jewish Hungarians were not allowed to take much with them when they moved into the Yellow Star Houses and they also had to move to these houses only during curfew, which were seriously limited hours of the day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe houses served as a sort of stepping off point for deportation, such as the ghettos were. The Yellow Star Houses are a specific, Hungarian phenomena and they existed up until the end of the war. The Jewish Hungarians who ended up in these houses had a better chance of surviving the Holocaust than those who were death marched or deported out of the city/country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe actual number of Jewish Hungarian forced to move into the Yellow Star Houses was around 220,000 people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arrow Cross was a far-right, Nazi-like party in Hungary founded during the interwar period as the Party of National Will. The party was founded by Ferenc Szálasi. The party came to power in 1944 after Operation Barbosa happened and the Germans fully occupied the country and deposed Miklos Horthy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Russian army drew near the extermination and slave labor camps in the East, the Germans marched the prisoners on foot out of the camps to the West, usually back into Germany where they were often abandoned in camps such as Bergen-Belsen and Buchenwald.  These marches could last for weeks, without food or water, during which time many of the prisoners died and were left along the side of the road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere were two ghettos in Budapest at the end of the Holocaust: the International Ghetto, or the small ghetto, and the General or large ghetto. Here, the General ghetto is being discussed. The General Ghetto was founded in November of 1944 by the Arrow Cross and was meant to contain the Jews formerly living in the Yellow Star Houses. The ghetto was established in the former Jewish quarter of Pest, around the synagogues of Rumbach, Dohány, Kazinczy, and, though the intention was for the ghetto to be a place of concentration before liquidation to the death camps in Poland, the ghetto was never fully liquidated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Ghetto was established along the Danube in Ujlipótváros, on the Pest side. This ghetto was for those Jewish Hungarians who held protective passes or Schutzpasses from neutral governments operating in Budapest, such as the Swedish Government, Swiss Government, or the Vatican. Many people falsified these sorts of documents to be allowed into the ghetto, which was thought to be safer than the general ghetto (and often was). This ghetto was susceptible to many raids by the Arrow Cross, just like the general ghetto, where many of the Jews were carted off to the nearby banks of the Danube and shot into the water. This practice got especially rampant as the war drew to its end.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Schutzpasses (German for protection passes) were documents created by the famed Raoul Wallenberg. These documents stated the Jewish person in possession of this pass was under protection of the neutral government by which it was issued, typically the Swedish, and could not be harmed by the Arrow Cross. These documents were honored by the Arrow Cross in order for them to receive supposed legitimization from these governments issuing Schutzpasses.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe US War Refugee Board (WRB) recruited Swedish businessman Raoul Wallenberg in June 1944 to travel to Hungary. Given status as a diplomat by the Swedish legation, Wallenberg's task was to do what he could to assist and save Hungarian Jews. Wallenberg led one of the most extensive and successful rescue efforts during the Nazi era, saving thousands of Hungarian Jews. With authorization from the Swedish government, Wallenberg began distributing certificates of protection [German: \u003cem\u003eSchutzpass\u003c/em\u003e] issued by the Swedish legation to Jews in Budapest. Wallenberg began to distribute certificates of protection indiscriminately. He used WRB and Swedish funds to establish hospitals, nurseries and a soup kitchen, and establish more than 30 “safe houses” on the Pest side of Budapest. Swedish flags hung from the front of each and Wallenberg declared the houses Swedish territory.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe safe houses were at the core of the \"international ghetto\" in Budapest, an area reserved for Jews and their families holding certificates of protection from a neutral country. Wallenberg's colleagues in the Swedish legation and diplomats from other neutral countries, such as Spain, also participated in rescue operations. Nearly 50,000 Jews in Budapest were placed under diplomatic protection. In October 1944, the situation in Budapest took a turn for the worse. Although the Soviet army was already approaching, the fascist \"Arrow Cross\" seized power and established a reign of terror, disregarding the certificates of protection. As Soviet troops had already cut off rail transport routes to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Hungarian authorities forced tens of thousands of Budapest Jews to march west toward the border of Austria. Wallenberg repeatedly—and often personally—intervened to secure the release of those with certificates of protection or forged papers, saving as many people as he could. Wallenberg and representatives of other neutral countries followed the marchers in their vehicles, and distributed food, clothing and medications.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e, which has seven branches, is an ancient symbol of the Jews. It has come to be connected with \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e.  The \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e states that it is prohibited to use a seven-branched \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e outside of the Temple so the \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003ehanukiah\u003c/em\u003e) has nine branches. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust in Hungary, groups of young men (and occasionally young women) possessed as Arrow Cross members in order to assist and protect the Jewish communities. Many of these people were members of Zionist Youth Organizations in the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLatkes\u003c/em\u003e are a potato pancakes that are traditionally served on \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross is a humanitarian organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. During the Holocaust in Hungary, the ICRC was attempting to provide relief to the Jewish communities of Hungary. Friedrich Born was the representative of the ICRC in Budapest and worked with Zionist Youth Organization to establish Children’s homes, soup kitchens, and other buildings protected by the organization.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kazinczy Street Synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Stalin's cult of personality became a prominent feature of Soviet culture in December 1929, after a lavish celebration of his 50th birthday. For the rest of Stalin's rule, the Soviet press presented Stalin as an all-powerful, all-knowing leader, with Stalin's name and image appearing everywhere.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUncle Tom’s Cabin\u003c/em\u003e was an abolitionist novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852. The story follows a slave by the name of Tom, who is depicted as saintly and adheres to Christian morals, who is purchased by the father of a young girl whose life he saves who intends to free his slaves but is replaced by another, crueler slave owner who beats Tom. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenri René Albert Guy de Maupassant was a 19th-century French author of the Naturalist school. He was versed in the short story form.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCelebrated in November, the Christian holiday celebrates both known and unknown saints. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1956 Hungarian Revolution [uprising] occurred in October of 1956. The uprising lasted from 23 October 1956 to 10 November 1956. The Hungarian people rose up against the Communist leadership, demanding greater freedoms and the reinstating of Imre Nagy as prime minister. There were several days of fighting before the Soviets withdrew from the country, initially giving the Hungarians a victory. The Suez Canal Crisis occurred at the same time though, and, realizing they would lose that conflict, the Soviet’s returned to reclaims Hungary, crushing the uprising in early November. A mass exodus of Hungarians occurred during and following the revolution. 200,000 Hungarians—doctors, actors, intellectuals, students, and more—left the country for the West. 2500 Hungarians died in the conflict, along with hundreds of Soviets. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/annotation_set/323/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVoice of America is a U.S. multimedia agency that serves as an international broadcaster. During the Cold War, VOA used as a propaganda campaign against the USSR. 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What would have been a typical type of a meal?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=589.0,761.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BUtter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"High Holidays","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian Cooking","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Luxury Food 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Your house, your apartment house was actually designated as one of those?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1113.0,1446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Apartment Homes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lesgo Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi Sympathizer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Arrow Cross","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tibor Lesgo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yellow Star","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yellow Star Houses","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1113.0,1446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Able Bodied Women and Teenagers are Deported","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1446.0,1543.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was the day they came into our building and that was October--there was a big change in the government again and the Arrow Cross, the infamous Arrow Cross, took over. 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What was the situation like there?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1631.0,1849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Air Raids","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allied Powers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bombings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Curfews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandparent's House","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Restrictions on Jewish People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yellow Star","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1631.0,1849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Living in His Grandparent's House","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=1849.0,2073.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You were in your grandparent's house, the apartment house. 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","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2909.0,2955.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Danube River","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Neighborhood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2909.0,2955.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paying Rent and the Government Deciding Housing ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2955.0,3087.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And during the war, was there anyone you had to pay rent to or that your cousin would pay rent to?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2955.0,3087.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian Government","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rent","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yellow Star House","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=2955.0,3087.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"International Ghetto Houses","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3087.0,3243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"--before you were back in the general ghetto. 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food?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=3914.0,4046.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kiraly Street","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mike Spitzer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Occupation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Arrow 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originally from; they didn't live in Budapest, they lived outside of Budapest. 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You had to find wood to have a fire in the apartment and provide some warmth.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4408.0,4557.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bartering","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Klari Spitzer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Peri Spitzer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Winter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4408.0,4557.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Learning His Mother Survived and Returning to Budapest","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573#t=4557.0,4766.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35517/file/104573/index/47561/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Back to your question of how the news got to--I'm not sure. 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December, January . . . probably two and a half, three months in Austria. Then they flew us, 20-25 kids of my age--18, 19 to 20--they flew us out so we didn't have to wait for a ship or a boat like some of the other refugees had to, with kids and so forth. Because we were students. 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