{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/8911n7z37m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Amir, Frieda Kiwetz"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-04-27 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eFrieda Amir interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on April 27, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eFrieda (Fradel) Kiwetz was born in Zbaraz, Poland on May 6, 1921. In 1926, her family moved to the Podgorze district in Krakow. Frieda’s younger brother attended a Mizhrahi and Tachkemoni school for boys, where their father was the principal. Frieda attended a nearby Hebrew school and tutored other students to help with family expenses. In the summers, the family lived at a summer camp where Frieda’s parents worked. Shortly after Frieda completed her schooling in 1939, the Germans invaded Poland. The Germans soon established a ghetto for permitted workers only in the Podgorze district. Since the family did not have permits, they moved to a nearby village until all area Jews were eventually forced to move into the Krakow ghetto. In the ghetto, Frieda found work at Oskar Schindler’s Deutsche Emailwarenfabric. Frieda’s parents and brother were deported in 1943 when the Krakow ghetto was liquidated during a series of actions. Frieda was sent to the Plaszow concentration camp but continued to work at Schindler’s factory. Eventually, she was transferred to a specially built barracks for the factory. When Plaszow was being dismantled in 1944, Schindler sought and obtained authorization to relocate his factory to Brunnlitz (Brünnlitz or Brnecec) in Czechoslovakia. Frieda was among the 300 to 400 Jewish women on a list drafted by Schindler whom the SS deported from Plaszow to Brunnlitz via Auschwitz-Birkenau. Frieda remained at Brunnlitz until the Russians liberated the camp on May 8, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrieda returned to Krakow briefly after liberation before making her way to Linz, Austria. She lived in a Displaced Persons camp in Bad Gastein before moving to Salzburg to work for UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration). Then, with the help of the Brihah, she travelled to Italy, where she prepared for the journey to what was then still Palestine. Frieda arrived in Haifa soon after Israel declared its independence in 1948 and served in the Israeli army for a year before marrying another survivor, Menachem (Rosenzweig) Amir. The couple settled in Akko, Israel. Menachem remained in the Israeli army for a while and then fought in the first Sinai War as a reservist. Frieda taught at a Hebrew school until their two children were born. In 1963, the family moved to Bat Yam, outside of Tel Aviv, Israel. After Menachem’s death in 1968, Frieda went back to work. Around the time she retired, Steven Spielberg directed the movie \u003cem\u003eSchindler’s List\u003c/em\u003e, which recounted the efforts of Oskar Schindler to save the lives of the Jews that worked in his factory. Frieda can be seen in the movie, laying a rock on Schindler’s grave. After an illness in 2000, Frieda moved to Atlanta, Georgia to be near her children and grandchildren. Frieda died on October 14, 2011.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eFrieda introduces her family. She describes her childhood and her education in Krakow, Poland. She recalls growing up in a very strict, religious environment, her exposure to Zionism, and her interactions with non-Jewish Poles. She explains how her family moved into the Krakow ghetto after the Germans occupied Poland in 1939. Frieda details working for Deutsche Emailwarenfabric, a factory owned by Oskar Schindler in nearby Zablocie. She recalls her family’s deportation and her move to the Plaszow concentration camp. She describes living conditions in the barracks later constructed at the factory. She recalls being sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau for a brief period before being transferred to Brunnlitz, Czechoslovakia for the remainder of the war. Frieda expresses disappointment in her return to Poland after liberation. She characterizes her interactions with other prisoners in the camps and what motivated her to survive. She chronicles the first three years after liberation, which she spent in Austria and Italy. Frieda describes arriving in the newly independent Israel, serving in the army, and meeting her husband. She recalls her time in Israel establishing a home, raising a family, and dealing with her husband’s death. She discusses how the Shoah has affected her life and the lives of her children and grandchildren. Frieda concludes with a discussion of how her life in Atlanta, Georgia as an Israeli Jew is very different from American Jews. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/27976"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Holocaust (named event)","Oskar Schindler (personal name)","Concentration Camp (topical term)","Zionism (topical term)","Poland (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eFrieda Amir interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on April 27, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrieda (Fradel) Kiwetz was born in Zbaraz, Poland on May 6, 1921. In 1926, her family moved to the Podgorze district in Krakow. Frieda’s younger brother attended a Mizhrahi and Tachkemoni school for boys, where their father was the principal. Frieda attended a nearby Hebrew school and tutored other students to help with family expenses. In the summers, the family lived at a summer camp where Frieda’s parents worked. Shortly after Frieda completed her schooling in 1939, the Germans invaded Poland. The Germans soon established a ghetto for permitted workers only in the Podgorze district. Since the family did not have permits, they moved to a nearby village until all area Jews were eventually forced to move into the Krakow ghetto. In the ghetto, Frieda found work at Oskar Schindler’s Deutsche Emailwarenfabric. Frieda’s parents and brother were deported in 1943 when the Krakow ghetto was liquidated during a series of actions. Frieda was sent to the Plaszow concentration camp but continued to work at Schindler’s factory. Eventually, she was transferred to a specially built barracks for the factory. When Plaszow was being dismantled in 1944, Schindler sought and obtained authorization to relocate his factory to Brunnlitz (Brünnlitz or Brnecec) in Czechoslovakia. Frieda was among the 300 to 400 Jewish women on a list drafted by Schindler whom the SS deported from Plaszow to Brunnlitz via Auschwitz-Birkenau. Frieda remained at Brunnlitz until the Russians liberated the camp on May 8, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrieda returned to Krakow briefly after liberation before making her way to Linz, Austria. She lived in a Displaced Persons camp in Bad Gastein before moving to Salzburg to work for UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration). Then, with the help of the Brihah, she travelled to Italy, where she prepared for the journey to what was then still Palestine. Frieda arrived in Haifa soon after Israel declared its independence in 1948 and served in the Israeli army for a year before marrying another survivor, Menachem (Rosenzweig) Amir. The couple settled in Akko, Israel. Menachem remained in the Israeli army for a while and then fought in the first Sinai War as a reservist. Frieda taught at a Hebrew school until their two children were born. In 1963, the family moved to Bat Yam, outside of Tel Aviv, Israel. After Menachem’s death in 1968, Frieda went back to work. Around the time she retired, Steven Spielberg directed the movie \u003cem\u003eSchindler’s List\u003c/em\u003e, which recounted the efforts of Oskar Schindler to save the lives of the Jews that worked in his factory. Frieda can be seen in the movie, laying a rock on Schindler’s grave. After an illness in 2000, Frieda moved to Atlanta, Georgia to be near her children and grandchildren. Frieda died on October 14, 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrieda introduces her family. She describes her childhood and her education in Krakow, Poland. She recalls growing up in a very strict, religious environment, her exposure to Zionism, and her interactions with non-Jewish Poles. She explains how her family moved into the Krakow ghetto after the Germans occupied Poland in 1939. Frieda details working for Deutsche Emailwarenfabric, a factory owned by Oskar Schindler in nearby Zablocie. She recalls her family’s deportation and her move to the Plaszow concentration camp. She describes living conditions in the barracks later constructed at the factory. She recalls being sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau for a brief period before being transferred to Brunnlitz, Czechoslovakia for the remainder of the war. Frieda expresses disappointment in her return to Poland after liberation. She characterizes her interactions with other prisoners in the camps and what motivated her to survive. She chronicles the first three years after liberation, which she spent in Austria and Italy. Frieda describes arriving in the newly independent Israel, serving in the army, and meeting her husband. She recalls her time in Israel establishing a home, raising a family, and dealing with her husband’s death. She discusses how the Shoah has affected her life and the lives of her children and grandchildren. Frieda concludes with a discussion of how her life in Atlanta, Georgia as an Israeli Jew is very different from American Jews. \u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/097/994/small/Amir_Frieda.mp4_1601495268.jpg?1601480868","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Amir_Frieda.mp4"]},"duration":9539.497,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/097/994/small/Amir_Frieda.mp4_1601495268.jpg?1601480868","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/097/994/original/Amir_Frieda.mp4?1601480866","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":9539.497,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Frieda Amir [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JOHN: [Can we please] hear your name and your original birth name also?\n\nFRIEDA: I was born in Zbaraz in Poland [now in Ukraine]. It's a small town, in\nthe southeast of Poland on May 6, 1921.\n\nJOHN: How old are you now?\n\nFRIEDA: Now, I am . . . on May 6 [2001], I will be 80 years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old.\n\nJOHN: What was your name?\n\nFRIEDA: My name was Frieda Amir. Frieda Kiwetz. It wasn't Frieda. It was\n'Fradel.' F-R-A-D-E-L. Friedel. My grandmother's name was Friedel. They named me\n'Fradel.' This name has followed me all my life . . . The first day in school\nwhen I was in the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grade, the teacher wrote my name from the register. I\nstood up and said, \"Here I am.\" She says, \"I thought it would be a boy.\" Others\nteased me and said, \"Fradel? Fradel? Is this something Spanish or Italian?\"\n\nJOHN: What is your name now?\n\nFRIEDA: My name now is Frieda Amir. This name has also had some turns. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My\nhusband's . . . original name is Rosenzweig. Menachem Rosenzweig. There was a\ntime in Israel, when we came to Israel, nobody wanted to keep an old galut name.\nThey changed it into a Hebrew name. The name was now Amir. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosenzweig.'Zweig'\nhas something to do with a tree in German. 'Zweig' is a branch of a tree. We\nwanted to make it higher than the branch. Amir means the top of the tree [in\nHebrew]. My husband regretted many time having done it because he was very proud\nof his father, his ancestors. It was a one way. It wouldn't do to change it\nagain, especially since when the children were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"born, they weren't so happy with\ntheir galut first names--Malka and Disrael--but they were happy with their\nHebrew name Amir, so this stayed. My daughter--my first-born was a daughter--she\nreally was named after my mother, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Malka. My son was named after my husband's father.\n\nJOHN: Can you describe the family situation you grew up in?\n\nFRIEDA: Yes, the first five years of my life--of course I don't remember much of\nthem--I grew up in Zbaraz, a very small town. The family of my mother had a\nsmall grocery store. We lived right behind the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grocery store and upstairs. My\nfather came also to work in this store. My father was a teacher, a learner, an\neternal student of different . . .\n\nJOHN: The names of your parents?\n\nFRIEDA: My parents: my father Eliyahu, Eli and my mother, Malka. I remember my\nmother saying, \"He stood in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"store with a book in his hand. When a client\ncame, he didn't pay attention to the client. He went on reading, studying.\" He\nwas especially good in Judaism. He was [good] in the Bible, in the Hebrew\nlanguage, and the Hebrew grammar. In Zbaraz, he didn't work as a teacher at all.\nHe had no formal education, because at that time his father wouldn't send him to\na goyish [Yiddish: non-Jewish] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. He had to learn only Hebrew--everything\nthat is connected with Hebrew. When I was five years old, my parents decided to\nmove to Krakow [Poland]. We moved to Krakow. There, my father got a job as a\nHebrew teacher in a Mizrachi and Tachkemoni school. He was soon made principal\nof the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew part of the school. This was a school only for boys. My brother\nwent to this school, too. I couldn't because I was a girl.\n\nThere was nearby there a general Hebrew school--not religious at all--where I\nwas accepted and finished 12 years of learning. I have my original Polish birth\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certificate. I have my two matriculation examination certificates both in Hebrew\nand Polish. We had all the rights . . . we were regarded as a very good school,\ngenerally, by the Polish Board of Education. There, I spent happy years. I\ndidn't know of anything bad. We lived in a house in Podgorze. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's . . . one\nof the quarters of Krakow. We went every day in the morning, \"the holy trio\" we\nwere called: my father, my brother, and me went to school over the Vistula\n[River], to their school and my school, which were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"near each other. It took us\nabout 20 minutes. Sometimes we went by a tram, but it was costly. We had a very,\nvery modest apartment. It consisted--all of it--of one room and a kitchen. In\nthis room, we slept--all four of us. We had our meals in the kitchen. We had no\ntoilet in the apartment, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only nearby, so that other neighbors could also use it.\nI didn't even have electricity in my apartment. Although there was electricity,\nit cost a lot of money. We couldn't afford it. My father worked at school and,\nin the afternoons and the evenings, he continued working, giving private lessons\nin Hebrew . . . Small as I was, when I was 10 years old I started already giving\nlessons to other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children so as to earn some money. We never had any debts. We\nate well--as well as it was considered then. We were happy. Shabbat was a\nwonderful day with all the papers, Yiddish and Hebrew.\n\nJOHN: What was your brother's name?\n\nFRIEDA: My brother's name was Efraim Filip. Why Filip? Because when he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"born,\nat the office where they signed the children . . . the newborn children are\nregistered . . . they demanded, \"Efraim is not a Polish name.\" They demanded a\nname that would be Polish, also. They gave him two names, Efraim Filip. He was a\nyear and a half younger than me. We fought a lot when we were kids. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later--from\nthe time I remember--when I saw him struggling with an arithmetic problem and I\nhelped him, he gained some respect for me and our relations became better. Then\nin the war, they [our relationship] were wonderful until . . .\n\nJOHN: In your Jewish education, what was taught to you about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relationships\nbetween the Jews and the people around you? What was the cultural . . .\n\nFRIEDA: First of all, in the house, the culture was that what was not Jewish\ndoesn't relate to me. I don't think my father told me to do it--maybe [it was]\nmy mother. Whenever I passed a church, I closed my eyes. Whenever I saw a\nreligious procession pass in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"streets, I closed my eyes. I didn't want to see\nit, to look at it. I went to a school that was not religious. It was . . .\nabsolutely Zionist, not religious. I suffered a little because of this. I was religious.\n\nIn the school, my friends, they were all from rich families. You had to pay a\nlot of money [to go to school]. I didn't pay money because I was a teacher's\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daughter--from another school, but a teacher's daughter--so I didn't pay money.\nThey were free to do anything. They walked in the streets in the afternoon while\nI had to work. They went to the movies. I went to the movies for the first time\nwhen I was maybe 16 years old. It influenced me so much that I got sick when I\ngot home from the impression it gave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. I went alone. You can't imagine how\ndifficult it was.\n\nI never went to kindergarten. Why? There wasn't [enough] money. The last year\nbefore I was due to go to school, my parents decided to send me to a\nkindergarten. I went and, after the first day, I didn't feel well. After the\nfirst day, I got sick again and didn't go after until I went to school. I\nremember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my first day of school as if it were today. There was a nice little\nwoman called 'Sophia.' She was lovely. She was so good. She was still . . . I\nmet her in Israel. When I came to Israel, I met her after all these years. She's\nnot alive anymore of course. Sophia Lankramova. She was so nice. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"loved her. I\nremember a song we learned . . . It [school] was wonderful for me. When I came\nback [from school], I took off all my clothes. These are only for school. I was\nvery happy in the beginning.\n\nJOHN: What kind of young person were you? How would you describe yourself?\n\nFRIEDA: I was very introverted, very introverted. My father demanded a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of\nus. My father was a very strict man. We had to be the best, always. Even if I\nwas the best, it was never enough. He never let us do any sports, because they\nwere afraid for us, something might happen. This was the reason. Never. Only in\nschool I made some 'gymnastics' it was called. He was very strict and I suffered\na bit because of it. My mother was a very good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person. But then . . . everything changed.\n\nI didn't have many friends because my friends were not religious. I remember\nbeing invited to a birthday party to a good friend, with whom I went home alone\nafter school to Podgorze, where I lived. She invited me to her birthday party\nthe next day. It was Shabbat. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents let me go. I had a present. I went\nthere. I didn't have to drive or ride or anything. I came to the door and there\nwas a bell. I didn't want to ring the bell because I was so religious. I didn't\nring the bell. I heard laughter and things. I knocked but they didn't hear me. I\nbegan to cry. I went home without coming into the party. I was so unhappy there.\nI was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dreamer. I didn't know. I was never a pretty child, never. I was small\nand fat with oily skin. I had good teeth once. I was never happy with myself.\nAll my girl friends were beautiful. [They had] beautiful clothes and things like\nthat. My mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sewed her clothes [and] my clothes herself. I didn't suffer so\nmuch only because I went to this school. There was a difference. They were all\nchildren--sons and daughters--of rich merchants.\n\nThen we met, after the war, some of those who survived. We met in Israel, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tel\nAviv. Up to the last moment, even now, even as we sit here, I have friends\nthere. We are in touch. Those rich girls are quite different now. We feel so . .\n. each one is celebrating now. This is the time [of our] eightieth birthday.\nThey send me pictures. They write to me. They describe their lives. We used to\nmeet every Tuesday in the morning in a café. They still do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. This I missed so\nmuch when I came here [to Atlanta, Georgia, United States] you can't imagine.\nUntil today! There is a different way of talking, of mentality. People [in\nIsrael] are much more frank and sometimes they are more rude, too. They are\nnosey. Here they are so, 'Talk to me, be nice to me, but don't touch me. That's\nnone of your business.' They don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say it, but you can feel it. I had to learn\nit. Sometimes I want to help somebody to do something. [They react,] 'No, nobody\nasked you for help. Nobody asked you to do it.'\n\nJOHN: How are the Zionist types of kids different from the religious ones?\n\nFRIEDA: They were different. Mizrachi are also Zionist, but on a religious\nbackground. My father was one of the leaders. I have pictures where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was\nknown. He was very often speaking at assemblies of the Mizrachi people. The\nZionist people, the secular Zionist people, are not religious. They did\neverything on Shabbat but they were Zionist. We talked about Israel. We dreamed\nabout Israel. We just wanted to be [t]here. One of our teachers--it was a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teacher of German--when it started with Hitler and his Hitler Jugend and all\nthis, he asked us a question: \"Tell me, do you sometimes think about the\nHalutzim in Israel and what they are doing to the Arabs? Aren't they also bad to\nthem? Don't [you] think of them?\" We couldn't understand how he could compare\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, all things like that. We couldn't. In Israel was everything beautiful. The\nsun was shining. The people were in the fields sowing and reaping. It was\nsomething that everybody dreamed.\n\nThen it seems that it was really beautiful and hot, but too hot and not\neverybody was working in fields. I was not disappointed in Israel. When I came\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel, my husband . . . I met him on the first day. I came as\n[unintelligible 17: 36, Hebrew word and phrase]. I was conscripted to the army.\nBeing after the war . . . this is a part I didn't tell you about: about the\ncamps. After the camps . . . First, let's talk about this: when I was liberated,\nthe first thing . . . I have to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back.\n\nJOHN: Let's try to keep it in order.\n\nFRIEDA: When I finished my high school, my father was a kind of guide,\ninspector, or main instructor in a summer camp for religious children. We went\neach year--my mother, too. She was responsible for the kitchen and all these\nthings. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From this school, he was paid for it, a salary. My parents, my brother,\nand me went to Rabka-Zdroj, south of Krakow. Nice places--green and beautiful\nplaces--where you can bathe in the beautiful river. I loved it there.\n\nAfter I finished my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bagrut [Hebrew: certificate of graduation from high school]\n. . . the night I came home--it was Erev Shabbat. When I finished my last\nexamination--it was in German Literature, I believe--I was so empty. [I\nthought,] \"Now what? Now what do I do?\" I came home. Mother prepared some\nchocolate for us. Father was already in the synagogue. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Friday night. Then\nwe went for the vacation. When we came back, it was a few days before the war\nbroke out, the end of August [1939].\n\nI went with my friends. We decided to register, to enroll, at Jagiellonian\nUniversity in Krakow. After Bagrut [Hebrew: Israeli matriculation exams], after\nthe matriculation, we are entitled to. We took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our papers, our certificates, and\nwe went there. The man there was very nice to us. He said to leave them here. He\nasked us what you wanted to study [to] each of us, and we'll let you know. He\nregistered us. We were happy. We went home. The papers stayed there until after\nthe war, when I gained them back . . . some of them. My brother's papers were\nwith the policeman. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certificates, my school certificates, I found there.\n\nJOHN: How would you describe the relations between the Jewish and non-Jewish\npeople as far as day-to-day life goes before the war?\n\nFRIEDA: I lived in a house where the population was mixed. The residents were\nmixed. We were both Polish and Jewish. I think half and half. It was not bad. My\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents . . . my mother had a maid coming once a week, doing the laundry. [On]\nthe big day of the laundry, [the maid] came and [she was] helping with the\ncleaning once a week. I didn't have anything to do with them, because from the\nfirst class of the primary school to the last class of the . . . high school, I\nwas always in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same Hebrew school. I didn't meet Polish [people]. Sometimes I\nmet them when I was in the park. In a little park with a friend, there were\nPolish boys making fun of us. They knew that we were Jewish. They were teasing\nus. My friend was cocky. She answered them back. I was always afraid. When I saw\na drunk man--usually the Poles were drunk on Sundays--I went over to the other\nside of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"street. I was so afraid of them. I had nothing to do with them. Nothing.\n\nWe knew that there were many antisemitic people and papers. In the universities,\nthey were called 'Endeks.' They were known as the . . . really they hated Jews.\nThere was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"law in the senate, they passed a law forbidding kosher shechita,\nkosher butchering of the animals, because [they said] it's a pity we tortured\nthem in Poland. [Jozef] Pilsudski, who was a very important man in Poland . . .\nMarshal Pilsudski was an antisemitic although he had a Jewish wife. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had\nnothing to do with [non-Jewish Poles], because my parents taught me. I didn't\nplay with them in the street. In the backyard, sometimes we played together. In\nthe street, I never went into the street on my own when I was little. Later, no\none cared. That's all.\n\nDuring the war, this same Galas--this same policeman that lived next to us--he\nwas the guard, of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the [camp] in the war. I was . . . I am on the \"Schindler's\nList.\" This man . . . first, I will tell you about . . . let's go slowly--one\nthing after the other.\n\nJOHN: Let's start with the invasion.\n\nFRIEDA: When the war broke out September 1, 1939, we were very unhappy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\ndidn't have an inkling of what it's going to be. It was very hot. Many people\nstarted to go away. There were people even with cows. It was such a hot day.\nThere were hoards, masses of flies everywhere. Then they said that the Germans,\nthe Gestapo won't do anything to women, but men are in danger. My father and my\nbrother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided to leave, to go east, to run away for a few weeks. [We didn't\nknow] how much it will be necessary. We had . . . our only savings were four\ngold coins of $20 each. [My father] took one coin and they went away. They came\nback after a week or ten ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days. The Germans were much quicker than they. They\ncouldn't outrun them so they came back. I remember the scene when we hugged each\nother when they came back. Whatever happens, happens.\n\nIn the beginning, my father gave . . . the schools were closed. I didn't go to\nschool, but my brother didn't finish his school yet. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father didn't work. The\nschools were closed. My father continued giving Hebrew lessons. I, too,\ncontinued giving Hebrew lessons to whoever wanted to. It went on like that for a\nfew months. Then the Germans started to talk about the ghetto. They were going\nto make a ghetto in Podgorze where I lived. My street, the street where I lived,\nwas included in the ghetto. You had to get a permit--a special permit from the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans--to be in the ghetto. Somehow we didn't get it [a permit], because we\ndidn't work for the Germans. We didn't do anything for the Germans.\n\nWe had to leave Krakow for a short time. We left it for nearby, small town\ncalled Bysina [Poland], known for its mental institution. It was a nice village.\nWe rented a room with a small farmer. He had maybe two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rooms. One of these\nrooms, he rented to us. We had a small stove or something. We lived like that a\nfew months. We left behind . . . my father had a big library of Hebrew, school,\nand German books. All this was left. We took only the necessities. After a few\nmonths, when the ghetto was already open, we learned that we must leave. We have\ngo back to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto. We went back to the ghetto. We couldn't get to our former\napartment, because in each apartment there were as many families as there are\nrooms. They gave us a room in one of the other apartments with a family we knew,\nand we stayed there.\n\nMy father worked somehow. My mother worked somewhere in a kitchen, I don't\nremember exactly, in a social kitchen for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. She always brought food home\nfrom there. My brother didn't work and neither did I. They had to have a\nkennkarte, an identification card. We all had to. Now I became the one that\ncould do it. I went to the Germans, to their office, and asked for it. They gave\nit to me. I worried all the time about my parents, about my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother.\n\nThen there was a kind of job exchange office . . . unemployed people could come\nand get a job. My friend and I went there. We said we wanted to leave the ghetto\nto maybe go out to work. We were looking for a job. The woman there said, \"Yes,\nokay. You'll get a job.\" She gave us an address. [We] weren't allowed to go by\nourselves. [The Germans] brought us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. This was my first meeting with\n[Oskar] Schindler. I didn't meet Schindler himself. At that time, I was among\nthe first 20 people who were hired to do the work at [Deutsche] Emailwarenfabrik\n[German: enamelware factory], which means 'factory for enamel kitchenware.'\nThat's what he wanted to have there and he had it there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was hired to work\nthere and my friend, too.\n\nIt was very hot in the main hall because there were big stoves . . . hot.\nEmailwaren [German: enamelware] was very hot once you put into the big pot with\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"email [German: enamel]. Then you have to . . . burn it. Before you did all\nthis . . . mostly men did it . . . women sometimes had a board, a few pots and\npans. With this I went to the stove, and they took it from me, and put it in.\nThen I got a job--you'll laugh--as a welder. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"welded handles to pots and pans\nbefore they were put it in the email just as they were from iron. I was quite\ngood at it. I had a pair of glasses, which were completely sprayed with it. I\nwas so foolish after the war. I threw them away. It could have been a good\nmemory of something, but it doesn't matter. I was quite good at it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We worked in\nZablocie and every night we came home to the ghetto. Every night they brought us\nhome and every morning they took us to work.\n\nThen there came the first Abschiebung [German: deportation], the first expulsion\nof the Jews from the ghetto. Luckily, we all stayed together. We remained there\n[in the ghetto]. They had a list and they didn't touch ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. The second time, I\nwas at work . . . Nachtschicht [German], which means 'night shift.' I had to\nwork at night. They came and Schindler didn't let us go home. We asked, \"What's\nthe matter?\" [We were told,] \"Something is going on in the ghetto. You better\nstay here two days.\" Since then, since that day, I can't sleep well at night.\nSince that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day, I couldn't sleep neither during the day nor during the night.\nAnyhow after two days, he let us go home. This was the second Abschiebung, the\nsecond expulsion of the Jews. My parents and my brother disappeared.\n\nThey moved us. They shortened the ghetto. Friends moved my belongings to another\napartment where we were mostly young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. In one room, there were maybe six\nbeds and the other [room] also six beds. We slept all together. I always\nconsidered myself a bit aloof, a bit more than the common people who cry so much\nand despair at funerals. I'd say, \"You have to be philosophical. That's what\nlife ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gives you, that's what you have to take.\" But I cried just like a woman. I\ncried in Yiddish. I couldn't stop my tears. I knew that my life is over. I\nthought, \"Now I am on my own. I don't have to worry about anybody. I don't care\nwhat happens to me. Whatever happens, happens. I don't have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"run, to ask\nfavors from people who don't do them, who are reluctant to do them. I'll stay\nhere. I'll stay whatever happens.\" I stayed there.\n\nThen came . . . I think it was March 1942, I am not sure . . . or 1943 . . .\nwhen they liquidated the ghetto. I, being in Zablocie in this Emailwarenfabrik,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I belonged to Plaszow. Plaszow has been built in the meantime. When the ghetto\nwas liquidated, they brought us to Plaszow. From Plaszow, we went every day to\nSchindler. The first two weeks, we didn't go anywhere. We were afraid they won't\nlet us go. I worked construction work. I helped the people that constructed\ndifferent buildings. They were still building the ghetto camp in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Plaszow. I went\nevery day later to Zablocie. [Schindler] brought more people and more people.\nFinally, there were as much as 300 women--that has never changed. At first 700\nmen, then 800, then I think it were altogether over 1000 people. Then came the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time when they liquidated the Plaszow ghetto [camp]. They were supposed to take\nus to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\n\nJOHN: What did you know about these camps at that time?\n\nFRIEDA: I knew what I saw. I didn't see very well, because I was very short\nsighted, even though I had glasses. I saw . . . we had Appellplatz [German: roll\ncall square]. It was a place where they called you all to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stand. Always,\nsomething happened. Sometimes it was a Jew shot. I do not know for what. I\ndidn't see it well. Sometimes, he was hanged. It was a time when Amon Goeth was\nalready there.\n\nSchindler didn't look like anything special to me. He was a boss. He didn't kill\nanybody. He wanted to make money and Jews helped him with making the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money. This\nwas his idea, this Emailwarenfabrik. Then he brought more and more people. Some\nof them paid good money for being accepted. I had a good friend who later lived\nin Israel. She died not too long ago. She was older than me. She had three\nsisters, and she begged them--the Jewish people and even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schindler--to let her\nsisters come there. I didn't have anybody. They somehow didn't. They didn't\nrefuse. They didn't . . . They were killed. Some people got on the list. It was\na big privilege to get on the list. Everybody has right to fight for his life.\nIt was known already that [Schindler] . . . Amon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Goeth was a good friend. He let\nhim have those Jews. When [Schindler] heard that we were supposed to go to\nAuschwitz-Birkenau, he decided to fight for it, to have a list of all the\npeople. Some of them went to . . . I forget the name of the camp . . .\n\nRUTH: Gross-Rosen?\n\nFRIEDA: Gross Rosen. Most of them didn't survive. Some others went to\nMauthausen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were on the . . . before us, before the women went, we--a 300\ngroup of women and men, too. I don't know how many--we were sent to\nAuschwitz-Birkenau, but with the understanding we won't stay there long. In a\nweek or two, we are going to Brunnlitz in Czechoslovakia, where Schindler\nopened, this time not a commercial factory, but an armament ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factory in\nBrunnlitz. We were waiting. I remember the days in Auschwitz-Birkenau, the first\ndays when we came. They told us to take off everything and go under the baths.\nSome people knew already what it could mean, but I didn't. It was just a very\nhot shower. We dried off there. Then they gave us other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clothes and we wore them.\n\nJOHN: What was the transportation like from Plaszow to Auschwitz-Birkenau? How\ndid you get there?\n\nFRIEDA: By train . . . I was lucky. No, the transportation . . . I am talking\nabout transportation from Auschwitz-Birkenau to Brunnlitz. To Auschwitz-Birkenau\nI don't remember much. We were all loaded into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this train and came there and\ninto barracks. We had these [unintelligible, 38: 40 sounds like \"pritchets\" or\n\"bridges\"] had . . . one next to the other. There were two rows of beds, one\nover the other. Each one had . . . in Plaszow, I remember the lice . . . I go\nback, but let's go on.\n\nJOHN: When you speak of Plaszow, what are some of the other memories you have there?\n\nFRIEDA: From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Plaszow? I wasn't long in Plaszow because I was in Zablocie. In\nZablocie, we had a room for the first 36 women. We had a room for us. We were\nvery young. Some were even younger than I. I remember how it is not easy to be\nphilosophical when you are in a camp . . . again, I felt that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't want to\nbe like other women fighting over food, over everything. I won't do it. Never.\nGalas--the one, the guard, the policeman . . . he sometimes brought me for\nmoney--I still had some money or I gave him a ring. I don't remember--he brought\nme some eggs, some apples. I loved apples. When we had some soup on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the . . .\nwhere we worked in the Emailwarenfabrik we got to eat. We got bread and soup for\ndinner. It was not so terrible, but it was not enough. I tried to cook some\npotatoes. There were many ovens there.\n\nI waited on the Aufseherin [German: female overseer], the German woman who was\nover us, overseer, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get away. I was sure she wasn't there and I cooked some\npotatoes. She came back and found it. She asked, \"Whose was it?\" It was mine. I\ngot from her, she slapped me around, and if I weren't trying to explain . . . I\nshould have shut up, not said anything. I tried to explain so she gave me some\n[more hits].\n\nYes, but when I came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home from work, in the room where we were, there was also a\nplace, a stove, where we could cook. Some women had husbands in other parts, but\nthey came for the food . . . in other barracks. It was such a small oven, very\nsmall. You couldn't, on the stove, really put two or three things. I didn't do\nit. I was alone. Once I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came and didn't get any soup at work. Something\nhappened. It was finished [or] it was before I came there. I was very, very\nhungry. With all my philosophy, I came up to the stove, I peeled the potatoes,\nput my little pot on the stove. [I said,] \"Now I want to eat it.\" Nobody said a\nword. [I] put it aside and cooked it. How can you criticize people who are\nhungry? You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't. Who are afraid of everything? You really can't, because some\nJews didn't do very nice things during the war. Some were even killed for that.\nMy friend's brother-in-law, Kenner, was killed for his part. He was an OD man.\nOD man was an ordinance man, a Jewish ordinance man. They sometimes did their\njobs, the Germans, through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews. I always told myself, \"I am happy that I am not\nstanding out. Nobody will ask me to do something for them.\" The big man, the\npowerful man, they were sometimes used by the Germans and then they were\nliquidated, of course.\n\nYes. Then in Brunnlitz . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are that far already?\n\nJOHN: Go maybe to Auschwitz-Birkenau. When exactly did you get there?\n\nFRIEDA: Auschwitz-Birkenau. After the shower, we went back to the barracks. One\nweek passed, two weeks. We didn't work. We had to be ready whenever they called\nus to appear. We had to be ready to appear there. They separated many older\npeople. One of my friend's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother and other mothers, old people who never came\nback. They were burned . . . in Auschwitz-Birkenau. They didn't come back though\nthey were on the list. Their places were immediately filled by others.\n\nJOHN: What was the approximate date when you were there?\n\nFRIEDA: I think it was end of 1943 [or] 1944. I don't exactly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember.\n\nJOHN: Were you given numbers?\n\nFRIEDA: I had a number, but they put a number here. [gestures to her arm] They\ntried, with me . . . they tried a new ink--red. It disappeared. I found my\nnumber on the \"Schindler's List\"--my name, Fradel Kiwetz, and my number. I now\nhave the number written down. It disappeared by itself. I didn't do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything for it.\n\nJOHN: What are some of the other memories during that period in\nAuschwitz-Birkenau that you remember?\n\nFRIEDA: There were some girls from Slovakia, Jewish girls there that were\nresponsible for us. They weren't very nice to us. They beat us. They wanted us\nto . . . when the Germans called us . . . maybe it was for our own ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good . . .\n[they'd say,] \"Leave barrack! Immediately, immediately! Go, Go, Go, Go!\" We\ndidn't like them. There were such small things, petty things in the war. This\nmakes up life, as a matter of fact. This is what life is all about. [It is]\nabout the small things. Very often in the evening, when we were lying down,\nbefore falling asleep, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were reminiscing. You know what we were remembering\nmostly? Food. What we would like to eat, what mama cooked. This is what we . . .\nfoolish things. What we will do when we survive, not if we survive. Of course\nthere were days I wished I didn't wake up in the morning. I didn't think of\nsuicide. I just didn't wish to not get up in the morning ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore. I always\nwanted to live. I wanted to live. There were some things like that.\n\nAfter some time, we heard Schindler--I don't know if he came or sent\nsomebody--it was arranged for us to leave to go to Brunnlitz. It was a very\nhappy day for us. We all got . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When they changed our shoes, after the shower\nI told you about, I got some wooden shoes like the Holland, Dutch people wear.\nThese saved my life, saved my toes from freezing on the train. It was so cold.\nIt was a three-hour drive or something like that to Brunnlitz ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from . . .\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. Some people had to really suffer until this day or they had\nto be operated on because their toes or feet froze. I was saved by that. Then we\ncame and Schindler was really very nice. He accepted us with hot soup. We got\nhot soup. The next day we started ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working. We were given not enough food, but we\nwere not starving. We started working. This was an ammunition factory. I worked\non . . . something that had to make the bullets to round them up. As a matter of\nfact, as we later learned, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing left this factory for the war effort, for the\nGerman war effort. Nothing at all. It was all fake.\n\nJOHN: How did you learn that?\n\nFRIEDA: We learned it after the war from the people who were near Schindler:\nItzhak Stern and [others]. There are some people who helped him, but he really .\n. . at first he thought only of himself, of having a good time. He had a nice\nwife, but he had a lover. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew about it. He had not only one lover. He liked\nto drink, and have a good time, and have money. He didn't hate Jews. Later on he\ndecided to use the money--he had some money--to help the Jews. They told us . .\n. they brought near Brunnlitz . . . there was a wagon full of people who were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half dead. These were Jews. They were so thin, emaciated. He took them in and\ngave them something to eat. Some of them died anyhow. We can't forget the debt.\nWe can't forget it. We really didn't forget. You know what the Jews did for\nSchindler after the war. We stayed there in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brunnlitz until the Russians\nliberated us [on] May 8, 1945.\n\nJOHN: During that whole period of Plaszow, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Brunnlitz,\ndid you have any contact with the civilians on the outside at all?\n\nFRIEDA: No. In Zablocie, when it was still the ghetto, I did meet on the factory\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terrain, in the factory, I did meet Polish [people]. I remember Jamda. He was\nthe manager there. He was a jovial man. He said \"After the war . . . you come\nback and I'll give you work.\" I visited after the war. He said, \"Pani chce\npraca? [Polish] Miss wants to work?\" He wanted to give us work. Some of them\nwere nice. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some polish women that we had contact with they bought something for\nus if we wanted to if we had the money. We didn't get paid of course.\n\nWe saw in Brunnlitz there was a building. It had two stores and more. I never\nwas in the other big room where the men lived. We had for women a special place\nand for men. We could go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside and, through the rails, we could see the Czechs\nfrom faraways. On Sundays we saw them walking. We thought, \"What do these Czechs\nthink of us? What do they think? What do they know?\" The Czechs, it seems they\nhated Schindler. They regarded him as a traitor. He was a . . . They weren't\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right. Maybe he was a traitor to them. I think he was of some Czech origin,\nBohemian . . .\n\nJOHN: Did you have any interaction at all with the guards or with any of the\nauthority people?\n\nFRIEDA: No, only in Zablocie, where this Galas was. Never. There was one . . .\nthere were women, one of them was a lesbian, so she was to come to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another girl.\nShe liked her. Otherwise I had no interaction. I was always afraid. There was an\nAufseherin, a red head. We called [her] \"Avanti\" [Italian: forward], because she\nalways went through the factory and called, \"Avanti, avanti! Forwards, forwards,\nforwards! Go, go, go! Work, work!\" But she didn't do any harm. Nothing really\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened. Nothing bad happened in Brunnlitz. This is thanks to Schindler. That's true.\n\nJOHN: Then along the way, in those three different locations, how much\ninteraction was there with non-Jewish prisoners?\n\nFRIEDA: We weren't together with non-Jewish prisoners, absolutely not. In\nAuschwitz-Birkenau, I heard there were also prisoners, Polish prisoners and so\non, but I had nothing to do with them. Some Jews, those who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked, had 'gentile\npapers' we called them. They went as non-Jews when they were imprisoned for\nsmuggling or something, they went together with the other Poles. I had nothing\nto do with them. We had special treatment, not like them.\n\nJOHN: What other memories do you have of how prisoners related to each other,\ntalked to each ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other, different personalities and so forth?\n\nFRIEDA: Yes, that's true. There were mothers. There were sisters, mothers and\ndaughters, sisters. Sometimes they fought over the smallest piece of bread. They\ndid. Sometimes they fought about the place. I slept . . . on a bed, a very small\nbed, together with the one friend who survived and went to Israel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later. We are\ngood friends. We didn't fight much. She didn't see well. She always asked me,\n\"You divide it.\" I divided it and she chose. We got it together. I am not saying\nit to say something. If I had a bad neighbor maybe I would be the same. I am\nabsolutely not blaming anybody for doing what they did. Some Jews worked for the\nGermans in the kitchen. They had it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better. They sometimes helped us out. One of\nthem got rags, rags . . . different kinds of rags . . . old pieces and I started\nmaking aprons out of it. Different pieces, I sewed them together, and I sold\nthem. I took very little money, but I sold them and could buy then something.\nEven after the war, in Israel, I used ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to sew some aprons. I have two left hands.\nI don't do anything, but I somehow did it.\n\nJOHN: Was there any type of either Jewish religious life or education?\n\nFRIEDA: There was . . . I'll tell you something . . . There were people who\nremembered poems. I wrote poems and I read them to the people at night. Some of\nthem were published by the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Historical . . . I don't have them. One of my\nfriends . . . I threw it away. They weren't . . . they didn't have any literary\nvalue. I wrote a poem of how I dreamed about bread, a loaf of bread. I dreamed\nof the day . . . these were already days when they talked about the German\ndefeat being very near. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought that I dream of a table, a simple table, on\nthe table is a warm loaf of bread, how I would like to eat it. Or I wrote about\nmy mother. I remembered one day in winter, I went to give lessons as usual. I\ngave lessons, private lessons, tutoring to children. I forgot my gloves. It was\na very cold day. My mother saw that I forgot them. She was so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unhappy about it\nthat she went out, without her gloves, and waited for me for ten or fifteen\nminutes until I came. I said, \"What did you do? Why did you do it? Now you are\ncold and I am cold.\" . . . I wrote a poem about [it] because I was very touched\nby it. My mother was a very good woman.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we were liberated by the Russians. First, they let us go wherever we wanted\nto. Some Germans had left Brunnlitz. There [were] apartments left by them. We\nwent there. My friend and me went there to sleep over there. The Russians cooked\nsoup for us, a very fat soup. Many people ate it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and were very, very sick.\n\nDuring my stay in the camps, I was . . . I had very often colds and things like\nthat, but I didn't have typhoid. I didn't have pneumonia then. A friend of mine\n. . . in Plaszow, there was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small hospital. She died from tuberculosis\nthere--one of my friends. I was not in a bad condition, because I didn't starve.\nWe received, but weren't use to fat food. The Russians cooked a fat soup--put a\nlot of fat in it--and many people were very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sick.\n\nThere were some . . . Schindler had some stores with materials with cloth. We\neach got a piece of cloth for a . . . later, when I was in Krakow, I had made a\ncoat. It was a warm winter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coat. I had cloth for a kind of satin. It was made\ninto a nightdress. This is what I brought with me from when I came away from\nBrunnlitz in a very small package. We stayed there a few days and then the\nRussians said they have a train to take us back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow. Some people didn't\nwant to go to Krakow. Some people went on to Paris [France]. I wanted to see if\nanybody survived--my parents and my brother--so I went [back to Poland].\n\nFRIEDA: . . . in Plaszow, which I witnessed, but I didn't see because my eyes\ndidn't allow me to see. But I know that there were executions in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"presence.\n\nJOHN: How did it affect you to see death and brutality around you?\n\nFRIEDA: I don't know how it affects. It affects you terribly, but you build some\nkind of a wall around your heart. You say, \"That's it. That's it.\" Sometimes I\nthought, \"Look, it can't be worse. Let's say that Hitler wins the war. What will\nhe do? Will he keep us in camps? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He must let us go. It must slowly be rebuilt.\"\nI don't know this. I am a pessimist but I think there is something, an eternal\noptimism in each man that tells him, \"Go on. It will be better. It has to be\nbetter.\" My feelings are mixed in this.\n\nJOHN: Can you describe what was your strategy or your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approach for how to get\nthrough this experience?\n\nFRIEDA: No strategy. After I lost my parents, I said, \"I have no strategy.\" If I\nknew that there was an underground movement . . . [but] I didn't know. There\nwere some people whom I knew very well from Krakow. I would have joined them. I\ndidn't know about it. There was an underground movement. One of the girls\nthere--I forget her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name--died not long ago. [Shimshon] Draenger was the leader.\nI knew him very well. Before the war, they wanted me to join. The movement was\ncalled 'Akiba' in Polish, 'Akiva' [Hebrew]. This was not religious, just\nZionist. They wanted me to join them. I wanted very much. My father wouldn't let\nme because he was Mizrachi. He didn't want me to think about anything but\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. I was always a bookworm. I read a lot. I was a good student. That's all\nI was. I was sometimes very unhappy--not with the family life--with my life. I\nthought myself . . . when I compared myself to others, I was so much less than\nthey were. I mean ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"physically and in any other way.\n\nJOHN: What did you learn about yourself and about human nature . . .\n\nFRIEDA: In the camps?\n\nJOHN: Yes, during that period.\n\nFRIEDA: I learned that the main thing in a man is to survive . . . My\nfather--during those summer camps that he supervised--he used to tell a story\nfrom the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talmud to the children. He said, \"There was once a city that was . . .\n\" No, [it was: ] \"Two people were in a desert. Two people. Each one had an\namount of water. Then they went on and on. They got lost and they saw the water\ncannot be enough . . . more for one man. What should have they done?\" The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talmud\nanswers, \"Of course the man who had it [the water], had the rest of it, he had\nto survive--even if he fought for it. The main thing is life. Doesn't matter who\n. . . life!\" They didn't see anything bad in this. The Christian would have\nsaid, \"You should divide the water, let them both die.\" No! Life is important.\nDoesn't matter who survives. Life is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important. I don't know if this is right or\nwrong. There is something immoral in that, but that is how it is.\n\nThere was a city . . . this is for the Germans. It really happened. There was a\ncity surrounded by enemies. They sent to the leader there and said, \"Ten of you\nhave to be executed and the rest will survive. Give me ten ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people.\" They gave\nhim a list of ten people who have to come. Then the Talmud says, \"His duty is to\ngive the ten people because it is important that the whole city survives more\nthan the ten people.\" But, if he came and said, \"The city will survive if you\ngive me ten people, any ten people.\" He is not allowed to choose, because\neveryone has the same worth in the eyes of God. You are not allowed to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"choose.\nThere was something like that. I thought about it when I was in the camps. You\nknow that one of the mayors in a Jewish community committed suicide because he\nhad to provide some people for execution. He didn't want to do it, but most men,\nfirst of all, felt responsible for their families. They wanted their family to\nsurvive. What did he do if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was a man of position? He changed the list, put\nhis people, his family, on the list and took out others that he didn't know.\nThis was very immoral. Do I know what was moral or what was not in the war?\nThere were not regular circumstances.\n\nI didn't hear about the underground. Otherwise, I would have gone. I would have\ngone. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would have maybe thought of my own survival more than [others], but I\nwould have gone. I was young. Otherwise I didn't, I was . . . quite episodic. I\ndid what I was told to do. I was happy that they didn't tell me personally to do\nanything bad to other people. That's how I survived. I happened to survive the\nwar. I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do anything about it. I happened to survive. Sometimes people have\nguilty feelings. Why have I survived? How come my parents didn't? My brother? I\nhave absolutely no family. Absolutely none. After the war, I was alone.\n\nWhen the Russians . . . after the war, when the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians liberated us, [they]\ntook us to Krakow. By the way, it took three weeks before we came to Krakow. We\nmade stops. We had some potatoes. We went on. We had some beds on the train.\nAfter three weeks, we came to Krakow.\n\nJOHN: When were you most in danger during the war, when were you closest to\nbeing killed?\n\nFRIEDA: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau. Many of the people from the list were liquidated.\nI knew that I was young. I wasn't in danger. But then also the shower . . .\nbefore we took the shower . . . personally, I didn't panic when I heard about\ndanger. I wasn't happy when I survived. That is the way it was. When they\nbrought us to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow, I stayed a very short time, a few weeks. I met my teacher\nfrom school, high school teacher. She was a member of the Historical Commission.\nShe wanted me to teach some groups Hebrew. I did for two or three weeks.\n\nThen, I decided to go to Israel through the Brichah. . . I went. There was a\ngroup ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going through the Czechoslovakian border to Austria. There were Russians\nstanding everywhere. We were hungry on the way. They taught me I was supposed to\nsay that I am Greek. They taught us three sentences in Greek: Kalimera,\nkalispera, kalinychta. It's 'good morning,' 'good afternoon,' and 'good\nevening,' something like that. We are Greeks. Nobody should know that we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are survivors.\n\nSomehow we came to Austria. We went through the Alps in winter, in snow. Again,\nI didn't have anybody, but there were people with small kids. There we found\nalready the Israeli soldiers helping us. They helped us to move, to carry on, to\ngo on. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came to Milano [Italy], our first stop. We stayed in Austria for three\nmonths because I wanted to go to Israel as a . . . to come into the army. I had\nto undergo . . . military training in Italy in Nichelino. That's near Torino\n[Italy]. There I found my first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israelis . . . Israeli people. I stayed longer\nthere because I was not very good at all the military things. I knew how to pull\napart a gun and so on, but I couldn't jump, because my feet were too short. They\nlearned that I know Hebrew and a bit of English, so I stayed in the office\nthere. They kept me for three months. I came . . . I didn't come to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cyprus. I\ncame straight to Israel on June 28, 1948 with the first plane. That took us from\nRome, I think, or Milan . . . to Haifa [Israel]. I landed in Haifa.\n\nJOHN: Briefly before moving into the Israel period, what was it like in Poland\nwhen you went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back right after the war?\n\nFRIEDA: That's when I went to Galas. He gave me one pillow. I got from . . .\nthere was a committee that took care of the survivors. My friend and I . . .\nthis friend lives today even in [unintelligible, 71: 14, sounds like \"Hirea,\" or\npossibly ha'iriya [Hebrew: municipality]?] . . . we got a room together, on\nDluga [also Długa, Polish: long] in Krakow . . . Dluga 8. The name of the\nstreet is Dluga, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Long Street. We got some food there. I worked as a teacher. My\nteacher took me to work for them. I went to Galas'. I went to my former\napartment, where I lived before the war, in Podgorze. He still lived there. He\nsays \"Oh! You survived? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How come?\" He gave me back . . . I gave him . . . the\npillow and the blanket and the papers he had. He didn't give me anything else\nback. He was surprised. I tried to get in to to see my apartment, which we\nrented. It wasn't mine. I wanted to see it. They wouldn't let me. They shouted,\nyelled at me. I didn't want to stay in Poland. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Absolutely not. What happened in\nKatowice and all this . . . I didn't want to stay there. I decided to go. This\nwas my natural place . . . to go to Israel, but it didn't happen so quickly.\n\nJOHN: You said 1948. You . . .\n\nFRIEDA: What happened before?\n\nJOHN: You were in Italy for three years?\n\nFRIEDA: No, I was in Austria. First, I was in Austria. I was in Austria for a\nlong ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. I worked there. We were . . . when we passed the frontier [the border\nbetween Soviet controlled Czechoslovakia and the American occupied zones of\nGermany and Austria] from Czechoslovakia to Austria, in Linz [Austria] . . .\nthen we were, the UNRRA people there, the Americans. That was the first time I\nmet American people.\n\nJOHN: You mentioned a DP [Displaced Persons] camp earlier.\n\nFRIEDA: No, this is not a DP camp.\n\nJOHN: Were you in a DP camp at all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the war?\n\nFRIEDA: After the war . . . DP? Yes. That is what I am talking to you about--DP\ncamp, displaced persons camp--right. When we came there, she was already there.\nWe had . . . it wasn't a DP camp. There were five hotels then. No, first we were\nin Linz. Then . . . they decided to move us. We demonstrated against them. Since\nI knew a bit of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English . . . I started to learn when I was 18 years old. I made\na course of English in Krakow so I knew a bit of English. Whenever I could take\nhold of a piece of paper or a book in English, I read it. Anyhow, I could make\nmyself understood. There was a committee among the survivors [that] were still\nin their clothes [uniforms from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps]. We decided to demonstrate against\nit. We didn't want to be moved from there. It was good there, but they did move\nus. They decided to move us to . . . what is the name of the place with the\nbeautiful . . .\n\nJOHN: Before we get to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, go back to the day of liberation. Do you remember\nwhat that was like, when you knew the war was over?\n\nFRIEDA: Yes. It was wonderful! They said . . . I don't know Russia, but they\nsaid, \"Vy osvobodili! [Russian: You are liberated.]\" or something. \"We have\nliberated you! You are free now.\" It was like a dream. It was like a dream. It\nwas on May 8, [1945]. On the May 6, it was my birthday. I remember the birthday\npresent I got from my friend. She took a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half a piece of bread, put butter on it\nor margarine, and made a very nice design with sugar and jam. We knew that they\nwere coming. Most of the Germans fled the camp. They went away. The Germans\ndid--the supervisors.\n\nSchindler got a lot of help from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us--not from me, because I was a nobody. There\nwere people, Jews, who really helped him. There was my friend from school,\nRichard Rechen. He's not alive anymore. They went all in a car. They went away.\nThis is another story. [Schindler] was rescued by the Jews. The Czechs wouldn't\nhave left him alive. They didn't like him.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we stayed a few days in the apartment, which we found empty. The Germans\nfled. They left the furniture. They left the books. I remember the first time I\nsaw a book after so many years. Then, they brought us with a train to Krakow. I\ndidn't have much hope, because I have heard of Belzec and all. I hoped that\nmaybe my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother . . . he was so young. I was told by his friends later, who saw\nhow the evacuation happened, how they were expelled. They came to the Plac\nZgody. That's where . . . from there they sent all the people. That's where\n[Tadeusz] Pankiewicz, the pharmacist, had his pharmacy. Did you hear of\nPankiewicz, a Pole? No, that's another story.\n\nJOHN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe you should tell . . .\n\nFRIEDA: It's not for me [to tell]. There was a Pole, a wonderful man, who had a\npharmacy not far from me. He saw it all. He wrote about it. He was, later,\nreally honored for it. I think he still lives. There was this Plac Zgody, all\nthe gatherings of the people that were there, all the expulsions from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there.\nThey told me that my parents went with my brother. They took . . . I didn't find\nmy things because they took some things for me. They thought I would join them.\nI didn't have shoes. I had to wear someone else's big shoes, because mine were\ntaken by [my parents]--the good shoes. They came up to the Germans. They sent my\nbrother to one side, my parents to another. My brother was supposed to survive,\nto be sent to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work, but my brother refused. He went with them.\n\nJOHN: Do you know where they were sent?\n\nFRIEDA: No. I think Belzec, but I have no idea. Everybody said it was Belzec. I\nhave no idea.\n\nJOHN: How did you deal with knowing that you were alone at the end of the war?\n\nFRIEDA: This was a terrible thing. This was a terrible . . . I had friends, a\nfew friends. No family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatsoever. I did have, before the war, some family in\nZbaraz [Poland], but nobody I could contact. Nobody I know about until today. I\ntried. I looked in Zbaraz. I looked for survivors. I didn't see them much. It\nwas not so easy to travel before the war. I saw them twice: once when I was five\nyears old, there was a wedding in the family; and once when I was seven years\nold, when my grandfather died. That's all I saw of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. I didn't know them. My\ncousin once came to us. We had such a big apartment [said in jest], a small\napartment and stayed with us for a few months. She was studying in Krakow. She\nwas sleeping with me in the kitchen. That's all. I don't . . . that's why I am\nhere. If it weren't for that, I would still be in [Poland]. If I had anybody in\nIsrael, I wouldn't be here [the United States].\n\nAfter the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war, after that I saw that there was nobody, I went to Austria and\nstayed in Austria for some time. Then, we went to Italy through the mountains,\nthrough the Alps, in the winter, snow. We came to a place . . . to see the dome\nfor the first time, I wanted to see it in the morning. I went to see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I was\nlater in Italy once. I went back and then we knew we had to . . . I stayed in\nItaly for a long time, also. It took time. From 1945 until 1948, I was in\nEurope--in Poland, in Austria, and in Italy. From Italy, I came by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plane to\nIsrael to Haifa. On my first night in Israel, I met my future husband.\n\nJOHN: Talk about that.\n\nFRIEDA: I didn't know he would be my husband then. He was . . . he came to\nIsrael in 1944 or before that. He was from Chortkov [Ukraine]. That's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in East\nGalicia, east-southeast of Poland, not far from place from where I was born, not\nfar from Lvov . . . Lemberg. He lived there. He was in a camp: Janowska. He\ndoesn't get anything [reparations] from the Germans. He didn't want to. He was\nin the camp and then he survived there. Then after the war, he got a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certificate\nand went through Bulgaria with the Orient Express, came to Israel in 1944. He\nfirst worked here as a guard or something. Then the army recruited people . . .\nHe became a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"military . . . he was like a cop in the army. He took care of the .\n. .\n\nRUTH: An MP, Military Police?\n\nFRIEDA: Yes, but in Hebrew it's called different . . . like military police. He\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. We landed. They took us by bus to Haifa University, the old building\nof the Haifa University. Not on the [Mount] Carmel, but down in Haifa there was\nthe first building in downtown Haifa. We slept there. He went from one group to\nthe other asking, \"Are any girls from Poland? Are there any girls from Poland?\"\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew. I said, \"Yes, I am from Poland.\" He asked me for a walk. We went for\na walk. The next day, I left.\n\nWe left. We were sent to Lietz [2: 24: 08]. Lietz was the place where they sent\nall the people newly arrived to the army, already in the army. He went some\nother way. He knew I went to Lietz. I came to Lietz. They put me in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office\nthere because I knew Hebrew and I knew English. I didn't hear from him. Only\nafter sometime some girl, some soldier, says, \"Somebody is waiting for you.\" Who\nis waiting? This was Menachem. Menachem found me. Why? I was sitting in the\noffice. One of the things the office did was--he didn't know I would be there in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office--but one of the things the office did is register all the people and\nwhere they were--the newcomers, they were registered and what their job was in\nthe army. He supposed that in this office they would know what happened to me,\nand he found me there.\n\nThen we were often together. He was stationed in Svat [Israel], and he often\ncame to visit me. After half a year, we were married, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a military wedding on the\n[Mount] Carmel. I have the wedding certificate. I stayed in the army and he did\ntoo. He stayed longer. Then after a year, I left. I was one of oldest in the\narmy. I was already 27 years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old, but at that time, they accepted everybody. I\ndidn't have any address in Israel except the army. I had to fill out a form and\nto say what my address was--civilian--so I wrote the army. They thought I didn't\nunderstand. [They said,] \"No, your private [address]!\" [I said,] \"I don't have\nan address!\" My small tshemodan [Yiddish: suitcase], my small suitcase, with\nclothes I still brought from Schindler's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"store was in a military store there. I\ndidn't have anything.\n\nJOHN: How did the local native Israelis . . . what was their attitude or\napproach to the immigrants?\n\nFRIEDA: I'll tell you something: now, there are older, sporadic people, they say\nthey are very insulted by this . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they put DDT\n[dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane] on them. They did the same to me. I didn't\ntake it for anything wrong. Of course had to do it. They had to disinfect me. Absolutely.\n\nI was in the army so I was entitled to a bed. My husband had 100 pounds--English\npounds--saved from this year that he worked as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clerk somewhere. I didn't have\nanything except what the army gave me each month--a few pounds. I didn't have\nanything really. They gave me . . . I didn't need a bed so I didn't take it.\nOnly when we, when my husband was in Hirea near Akko [Israel]. He went to Akko.\nThere he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"found an empty apartment, because the Arabs had flown. There was other\npeople living there, too. There was a common shower and common toilet, but\notherwise, they were separated. He rented it. We were married and he took me\nthere. There I started life in Akko. I lived in Akko for 14 years.\n\nI had a very good friend in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel whom I met in Austria. I forgot to tell you\nthat in Austria I worked first in--Bad Gastein was the place where I went from\nLinz. Bad Gastein was the DP camp, but this was not a camp. There were five\nbeautiful hotels, which, unfortunately, we ruined. Some Jews left with bed\nclothes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything . . . they ruined it. There we stayed for some time. Then I\ndecided . . . I worked for UNRRA. Then I met this man from Israel, a Shaliyah.\nHe was a messenger from Israel. He was a wonderful man--Zaharoni was his\nname--from [unintelligible, 1: 28: 47, sounds like \"Cradiashua\"]. He had a\nwonderful family. He was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scientist. He wrote books. His daughters are now all\nvery well known too. I didn't mean to go to Israel. At first I wanted . . .\nbecause I knew that my mother had somewhere a brother who ran away from home in\nAmerica . . . I wanted to go to America. That's how fate works. See, I am in\nAmerica. I wanted to go to America, but [Zaharoni] didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try to influence me to\ngo to Israel. When I saw his behavior--he was a wonderful man. I haven't met\nmany people like that--I decided to go to Israel. I came here [to Israel]. He\nwas still there [in Austria]. When I came to Israel, Menachem Zaharoni was still\nin Austria. I came here and I met his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wife, but I still didn't have an address.\nI was in the army. Only after I married my husband, I had an address.\n\nI started working as teacher . . . in a primary school. I knew Hebrew very well.\nI knew, for the primary school, I knew also English. I taught a bit of English\nto the elder people in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Akko. There we stayed for some [time]. My two children\nwere born. We stayed there until my husband was transferred from Akko to work in\nTel Aviv [Israel]. We found a place in Bat Yam. My husband worked at Bank ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leumi.\nHe did well then. When we were in Akko, I was the first to get a job--not he. He\ntook it very hard. I got a job teaching immediately. He didn't get a place as a\nclerk so easily. He started to work in the ha'iriya [Hebrew: municipality] . . .\n\nRUTH: Ha'iriya is like a municipal . . .\n\nFRIEDA: Municipality and then in Bank ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leumi. He stayed in Bank Leumi until his\ndeath. I didn't work. I worked only privately. I gave lessons to kids. Yes, my\nchildren were born. Zaharoni used to visit them, both he and his wife. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice.\n\nFRIEDA: [unintelligible, 1: 31: 50, sounds like interrupted Hebrew phrase] . . .\nThe things you remember. When I was waiting for my transportation to Israel, we\nwere in a hotel in a small place. I don't know where they put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. There were\ndifferent people there. There were Hungarians also, many people. I made friends\nthere. Then when I came to Israel, there was a war going on. It was the War of\nIndependence. In the middle of it--15 days before I came--the independence of\nIsrael was declared. There was dark in the streets. When I walked with my\nhusband, when I met him, it was completely dark in Haifa. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now when we were on\nthe plane and before that in the hotel, before coming to Israel, we met and we\nmade friends. Then when we came to Israel, everyone dispersed, everybody to his\nown. I later heard of some of these people who didn't even see Israel. They were\nsent to the front the first day they came and they didn't survive. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's an\narticle--I typed it yesterday from the computer, I will show it to you\nlater--which says about the survivors of the Holocaust, of their first days in Israel.\n\nWhen I came I didn't have to go to the army. I could still go to a kibbutz if I\nwanted to. I first thought I would go to a kibbutz, but my husband didn't want\nme [to]. My future husband said, \"Why do you have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to the kibbutz? Stay in\nthe army and then we'll see.\" We met. Other Israelis that I came in touch with\nwere in the army there--young girls. We were good friends. I didn't feel\nanything that they didn't like me or . . . absolutely not. I didn't feel any\nless because I didn't have any apartment, I didn't have any money, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't have\nany . . . absolutely not. I don't know how this comes that some people feel they\nare treated as lesser people. It depends on the man. It depends on who you are.\nWhen I got . . . when we had the apartment, my husband had 100 pounds. We got\nsome money from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sochnut--very little. I didn't think that anybody should do\nanything for me. I was young. I could work. All my life I could work. Always\nwhenever I lost something or something was spoiled, it didn't matter. I said, \"I\ncan work.\" All my life I worked. [It has been] the same here. The minute I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left\nthe army, maybe a week later, I was already working.\n\nJOHN: How did the reality of Israel compare to the imagining that you had during\nthose earlier Zionist education years?\n\nFRIEDA: I wasn't disappointed. No, absolutely not. A friend I have in Beersheba\n[Israel], I showed her the letter. He was first here. He was on a ship. I think\nhe was even . . . He came here and then he brought his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"girl too. He wrote to me\nand said, \"It's wonderful.\" He loves it here and I will love it here. I wasn't disappointed.\n\nIn the army it wasn't even so hot then, or I didn't feel it. It was in the\nsummer. In the summer I was at the camp. Menachem came to visit me and we were\nwalking together. There was Yafa Yarkoni then. She came and sang for us. She was\nin the army, too, but not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in our troop. She came and sang. There were movies. It\nwas wonderful. It was good to be young. It was good to be . . . Even if you had\nan outside shower, it was good. When there was the khamsin [Arabic: oppressive,\nhot southerly or southeasterly wind that blows in spring] the hot wind. I said,\n\"No, it's wind. It is good.\" Then, I did like it so much. I hate it now. I hate\nthe heat, but then, everything was wonderful. The war didn't exist for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. I\ndidn't have anyone to care for--only later when I married. Then the things\nstarted again. As long as you are alone, you are very unhappy. Your life isn't a\nlife. It is a drab life, but you don't have the responsibility for anybody. You\ncan't lose anybody. When I started my married life, I had two beautiful children\nand I started worrying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about my husband. There was first the Sinai War. Three\nweeks he was away. My children were very small then--maybe three and five years\nold, maybe less. The neighbors helped me. We had to go down . . . bombarding. I\ndidn't hear. There were no phones, nothing. I didn't have a phone until much\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later. I didn't have a phone in Israel. There was no TV, absolutely. I had a\nradio so we knew that the situation was bad. After three weeks, he came, but it\ncost me a lot of hells, because I was worried about him.\n\nThen we moved to another place in Akko, a better place, which we bought from one\nof . . . It was also Arabic once, but the Arabs left. We bought this place. We\nwere quite happy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. My children went to school and my husband . . .\neverything was fine. He was working. Except, every few months he was called to\nthe army. He had to give a few days. He wasn't an officer or anything. I was\nteaching at school. When our children were born, I stopped. Then I developed TB\n[tuberculosis]. This was from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps. It happened. I was positive only once.\nI stopped working at school and took the antibiotic pills. Then I went\ncompletely went out of it. I didn't remain sick or something. My lungs are all\nright now. You can hardly see a scar there or something.\n\nMy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"husband worked. We were quite happy. We did not have much money. We didn't\nhave much of anything, but we were okay. When my husband moved to Tel Aviv, we\nfound a place in Bet Yam because it was cheaper. We took a mortgage--which was\nalways a bad thing. We saved money a lot. We tried not to spend money. The\nchildren remember it well. I was always the kind of mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, \"You have to\neat everything. You can't leave anything on the plate.\" They remember it until\ntoday, because it's so different than the way they raise their children. It is a\nbetter way, but that's the only way I knew. That is the only way I can behave\neven today. I can't waste money. I try to save wherever I can. How can I\npossibly be here? It's a lot of money. All my life, I worked, and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saved. The\nmortgage we finished quickly. We didn't want to owe anything. I didn't have any\ndebts. I never had any debts. In Israel it is an accepted thing that everybody\nhas an overdraft. Without it you are not a . . . they are proud of it. I never\nhad a cent overdraft. I never. That's how I could save money. I didn't spend\neven maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$800 a month in Israel. Here I spend three times as much. My son, he\nis a good calculator, he says, \"Ema [Hebrew: mother], you can afford it. Don't\nworry. Don't worry. You can afford it.\" You know I am also signed up for the\nJewish Tower, which is quite a good place. Have you ever been there? They have\nnice apartments there. In comparison to this, it's quite ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different. You get used\nto good things.\n\nTalking about children and about America and Israel, my husband had two\ncousins--one cousin in Italy and one cousin in America. By the way, he is also\nfrom a family . . . his father there is much . . . [points to a photograph] This\nis his grandfather, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bought something in Israel. He was here then . . . He\nwanted . . . my husband sometimes was disappointed that he was not . . . He\nalways felt he had a minority [or inferiority] complex that he doesn't know\nenough, that he's not appreciated enough. One ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day, he thought of going to\nAmerica. He had a cousin here [in America]. We talked it over with the kids.\nThey didn't want to hear about it. [They said,] \"What!?\" They were maybe 12 and\n13 or 14 years old. \"We are not going to leave Israel and go to America. Don't\neven think about it.\" Then he died. After he died, this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was . . . I had here so\nmany wars and so many, here in Israel . . . so many [unintelligible, 1: 43: 03,\nsounds like \"ach mach nephesh\"] . . .\n\nRUTH: It hurt your soul?\n\nFRIEDA: Yes. So much hurt. Life wasn't easy for me, either. My husband . . . it\nturns out . . . I knew it when I married him. He was a very handsome man. You\ncan see his picture. He was always very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pale. He used to get those attacks of\npain attacks in here. [points to her abdomen out of camera view] They didn't\nknow what it was. It wasn't an ulcer. They checked for ulcer. They said it was .\n. . too much acid in the stomach? It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't be. When he was okay, he was okay.\nHe had a good heart, very strong. He liked sports. He was a man. I was always\nintroverted. He was my opposite. He was extrovert. He liked to meet with people.\nHe liked to talk to people. He made a mentsh [Yiddish: good person] out of me,\nbecause when he met me, he didn't know that I was once a very good student, that\nI was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"respected by people. He just met me as boy meets a girl and he fell\nin love with me. This gave me . . . I started to live as a person who had more\nappreciation, self-appreciation, since I married him. He suffered these attacks.\nHe told me that he had three brothers, small brothers that died in their youth,\nin their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"childhood. They all had something with their stomach. They didn't know\nwhat it was. Finally, they took him to the hospital. He had very strong pains.\n[They took him to] the hospital. They x-rayed him and didn't find anything. They\nfound a polyp on his . . .\n\nRUTH: Intestines?\n\nFRIEDA: Intestines. They took it away. They took it off. This was not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. He\nhad . . . He was bleeding internally. They thought this was the reason. They\nimmediately sent him home. He was okay. A year passed. It happened again. But\nthis time it happened, he was bleeding very hard, just bleeding red blood into\nthe toilet. They took him to the hospital and again they couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"operate on him\nfirst because as long as he's bleeding . . . They gave him some blood donations\nand he came out of it. His . . . what do you call it that you urinate? In the\nback of your?\n\nRUTH: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Colostomy?\n\nJOHN: Bladder?\n\nFRIEDA: He couldn't give urine so they had to . . . artificially take it through\n. . .\n\nRUTH: Catheter?\n\nFRIEDA: They had to change his blood.\n\nJOHN: Dialysis? Kidneys?\n\nFRIEDA: Dialysis. His kidneys were . . . but it had nothing to do with kidneys.\nIt is all right. He came home. He was all right. The doctor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told me, \"Be\ncareful. In half a year, because he got so much blood, he may get jaundice.\"\n\nRUTH: Hepatitis?\n\nFRIEDA: Yes, hepatitis. To the day, after six months he got hepatitis. [The\ndoctor] told me, \"Then, you call us, come immediately to the hospital.\" We went\nto the hospital. They didn't know what to do. The bleeding didn't want to stop\nso they had to give him some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pills. Those pills, they didn't . . . maybe they\nwere good for hepatitis but they weren't good for kidneys. The bleeding didn't\nstop. The kidneys stopped working. They decided . . . he was in such a really\nterrible state--they decided to operate. I gave my permission. What do I know?\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many doctors were there. I only later saw that the doctor that really received\nhim, that took care of him wasn't there. Only later I saw [that]. But there were\nmany doctors -- from [unintelligible, 2: 25: 59], from many places. They all\nsaid \"This has to be done.\" I said, \"You know best.\" He was operated on. They\ndidn't find anything--nothing. There was blood coming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the stomach, of the\nwalls of the stomach. He died, as a matter of fact, of hepatitis. I agreed, I\nwanted to make an autopsy--they didn't find anything--because I was afraid for\nmy children. That is how he died when he was 47 years old. I was the same age.\nHe was a half a year ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"younger than me.\n\nSince then I had to take care of my children. My daughter just had finished high\nschool. My son was in school. He had a year, a wild year. He didn't know what\nwas going on. He didn't know. He was not here. He didn't understand it. He\ncouldn't accept it. Today, he tells me about it. He couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agree with it. We\nsat on the steps there in the hospital, day and night until he died, and then\nthis was the final blow.\n\nHe [my husband] worked in bank. Although I had been giving lessons tutoring, the\nbank gave me a job. They saw that I spoke English and I could help there. I\nwasn't trained as a banker or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something. They gave me a job. I was very happy\nthere. I worked for 25 years after my husband died. I didn't get any high job\nbecause I was too old. I was 48 when I started to work. It was too late . . . I\ncouldn't get a very high job. I worked in the import department. I wrote letters\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until I was 72 years old--long after I had to retire. They accepted me on lesser\nterms, worse terms. I worked there.\n\nThose same children that didn't want to hear about America. My daughter married\nyoung. She was 21 years old . . . She made her first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"title in World Literature\nin the Tel Aviv University. My son-in-law was engineer. He made his first title\nat Haifa, [at] Technion. They said one day . . . both parents, both his parents\nand me, we bought them--in Israel it's a very accepted thing--we bought them an\napartment in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Richon [Israel]. My daughter was teaching and Elie was working.\nEverything was fine. Then one day they come to me and say, \"We don't want to\nstay here. We want to see world. We are too young to just sit and save money and\nto do nothing.\" They had one child, one daughter. [They said,] \"We want to see\nthe world. We want to try to . . . \" [I asked,] \"So, what are you going to try\nto do?\" [They said,] \"We are going to try to go to an American University.\" They\nwent to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the embassy in Tel Aviv. They took different kinds of materials from\ndifferent universities. They wrote here and there.\n\nAt last, my daughter was accepted before my son-in-law to learn literature, to\ngo on learning literature in Indiana--Lafayette . . . Perdue University ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in\nLafayette, Indiana. They both went there and finished their second title. My\ndaughter didn't continue. Elie finished his doctorate as an engineer in\nchemistry, but he is also a PhD. He was immediately offered a job in Israel, so\nthey came back to Israel after several years. In Israel, there was a hard time\nthen. After ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two years, he was dismissed as over-qualified for the job. His\nprofessor, from the Technion, the same one--he met him here in America, too--who\ngave him the job in Israel, told him, \"I have a job for you in America.\" He came\nhere. They came here. They went from place to place. They were first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in New\nJersey . . . not Edison. Yes, Edison I think is the place. They went there to\nNashville, Tennessee. Now they are [in Atlanta]. It is funny, because my\nson-in-law goes every so often, every month at least, to Israel to work there\nfor different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"institutions. He is . . . water treatment is his job specialty . .\n. sewage and all these things, all the factories.\n\nJOHN: I wonder in Israel when the subject of the Holocaust and the war comes up?\nHow is that experience regarded and how are survivors regarded in their culture?\n\nFRIEDA: First of all, I want to tell you that my children knew nothing, almost\nnothing about it. Until this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day, until \"Schindler's List,\" until the movie, my\nson says, \"Ema, I didn't know that it was like that.\" Even in Schindler's movie,\nSchindler's camp was a good one. Even there, it was worse than it was shown in\nthe movie. [My son said,] \"I didn't know.\" Because I couldn't talk about it. My\nonly dream was to forget. I don't want to talk about it. I want to be normal\nlike all the other people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to have a family again. I want to marry.\nEverybody who met me, who knew me, [asked,] \"You are not studying? Are you not\ngoing to the University?\" I didn't want to. I wanted to marry, to be a mother,\nto be a wife, and I did! I didn't talk to them about it.\n\nMy daughter, even today, she doesn't want her 15 year old daughter to see\n\"Schindler's List.\" I don't say anything, because I was like that. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think I was\nalways afraid, before I had my children, if there won't be anything in their\ncharacter, in their nature that reflects what I went through. I think in my\ndaughter's life she thinks there is. She is a nervous type. She's also an\nintrovert. She was always a beautiful girl. They are all tall and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beautiful.\nThere is something in it. I was afraid that it would pass somehow. Maybe it did.\nShe doesn't want me . . . even today, she doesn't want to hear. My\ngranddaughter--the second one, not the one that is married already, the second\none that goes to school--she doesn't want to hear about the Shoah, about the\nHolocaust. In her school they had an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evening where everybody played somebody.\nOne boy, was Schindler. Everybody knows about Schindler so he played Schindler.\nI went up to him, and I told him this truth. His mother came up, and kissed me.\nThen he told me the story as he has learned it nicely. My granddaughter didn't\neven look at it. She is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afraid. She is afraid to hear it. There is . . . I would\ncall it a 'stain.' This hurts. That's how it is.\n\nWhen I meet, when I used to meet my friends in Israel or here, that's the only\ntopic: illnesses and camps. Some of them have huge libraries full of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"books about\nthe camps. I couldn't watch movies. I couldn't watch all these things. I didn't\nwant to. When I went to the doctor, before the Germans gave me the money, I went\nto psychiatrist. I couldn't talk to them either about these things. You are the\nfirst one that heard a little bit more, but as you see, there's a lot I have\nforgotten or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tried to forget. I just cancelled it. That's how it is.\n\nMy children came here. I used to visit at least once a year. They came to Israel\nvery often. They stayed with me. I didn't think of living here. Absolutely not.\nI was working there, happy, had my friends there. Every day I was in Tel Aviv. I\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"active. When I came to America, I didn't stay with them for long. I always\nmade trips, different kinds, to New England, to Florida, to Los Angeles, to\ndifferent places. But there came a time when flights became hard for me. It is a\nvery difficult flight. I feel very bad on the flight. I didn't come so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often.\nThey came to me. They work. It is difficult when you work. My son has four\nchildren. My daughter has three. One is married already. She got the second one\nthirteen years after the first. She just couldn't give birth, and then she had\ntwo of them. She is busy.\n\nLast year in March, I got a very acute ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bronchitis. I had high temperature. The\ndoctor came and gave me antibiotics. It really helped. In ten days it was\npassed. It left me so weak you can't imagine. I couldn't walk. I thought I would\nnever walk again in my life. I couldn't walk. I felt like I was flying. I was\nnot myself. My son came. My daughter couldn't because her husband was then in\nIsrael. We took a woman. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stayed with me. My children, several years ago, got\nme to take a permanent green card, so I did have the green card.\n\nFRIEDA: We are talking about hunger. When I went to school, I took two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"biscuits\nwith something, but when I went back I was so hungry. When I came home I was\nterribly hungry. Ema . . . my mother had already had everything prepared. When I\nwent to school and I ate it. Then I was also very hungry later on when I was\nalready a young woman. I was never in a state of being a young adolescent,\nbecause the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years from 18 until . . . 25, six years were out of my life,\ncancelled. The most beautiful years for youth to spend to have some fun, to\nlearn, all this, I missed. I missed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. Even as a woman, I was sometimes very\nhungry. Later on, with all the tourists with all the different things, I am\nnever quite hungry. We are talking about . . .\n\nJOHN: What are some other memories, and images, and so on that you would want\nyour kids and grandkids to know someday?\n\nFRIEDA: I would like them to know it, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but to know . . . I wouldn't like it to\ninfluence their life [but] maybe in positive sense. They are a little bit, maybe\nto bring them nearer to Zionism, to Palestine, to Israel, because my oldest\ngranddaughter, the one that will now be 28, she is really an Israeli. She talks\nto me in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew. She feels like a girl, like a[n] Israeli girl. But the younger\nones--none of them feel like it. My daughter's children don't even want hear\nabout it. My son's children, you know what the two oldest kids are most\ninterested in? [They asked my husband,] \"Abba [Hebrew: father, but often used\nfor 'Grandfather'], you were in army?\" You know what the next question was?\n[They asked him,] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Did you kill people? Was it interesting?\" I said, \"This is\nthe first questions you ask?\" [They said,] \"Yes, did you kill people?\" That is\nnot the most interesting thing if he killed people. I even don't know if he\nkilled people. He was in the army. He was in Egypt on the other side, but . . .\n\nThey are interested only in the movie . . . the Hollywood [California] side, as\nif it had a Hollywood ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side. [They ask me,] \"You knew [Steven] Spielberg? You met\nhim?\" [I say,] \"Yes, I met him.\" In the beginning--now it is cut in the\npicture--in the beginning, they used to show a line of people coming to put a\nstone on his [Schindler's] grave in the Catholic graveyard. I am among them and\nI was seen then. Now they don't give it anymore. This ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was . . . he invited us\nall . . . Spielberg invited us to Jerusalem to a hotel. We went there together.\nHe made a party for us. They can't . . . maybe it's good that they can't feel\nit. When I read about the Inquisition in Spain . . . I read about it. I was\nsorry for the people, but I didn't feel it. As long as you don't go through it,\nwhy should we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really demand from children to wallow in it? Do you say so? Why? I\ndon't know. Let them live a normal life. Of course, I want them to . . . do what\nfollows from it, they have to have a state for themselves.\n\nThey don't care now. My eldest granddaughter came back to Israel to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"serve in the\narmy though she hadn't had to because she was . . . under 15 when she left. The\nothers won't do it. They won't do it. They don't feel Israeli at all. My\ngranddaughter--the one that is now the eldest--Yael, my daughter's daughter she\nunderstands every word of Hebrew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because her parents are speaking Hebrew. She\ndoesn't speak a word of Yiddish . . . of Hebrew. My grandson doesn't even\nunderstand. Lovely children. They are so warm to me and to their parents and\neverything. They know they are Jews but they have nothing to do with being in Israel.\n\nJOHN: If they were to become interested, what are the things that you want them\nto understand?\n\nFRIEDA: From the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shoah?\n\nJOHN: Yes.\n\nFRIEDA: I would like them to know that although most of us behaved as just\nvictims and didn't fight back--though some of them did--just doesn't mean they\nwere cowards. They all had families. They were worried about their families.\nThey were responsible for their families. If they were alone, it would be\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different. I would like them to understand that. Some people, even today, see it\nin not a very good light. There are still in Israel people--mostly from\nSephardic community--say, \"Why should you get money from the Germans?\" All I get\nis $500 a month. \"Why should you get money?\" [they ask.] Not exactly to me. They\ndon't know if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am getting it. \"You are here with us. You should be same as us.\"\nPeople who didn't go through it, don't understand it. It is impossible. It is\nvery hard. You can understand it only as you understand suffering in a book or\nin a movie, but not really. Maybe if it is still your grandmother. My children do.\n\nMy son wants it very much to have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything. He wants me to find the roots, to\nfind books about Chortkov, where my husband was born. There is a book about\nKrakow. Somebody borrowed it from me and never gave back. That was about my\nfather who was principal in a school. He was an important person in the Mizhrahi\nmovement. Some people want it. Some don't care. When I meet with my friends,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's the main subject I would say. They all say, \"We got a letter from Yad\nVashem. We got a letter from [Yad Vashem]. They want to know this, they want to\nknow that.\" We always advise each other of what's going on. There are always\nless and less of us. They are all dying out. This is the last generation. The\nkids ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still have some groups, but that's it.\n\nJOHN: How is the Shoah living in you now? How does it affect you?\n\nFRIEDA: It doesn't leave me at all. It doesn't leave me. I don't sleep at night.\nI sleep very badly. Though I try to here. I should be calmer. This [interview]\nwas for me an event that you had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come here. Last night, I was very excited.\nPeople don't see it in me. I give the impression of a very calm person, but I'm\nnot. I'm not. My children are not either unfortunately. I am afraid that they\ninherited it or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something . . . the genes.\n\nJOHN: It might be good if you watch this with them and then . . .\n\nFRIEDA: They don't want it. My daughter is so . . . distant, very distant. My\nson is a bit warmer, but also distant. He is warmer to me. My daughter is very\ngood to me. I love ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, but maybe I didn't always show that much--the\nexaggerated love that people show. That is the way it is. I was always unhappy.\nEven in Israel, after my husband died, there were so many things I had to . . .\nthough the children grew up. Really they were easy. They were both good\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"students. They were fine children. I met with my friends. Everyone's different.\nMaybe my disposition is just like that. I am not blaming anybody.\n\nJOHN: What are the qualities in you that you are proud of?\n\nFRIEDA: Proud of?\n\nJOHN: Things that you have accomplished that you are proud of.\n\nFRIEDA: I'm proud of having those children and grandchildren. That is what I am\nproud of. I'm not proud of anything what I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did. What am I to be proud of? I\ndidn't do volunteer work. I would be ready. I did some translations. I could\nfile things and things like that. Nobody wants me at this age. I worked until\nlate. At this age, nobody needs me. I don't drive. I never drove in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel. I\nnever learned. My husband did. I didn't want to learn because you don't need it.\nI wanted to save money. You don't need in Israel to drive. Everywhere I wanted\nto go . . . to Tel Aviv is 20-25 minutes by bus.\n\nJOHN: What is important to you, now, at this point in your life?\n\nFRIEDA: What is important?\n\nJOHN: What is meaningful to you now?\n\nFRIEDA: I want peace. That is what I have always craved. I want ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"peace. I want\ngood news. I don't want to suffer. I am going to have a living will made. I\ndon't want to suffer. I am not afraid of death, only of suffering. I love my\nchildren. I love my grandchildren, my two great granddaughters. I love them all.\nThat is all what I am proud ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of. What else did I achieve? I didn't. I couldn't\nmake any career. I couldn't develop a career. Some people did even after the\nwar. I only wanted a family. I wanted a family life.\n\nJOHN: If those six years hadn't interrupted your life? What do you suppose you\nwould have done? Did you have a desire for adulthood?\n\nFRIEDA: I never wanted to be a doctor. Never. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was rather in the literature and\nspiritual things. I would have studied probably in the Warsaw Institute of\nJewish Studies. There was such a thing. I would have gone there. Yes, this is\nwhat I planned to do. I would have continued, because I love . . . I quite know\na lot about these things, about Judaica. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father was a specialist in this.\n\nJOHN: What happened to your Jewish religious connections throughout your life?\n\nFRIEDA: Yes, that is very interesting. Yes, I was very religious, even in the\ncamp. I tried to be. In Pesach, I didn't eat bread. I only ate potatoes. All\nother things I did eat. After the war, I was religious. Only after I got\nmarried, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"husband wasn't, but he wouldn't disagree. He wouldn't object.\nAbsolutely not. I felt that, being in Israel and living a free life here--that's\nenough. G-d doesn't need me to do that. Not that I lost . . . there were times\nwhen I lost my belief in G-d in general after what happened. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought, \"What is\nthe meaning of life?\" Everybody dies. Everybody suffers. That is what we are\nborn for. The minute we are born, we are destined to suffer and to die, to have\nsome joy too. That's the way it is. I consider G-d as a higher power that\ndoesn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really care. [G-d] cares what is going on in the world. It doesn't\nmatter to him whether I do this mitzvah or another one. You have to be a moral\nperson. I always regarded myself, not as a good person, but as a just person. I\nalways thought, \"I am not good.\" I don't want just to go and give my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money away\nor do . . . I just want to see justice. When I saw injustice, this always hurt\nme. That's the way I am.\n\nJOHN: Do you have any conviction as to how the Shoah fits into Jewish history or mythology?\n\nFRIEDA: Yes. We know that, thanks to Shoah, the state of Israel came to be.\nThat's for sure. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were other causes, too, but this was the main cause. The\nShoah, I don't think it will ever be forgotten. Also, those few people that deny\nit, they are not even to be thought of. It's a pity to spare one look at them.\nIt exists. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism, as one of the faces of Shoah, will always exist.\n\nWe are different. I don't know why. We are different. I am different. My temper\nis different. The people in America, for instance, they are so distant. They are\nso friendly, smiling. [Their attitude is: ] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"You take care of yourself; I'll\ntake care of myself.\" They don't want my help. They don't want to help me. They\nwill help me get up from the floor if I fall, that's for sure. In Israel, they\nare different. In Israel, they are frank. They say what they think. Sometimes\nit's rude. Sometimes they regret having said [it]. They talk all together--me\ntoo. When I meet with my friends, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"though we are only six or seven left, all the\ncafé . . . you can hear us everywhere. We all talk at the same time. This is\nthe way we are. Maybe this can be learned or unlearned with the younger generation.\n\nNot in Israel, but here, the Jewish children surely behave differently. I\nabsolutely see the difference between ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddishkeit and being Israeli. It's so\ndifferent. Everything is different: the way they think, the way they pronounce\neverything. They call everything in Yiddish, the things that I didn't know that\nexisted--I knew, but my children didn't: dreidel [Yiddish: spinning top],\ns'vivon [Hebrew: dreidel] or a [unintelligible, 3: 56: 32, sounds like \"grager\"\nand \"rashon\"]. Who knows about these things in Israel? In Israel, you don't have\nto be religious to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be a Jew. You don't have to. You are a Jew because you are.\nYou feel like a Jew. You can do on Shabbat what you like, what you feel like,\nwhat gives you fun.\n\nJOHN: Can you talk about your opinions about the reality of life in Israel and\nthe ongoing conflicts in Israel?\n\nFRIEDA: Now?\n\nJOHN: Do you have any opinions as to what should be there?\n\nFRIEDA: I always was for peace. I was so happy when [Yitzhak] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabin and [Shimon]\nPeres and then [Ehud] Barak tried to make peace [with the Palestinians and Arab\ncountries]. I so hoped it would come to be true. Working in the bank, I was\namong the few who thought so. I didn't talk, because they wouldn't let me talk.\nThey didn't believe the Arabs. They didn't believe. Nobody did. There were\nalways those wars. They will always hate us. There is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sea of them and we are\none drop in that sea. Luckily for us, they don't agree among themselves.\nOtherwise, they could squash us like a bug. Military power doesn't impress me\nvery much. The yidishe kop, the Jewish head, is important. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel, maybe\nhere, the Jewish children are good. In Israel, they are not such good students.\nThey have good schools, but they are just average students. We are everything\naverage, like everybody else. We are not the chosen people. We are like any\nother people. This is what I wish. I wish we were like any other people, that we\nhad other things to think about, not the war, not what is coming, and not\n[worrying] \"when my husband is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to Miluim\"--the [Israeli Army] Reserves,\nnot [worrying,] \"When my son is . . . next year, he has to go to the army.\" This\nis what I would like us to think. We can't. For all those years--52 years in\nIsrael--I don't think I had one month, one week when everything was quiet. I\nwish for Israel really to be a country, but they don't let us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They won't let\nus. I hope for peace now that [Ariel] Sharon is there. He behaves for the time.\nI don't know what anybody else could do. There is nobody to talk to. They hate\nus. I generalize, again, but that's true. I don't hate them. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would like to\nlive like neighbors with them. That's it.\n\nJOHN: Talk about your mom.\n\nFRIEDA: Yes, my mom was a simple woman. She only finished primary school, but\nshe could read in Polish and Jewish. We always had all the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newspapers at\nhome for Shabbat. We didn't have electricity. We had candles. [We had] a\nconcierge . . . she came in late at night to blow out the light from the oil\nlamp and the candles that remained. She read. She was a good woman, a\ngood-hearted woman. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing a neighbor would ask her to do that she\nwouldn't do. She would give her last penny away to somebody. I always thought to\nmyself, \"I will never be like that.\" I couldn't be like that.\n\nI was more like my father. My father was a very strict man, demanding. He was a\ngreat scholar. He learned by himself. He was autodidact. He learned a lot. He\nread in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German also, although he didn't learn. All he knew was what he learned\nin the cheder, in the Yeshiva, and by himself. He was always studying. I\nremember him always sitting by the window. We were on the first floor. It was\nvery dark outside, too, even in the daytime. He was sitting by the window to\ncatch the light, and reading, and studying. He had a big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"library. I would like\nmy children and grandchildren to know that their father's father . . . their\ngrandfather's father, was also a great scholar. He knew languages. He played the\nviolin. He was a wonderful man. There was an article. I think I have it\nsomewhere. I gave it to my son. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collects all these things about Chortkov and\nabout him.\n\nHe [my father-in-law] was called 'Menachem the Fiddler.' He was so intelligent.\nHe had three daughters and one son. His son was my husband. When his daughters .\n. . one of them went to Vienna [Austria] to learn modeling, sewing, modeling.\nShe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brought back her journal with things like that. Even though he had no idea\nabout it, her dad--my husband's father--he taught her how to do it. He was so\ntalented. My husband was always . . . he adored him. He adored his own father.\nHe said, \"He would be so happy to meet you,\" meaning me. About my cooking, he\nalways ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said . . . he didn't say it explicitly . . . but he said his mother was a\nwonderful cook. I said, \"Not like me!\" Yes, I would like them to remember that.\nI know when I was born I had only one grandmother on my mother's side and one\ngrandfather on my father's side. I later learned that my grandfather on my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father's side was a merchant of cattle, a cattle merchant. Also, there were\nblock roads. Like here you pay . . .\n\nJOHN: Toll?\n\nFRIEDA: Toll. He had a bridge or something. He got some money for that. My\ngrandparents on my mother's side were a little richer. They had a grocery store.\nThey lived in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same building above the store.\n\nRUTH: I want to skip ahead just a little bit. You were in Austria after the war?\nHow did you feel about the Germans at that point?\n\nFRIEDA: First I lived in Bad Gastein. I didn't tell you about everything. I\nworked for UNRRA. There came a man to visit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. He was from the Jewish . . .\n\nRUTH: The Joint?\n\nFRIEDA: The Joint. He was from the Joint. His name was Diamond. He lived in\nSouth Africa. He came and he talked to me. He said \"What are you doing here? Why\ndon't come and work for us?\" They were in Salzburg [Austria] then. Bad Gastein\nis not far from Salzburg. I said, \"What do I have to lose? I will leave\neverything here and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go over to [Salzburg].\" [I asked him,] \"Where will I live\nthere?\" [He said,] \"You will find an apartment there. We will find an apartment\nfor you.\" I liquidated everything. I went to Salzburg to work for the Joint. I\nworked there with other young people also after the war. Some were from\nHungary--very nice people. One of them lived with an American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GI [soldier]. Then\nhe had to go back to America and he left her. She understood. She knew that it\nwould happen. There were some very nice people. I worked there. Once there came\n. . . What did you ask me about?\n\nRUTH: How did you feel about living with Germans?\n\nFRIEDA: I lived in an apartment with Austrians. This was the first time I met a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"civilian Austrian face to face. It was a couple. I didn't see any children,\nmaybe they had grown up children. They gave me a room. I paid them monthly. They\nwere so odd. They knew that I was from the camps. They had musical evenings\nevery week. They invited me to come. I went. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afraid. I thought they might\nhave been pro-German. That's for sure. I didn't feel well in Austria. After the\nwar only once, I went back to Germany. I was never in Germany before, because\neven during the war, I wasn't in Austria. In Brunnlitz, I was in Czechoslovakia.\nAll my friends used to go on vacation in summer [to Bad] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Worishofen [Germany].\nThis is south of Munich [Germany]. I didn't want to go to Germany. I didn't want\nto see them. They were all good friends of mine. They influenced me. I went for\nthree weeks. They were all, by my ear . . . The people that owned this hotel\nwere very nice. My friend said maybe it was my personal feeling. They were so\nfalse. I didn't believe a word they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said. I didn't feel well. I never went back.\n\nRUTH: How have your thoughts about your experience during the war . . . changed?\nIt has been 55 years since the war was over. Has there been any kind of a\nprocess in how you have dealt with the losses that you sustained and your own experiences?\n\nFRIEDA: I'll tell you: this is incurable. Time has ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changed a lot. There are some\nthings that never leave you: the loss of your parents, of your brother, the\nsights you saw, the execution sights. I didn't see it well. It was all blurred\nbefore my eyes. In Israel, I was always afraid I would lose the bit of\nhappiness. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was always afraid of that. When I lost my husband, [I thought,]\n\"See, you lost him.\" When you have someone and you love someone, there is always\nthis possibility to lose him. No way you can change it, no way to do it right.\nThat's the way it goes. My only wish is to see nachat [Hebrew: calmness] for my\nchildren. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I go, to go without suffering and to know that I leave a happy\nfamily behind me and they are all here.\n\nRUTH: Why did you decide to speak with us today? What's changed?\n\nFRIEDA: Physically, I felt a little better. When I came here [to Atlanta], I was\nall exhausted. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was terrible. After the bronchitis that I had--it was in\nMarch. I was supposed to, at the end of the same month, be here at my\ngranddaughter's bat mitzvah. I couldn't go. I was very unhappy. I always made\nbelieve I'm okay. I met with my friends. I met with my neighbors. They knew.\nThey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew that I was unhappy. Here, when I came here to this apartment--at my\ndaughter's it was very good--I knew I was a burden on her. I had a very nice . .\n. in the basement she has a room for me with a shower with everything, with a\nbed, and a little closet. I had everything. I knew that she had to go pick up\nthis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child and to go to soccer with this child. She was too busy for me. She had\nher own friends.\n\nAt first, I used to meet with her friends, too. I even now meet [with them].\nLast week I was at the remembrance for fallen soldiers. She is in the choir, my\ndaughter. I didn't feel . . . I sometimes looked at them. They were all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shouting\ntogether. They are so not Israelis, so different from Israelis. Now I got used\nto them. They are very nice, sweet people. I like them very much. I love them.\nThey love me. When I heard them talking about Israel, [I thought,] \"Well, what\ndo they complain? It's alright. They have it fine there. They buy everything.\nThey do this, they do that.\" I didn't open my mouth. Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that's not the\nsame thing. Those people use to live in Israel. They changed. My daughter\nchanged. She told me. She used to . . . they called me at least once a week--my\nson and my daughter--in Israel. When I told them, \"I'm sure you heard what\nhappened last week.\" [They'd say] \"No, Ema, we didn't hear.\" It's true. She\nsays, \"When you are distant, you don't hear everything. You have other things to\nthink ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about.\" That's true. I am still in it. I read it every day the Haaretz and\nthe Maariv, because I have it on the computer. Here, the news are first here and\nthen they come to the . . . In Israel, when there was the . . .\n\nRUTH: The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gulf War?\n\nFRIEDA: The Gulf War. I was alone in my apartment. I had to prepare one room to\nbe a safe [room]. As if it would help do anything--doesn't matter. I had to work\nto do it. I was alone. One night, I slept in another room. I slept and I was\nawakened by a call. My son called from Princeton [New Jersey] to tell me that\nthere was now an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attack. He said I should go . . . because I didn't hear it.\nHere you hear the news sometimes before we do. Sometimes they [Israeli\ngovernment] withheld the news, especially not to let the people know\nimmediately. Here you know it immediately. If you want to know truth\nimmediately, when it happens live, you open CNN in Israel.\n\nJOHN: How much have you gotten into the Jewish world here in Atlanta?\n\nFRIEDA: We have a rabbi here every two weeks. He is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very nice man, Adam Frank\n. . . He is a young man with . . . sneakers and sport wear, but sometimes he\ntalks about things. I am laughing to myself. What is important here is the\nreligious side of it, even if it is a Reformed rabbi. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He isn't a Reformed one,\nbut even if it is, it is the religious part. Of course, they give money to\nIsrael. They donate money and they are very proud of it, but to live there? G-d\nforbid. They don't like it. Some of the people here tell me--the Jewish\npeople--\"I went there and I lived for a few years, and I couldn't. I couldn't.\"\nI believe them. When you are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that age, of course not. When I was 18 years old .\n. . I was 25 when the war ended. I didn't know better. For me, Israel was\nparadise. I loved it. I loved it until the end. I love it still. All my heart is\nwith them--though it's easy to say when you are here. It is easy to say, I know.\n\nSome of my friends in Israel--now they are not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore--sometimes they were . .\n. condemning me for letting my children go to America, as if I sent them there.\nI didn't say, \"I didn't want to get involved. It's their life.\" They were angry.\n[They said,] \"He is a scientist, your son. Why shouldn't he be here? He has many\ninventions.\" Now, they don't say it anymore. They don't even say it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore.\nIt's difficult to be here and not there sometimes. I don't tell them anything,\nbecause they are all so nice to me. They are trying their best, and the\nmanagement is good. Really, they are very nice to me. I am so busy all day long.\nI have working out classes--which I never did in Israel--four times a week. I\nhave different activities. We go to museums. We go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"malls, which I don't do\nvery often. We go shopping. It is nice. It is nice as it can be. I realize it.\nEverybody says how happy [I seem]. I am happy, too. I am happy. What is unhappy\nis not anybody's fault. It is in me.\n\nJOHN: Thank you for doing the interview.\n\nFRIEDA: Thank you. You were like my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/transcript/19285/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"psychiatrist, which I never wanted to go to.\nNever. Now there is, here, a psychiatrist working with the Holocaust children,\nwho was ready to . . . I didn't want to . . . You are the first, somehow. I\ndon't regret it.\n\nRUTH: Thank you very, very much.\n\nFRIEDA: Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9510.0,9540.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZbaraz [Polish:  Zbaraż] is a town about 150 kilometers east of Lviv, Ukraine [formerly Lvov, Poland]. Prior to World War II, the town was part of eastern Poland and home to around 3,000 Jews. After World War II, the town was annexed by the Soviet Union and is now part of western Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew term \u003cem\u003egalut\u003c/em\u003e expresses the Jewish conception of the condition and feelings of a nation uprooted from its homeland and subject to alien rule.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTanakh\u003c/em\u003e is the Hebrew Bible, a canonical collection of Jewish texts corresponding closely, but not identically, to the Protestant and Catholic Old Testament.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow (also known as “Cracow”) is the second largest city in Poland and one of the oldest. It is situated on the Vistula River.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMizrachi is a religious Zionist organization founded in 1902 in Vilna by Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Reines. Its youth movement, Bnei Akiva, became an international movement. Mizrachi believes that the Torah should be at the center of Zionism and that Jewish nationalism is a means of achieving religious objectives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReligious intellectuals who believed that their children should study traditional values as well as modern science and Zionist ideas founded the first Tachkemoni school in present-day Israel in the early 1900’s. By the 1930’s Tachkemoni schools had spread to Europe and were popular within the Mizrachi movement. Today, there are still Tachkemoni schools in Europe and Israel that offer a mix of secular and religious curricula.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePodgorze [Polish: Podgórze] is a district in Krakow, Poland, situated on the right (southern) bank of the Vistula [Polish: Wisła] River. By the late nineteenth century, it had become a largely industrial and manufacturing area. Until 1914, it was a city in its own right. During World War II, the Jewish ghetto was in Podgorze, as was Oskar Schindler’s factory.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew] or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement that supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHitler Jugend [German: Hitler Youth] was founded in 1926 to indoctrinate German youth in Nazi ideology. Boys also focused on military training. The organization was divided into two categories—one for youth age 10-14 and one for youth age 14-18—and followed a military-like structure with squads, platoons, and companies. In 1939, membership in Nazi youth groups became mandatory for all boys and girls between the ages of ten and eighteen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHalutzim\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: pioneer] refers to Jewish immigrants to Palestine that established agricultural settlements.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabka-Zdroj [Polish: Rabka-Zdrój], usually referred to as Rabka, is a spa town in southern Poland, between Krakow and Zakopane. Rabka-Zdrój lies at the foot of the Gorce Mountains, at the estuary of the Poniczanka and Słonka Rivers to the Raba River, a tributary to the Vistula River. In another testimony given by Frieda, she mentions Mszana Dolna as the location on the summer camp. Mszana Dolna is a small town about 15 minutes northeast of Rabka-Zdroj.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eErev Shabbat\u003c/em\u003e refers to the Friday evening preparations for the Sabbath.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJagiellonian University was founded in Krakow in 1364. It is the oldest university in Poland and second oldest in Central Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews. A long, complex history shaped the relationships between Jewish and non-Jewish Poles. By the 1930’s, anti-Jewish sentiment in Poland had reached its zenith. As a result, most Polish Jews lived separate lives from the Polish majority.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Endek [Polish: Endecja] is a member of the National Democratic party of Poland, which was created in 1897. The party was ideologically antisemitic and fascist, calling for a Polish-speaking Catholic Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher refers to Jewish laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Shechita is the Jewish religious and humane method of slaughtering permitted animals and poultry for food. It is the only method of producing kosher meat and poultry allowed by Jewish law. When the Germans invaded Poland in 1939, a ban was enforced in Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarshal Jozef Klemens Pilsudski was a Polish revolutionary and statesman. He was the first chief of state (1918–1922) of the newly independent Poland that was established in 1918. He was appointed First Marshal of Poland, the highest rank in the Polish Army, in 1920. After leading a coup d’état in 1926, he rejected an offer of the presidency. He served as Minister of Defense until his death in 1935. Polish Jews, who supported his opposition to extreme nationalism and antisemitism, viewed Pilsudski favorably. Pilsudski was married to Maria Juszkiewiczowa, a Lutheran, from 1899-1921. After Maria’s death, Pilsudski married his longtime mistress, Aleksandra Zahorska. They were married until his death in 1935.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Schindler’s List” refers to a list of Jewish workers transferred to Brunnlitz, Chechlosovakia from Plaszow concentration camp by factory owner Oskar Schindler in the fall of 1944. There were multiple drafts of the list, but ultimately almost 1,200 Jews were saved during the Holocaust thanks to their inclusion on the list. It is also the name of a 1993 American film from director Steven Spielberg based on the novel \u003cem\u003eSchindler's Ark\u003c/em\u003e by Thomas Keneally.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. German forces entered Krakow on September 6, 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHundreds of thousands of Jewish and non-Jewish refugees fled east to get away from the German army as it advanced, hoping that the Polish army would halt the German advance in the west. Many of the refugees traveled on foot or by any available transport—cars, bicycles, carts, or trucks—clogging roads to the east. The German army advanced so quickly through Poland, many of the refugees were unable to keep ahead of them for long. Most also had fled so suddenly, taking only what they could carry, that they had not made contingency plans or prepared adequately for a long journey. As the Germans advanced from the west and the Russians invaded from the east, many refugees soon returned home.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of \u003cem\u003eGeheime Staatspolizei\u003c/em\u003e, which means “Secret State Police.” It was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn November and December 1939, almost all Jewish schools in Germany were closed and all Jewish teachers at non-Jewish schools were dismissed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn March 1941, the establishment of a Jewish residential district, or ghetto, in the poor Krakow suburb of Podgorze was announced. The ghetto was to house only those Jews who had managed to obtain permits indicating that they were economically necessary. Thousands fled the city to avoid enclosure in the ghetto. When the last Jews moved into the ghetto at the end of April 1941, there were approximately 15,000 Jewish workers residing in the ghetto area and another 2,500 officially living outside the ghetto walls. The ghetto area consisted of 15 streets, 320 houses, and 3,167 rooms. In April 1941, a wall was built around the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrieda’s family probably left Krakow in the summer of 1940. In April 1940, Hans Frank determined that the vast majority of Krakow’s Jews were to be expelled from the city, in order to make it the “most Jew-free city” in his Generalgouvernement. Only about 10,000 were to remain as indispensible skilled workers. By June, about 5,000 had left the city and dispersed to others towns and villages in the area. In July, forcible removal began and mass expulsions took place. By October, the population had declined to 50 percent. Another 10,000 Krakow Jews were transported to the Lublin, Poland area in expulsions that continued until the ghetto was established in March 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBysina is a village approximately 26 kilometers (16 miles) south of Krakow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn October and November 1941, 27 smaller communities around Krakow were incorporated into the city and an additional 5,000 Jews from these places were forced to move into the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA social welfare system was allowed to operate in the ghettos of occupied Poland. Headquartered in Krakow, a legal Jewish welfare organization, \u003cem\u003eJüdische Soziale Selbsthilfe\u003c/em\u003e [German: Jewish Self-Help; JSS], used the modest financial resources allotted to them by the Germans to operate soup kitchens and warehouses, as well as provide medical aid to ghetto inhabitants.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKennkarte\u003c/em\u003e (plural: \u003cem\u003eKennkarten\u003c/em\u003e) [German: identity card] was the basic identity document used by the Germans beginning in 1938. They were normally obtained through a police precinct. \u003cem\u003eKennkarten\u003c/em\u003e were introduced in German-occupied Poland in 1941. The color of a \u003cem\u003eKennkarte\u003c/em\u003e was based on ethnicity. Poles had gray ones, while Jews and Romas had yellow and other nationalities had blue. Letters also marked the holder’s nationality—for example, Russians had an “R”, while Jews had a “J”. Krakow’s Jews were registered between March and May 1942. Those who had trades were given stamps on their \u003cem\u003eKennkarten\u003c/em\u003e. The majority of the ghetto residents worked outside the ghetto. They needed a permit to leave the ghetto, which had to be renewed monthly. Those who were unemployed or had white-collar professions were denied the stamp and subject to deportation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Krakow ghetto had a German labor office, which assigned jobs to ghetto inhabitants who were considered skilled workers. Approximately 60 percent of the ghetto’s residents worked outside the ghetto at various factories, at the airfield, or cleaning the offices of German officials. There were also several factories, home-based enterprises, and private business operations inside the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOskar Schindler (1908-1974) was an ethnic German born in Svitavy (Zwittau), Moravia (present-day Czech Republic). During World War II, he was a Nazi party-member who became a factory-owner and is credited with saving the lives of the almost 1,200 Jews he employed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOskar Schindler took advantage of the German occupation program to “Aryanize” and “Germanize” Jewish-owned and Polish-owned businesses in the so-called General Government (Generalgouvernement) and leased Rekord Ltd., a Jewish-owned enamelware manufacturer, in November 1939. He converted its plant to establish the Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik [German: German Enamelware Factory, Polish: Fabryka Emalia Oskara Schindlera], also known as ‘Emalia’ or ‘DEF.’ The factory was located in Zablocie, an industrial area of Krakow in the Podgorze district, near where the Jewish ghetto was established.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZablocie is an industrial area of Krakow, in the Podgorze district, near where the Jewish ghetto was established during World War II. Oskar Schindler’s factory was located in Zablocie. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAround 7,000 were deported to the Belzec extermination camp after a round up in the Krakow ghetto between June 1 and 8, 1942. Those who had stamps on their identity cards that identified them as workers—including those that worked for Schindler—were exempted from the deportation. Those who were unemployed or had white-collar professions and had been denied the stamp were deported.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA second major round up in the Krakow ghetto occurred on October 28, 1942. At least 6,000 were deported to the Belzec extermination camp and another 600 were killed on the spot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing the October 28, 1942 \u003cem\u003eAktion\u003c/em\u003e, the Krakow ghetto area was reduced. Then on December 6, 1942, the remaining ghetto residents were divided into two sections: Ghetto A was for those able to work, and Ghetto B was for sick, elderly, and those unable to work.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe final liquidation of the Krakow ghetto began on March 13, 1943. At least 8,000 people from Ghetto A who were considered able to work were marched to the Plaszow labor camp. The remaining inhabitants of Ghetto A and all of the inhabitants of Ghetto B were either murdered in the ghetto or transported to their deaths. Some 1,000 were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where all but 15 men and 26 women were sent straight to the gas chambers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as the ‘Krakau-Plaszow’ camp, the Plaszow camp was in a suburb of Krakow, Poland. It was established in October 1942 as a detention place for Jewish forced laborers in the district. The original site of the camp included two Jewish cemeteries. The camp was occasionally expanded until 1944, when it reached its maximum size and became a concentration camp. The largest number of people confined in Plaszow at any one time was over 20,000. Plaszow was the site of mass executions and individual random violence. Thousands were killed there, mostly by shooting.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlmost 1,200 men and women were on “Schindler’s List.” The list of Jewish laborers to be transferred to Brunnlitz in October 1944 included around 800 men whom the SS deported from Plaszow via Gross-Rosen and between 300 and 400 women who were transferred from Plaszow via Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Russians approached, Plaszow was evacuated in August 1944. 8,000 inmates were sent to other concentration camps in Germany and Austria, including Mauthausen and Stutthof, or to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by the Third Reich just outside the town of Oswiecem (renamed Auschwitz by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmon Goeth [also spelled: Goth or Göth] became the commandant of Plaszow labor camp near Krakow, Poland on February 11, 1943. He was in charge until September 13, 1944. He was a cruel, brutal, conscienceless sadist who murdered at random. He terrified all of the inmates whenever he roamed the camp on his white horse in the company of his dogs, who killed people on his command. After the war, Goeth was found guilty of murdering tens of thousands of Jews. He was executed by hanging on September 13, 1946 at age 37, not far from the former site of the Plaszow camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the fall of 1943, Schindler managed to persuade the SS to establish a sub-camp of Plaszow at the Deutsche Emailewarenfabrik. Achieving the necessary permission from the SS required Schindler to bribe influential SS leaders and Party members, including Amon Goeth, the commandant of Plaszow and a personal drinking companion. Approximately 1,000 Jewish forced laborers registered as factory workers and another 450 Jews working in other nearby factories were transferred to the relative safety of barracks constructed at the factory in Zablocie and were thus saved from the brutality of Plaszow. In the fall of 1944, Plaszow was dismantled ahead of the Russian advance. Schindler again bribed the necessary officials to get permission to transfer his factory to Brunnlitz, Czechoslovakia. At that point, however, Amon Goeth was no longer in charge of Plaszow. In both instances, Oskar Schindler later explained his altruism was motivated by a desire to save as many of Krakow’s Jews as possible. In both instances, Schindler sacrificed significant amounts of the fortune he had amassed. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGross-Rosen concentration camp opened in May 1940 in a quarry near the village of Gross-Rosen, Poland. By 1944, there were about 110,000 prisoners in the system. The living and working conditions were brutal. It was classified as a Category III camp, or the most severe treatment classification. As the war neared its end, conditions grew even worse as evacuation transports arrived from the east swelling the camp to near bursting. The death rate skyrocketed and bodies were piled up outside the barracks. The factory in Schindler established in Brunnlitz, Czechoslovakia in the fall of 1944 was considered a sub-camp of Gross-Rosen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMauthausen was the primary camp in the camp system in Austria. It had a series of about 50 sub-camps. It was opened after the \u003cem\u003eAnschluss\u003c/em\u003e (when Germany annexed Austria) in March 1938, on the site of the Weiner Graben granite quarry. Its purpose was to use slave labor to exploit the quarry. The death rate was the highest among all the camps in the Greater Reich. About 200,000 prisoners passed through Mauthausen and its sub-camps and about half of those died there. On August 8, 1944, a transport of over 4,500 Jewish males left Plaszow for Mauthausen. About 400 were Jews who had recently worked for Schindler at his enamel factory.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchindler’s list of Jewish laborers to be transferred to Brunnlitz included around 800 men whom the SS deported from Plaszow to Gross-Rosen and between 300 and 400 women who were transferred from Plaszow to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrunnlitz [German: Brünnlitz, Czech: Brněnec] is a village in eastern central Czech Republic, about midway between Prague, Czech Republic and Krakow, Poland. In October 1944, Oskar Schindler obtained permission to relocate his plant to Brunnlitz as a sub-camp of Gross-Rosen. Though classified as an armaments factory, Schindler’s Brunnlitz plant produced just one wagonload of live ammunition in just under eight months of operation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau, those prisoners who were selected for admittance to the camp were first taken to showers, disinfected, given a change of clothing, and had their heads shaved. Those selected for death were also told they must shower and undergo disinfection before being admitted to the camp and going to their barracks. The victims were led to the crematoriums and instructed to undress. To complete the rouse, they were then shepherded into the gas chambers past reassuring signs that read, “\u003cem\u003eZum Baden\u003c/em\u003e” [German: to the baths] or “\u003cem\u003eZur Desinfektion\u003c/em\u003e” [German: to disinfection].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe OD refers to the \u003cem\u003eJudischer Ordnungsdienst\u003c/em\u003e [German: Jewish Ghetto Police], Jewish police units established by the Germans to keep order in occupied areas. They were often referred them to as the “Jewish Police.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFradel Kiwetz is listed on line 127 of Schindler’s list. Her prisoner number is given as 76329 and her occupation is listed as “\u003cem\u003eMetallarbeiterin\u003c/em\u003e” [German: metal worker].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eItzhak Stern was a Polish Jew who worked closely with German industrialist Oskar Schindler. He was an accountant at Schindler's enamelware company in Krakow and was influential in helping to draft “Schindler’s List” when the factory moved to Brunnlitz, Czechoslovakia in 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn January 1945, around 120 Jewish men were loaded in sealed cattle-wagons, without food or water, and evacuated from Goleszow, a sub-camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau. They were transported westward in advance of the approaching Russian front. After a week, they arrived in Brunnlitz. Oskar Schindler and his wife Emilie agreed to take charge of the 107 survivors, who suffered from frostbite and were severely emaciated. The Schindlers arranged medical treatment for the survivors and Oskar arranged for the dead to be buried with full Jewish religious rites in a plot of land near the Catholic cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Oskar Schindler and his wife Emilie settled in Regensburg, Germany, nearly penniless. Jewish relief organizations and groups of survivors supported him modestly over the years, helping finance his (in the long run, unsuccessful) emigration to Argentina in 1949. In 1957, permanently separated but not divorced from Emilie, Schindler returned alone to Germany. Oskar spent the remainder of his life living partly in Israel and partly in Germany, supported by many of those whose survival he facilitated. When he died in Germany, penniless and almost unknown, in October 1974, a group of survivors and their descendants lobbied for and financed the transfer of his body for burial in Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe area Oskar Schindler was born and grew up in had once belonged to Moravia, which was a province in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and home to many ethnic Germans. In 1918, the area was incorporated into the newly established Czechoslovak Republic and, during the interwar period, was known as the Sudentenland. Although they then held Czech citizenship, Schindler’s family was ethnically German. In 1936, he began working for the Amt Auslands/Abwehr (Office of the Military Foreign Intelligence) of the German Armed Forces. In August 1938, Schindler was accused of spying for the German government and charged with offences against the Czech State. He was sentenced to two years in prison, but was released when Germany occupied the Sudetenland in October. Five months later, Schindler joined the Nazi Party. Resentment had grown during the German occupation and much of the Czech population, including resistance groups and the Government-in-exile, were calling for the expulsion of all ethnic Germans at war’s end. When he returned in 1944, Schindler had clearly profited from his collaborative relationship with Germany and was undoubtedly considered a traitor by other Czechs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Well-meaning soldiers without proper medical training often gave survivors foods that made their conditions worse. Eating foods that were too rich, fatty, or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTuberculosis is a potentially fatal contagious disease that mainly affects the lungs. It can usually be cured with antibiotics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShimshon Draenger was born in Krakow, Poland in 1917 and became one of the main leaders of the Akiva movement in his teens. After the occupation of Poland in 1939, he helped establish an underground combat group called the He-Haluts ha-Lohem, which successfully carried out a series of raids, acts of sabotage, and deadly attacks on the “Aryan” side of Krakow in 1942. Draenger and his wife, Gusta “Justina” Dawidson, who was also active in the resistance, were captured and executed in November 1943.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Bnei Akiva movement began in 1929 in British Mandate Palestine to promote religious study and work in the land of Israel. Today, it is the largest religious Zionist youth movement in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Central Jewish Commitee in Poland (CKZ) established the Central Jewish Historical Commission (Polish: \u003cem\u003eCentralna Zydowska Komisja Historyczna\u003c/em\u003e; also known as CJHK) in August 1944. After Poland was completely liberated in the spring 1945, the CJKH established twenty-five branches throughout the country, with one of its Regional Historical Commissions in Krakow. Its main task was to preserve a record of the gruesome events of the Holocaust by research, documentation, collection of evidence, and publications. The CJHK provided a framework for researchers, publishing methodical instructions for collecting materials and organizing proper archives, and libraries. They also established contacts with Jewish organizations abroad.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrichah (also spelled Bricha, Berihah or Berichah) [Hebrew: escape or flight] was an underground effort that began as a largely Zionist youth movement in Poland and helped displaced Jews escape post­war Eastern Europe. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee began funding the Brichah in the winter of 1945. Between 1945 and 1948, Brichah moved about 250,000 survivors into Austria, Germany and Italy and then on to what was then the British Mandate for Palestine through elaborate smuggling networks. The Brichah ended operations when Israel declared independence in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom August 1945 onward, a movement started out of Poland into the Displaced Persons camps of Czechoslovakia, which by various routes then led to the American occupied zone in Austria and into Bavaria. Until 1946, forged Red Cross documents were employed to identify people as Greek refugees. At the conclusion of World War II, Czechoslovakia fell within the Soviet sphere of influence, however an informal agreement was obtained not to hamper the movement of Jews as they crossed what was referred to as the Czech-German frontier, and United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and the Czech government helped cover train fares.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil Israel declared independence in May 1948, operatives from the Haganah (the Jewish clandestine army in Palestine), along with Officers of the Jewish Brigade of the British army, assisted the underground efforts of the Brichah in recruiting and smuggling Jews into Palestine through Italy. Volunteers were organized into small groups and given basic military training prior to departure.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMilan [Italian: \u003cem\u003eMilano\u003c/em\u003e] is the second most populated city in Italy and the main industrial, commercial, and financial center of Italy. It is located in northern Italy, close to the border of Switzerland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNichelino, Italy is a municipality in northwestern Italy, about 8 kilometers southwest of Turin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTurin [Italian: \u003cem\u003eTorino\u003c/em\u003e] is a city in northwestern Italy, on the Po River, surrounded by the Alps, near the border of France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Republic of Cyprus is an island in the eastern Mediterranean that is separated into a Greek south and Turkish north.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing a recommendation by the United Nations, Israel was officially proclaimed a state on May 14, 1948. Flying to Haifa barely a month later, Frieda probably was on one of the first flights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHaifa is the largest city in northern Israel, and the third largest city in the country. It is located on the Mediterranean Sea and is a major seaport.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, many Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In post-war Poland, there were a number of pogroms (violent anti-Jewish riots). When Frieda mentions Katowice, a city in southwestern Poland where about 1,500 Jews settled after the war, she probably meant Kielce, which is located in southeastern Poland about 150 kilometers northwest of Katowice. One of the most well known examples of postwar antisemitic violence occurred in Kielce on July 4, 1946. To avoid punishment for wandering away from home for three days, a nine-year-old boy claimed he had been kidnapped and held in the basement of the Jewish Committee building. When police went to investigate the fictitious claims. Polish civilians, soldiers, and police killed 42 Jews and injured 40 others. While not an isolated instance, the massacre symbolized the precarious state of Jewish life in the Holocaust’s aftermath and prompted many survivors to leave Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLinz is the third-largest city of Austria. After World War II, it was just inside the border of the American zone of occupation and became a major assembly center for displaced persons and refugees. Frieda probably arrived in Linz in the fall of 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities in Europe ended on May 8, 1945, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the seven million uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs) who wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP Camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBad Gastein is a spa town in the Austrian state of Salzburg where the US Army established a Jewish DP camp. UNNRA and the US Army administered the camp. A committee composed of elected members from each of the five hotels acted as a liaison between authorities and the camp population. The DPs were housed in five requisitioned hotels and some requisitioned homes. In August 1946, the DPs living in Bad Gastein were transferred to a larger DP camp known as “Star of David” at Ebelsberg, a quarter in the city of Linz, Austria. At the announcement of the proposed move in July 1946, the DPs in Bad Gastein protested. Several Jewish DPs from other camps had moved to Bad Gastein and, when it closed in August 1946, Bad Gastein housed between 1,000 and 1,300 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRyszard Rechen is a Polish Jew whose name was included on “ Schindler’s List.” Other survivors refer to him as Richard Rechen or Rechin and reported that he volunteered to drive the lorry that was to escort the Schindlers towards the American lines at the end of the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOskar and Emilie Schindler left Brunnlitz in their Mercedes on May 8, 1945. To avoid being detained as members of the Nazi Party, the Schindlers dressed as Jewish prisoners. Eight Jewish prisoners also volunteered to travel with them. They took a lorry filled with goods for barter and bribes with them. Oskar also carried diamonds, a letter of reference written by some of the prisoners, and a gold ring with a Hebrew inscription the prisoners had made for him. Thanks to the disguise and the protection of the former prisoners, the Schindlers made it safely to the American-occupied zone of Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBelzec was established in the Lublin district of Poland in November 1941 and began operations in February 1942. Belzec was purely an extermination camp, with gas chambers that used diesel engine exhaust to murder the Jews. Belzec was closed in late 1942 and the bodies in the mass graves were dug up, cremated and reburied. Thereafter it was razed to the ground and a farm was set up on the land. When the Russians liberated the area in the summer of 1944 there was nothing left to find. Altogether, about 600,000 Jews and thousands of gypsies were murdered in Belzec. Jews from Krakow were sent to Belzec in the summer and fall of 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlac Zgody\u003c/em\u003e [Polish: Peace Square] was a square in the Krakow ghetto that became the gathering place and point of departure for thousands of Jews deported from the ghetto in various actions. Today, it is marked by a memorial consisting of 70 chairs, which represents the furniture and other belongings discarded by the deportees.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTadeusz Pankiewicz was a Polish Catholic who owned the Pod Orlem [Polish: Under the Eagle] pharmacy in an area that became part of the Krakow ghetto. During the two and a half years the ghetto existed, Pankiewicz’s pharmacy remained open and he was the only Pole who lived and worked in the ghetto. Pankiewicz witnessed the horrors of the Krakow ghetto from his pharmacy, which overlooked Plac Zgody [Polish: Peace Square], the main SS assembly area for deportations. After the war, Pankiewicz was honored by Yad Vashem as one of the Righteous Among the Nations for his efforts to assist the ghetto population—including smuggling messages and goods into and out of the ghetto, administering medicine and bandages to sick or wounded ghetto inhabitants, assisting Jews attempting to evade deportation, and hiding religious items and valuables for those who were deported.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans occupied Zbaraz on July 4, 1941. Around 3,000 Jews lived in Zbaraz in 1931. During World War II, the Jewish population grew to around 5,000. Close to 3,000 were murdered in Belzec after a series of deportations in 1942. The remaining 2,000 were confined to a ghetto that was then liquidated by shooting in June 1943. A few hundred managed to escape to the woods during the ghetto’s liquidation but were later found and shot. Only around 60 Zbaraz Jews ultimately survived the German occupation. Yad Vashem’s Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names includes at least 17 murdered individuals from Zbaraz, Poland with the surname Kiwetz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChortkov [Polish: Czortków] is the Yiddish name of a town that was part of eastern Poland until 1945. Prior to the Holocaust, it was a notable shtetl with a significant Hasidic Jewish population. Today, the city is Ukraine and known as Chortkiv.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGalicia was a political and geographical region between present-day Poland and Ukraine. Once a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the historical region disappeared from the European map after World War I. By the start of World War II in 1939, western Galicia was occupied by the Germans and eastern Galicia was occupied by the Soviet Union, Today, the east part of former Galicia is part of the Ukraine, while the western part belongs to Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso spelled ‘Lwów’, Lvov was once a Polish town in the southeast of Poland. It is approximately 350 kilometers (220 miles) east of Krakow, Poland. Since World War II, it is known as ‘Lviv’ and is a city in western Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, the Germans established an arms factory on Janowska Road in the northwestern suburbs of Lvov, in southeastern Poland. Soon after, they expanded it into a network of factories as part of the German Armaments Works (DAW) and it became the Janowska labor camp. In addition to being a forced-labor camp for Jews, Janowska was a transit camp during the mass deportations of Polish Jews to extermination camps in 1942. Thousands of Jews from the Lvov ghetto were deported to Janowska. Those classified as fit to work remained at Janowska for forced labor. Those unfit for work were sent to Belzec and killed or taken to a nearby ravine and shot. The evacuation of the Janowska camp began in November 1943. The SS staff and their local auxiliaries murdered at least 6,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Orient Express was the name of a long-distance passenger train service created in 1883 that eventually had five routes across Europe. After World War II, there were two routes that originated in Paris and passed through Bulgaria, one stopping in Sofia and one stopping in Varna before both continued to the final stop of Istanbul.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Haifa is a public research university founded in Haifa, Israel in 1963. The University of Haifa was originally situated in Erdstein House in Haifa’s Hadar HaCarmel section. Today, its main campus is on top of Mount Carmel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSvat (Hebrew: \u003cem\u003eTzfat\u003c/em\u003e, also known more commonly as Safed) is a city located in the hills of northern Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT] is an insecticide that was used during World War II to control lice, malaria, and typhus among civilians and troops. After the war, survivors in DP camps and immigrants to Israel were often disinfected with DDT. By 1972, the United States had banned the toxic chemical because of health and environmental risks and a worldwide ban soon followed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAkko is the Hebrew name of Acre, Israel. It is located in the northern coastal plain region at the northern extremity of Haifa Bay. Akko (Acre) is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsraeli troops took control of Akko (Acre) on May 17, 1948, shortly after the Arab invasion, and most of the Arab inhabitants fled. It was subsequently incorporated into Israel after the War of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShaliyah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: a messenger] refers to a Jewish emissary for the clandestine underground movement known as Brichah, which was working to smuggle as many Jews as possible from post-war Europe into Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis may be a reference to Menachem Zaharoni who was formerly known as Jaroshevski from Sokolka, Poland. He married Yaffa Gershokovitz and settled in Haifa. They had 3 children, one of whom is also an author. He is the co-author of \u003cem\u003ePlants of the Bible\u003c/em\u003e, published by in 1969 by the Municipality of Haifa.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTel Aviv is Israel’s largest metropolitan area and second most populous city, after Jerusalem. Founded by a Jewish community in 1909 on the outskirts of Jaffa, it is located on the Mediterranean coast in central-west Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBat Yam is a city located on Israel's Mediterranean Sea coast, on the central coastal strip, just south of Tel Aviv.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBank Leumi was founded in London in 1902. Today, its headquarters are in Tel Aviv, Israel and it is Israel's largest bank.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arab-Israeli War of 1948 broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of the independence of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948. Fighting continued until February 1949, when Israel and its neighboring states of Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria agreed to formal armistice lines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ekibbutz\u003c/em\u003e is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture, although today they are also based on industrial plants and high-tech enterprises.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSochnut\u003c/em\u003e refers to the \u003cem\u003eHaSochnut HaYehudit L'Eretz Yisra'el\u003c/em\u003e or The Jewish Agency for Israel. The Jewish Agency is an international, non-governmental organization centered in Jerusalem, which is the executive and representative of the World Zionist Organization. It aims to assist and encourage Jews throughout the world to settle in Israel. It operates dozens of programs that, along with other social welfare initiatives, provides transitional housing and financial support for immigrants to Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeersheba is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYafa Yarkoni was an Israeli singer dubbed the “Songstress of the Wars” due to her frequent performances for the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), especially in wartime. She is best known for the song “\u003cem\u003eBab al-Wad\u003c/em\u003e,” which she performed while serving with an IDF song troupe during Israel’s 1948 War of Independence. The song commemorated the battles of the war and became a classic that is sung every year on Israel’s Memorial Day.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Suez Crisis (known as the Suez War or 1956 War, commonly known in the Arab world as the Tripartite aggression; other names include the Sinai war, Suez-Sinai war, 1956 Arab-Israeli War, the Second Arab-Israeli War, Suez Campaign, and Sinai Campaign) was a war fought on Egyptian territory in 1956. In October 1956, Israel invaded the Egyptian Sinai, followed by Britain and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal. Eventually, pressure from the United States, Soviet Union, and United Nations forced Britain and France to withdraw by December 1956. By March 1957, Israel had also withdrawn its troops.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Tower is also known as The Zaban Tower, and is a 60-unit independent living community offering low income seniors age 62 and above the comforts and conveniences of a luxury community with rent customized based on income. It is located on the same campus as The William Breman Jewish Home.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTel Aviv University is a public university located in Tel Aviv, Israel. It is Israel’s largest university.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Technion, or Israel Institute of Technology, is a public research university in Haifa, Israel. Established in 1912, the Technion is the oldest university in Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichon LeZion is the fourth largest city in Israel, located along the central Israeli coastal plain, just south of Tel Aviv and Bat Yam.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePerdue University is a well-known public university located in West Lafayette, Indiana. It has the fourth largest international student population of any university in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShoah\u003c/em\u003e is a Hebrew word meaning “destruction.” It became the standard Hebrew term for the murder of European Jewry as early as the early 1940’s and is still used in place of the more generalized term “Holocaust.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSteven Spielberg (born 1948) is an American director, producer and screenwriter. Spielberg was born in 1948 to an Orthodox Jewish family. Considered one of the most popular and influential directors and producers in film history, his films cover a wide range of themes and genres. In 1993, Spielberg directed and co-produced \u003cem\u003eSchindler’s List\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOskar Schindler died on October 9, 1974 in Hildesheim, Germany. Survivors brought his body to Israel and it was buried in the Catholic Churchyard on Mount Zion, Jerusalem. The inscription on his grave says, “The unforgettable rescuer of 1,200 persecuted Jews.” In the final scene of the film \u003cem\u003eSchindler’s List\u003c/em\u003e, survivors and their cinematic offspring file by the grave of Oskar Schindler. The scene remains part of the film.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition, was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. It was originally intended to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted from Judaism and Islam. It intensified after royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1501 ordering Jews and Muslims to convert or leave Spain. The Spanish Inquisition is often cited as an example of Catholic intolerance and repression. Although records are incomplete, estimates of the number of persons charged with crimes by the Inquisition range up to 150,000, with 2,000 to 5,000 people executed. The Inquisition was not limited to Spain or even Europe—it also spread to Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the New World and Asia—and was not formally abolished until 1834.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMandatory conscription exists in Israel for all citizens over the age of 18. The normal length of compulsory military service is three years for men and two years for women.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa and the Middle East and their descendants.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1952, the government of West Germany reached an agreement with the state of Israel and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany to pay reparations for material losses and injuries incurred during the Holocaust. Three separate German laws, known as the West German Federal Indemnification Laws, were adopted in 1953, 1956, and 1965. They further provided for compensation in the form of one-time payments and monthly pensions to Holocaust survivors. In the years since, other agreements for reparations have also been reached.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Authority, was established in 1953 by an act of the Israeli Knesset. Since its inception, Yad Vashem has become a leading center for documentation, research, education, and commemoration of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Passover] commemorates the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzot\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew word \u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e refers to precepts and commandments as commanded by God. It also refers to a moral deed performed as a religious duty. The Yiddish or vernacular usage of the word is translated more simply as doing a “good deed.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYiddishkeit\u003c/em\u003e literally means \"Jewishness\" or \"a Jewish way of life\" in the Yiddish language. In a more general sense it is associated with the popular culture or folk practices of Yiddish-speaking Jews, particularly those from Central and Eastern Europe, such as religious traditions, food, humor, and music.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYitzhak Rabin was an Israeli politician, statesman, and general. He served two terms as Prime Minister. In 1995 he was assassinated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShimon Peres is an Israeli statesman. He was born in Wiszniew, Poland in 1923 and immigrated to Palestine in 1932. Perez was a member of the \u003cem\u003eHaganah\u003c/em\u003e (the predecessor of the Israeli Defense Forces), served as Israel’s Prime Minister, and was the ninth President of Israel from 2007 to 2014.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEhud Barak is an Israeli politician who served in the Israeli Defense Forces and later went into politics, serving as Prime Minister from 1999 to 2001.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYidishe kop\u003c/em\u003e (also spelled \u003cem\u003eyiddishe kopf, yidisha kopf\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003eyiddishe kop\u003c/em\u003e) literally means “Jewish head” in the Yiddish language, but refers to having the mental agility for traditional Jewish scholarship, or simple common sense.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAriel Sharon was the Prime Minister of Israel from 2001 to 2006.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheder\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: room] is a Jewish religious elementary school for boys. It was usually held in a room attached to a synagogue or in the private home of a teacher. It was traditional for boys to start \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e at three or five years old, learning to read Hebrew from a primer and studying the Book of Leviticus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYeshiva\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: sitting] is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a \u003cem\u003eTalmudic\u003c/em\u003e college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSalzburg is Austria’s fourth largest city, located north of the Alps, along Austria’s western border with Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi party had many sympathizers and members in Austria during World War II. In fact, the majority of the Austrian population had enthusiastically supported Austria’s incorporation into Germany, known as the Anschluss, in March 1938. Widespread antisemitic actions and violence had followed the Anschluss and antisemitic feelings persisted in Austrian society for many years following World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBad Worishofen [German: \u003cem\u003eBad Wörishofen\u003c/em\u003e] is a popular spa town about 85 kilometers (52 miles) to the west and south of Munich, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich is the capital of the German state of Bavaria. It is located on the River Isar, north of the Alps. After World War II, the city was occupied by the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: daughter of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday. She is now duty bound to keep the commandments. Synagogue ceremonies are held for \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the universal approval of Orthodox rabbis. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHaaretz\u003c/em\u003e is Israel’s oldest daily newspaper, founded in 1918. Both English and Hebrew versions can be read online.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaariv\u003c/em\u003e is a popular Hebrew-language daily newspaper in Israel. Its English-language website was shut down in 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Persian Gulf War, also called the Gulf War, (1990-1991) was an international conflict triggered by Iraq’s invasion and occupation of neighboring Kuwait in the summer of 1990. The United States led a coalition of NATO allies and the Middle Eastern countries of Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Egypt in an air campaign that began in January 1991. A massive ground offense began in February, which expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrinceton is a town in central New Jersey, approximately halfway between New York City, New York and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The city is best known as the location of prestigious Princeton University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cable News Network [CNN] is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. The 24-hour cable news channel was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Adam Frank is a Conservative rabbi who was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. He moved to Israel in 2001 and, since 2005, has been engaged as the rabbi of Congregation Moreshet Yisrael in Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30028/file/97994/annotation_set/186/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReformed Judaism is a division within Judaism especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the nineteenth century. 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