{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/8c9r20s89w/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Alexander, Cecil (1980)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1980-11-10 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eCecil Alexander interviewed by Leonard Leeds on November 10, 1980 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eCecil Abraham Alexander, Jr. (1918-2013) was born in Atlanta, Georgia, to Julia A. Moses and Cecil A. Alexander. The Alexander family Atlanta roots go back to 1848 when Cecil’s grandfather, Aaron Alexander, came to Atlanta from Charleston, South Carolina, one of the first Jewish families to arrive in Atlanta. His grandfather bought a lot for their family home on Peachtree Street, now Phipps Plaza in Buckhead. Cecil’s family belonged to the Temple, a Reform congregation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCecil attended Highland School, Bass High School, and Marist School. He earned a bachelor’s degree in architecture from Yale University and earned a master’s degree in architecture at Harvard University. In World War II, he served in the Pacific Theater with Marine Corps as a dive bomber. After the war, he returned to Atlanta and started the architectural firm Finch, Alexander, Barnes, Rothschild and Paschal (FABRAP). Under his leadership, the firm designed Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, Coca-Cola headquarters, AT\u0026amp;T Midtown Center, and Georgia Power Company Corporate Headquarters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCecil was an active participant in the political and social fabric of Atlanta. Throughout his civil engagement he served as chair of the Citizen’s Advisory Committee for Urban Renewal, the Black-Jewish Coalition, and the Community Council of the City of Atlanta. He was also a King Center board member.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe was married to Hermoine Weil Alexander (1922-1983) until 1983 when she was killed in a car accident. After her death, he remarried Helen Eisemann (1922-2014). He and Hermoine had four children: Judith Alexander Augustine, Douglas Alexander, and Therese Alexander Milkey. Cecil Alexander died in 2013 at age 95.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eCecil discusses his ancestors dating back to 1760 and his early life in Atlanta. He talks about his work as an architect and his eventual retirement. Cecil discusses his involvement in city planning and the Civil Rights Movement and the changes in Atlanta over his lifetime.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/27974"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eCecil Alexander interviewed by Leonard Leeds on November 10, 1980 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCecil Abraham Alexander, Jr. (1918-2013) was born in Atlanta, Georgia, to Julia A. Moses and Cecil A. Alexander. The Alexander family Atlanta roots go back to 1848 when Cecil’s grandfather, Aaron Alexander, came to Atlanta from Charleston, South Carolina, one of the first Jewish families to arrive in Atlanta. His grandfather bought a lot for their family home on Peachtree Street, now Phipps Plaza in Buckhead. Cecil’s family belonged to the Temple, a Reform congregation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCecil attended Highland School, Bass High School, and Marist School. He earned a bachelor’s degree in architecture from Yale University and earned a master’s degree in architecture at Harvard University. In World War II, he served in the Pacific Theater with Marine Corps as a dive bomber. After the war, he returned to Atlanta and started the architectural firm Finch, Alexander, Barnes, Rothschild and Paschal (FABRAP). Under his leadership, the firm designed Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, Coca-Cola headquarters, AT\u0026amp;T Midtown Center, and Georgia Power Company Corporate Headquarters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCecil was an active participant in the political and social fabric of Atlanta. Throughout his civil engagement he served as chair of the Citizen’s Advisory Committee for Urban Renewal, the Black-Jewish Coalition, and the Community Council of the City of Atlanta. He was also a King Center board member.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe was married to Hermoine Weil Alexander (1922-1983) until 1983 when she was killed in a car accident. After her death, he remarried Helen Eisemann (1922-2014). He and Hermoine had four children: Judith Alexander Augustine, Douglas Alexander, and Therese Alexander Milkey. Cecil Alexander died in 2013 at age 95.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCecil discusses his ancestors dating back to 1760 and his early life in Atlanta. He talks about his work as an architect and his eventual retirement. Cecil discusses his involvement in city planning and the Civil Rights Movement and the changes in Atlanta over his lifetime.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/101/066/small/Cecil_Alexander.jpg?1619270424","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Alexander_Cecil.mp3"]},"duration":3585.38449,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/101/066/small/Cecil_Alexander.jpg?1619270424","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/101/066/original/Alexander_Cecil.mp3?1610556634","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mp3","duration":3585.38449,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Alexander, Cecil [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEEDS: It's November 10, 1980. I'm Leonard LEEDS and I'm in the offices of\nCecil Alexander. He and I will be talking about his biography and his origins.\nWe'll have a series of questions which will explore Cecil and his origins in the\nCity of Atlanta, Georgia, and his antecedents, going back into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the eighteenth\ncentury. We'll give this as an introduction. We'll also be able to check out\nsound here as we speak. This letter of October 17 from the American Jewish\nCommittee Atlanta Chapter -- Bill Gralnick wrote the letter to Ruth Gershon. He\nsaid, \"Attached is your copy of our formal letter to Herb Kaplow concerning the\noral history ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"event.\" This is what you wanted to know. \"We need to have Leonard\nLEEDS and Mark Bauman sit down as soon as possible to create an outline for the\nprogram. What Mr. Kaplow wants, as opposed to a script, is a listing of the key\nareas we would like explored and highlights within each broad area. He will\nconstruct questions, think through his actions, and reactions with that. I\nbelieve that Mark and Leonard also need to meet with the interviewees prior to\nthe meeting, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well enough in advance so that if a second meeting is necessary\nthere is time for it. The first meeting would be to go over the outline and\nflush out memories.\" That's where we are, Cecil. What is your family's\nbackground? Where did they come from, when, and why? Can you tell us something\nabout your grandparents and parents?\n\nALEXANDER: Do you want to start there or do you want to go back further?\n\nLEEDS: We're going to go back further, but we're going to take this first. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then\nwe're going to move back further than that.\n\nALEXANDER: My grandfather on my father's side wasn't an Atlantan. He came here,\nI guess, from Athens [Georgia]. He was in the hardware business, J.M. Alexander\nHardware Company. He started with his brother. Then he and his brother broke up\nand his brother went to New York. His wife ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was named Rebecca Solomons\n[Alexander]. They were cousins, which wasn't unusual in the south. I believe\nthey were even first cousins. She came from Savannah, Georgia, and they moved to\nAtlanta. She was a very prominent citizen of Atlanta. She started the . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll\nhave to come back to that, what she started. It's slipping me for the minute. On\nmy mother's side, their name was Moses. My grandfather lived in Montgomery\n[Alabama]. It was a very prominent family. One of his brothers was the mayor of\nMontgomery at one point. He married a woman named Charlotte Baer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who came from\nGermany, I believe from Frankfurt. They lived in Montgomery all of their lives.\nMy mother and father met in Montgomery. My father brought her home as a bride to\nAtlanta. They spent all of their lives here.\n\nLEEDS: I'm looking at a book here called \"Notes on the Alexander Family of South\nCarolina and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia and Connections.\" It was written by Henry Aaron Alexander.\nThere's a note on here, 1651 to 1954. Can you tell us what 1651 means and\nbringing it up to date to 1954?\n\nALEXANDER: I'm not absolutely sure what the 1651 means. The first ancestor, at\nleast on my father's side of the family, that we have any record of was named\nRaphael. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the father of Abraham Alexander, Sr. who came to Charleston\n[South Carolina] in 1760. He was a reader of the Sephardic congregation in\nCharleston. I don't know what he did \"in real life.\" I know that the story is he\nwas the head of the customs office there in Charleston. He fought in the\n[American] Revolutionary War, and had a son who followed him over whose name was\nAbraham Alexander, Jr. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have a copy of his naturalization papers. There's no\nrecord of [Abraham] Sr.'s first wife. His second wife was named Irby. She\nconverted to Judaism. As far as we know, they had no offspring. Skipping around\na little bit, the first Alexander to come to Atlanta was named Aaron. He came\nhere about 1848, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and lived on Marietta Street, I believe. Then he bought a lot\nnext door to the south side of where J.P. Allen is now. Records show he paid\n$150 for it, a hundred feet on Peachtree, back four hundred feet to Ivy Street.\nAnother story shows the size of Atlanta, which I think was about twelve or\nthirteen hundred people at that time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When my great-grandmother went out to look\nat the lot, she got where the Candler Building is now in Atlanta. She said,\n\"This is too far out. I'm not going to live here.\" They did build a house, and\nthey did live there. The two brothers, Julius M. Alexander and a man whose name\nslips me [Clarence Alexander] . . . called him \"Cooch\" for reasons I don't know\n. . . after the [American] Civil War they started a hardware ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business called\nJ.M. Alexander Hardware. My grandfather had fought in the Confederate [States]\nArmy in and around Savannah as a young boy of 17 or 18. He was a top sergeant,\nshowing how desperate they were for personnel in the service at that point. They\nstarted the hardware store. I think it flourished during the years that Atlanta\nwas coming back from the Civil War. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every time I've seen Gone with the Wind and\nsee the hardware store that Scarlett's interim husband started, I think about\nJ.M. Alexander Hardware Company. My father kept it going until right after World\nWar II, when he lost his lease. The store was where the then new Journal\nBuilding was to be built. They took the store down. He had to find a place to\ngo, so he closed it down. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uncle, Henry Aaron Alexander, wrote the book you\nreferred to. He was an attorney. He went to the University of Georgia [Athens,\nGeorgia] and graduated at the University of Virginia [Charlottesville,\nVirginia]. He served in the Georgia legislature, a very outspoken man. He was\none of Leo Frank's attorneys. One of the memories I have, and was brought up on,\nwas that he went out to defend Governor [John M.] Slaton when the mob went out.\nMy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother reported as the mob went out Peachtree . . . we lived on Forrest\nAvenue in those days, now Ralph McGill [Blvd.] . . . she could hear the mob\nyelling for Slaton and Alexander. I was brought up in sort of an atmosphere of\nuncertainty about the Jews in this community and what their future might be.\n\nLEEDS: Could you relate your experiences with either Jews or Gentiles from your\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"childhood or young adulthood which would help explain the Jewish experience in\nAtlanta? That would be exclusive of what you've just recounted on the Leo Frank time?\n\nALEXANDER: I wouldn't say I was brought up in a strongly religious atmosphere.\nWe certainly were brought up as Jews. We were Reform Jews. I thought that the\nrabbi, Dr. [David] Marx, was Jehovah until I was about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"14. I was just certain of\nit. We observed the Sabbath. We observed the High Holy Days. In the neighborhood\nin which I grew up, which was St. Charles Place, there were a lot of young\nfamilies there. I just went with the people on the street. We just bummed around\ntogether. It was really a great community. There was very little feeling, one\nway or the other, about religious ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"differences. The first time I ran into it, I\nguess, was when I got to high school, and was asked whether I wanted to join a\nfraternity. I said I didn't think the guy knew what he was talking about, that I\nwould be blackballed because of religion. He insisted I go anyway, and brought\nhis father along in order to pave the way. Still the antisemitism, or whatever\nyou ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might title it in those days, was such that I wasn't accepted. Of course,\nthere might have been other reasons, as well, but that was what I was led to\nbelieve. The Jews, at least the Reform Jews, and I certainly think to some\nextent the Conservative Jews, were very much a part of the city's life. There\nwere certainly strong divisions in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"social context with the clubs. But as far as\nit being a prevalent experience of being aware, intensely aware, I was not. I\nwent to a Jewish camp in North Carolina, Osceola Camp that was run by Dr.\nSolomon from Savannah. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The counselors and the administrators came from a broad\nsection. One of the counselors was Vernon \"Catfish\" Smith, an old American\nfootball player at the University of Georgia who was certainly white,\nAnglo-Saxon, and Protestant. So even there, though it was a Jewish camp per se,\nI didn't feel I was segregated. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just an experience I went through. I\nguess what I'm trying to say is growing up Jewish in Atlanta in those days was\nsomething you were aware of, and it was something that was accepted as more of a\n. . . it wasn't a deep religious experience. It was certainly an experience. It\ncertainly made an impression on me that I was Jewish, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"therefore certain\ndoors were closed. On the other hand, there was instilled in us a great deal of\npride in being Jewish.\n\nLEEDS: What was it like entering into business and professions as a Jew in\nAtlanta, as related to your adult life, as opposed to your relationship with the\ncommunity as a child?\n\nALEXANDER: I was away from Atlanta for a good portion of my education. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to\nYale [University−New Haven, Connecticut] four years. Then I went to MIT\n[Massachusetts Institute of Technology−Cambridge, Massachusetts] one year. I\nwas then in the Marine Corps for four years, came back from that, and two more\nyears at Harvard [University−Cambridge, Massachusetts] where I got my master's\n[degree] in architecture. By the time I got back, any continuity was really\nbadly broken. I don't think of it as being a continuation. I must say that I\nnever felt any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"handicap in my profession about being Jewish. Now I did get\nmyself heavily involved with the Civil Rights Movement at one point. There were\nsome problems that evolved from that. We almost lost a large commission because\nsomeone thought that I was \"selling out,\" so to speak. The only other thing, and\nI think this is a very interesting comment, the firm then was composed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of five\npeople, two of us Jewish and three Protestants. We were in a joint venture with\na New York firm. Both partners were Jewish. In the discussion I was told about\nwhether both firms should be retained. The chairman of this institution said, \"I\ndon't know about getting two Jewish firms.\" It always struck me as interesting\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that although we were outnumbered, two to three in this five-man firm by\nProtestants, nevertheless we were considered a Jewish firm. I think that that\nsays something, again, about the awareness, the climate. There's a phrase that\nI've used and I've experienced it. Maybe there are better terms for it, but I\nlike to call it \"locker room antisemitism.\" By that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mean not the overt\nantisemitism that has been experienced in so many countries and in this country,\nas well . . . the kind of antisemitism that was in Atlanta at the time of the\n[Leo] Frank case. But the kind that's just sort of snide, that's always lurking\nbelow the surface, that results in stories in the locker room. That's why I call\nit \"locker room ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism.\" I think it's something that's an evil well that's\nthere to be tapped, and one that needs to be constantly watched. These people\nwho are willing to accept a certain level of antisemitism under the right\nsituations, economic, social, or what have you, are probably a resource, not for\nleadership, but certainly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for creating a climate where those who are virulent in\nantisemitism feel it's safe to operate.\n\nLEEDS: Any new firm that comes into being always has a particular financial\nproblem. They end up going to a bank and borrowing for its origin of funds,\nutilizing a portion of their own seed capital, as well. Did you have any trouble\nborrowing from banks ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you opened your first firm here in Atlanta?\n\nALEXANDER: No, those were in the days of Mills Lane and his really free-swinging\nextension of credit. He did it on the basis of people. Bernard Rothschild, who\nwas my first partner, came here from Philadelphia [Pennsylvania]. He married\ninto the Haas family, which of course is very well known in the community. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My\nname was known to Mills. We went in to see him and put a statement in front of\nhim. He took one look at the statement, threw it in his trash basket and said,\n\"I wouldn't lend you a nickel on that, but how much money do you want?\" He\nextended us credit for years, just on that basis. I never felt any difficulty at\nall in getting money. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly never thought it was predicated on whether we\nwere Jewish or Gentile or heathens, as far as that went. He was a man that\nbelieved in the city. He believed in his ability to judge character. Sometimes\nhe made mistakes, but I hope he doesn't feel he made one with us.\n\nLEEDS: In the interaction between Jewish groups, obviously you had some\nexperiences. Were there difficulties between German and East European, or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with\nthese and the Sephardic Jews that you have any knowledge of, or feelings about?\n\nALEXANDER: Yes. There was a lot of feeling. I remember Rabbi [Jacob] Rothschild\nat the Temple, who I thought a great deal of as a very courageous leader. I\nworked with him in civil rights. At one point we were getting very ecumenical\nand we were inviting Protestants and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catholics and almost anybody who was out\nthere to come speak to the Temple in their forums. I said, \"Look, Jack, we are\nmaking all these overtures with the Catholics, and so on. What about the other\nJewish congregations?\" He says, \"Oh no, that will never work.\" I think some of\nthis has changed. I don't think there's this much feeling of differences ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as\nthere used to be. It probably still exists, a lot of it. I picked up a tennis\nracket the other day, a beautiful tennis racket. On it was the name 'Status.' It\nannoyed me when I picked it up, but its human nature. I think some of that\ncertainly existed in this community. That tended to set the late arrivals apart\nfrom the earlier ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"settlers, at least in the minds of the earlier settlers.\n\nLEEDS: Talking about the earlier settlers, did they help newcomers and how? Did\nthey mix in business and socially?\n\nALEXANDER: It may have been done, I don't know, in somewhat of a paternalistic\natmosphere. My uncle, in particular, was very much involved in this. I think, at\nleast partially, because he married a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lady who was studying here, studying\ndentistry, who had come in from Russia. He devoted a great deal of his effort\nand time into helping her sister, her brother, and so on get out of Russia. It\ndidn't stop with them, family. I think he was once selected as Man of the Year\nby the Jewish community here. That had to do with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his great involvement and\ndedication to seeing what he could do in the areas of paving the way and easing\nthe way for new arrivals. How prevalent this was through the Jewish community, I\ncan't answer.\n\nLEEDS: Do you have any understanding of what any restrictions were of your group\nand your relation with David Marx, Rabbi [Harry] Epstein, Rabbi [Tobias] Geffen,\nand Rabbi [Joseph] Cohen? Do you have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any feeling about that past?\n\nALEXANDER: I don't quite follow the question.\n\nLEEDS: What were the reactions of your group in your relations with David Marx?\nThe relationship?\n\nALEXANDER: As I say, David Marx was my rabbi. As I also said, until I was a\nteenager I thought he was God. There was no question in my mind. The other\nrabbis, I knew them casually. I knew who they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were, but the breaking down into\nthe Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox was very strong. My uncle, again going\nback to him as a member of a Sephardic congregation here, was considered very\nmuch a part of that congregation. He was in both. He was in the Temple as well\nas the Sephardic.\n\nLEEDS: If any of these groups were divided at all on different issues, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what in\nyour opinion, brought them together later?\n\nALEXANDER: There's no question that Israel brought them together. At other times\nantisemitism brought them together. There was a great divergence of opinion\nabout Israel in the early days. Went all the way from the very pro-Israeli\nattitudes to the \"anti,\" the ones that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"felt it would endanger the life of the\nJews in this country, to neutral and \"wait and see.\" I suppose that, too, tended\nto be a factor of how strong the recent ties to Europe were. That was sort of\nthe criteria for the amount of involvement.\n\nLEEDS: There was an uneasiness about it that could have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been rocking the boat if\nthere was a strong interest, pro-Israel, pro-Zionism?\n\nALEXANDER: I don't quite follow what you mean. Who would be uneasy is what I'm saying?\n\nLEEDS: Would the Jewish community, the people in the Jewish community, be uneasy\nabout any aftereffects of their interest in Israel and Zionism?\n\nALEXANDER: I don't know if there was any uneasiness. There was a great deal of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bitterness and recriminations between groups who felt very strongly pro-Israel\nand those who didn't favor its coming into existence. But I don't think there\nwas any uneasiness about it. I think there was a general uneasiness on the part\nof those who went pro-Israel, a feeling that somehow there was going to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nbreakdown of the Jewish citizenship in the United States.\n\nLEEDS: What about the Jewish social service agencies? Did you have any\ninvolvement with them, and could you describe it if you did?\n\nALEXANDER: My involvement with them was definitely limited, I'd have to say.\nI've taken part in a peripheral way in all of them, I suppose, by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contributing.\nI don't know if the American Jewish Committee qualifies as a social agency,\nexactly. Is that what you mean? Because I was very much involved in that.\n\nLEEDS: No, I'm speaking of other agencies, social service agencies, which may\nhave had a slant toward the Jewish area of interest. You don't have any\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involvement in that at all? You didn't have any involvement in that at all\nbeyond the American Jewish Committee?\n\nALEXANDER: Yes. As a contributor I had a very strong involvement, and also the\nCouncil of Jewish Women is something that my wife is very much into. The group\nthat I couldn't remember earlier that my grandmother had founded was the Council\nof Jewish Women in Atlanta.\n\nLEEDS: Would you like to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expand on that? That your grandmother was a founder of\nthe Council of Jewish Women in Atlanta?\n\nALEXANDER: I think it was an indicator of her concern and interest in the Jewish\naffairs of the city. Not having been around at the time, I don't know that I'm\nin a position to expand on it. To go back to the Jewish agencies, I suppose I've\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tended to be involved in community-wide efforts that do involve those agencies,\nbut not directly. I can't say exactly why my course has been that, but I've\ntended to be more into things like the Community Council of the City of Atlanta,\nwhich I was acting chairman of at one time. Of course, all of these agencies\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were a part of that operation. That's really been the course of action I've been into.\n\nLEEDS: Was there any resistance to the rise of Jews in politics and business\nthat you might have been aware of? And what was your experience with other\nminority groups, particularly Blacks?\n\nALEXANDER: As a child or as . . .\n\nLEEDS: . . . I would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say as an adult, as you were coming up, the resistance to\nthe rise of Jews in politics, and business particularly.\n\nALEXANDER: I suppose there was some resistance. But if you look at Atlanta, you\nsee that Sam Massell was mayor and that Sidney Marcus is a strong candidate.\nJews have been very much involved in the political life of the city. There are\npeople now in City ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hall who are Jewish. I really can't say that I see it now.\nBack in the 1920s, if you wanted to get anywhere in state politics, you belonged\nto the [Ku Klux] Klan. There were a lot of good people, otherwise good people,\nwho belonged to the Klan just for political reasons. Of course, that would\nautomatically, I hope, prohibit a Jew from seeking statewide office. I think I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mentioned my great-uncle was the mayor of Montgomery, and my uncle was in the\nlegislature. It wasn't widespread. I suppose that at some point it could have\nbeen an element that could have defeated someone running for office in the\nsouth, but I never felt it. I played around with the idea of getting into more\nactive politics at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one time, and I never felt inhibited by it.\n\nLEEDS: Did you ever have any experiences with other minority groups,\nparticularly Blacks?\n\nALEXANDER: Yes, I had a lot. Let's say the scales came off my eyes when I was at\nHarvard. I got to know a Black who is now a very prominent New York architect,\nand discovered for the first time that they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"equals, I guess. I'd been\nbrought up in the south with black servants, and there was real love there. A\nnurse I had, it compared the love I felt for her compared with my mother. I\nthink that's one of the big differences in the South, by the way.\n\n[interview pauses, then resumes]\n\nLEEDS: We were talking about your experiences with other minority groups,\nparticularly Blacks. You were talking about your nurse and the real ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"love that\nwas in the family through her [unintelligible].\n\nALEXANDER: When I came back to Atlanta, I was president of the American\nInstitute of Architects local chapter. Out of that, it came to the attention of\nMayor [William B. Hartsfield]. He appointed me as the first chairman of the\nCitizen's Advisory Committee for Urban Renewal [CACUR]. This was a bi-racial\ncommittee. It was an ongoing committee. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later we were able to expand it to some\n90 people on the basis of about one-third to two-thirds, which was the ratio of\nBlack to White. At that point, I really got to know, for the first time, Blacks\nas people, Blacks as businessmen, Blacks as politicians, and so forth. My wife\nand I both, Hermi and I, got very much involved with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old Civil Rights\nMovement. It's something I've never regretted. It's something that hadn't gone\nquite the way I'd expected, but human nature is human nature. I don't know why I\never thought that might be put aside. I'd hoped for a happily integrated city. I\nthink that writes me off as a visionary. Nevertheless, it had a profound effect\non me and on my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relationships, not only with Blacks but with many other people,\nas well. I think one interesting phenomenon that went on at that time, there was\na group of us, Jews and others of course. Jack Rothschild, the rabbi, and I\ncould name quite a number of Atlanta Jews who were very much involved with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil\nRights. I think at least one of our motives, at least certainly one of mine, was\nthe feeling that when bigotry exists, it doesn't take long before it's on the\ndoorstep of the Jew. It was self-serving to that extent. The reaction in the\nother southern cities was very, very negative. Like most Jews in the south, I\nhad cousins around in Montgomery and Birmingham [Alabama], New Orleans\n[Louisiana], and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chattanooga [Tennessee]. They all were very, very upset and\nfelt that we were exposing them. They said, \"It's all very well for you in a\ncosmopolitan city like Atlanta, to be advocating this sort of thing, but we're\nexposed. You have no concept of our feelings.\" I did have a concept of their\nfeelings, but I thought they were wrong. I wasn't about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to give up on it because\nof that. I've always felt that fear breeds fear. Fear breeds attack. It's a bad\nroad to go down. The thing that really changed the Jews in other cities, at\nleast in Montgomery I know, was the bombing of the Temple. Here was a sign that\nour safety in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta wasn't all that sure, that the Jews in Atlanta were\nexposed, and that what we were doing might be exposing the Birmingham or the\nMontgomery Jews. At the same time, we had our own necks out. I think that that\nwas a great catharsis in the city, the bombing of the Temple. The Jews in\nAtlanta at that time didn't know how much 'money we had in the bank,' so to\nspeak, in the regard of the community. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such a tremendous outpouring of\nsupport and indignation at this bombing that we all took a second look and\nthought, \"Well, after all, we do have a position in this community that does\nentitle us to feel secure.\" For some of it was predicated on the\nfundamentalists, the Baptist idea of the Jew as a descendant of the ancient\nHebrews. Therefore the bombing of the Temple ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a blow not only at Jews but at\nChristians, as well. I've often thought if they had bombed a secular Jewish\nfacility, there wouldn't have been nearly the outcry. There's nothing original\nabout that thought, but if they'd wanted to stir up the maximum amount of\nopposition to what they were doing, they picked their target.\n\nLEEDS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now that you've talked about how the community reacted to the bombing of\nthe Temple, do you remember your own feeling at the time when it happened? How\ndid it strike you? 1958 is just exactly 22 years ago. What was your gut feeling\nat the time?\n\nALEXANDER: I had a peculiar gut feeling. I was lying up in Piedmont Hospital\nwhere I had an operation on my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arm. That thing went off in the morning. I had an\nopen window facing the Temple and its several blocks away. There was this\ntremendous noise. I woke up. I was drugged from painkillers, I guess, and I\nthought, \"My God, they're bombing Atlanta.\" Then I thought, \"Well, there's\nnothing I can do about it in this shape.\" I rolled over and went back to sleep,\nor tried to roll over. That was my initial reaction. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My later reaction was that\nit wasn't one of great surprise. It was one of outrage. I think way down at the\nbottom of the list was one of fear. I remember the great outpouring that Friday\nnight. I was out of the hospital by then and we went to the Temple. I ended up\nsitting under this huge chandelier. I wondered how much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"damage might have been\ndone to the structure holding that chandelier up. There was that feeling. But as\nto a feeling that there was rampant antisemitism abroad in Atlanta that was a\nreal threat, I didn't feel it, nothing like before World War II when the\nso-called Silver Shirts were marching in the streets of Atlanta. These guys were\nobviously a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small handful. The fact that they did not have any part of support\nof the community was very comforting.\n\nLEEDS: You were in the service in World War II. I'm wondering if you did react\ndifferently to the migration of others from Holocaust Europe than the community\nmay have, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"due to the entrance of East European or Sephardic Jews in the earlier\nera. Have the roles of men or women changed, etc.?\n\nALEXANDER: I think, like every wave of immigrants that have come and including\nmy own ancestors, there had to be an adjustment period. There were strange ways.\nThere was more or less the willingness to be absorbed in the melting pot.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Incidentally, I've never bought this theory of the melting pot. I gave a talk\nthe other day in which I said, \"It was more like a stew with people floating\naround in it. All in the same environment, but each pursuing their own ways.\"\nI'm all for this pluralism. I think it can be carried too far. I think sometimes\nin our one interest approach to politics, the government, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life in general,\nwe tend to lose track of the fact that we are a nation. There are strong ties\nthat pull us all together. If we lose them, and we get broken down, as some\npeople seem to want to do, into these very militant groups, I think we're going\nto become very vulnerable, from within and from without, to attack. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've been a\nstrong advocate of the idea of pluralism, that there was room for all thought,\nall actions, and all activities in this country. I still think so but I still\nfeel strongly that there's got to be a framework everyone relates to and is tied\ninto, and they feel the destiny in this country's future, not just always in\ntheir own internal interests. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The \"Me\" generation has been expanded to the \"Me\"\nethnic group, or the \"Me\" political group, or the \"Me\" social group. This\ncountry didn't get where it is entirely by \"Me-ism.\" It got somewhere because it\nmeant that individuals would stand out and really go for broke for their own,\nbut at some point there was a willingness in a crisis to come together.\n\nLEEDS: In the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"late 1930s, there was this ongoing action against the Jews in Nazi\nGermany. The Holocaust was underway. We were not yet in the war. We do know that\nEngland and France were suffering the indignities of the German attack. They had\ntaken Poland. They had taken Belgium, the Netherlands, and so on. Throughout all\nof this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, before you were into the service I believe, the Jews as well as\nothers were being massacred, gassed, and killed in the concentration camps. To\nwhat extent did that information ever get filtered into Atlanta, and would you\nhave remembered anything about it?\n\nALEXANDER: I certainly do remember, but I was at MIT during the time that I\nreally began to hear it. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met a Jewish family who had escaped from Germany. I\nmet them in New York, heard them talk, and believed. I never really understood\nthis idea that the Jews in this country or the government didn't realize what\nwas going on. I was terribly disturbed by it. I had a couple of Protestant\nroommates ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at MIT. I remember saying to them, \"I don't know whether this is our\ncountry's war, but by God it's my war.\" When I left MIT at the end of the year,\nI went to the Canadian Air Force recruiting office, which was in the Marine base\nnext to La Guardia [Airport−Queens, New York]. When they found out I was\nalready a commercial pilot and a college ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"graduate, I didn't think they were\ngoing to let me out of the room. One guy absolutely actually blocked the door.\nHe said, \"Son, you're not going to leave.\" I said, \"I got to go home and think\nit over.\" I did go home and I enlisted in the Navy as a Naval Air Cadet, and\nthen later went to the Marine Corps. I did feel it. I don't know that I knew the\nextent, but it certainly made an impression on me at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. That was the fall\nof 1940 and the winter of 1941, spring of 1941, summer.\n\nLEEDS: You've touched lightly on your military service, but your biography here\nis interesting and comprehensive. Your service up to the lieutenant colonel in\nWorld War II, U.S. Marine Corps is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brilliant. Having been an officer of your\nsquadron and awarded the Air Medal and Distinguished Flying Cross, your record\nis distinguished. Can you recall any incidents or situations in which you as a\nJew faced antisemitism in the service?\n\nALEXANDER: It was indirectly in the service. I went through a school that was\nset up by American Airlines for navy and marine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pilots learning to fly DC-3s. I\nhad an instructor who I thought was really great. His name was Sam Ross. He was\ntough. At some point I said something about being Jewish to him. Later it came\nback to me. He had made some remark. That's what it was. He made some \"locker\nroom\" antisemitic remark and I called him on it. It later came back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me from\none of his later students who joined the squadron. I was in after being trained\nin transports equipment and dive bombers . . . but that's another story . . .\nthat I had said that he was giving me a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard time because I was Jewish, which\nI'd absolutely not said. I didn't feel he was giving me any harder time than he\ngave everybody else. I really was glad he was because if he didn't give me a\nhard time, nature certainly would at some point. I can't remember in the Marine\nCorps, as such, running into it. When I came back from overseas, they put me in\na hotel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room with an army officer who had just come back from Palestine. He was\nall full of the Jewish effort in Palestine. He was Protestant. He was giving me\na real big buildup of the future of the Jews, how proud I should be of being\nJewish, and so on. That encounter really stands out in my mind much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more than\nany antisemitism I might have run into. I think one of the things was that if\nyou were in any branch of the Marine Corps, you sort of wore on your sleeve that\n. . .\n\nALEXANDER: . . . so that may have cushioned it. I don't know of anybody that\nreally ran around me, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm talking about my relatives who were in service,\nwho ever felt in service they were into antisemitism. I think the whole thing\ngoes back to the whole feeling of the country in those days. We were all in\nsomething together. It was all worthwhile. It was something that had to be won.\nI'm sure I look back through the haze of nostalgia, but it was a great time.\n\nLEEDS: These are very important moments ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today in the life of the nation of\nIsrael. One wonders, as I do, having been a newcomer to Atlanta, what the\nattitude of the Atlanta Jewish community is toward the State of Israel today.\nConcern, otherwise, is it a problem? Do we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meet the challenge?\n\nALEXANDER: My feeling is that the Jewish community in Atlanta now has taken as a\nfact the existence of Israel. You could count on your thumbs almost people who\nare anti the fact of Israel. I think there are many more people that question\nsome of the Israeli policies. I think there are people who question ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if Israel\nand the Israelis realize there's a limit to the influence of the American Jewish\ncommunity in getting actions through the federal government. The Saudi Arabian\nsale ought to have been a signpost that it takes both communities. It takes an\nenlightened interest of the Israelis in the status of the American Jew in order\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to assure this continued support from the federal government. It also takes an\nenlightened interest on the part of the American Jew as to what are the Israeli\nproblems and how it would be to live under the gun since the birth of your\ncountry. I think that here in Atlanta . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hear figures, I don't know . . .\n25,000, 30,000 Jews. I would guess that 99 percent of those feel very strongly\nabout the support and reason for the existence of Israel. The 1967 War was a\ntremendous turn-around in all of this too, I think. A man here in my office,\nProtestant, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came in beaming. He's an older man who had retired and came to work\nwith us after his retirement. After the 1967 War he said, \"Boy, we sure did lick\nthem, didn't we?\" He's one of these guys that, in the past, I would have put in\nthis category of the quietly antisemitic, but that day he had a Star of David on\nhim. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think the revelation that the Jew is a fighter had a lot to do with this.\nI also hope that the Jew as peacemaker is a strong influence. I sometimes worry\nthat that's gotten a little bit lost in the world's image of the Jew that we\nspeak of: \"Let Israel be a messenger of peace into the councils and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nations.\"\nIt's been several years, I think, since we've been thought of as that, or the\nIsraelis have.\n\nLEEDS: In a few days, we will be at the fifth anniversary of what Chaim Herzog,\nwho was the Israeli Ambassador to the United Nations, characterized that the\nUnited Nations [General Assembly] Resolution 3379 was indecent. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a\nresolution that equated Zionism with racism. Our then-ambassador to the United\nNations, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, also joined Chaim Herzog in decrying and\ndenouncing the resolution. To what extent did the community of the Jews here in\nAtlanta take note of that? Was there any sort of an outrage in connection with\nthat infamous ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resolution?\n\nALEXANDER: I think there was. There's been such a series of crises and events\nthat it's very hard to isolate in time a specific reaction to a specific event.\nBut you know that old business of \"When the United States sneezes, Canada gets a\ncold.\" When something happens that involves Israel, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think the American Jews\n\"get pneumonia.\" I'm certain there was a reaction, but you'd have to ask someone\nelse to get it specifically. I can't recall.\n\nLEEDS: I think we've covered a great deal. Cecil thanks so very much. I've\nenjoyed this half hour to three-quarters of an hour with you. I appreciate your\ncomments that here are recorded on tape.\n\nALEXANDER: I thank you for doing this. I think this is a great contribution ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nthe history of Atlanta and the history of Atlanta Jews.\n\nLEEDS: Thank you so much, Cecil. What we've just heard was an interview I\nconducted. with Cecil Alexander in his office at the Equitable Building in\nAtlanta, Georgia on November 10, 1980. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm Leonard LEEDS. I think it would be\nhelpful if I read into this tape the biography of Cecil Alexander to give the\nlistener a better idea of his credentials which I consider significant. Cecil\nAlexander was born March 14, 1918 in Atlanta, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia. He graduated from Yale\nUniversity in 1940. This resume was prepared for Yale University. He attended\nHarvard Graduate School of Design and received his master's [degree] in\narchitecture in 1948. He had graduate studies in architecture at the\nMassachusetts Institute of Technology in 1940 and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1941. In connection with Yale\nassociations, he was past president of the Yale Club of North Georgia, was\nChairman National Yale Meeting, Atlanta. past member Yale National Alumni Board\n1963, member of the Yale Council 1975, 1980, Chairman Committee Yale school of\nArchitecture 1975 1980, Honorary Fellow of the Pierson ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"College, Atlanta Yale\nAlumni Schools Committee, he was on that for 20 years, coordinator Diamante [sp]\nAtlanta visit in February 1980. His other educational associations were past\nplanning committee Atlanta University Center, past board member Lovett School\nAtlanta, Executive Finance and Building and Grounds Committees Clark College,\nAtlanta, the lay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"board Marist High School, Atlanta. Board of the Atlanta College\nof Art, teacher of design, Georgia Institute of Technology 1948 -- 1951. As to\nhis professional and business associations, he was Chairman of the Board of\nFinch, Alexander, Barnes, Rothschild and Pascal Architects, Inc. He is now\nChairman of the board of his firm. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"significant work of the firm is the\nCoca-Cola Company International headquarters. When I say significant work of the\nfirm, this would be their architectural commissions. First National Bank of\nAtlanta Office Tower, the Georgia Power Company headquarters, the Gulf States\nPaper Company headquarters, Southern Bell headquarters, that was an equal joint\nventure with others, Student ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Center at Georgia Institute of Technology, Chemical\nEngineering Building, Georgia Institute of Technology, Chemistry Building,\nGeorgia Institute of Technology, student housing, West and South Georgia\nColleges, Urban Life Center, Georgia State University, Riverfront Stadium,\nCincinnati, Ohio, that was an equal joint venture with others as was the Atlanta\nStadium and the Rich stadium of Buffalo, New York. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The firm has recently won two\nnational design competitions: the U.S. Pavilion at Expo 1982, Knoxville,\nTennessee, and the Kentucky Justice Center at Frankfurt, Kentucky. That was also\nan equal joint venture. He is retired Chairman of the ASD, Inc., an interior\ndesign firm, the former member of the board of the First Georgia Bank of\nAtlanta. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As to his civic activities, they are substantial: past chairman of the\nCitizens Advisory Committee for Urban Renewal of Atlanta, past chairman Housing\nResources Committee, Atlanta, past Chairman Atlanta Council for International\nVisitors, past acting chairman Atlanta Region Metropolitan Planning Commission,\npast vice president of the Temple, Atlanta, President Emeritus and founder,\nResurgens Atlanta, that's a biracial ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"civic club, past vice president the Atlanta\nSymphony, and past president Atlanta Chapter, American Jewish Committee.\nPresently he is a board member and founder of the Georgia Foreign Trade Zone\nInc., executive committee Central Atlanta Progress, co-chairman Atlanta Chamber\nof Commerce Energy Task Force, vice Chairman World Wildlife Fund U.S., Building\nCommittee, Martin Luther King Junior Center, Atlanta, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"board of the Grant Park\nPlanning Committee, Atlanta. In the military Cecil Alexander served to\nLieutenant Colonel, United States Marine Corps Reserve, active duty in World War\nII, he was a dive bomber pilot in the Pacific, he served as Operations Officer,\nExecutive Officer, Commanding Officer in various squadrons, and he was awarded\nthe Air Metal and the Distinguished Flying Cross. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His recognitions are as\nfollows: he was elected a Fellow, the American Institute of Architects,\nBrotherhood Award (two), National Conference of Christians and Jews, Ivan Allen\nAward (two), Service to the Community. When I say, \"Two,\" I mean he was given\nthese awards these twice. He's listed in Who's Who in America and Who's Who in\nthe World. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As to his family, Cecil Alexander is married to Hermione Weil of New\nOrleans, 1943. Children: Therese Alexander Milkey, Wheaton [College―Norton,\nMassachusetts] graduate, Judith Alexander, Boston University [Boston,\nMassachusetts] graduate, Douglas Alexander, attending the University of Georgia.\nHis family migrated from England and settled in Charleston, South Carolina in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1760 and came to Atlanta in 1848. Of course, his biography makes the mention\nthat his religious affiliation is Jewish. It was a great rewarding pleasure that\nI had talking to Cecil and recording his thoughts. I am delighted that I was\ngiven this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunity to do this recording for the American Jewish Committed\nAtlanta branch. I'm Leonard LEEDS and its November 10, 1980 as I speak. From\nsmall notes, he ranged at length from his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/transcript/22373/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"origins and the origin of his family\nthrough the present and his philosophy. I'll leave it to the listener to\nunderstand the warmth and the quality of Cecil Alexander.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3540.0,3570.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam “Bill” Gralnick (b. 1945) is an American activist, writer, and leader in the Jewish community. He was born in Brooklyn, New York and attended George Washington University [Washington D.C.] before beginning a 33-year career with the American Jewish Committee first in Atlanta, Georgia and then in South Florida, serving as its Southeast Regional Director.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRuth Harriet Gershon (b. 1946) served as the Chairwoman of the Atlanta Chapter American Jewish Committee Oral History Project.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerbert Elias “Herb” Kaplow (1927-2013) was an American television news correspondent. His main focus was reporting out of Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Mark Keith Bauman (b. 1946) is a scholar of Southern Jewish history. A native of New York City, he was educated at Wilkes College, Lehigh University, the University of Chicago, and Emory University. He served for many years as a professor of history at Atlanta Metropolitan College, and has published a number of books on Southern Jewish History as well as Methodist Bishop Warren A. Candler.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRebecca Ella Solomons Alexander (1854-1938) was the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Abraham Solomons who lived in Savannah, Georgia during the American Civil War. In 1873 she married Julius M. Alexander and moved to Atlanta. She was active in the Jewish community and was one of the first women named to the board of trustees of the Temple. She was one of the founders and the first president of the Atlanta section of the National Council of Jewish Women.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes on the Alexander Family of South Carolina and Georgia and Connections, 1651 – 1954\u003c/em\u003e is a book by Atlanta native Henry A. Alexander Sr. published in 1954. The 142-page book contains a family tree, photographs, and notes about family members as well as those by marriage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Aaron “Harry” Alexander, Sr. (1874-1967) was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Julius Mortimer Alexander and Rebecca Ella Solomons Alexander. His grandfather, Aaron Alexander, was the first Jew of American birth to settle in Atlanta. He was a prominent attorney, scholar, and religious leader. Alexander served in the Georgia State House of Representatives and was a veteran of World War I. He was also a president of the Atlanta Historical Society and a prominent Atlanta attorney. He was a member of the defense team in the trial of Leo Frank. In 1930 he built one of the largest homes in Atlanta on Peachtree Road. The Alexander family sold part of their land for development of the Phipps Plaza mall, which opened in 1969. He was Cecil Alexander’s uncle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa, and the Middle East and their descendants. The adjective “Sephardic” and corresponding nouns Sephardi (singular) and Sephardim (plural) are derived from the Hebrew word \u003cem\u003eSepharad\u003c/em\u003e, which refers to Spain. Historically, the vernacular language of Sephardic Jews was Ladino, a Romance language derived from Old Spanish, incorporating elements from the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Hebrew, Aramaic, and in the lands receiving those who were exiled, Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian vocabulary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKahal Kadosh Beth Elohim (K.K.B.E.) was founded in 1749 in Charleston, South Carolina and is one of the oldest Jewish congregations in the United States. The founding members of the congregation were Sephardic Jews of Spanish and Portuguese descent. The congregation is sometimes considered to be the originator of Reform Judaism in the United States. The current senior rabbi (2021) is Rabbi Stephanie Alexander, of no known relation to Cecil Alexander.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Revolutionary War, also called the “American War of Independence,” was fought between American colonists and Great Britain between 1775 and 1783. It resulted in the independence and formation of the United States of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJ.P. Allen was a chain of department stores in Georgia. The Downtown Atlanta store was at 215 Peachtree Street which is now the site of the Atlanta Hard Rock Café. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil War, widely known in the United States as the “Civil War” or the “War Between the States,” was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. In January 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often called the “South,” grew to include 11 states, and although they claimed 13 states and additional western territories, the Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by a foreign country. The states that did not declare secession were known as the “Union” or the “North.” The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. After four years of bloody combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and granting civil rights to freed slaves began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Confederate States Army (CSA) was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGone With the Wind\u003c/em\u003e was a famous film based on the book of the same name by Margaret Mitchell in 1926. The film was made in 1939 and is an epic historical romance produced by David O. Selznick. It tells the story of Scarlett O’Hara, the strong-willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner, from her romantic pursuit of Ashley Wilkes, who is married to Melanie, to her marriage to Charles Hamilton who died in a training camp, and then to Rhett Butler. It is set against the backdrop of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era. The leading roles were portrayed by Vivien Leigh (Scarlett), Clark Gable (Rhett), Leslie Howard (Ashley), and Olivia de Havilland (Melanie).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eAtlanta Journal-Constitution\u003c/em\u003e (AJC) is a major daily newspaper in the metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia. The newspaper is the result of the merger between The \u003cem\u003eAtlanta Journal\u003c/em\u003e and The \u003cem\u003eAtlanta Constitution\u003c/em\u003e. Separate publication of the morning \u003cem\u003eConstitution\u003c/em\u003e and afternoon \u003cem\u003eJournal\u003c/em\u003e ended in 2001. The \u003cem\u003eConstitution\u003c/em\u003e, as it was originally known, was first published in 1868. Its name changed to The Atlanta \u003cem\u003eConstitution\u003c/em\u003e in 1869. The \u003cem\u003eAtlanta Journal\u003c/em\u003e was established in 1883.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Frank (1884-1915) was a Jewish factory superintendent in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1913, he was accused of raping and murdering one of his employees, a 13-year-old girl named Mary Phagan, whose body was found on the premises of the National Pencil Company. Frank was arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced to death for her murder. The trial was the catalyst for a great outburst of antisemitism led by the populist Tom Watson and the center of powerful class and political interests. Frank was sent to Milledgeville State Penitentiary to await his execution. Governor John M. Slaton, believing there had been a miscarriage of justice, commuted Frank’s sentence to life in prison. This enraged a group of men who styled themselves the “Knights of Mary Phagan.” They drove to the prison, kidnapped Frank from his cell and drove him to Marietta, Georgia where they lynched him. Many years later, the murderer was revealed to be Jim Conley, who had lied in the trial, pinning it on Frank instead. Frank was pardoned on March 11, 1986, although they stopped short of exonerating him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Marshall “Jack” Slaton (1866-1955) was Georgia's sixtieth governor, serving two terms, in 1911-12 and 1913-15. He was also a state representative and state senator, and practiced law in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e, and women rabbis), music is allowed in the services and most of the service is in English.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi David Marx (1872-1962) was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia. A native of New Orleans, he led the congregation’s move toward the practices of Reform Judaism. He served as rabbi from 1895 to 1946. When he retired, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild took the pulpit that Rabbi Marx had held for more than half a century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJehovah is a Latinization of the Hebrew יְהֹוָה‎, one vocalization of the Tetragrammaton יהוה‎ (YHWH), one of the seven proper names of the God of Israel in the Hebrew Bible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are \u003cem\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003c/em\u003e (Jewish New Year) and \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo vote against, ostracize, or exclude socially.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Dr. George Solomon (1874-1945) served as the rabbi of Congregation Mickve Israel in Savannah, Georgia from 1903 to 1945. From 1926 to 1945, Dr. Solomon and his wife Julia owned and operated a Jewish camp called Camp Osceola on Lake Osceola near Hendersonville, North Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVernon “Catfish” Smith (1908-1988) was an American football, basketball, and baseball player, coach, and military officer. A three-sport athlete at the University of Georgia, Smith was named to the 1931 College Football All-America Team as an end. After his playing days, he served as the co-head basketball coach at his alma mater during the 1937-1938 season. Smith was also the head baseball coach at Georgia from 1934 to 1937 and at the University of South Carolina from 1938 to 1939 and again from 1946 to 1947. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1979.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against Black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMills Bee Lane, Sr. (1860-1945) began at Citizens Bank as a vice-president and director in 1891. In 1901, Lane became president of Citizens Bank. In 1906, Lane and his associates purchased Southern Bank of Georgia enabling them to merge the two banks as the new C\u0026amp;S Bank. The newly merged banks were officially named the Citizens and Southern Bank of Georgia. His son, Mills B. Lane, Jr. (1912-1989), served as president, vice-chairman and chairman between 1946 and 1973 and made C\u0026amp;S the South's largest bank as well as the most profitable of the 50 largest United States banks at the time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBernard Berman “Rocky” Rothschild (1915-2005) was an American architect. A 1937 graduate of the University of Pennsylvania School of Architecture [Philadelphia, Pennsylvania], he moved to Atlanta, Georgia after World War II and formed the firm Alexander and Rothschild with Cecil Alexander. In 1958, Alexander and Rothschild merged with another firm to create the prominent firm of Finch, Alexander, Barnes, Rothschild and Paschal which later became Rosser International. Rosser International ceased operations in June 2019.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Mortimer Rothschild (1911-1973) served as rabbi of Atlanta’s oldest Reform congregation, the Temple, from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights. He was of no relation to Bernard \"Rocky\" Rothschild, mentioned earlier.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2021, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Alexander married Marian Kline (1895-1984). She was born Manya Klonitzky in Kovno, Lithuania and died in Atlanta, Georgia. She is buried alongside her husband in Oakland Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Hyman Epstein (1903-2003) served as rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982, when he became rabbi emeritus. Under Rabbi Epstein, the formerly Orthodox congregation began to shift to Conservative Judaism, and officially joined the United Synagogue of America (now the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism), in 1952.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Tobias Geffen (1870-1970) was an Orthodox rabbi and leader of Congregation Shearith Israel in Atlanta from 1910-1970. He is widely known for his 1935 decision that certified Coca-Cola as kosher. He also organized the first Hebrew school in Atlanta, and standardized regulation of kosher supervision in the Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Joseph I. Cohen (1896-1985) was born in Constantinople (now Istanbul), Turkey. He was trained for the rabbinate in Turkey and accepted his first pulpit in Havana, Cuba in 1920. In 1934 he moved to Atlanta, Georgia where he was installed as the rabbi of Congregation Or VeShalom, a Sephardic synagogue. Rabbi Cohen officially retired in 1969, but remained active at both the synagogue and in the community until his death in 1985.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Alan Massell, Jr. (b. 1927) is a businessman who served from 1970 to 1974 as the 53rd mayor of Atlanta. He is the first Jewish mayor in his city's history. A lifelong Atlanta resident, Massell has had successful careers in real estate brokerage, elected office, tourism, and association management.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSidney Julius Marcus (1928-1983) was first elected as a Democrat to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1968 from a district in the Buckhead community of Atlanta, Georgia. He subsequently was reelected to seven more terms in the legislature. In 1981, he ran for mayor of Atlanta, losing to civil rights leader and former United Nations ambassador Andrew Young. After his death from cancer at age 55, Sidney Marcus Boulevard, a major street in Buckhead, was named in his memory.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or “Knights of the Ku Klux Klan” today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods have included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past it members dressed up in white robes and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Berry Hartsfield, Sr. (1890-1971), served as the 49th and 51st Mayor of Atlanta. His tenure extended from 1937 to 1941 and again from 1942 to 1962, making him the longest-serving mayor of his native Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHermione “Hermi” Weil Alexander (1922-1983) was the wife of American architect Cecil Alexander. Like her husband she was very active in the Civil Rights movement in Atlanta, Georgia. She was also the first female jury commissioner in Fulton County history. In 1983, she and Cecil were on their way home and were hit head-on by an intoxicated 16-year-old driver. She was killed and Cecil was injured. The following year, Fulton County passed a resolution officially naming what is now a footbridge located on the Chattahoochee River at Paces Ferry Road not far from their home after Hermi. A plaque installed on the bridge states “Hermione Weil Alexander. She built bridges across gulfs of prejudice and intolerance.” In the aftermath of Hermi’s death, Cecil founded the Hermione Weil Alexander Fund Committee to Combat Drugged and Drunken Driving.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple building on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia was bombed in the early morning hours of October 12, 1958. About 50 sticks of dynamite were planted near the building and tore a huge hole in the wall. No one was injured in the bombing as it was during the night. Rabbi Jacob Rothschild was an outspoken advocate of civil rights and integration and friend of Martin Luther King Jr. Five men associated with the National States’ Rights Party, a white separatist group, were tried and acquitted in the bombing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Silver Legion of America, commonly known as the Silver Shirts, was a white-supremacist, antisemitic American organization founded by William Dudley Pelley that was announced publicly in 1933. The paramilitary group’s uniform shirts bore a scarlet letter “L” over the heart meant to symbolize Loyalty to the United States, Liberation from materialism, and the Silver Legion itself. The declaration of war on the United States by Nazi Germany led to the group’s rapid decline.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe “melting pot” is a metaphor for a heterogeneous society with different elements \"melting together\" into a whole with a common culture. It is often used to describe the assimilation of immigrants to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe “Me Generation” in the United States is a term referring to the baby boomer generation and the self-involved qualities that some associate with the generation born in the 1940s to the 1960s. The 1970s were dubbed the “Me” decade by writer Tom Wolfe. The phrase caught on with the general public, at a time when self-realization and self-fulfillment were becoming cultural aspirations to which young people supposedly ascribed higher importance than social responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Air Medal is a military decoration of the United States military. The medal was created in 1942 and is awarded for meritorious achievement while participating in aerial flight.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Distinguished Flying Cross is a military decoration awarded to any officer or enlisted member of the United States Armed Forces who distinguishes himself or herself in support of operations by “heroism or extraordinary achievement while participating in an aerial flight, subsequent to November 11, 1918.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe sale of five AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control System) surveillance planes to Saudi Arabia by the United States administration of President Ronald Reagan was a controversial part of what was then the largest foreign arms sale in U.S. history. The sale saw objections from a majority of Americans, prominent US Senators, the State of Israel, and the Israel lobby.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Six-Day War was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria. Relations between Israel and its neighbors had never fully normalized following the 1948 War of Independence and in the period leading up to June 1967 tensions became heightened. As a result, Israel launched a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields on June 5 following the mobilization of Egyptian forces along the Israeli border in the Sinai Peninsula. The outcome was swift and decisive. Israel took control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. The Sinai was returned but the other territories were incorporated into Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChaim Herzog (1918-1997) was an Israeli politician, general, lawyer, and author who served as the sixth President of Israel between 1983 and 1993. Between 1975 and 1978 he served as Israel's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, in which capacity he repudiated UN General Assembly Resolution 3379, the “Zionism equals Racism” resolution, and symbolically tore it up before the assembly. Herzog entered politics in the 1981 elections, winning a Knesset seat as a member of the Alignment. In 1983 he was elected to the largely ceremonial role of President. He served for two five-year terms before retiring in 1993. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnited Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379, adopted in 1975 by a vote of 72 to 35 (with 32 abstentions), “determine[d] that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination.” The resolution was passed with the support of the Soviet bloc and other then Soviet-aligned nations, in addition to the Arab and Muslim majority countries. The determination that “Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination” contained in the resolution, was revoked in 1991 with UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/annotation_set/340/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDaniel Patrick Moynihan (1927-2003) was an American politician and sociologist. A member of the Democratic Party, he was first elected to the U.S. Senate for New York in 1976, and was re-elected three times serving a total of 24 years. Prior to his years in the Senate, Moynihan was the United States Ambassador to the United Nations and to India, and was a member of four successive presidential administrations, beginning with the administration of John F. Kennedy, and continuing through that of Gerald Ford.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2970.0,3000.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Alexander, Cecil (pt. I) [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Introduction/ancestry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=0.0,505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It’s November 10, 1980. I’m Leonard Leeds and I’m in the offices of Cecil Alexander. He and I will be talking about his biography and his origins. We’ll have a series of questions which will explore Cecil and his origins in the City of Atlanta, Georgia, and his antecedents, going back into the eighteenth century.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=0.0,505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Alexander, Jr.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Alexander, Sr.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Ga.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cecil A. Alexander, Jr.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charleston, S.C.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Confederate States Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hardware","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Henry A. Alexander, Sr.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius M. Alexander","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montgomery, Ala.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rebecca Solomons Alexander","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=0.0,505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Role of Judaism in Cecil's early life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=505.0,739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wouldn’t say I was brought up in a strongly religious atmosphere. We certainly were brought up as Jews. We were Reform Jews. I thought that the rabbi, Dr. [David] Marx, was Jehovah until I was about 14. I was just certain of it. We observed the Sabbath. We observed the High Holy Days. In the neighborhood in which I grew up, which was St. Charles Place, there were a lot of young families there. I just went with the people on the street.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=505.0,739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Camp Osceola","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Dr. David Marx","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Dr. George Solomon","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reform Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"summer camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Temple (Atlanta, Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vernon \"Catfish\" Smith","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=505.0,739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism (or lack thereof) in professional life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=739.0,1046.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I must say that I never felt any handicap in my profession about being Jewish. Now I did get myself heavily involved with the Civil Rights Movement at one point. There were some problems that evolved from that. We almost lost a large commission because someone thought that I was “selling out,” so to speak.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=739.0,1046.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"architecture","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"architecture firms","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bank loans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"casual antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil Rights Movement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mills B. Lane, Jr.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seed funding","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=739.0,1046.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Intra-ethnic relations between Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1046.0,1293.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a lot of feeling. I remember Rabbi [Jacob] Rothschild at the Temple, who I thought a great deal of as a very courageous leader. I worked with him in civil rights. At one point we were getting very ecumenical and we were inviting Protestants and Catholics and almost anybody who was out there to come speak to the Temple in their forums. I said, “Look, Jack, we are making all these overtures with the Catholics, and so on. What about the other Jewish congregations?” He says, “Oh no, that will never work.”","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1046.0,1293.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conservative Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ecumenicism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intra-ethnic tensions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Jacob M. Rothschild","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reform Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sephardic Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogues","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1046.0,1293.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel and Zionism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1293.0,1568.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leonard: If any of these groups were divided at all on different issues, what in your opinion, brought them together later?\n\nCecil: There’s no question that Israel brought them together. At other times antisemitism brought them together. There was a great divergence of opinion about Israel in the early days.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1293.0,1568.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Jewish Committee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"National Council of Jewish Women","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1293.0,1568.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Relations with Black Atlantans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1568.0,1936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leonard: Did you ever have any experiences with other minority groups, particularly Blacks?\nCecil: Yes, I had a lot. Let’s say the scales came off my eyes when I was at Harvard. I got to know a Black who is now a very prominent New York architect, and discovered for the first time that they were equals, I guess. I’d been brought up in the South with black servants, and there was real love there. A nurse I had, it compared the love I felt for her compared with my mother. I think that’s one of the big differences in the South, by the way.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1568.0,1936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"African Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil Rights Movement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harvard University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1568.0,1936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Temple Bombing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1936.0,2341.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The thing that really changed the Jews in other cities, at least in Montgomery I know, was the bombing of the Temple. Here was a sign that our safety in Atlanta wasn’t all that sure, that the Jews in Atlanta were exposed, and that what we were doing might be exposing the Birmingham or the Montgomery Jews. At the same time, we had our own necks out. I think that that was a great catharsis in the city, the bombing of the Temple.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1936.0,2341.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Ga.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil Rights Movement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montgomery, Ala.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Temple (Atlanta, Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Temple Bombing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=1936.0,2341.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust/World War II/Plight of the Jews of Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2341.0,2713.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I certainly do remember, but I was at MIT during the time that I really began to hear it. I met a Jewish family who had escaped from Germany. I met them in New York, heard them talk, and believed. I never really understood this idea that the Jews in this country or the government didn’t realize what was going on. I was terribly disturbed by it.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2341.0,2713.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"military service","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Royal Canadian Air Force","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"US Marine Corps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2341.0,2713.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta and Israel's relationship today (1980)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2713.0,3042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":" My feeling is that the Jewish community in Atlanta now has taken as a fact the existence of Israel. You could count on your thumbs almost people who are anti the fact of Israel. I think there are many more people that question some of the Israeli policies. I think there are people who question if Israel and the Israelis realize there’s a limit to the influence of the American Jewish community in getting actions through the federal government.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2713.0,3042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Ga.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=2713.0,3042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Outro","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3042.0,3585.33225"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066/index/47377/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leonard: I think we’ve covered a great deal. Cecil thanks so very much. I’ve enjoyed this half hour to three-quarters of an hour with you. I appreciate your comments that here are recorded on tape.\nCecil: I thank you for doing this. I think this is a great contribution to the history of Atlanta and the history of Atlanta Jews.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32309/file/101066#t=3042.0,3585.33225"}]}]}]}