{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/833mw29f17/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Judovits, Hugo"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2008-08-08 (Created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["John Kent (Interviewer)","Hugo Judovitz (Interviewee)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Bremen Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Oral History Collection","Legacy Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["William Bremen Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHugo Judovits was born on September 4, 1912 in a village called Napradea, which had been Hungarian until World War I and later became Romanian. He was the third of four sons born to Jacob Josef Judovits, a yeshiva trained rabbi and businessman, and Berta Diamantstein Judovits, a housewife and the great-granddaughter of an influential Orthodox rabbi. Hugo spent much of his youth in the city of Cluj, studying to become a lawyer.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter World War II began and the area of Romania he lived in was ceded to Hungary, an ally of Nazi Germany. As a Jew, Hugo was no longer allowed to practice law. He returned to parents’ home and helped with the family business until 1943. In 1943, Hugo was sent to the army as a forced laborer. He worked in a stone mine, cutting timber, clearing mines, and doing construction along the Eastern Front.  In March 1944, Germany invaded Hungary. The mass deportation of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau soon began. Hugo, however, was sent on a brutal death march towards the Mauthausen concentration camp. From Mauthausen, he was sent to Gunskirchen to dig fortifications for the Germany army. At the beginning of May 1945, American troops liberated Gunskirchen.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter recovering from tuberculosis, malnutrition, and years of abuse in a hospital for a few months, Hugo made his way back to Napradea. There, he found one brother who had survived and would later immigrate to California. Hugo’s father had died before the war. His mother was killed in Auschwitz-Birkenau and his two other brothers died in Germany. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHugo began to rebuild his life, finding work a lawyer for a company. In 1950, he married another Romanian survivor. While most Jews left for Israel, Hugo, his wife, and their daughter stayed in communist Romania until 1964. The family spent six months in Naples, Italy until acquiring visas for the United States. Hugo worked as a social worker in New York City. Hugo’s wife, Erna (b 1926) died in 1997. Hugo joined his daughter and son-in-law in Atlanta, Georgia and died in 2011. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eHugo introduces his family. He talks about his education and becoming a lawyer. Hugo explains how life changed when Transylvania became a part of Hungary. He talks about doing forced labor for the Hungarian army before being sent to Austria. Hugo recalls the brutality he endured on a death march to Mauthausen. He describes his recovery after liberation from Gunskirchen. Hugo remembers some of the friends and family members he encountered in the camps. He explains how he returned to his hometown and found one brother had survived. He discusses his decision to stay in communist Romania after he married. He talks about leaving Romania after his daughter was born. Hugo recalls the challenges of starting over in the United States compared to the challenges of being Jewish under the communist regime. Hugo considers the treatment he endured as a forced laborer. He shares his wife’s wartime experiences and its influence in how they raised their daughter. Hugo briefly recounts his experiences with the Jewish community before and after the war. He considers the difference between his experiences and other Jews who did not survive. Hugo relates stories of how some Jews were saved during the war. He reflects on his experiences, how his relationships and beliefs were impacted, and his advice to new generations. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eHugo Judovits was interviewed by John Kent on 8 August 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29049"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","2008-08-08 (chronological term)","Kent, John (personal name)","Judovits, Hugo (1912-2011) (personal name)","Esther and Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Project (other)","Napradea, Romania (geographic)","Mauthausen Concentration Camp (other)","Auschwitz Concentration Camp (other)","Forced Labor (other)","Family History (genre/form)","Gendarmes (other)","1943 (chronological term)","Austria (geographic term)","Hungary (geographic term)","Gunskirchen Camp (other)","Russian Army (other)","Americans (other)","Allies (other)","Malnutrition (other)","Liberation (other)","Israel (geographic term)","Romania (geographic term)","Yugoslavia (geographic term)","brothers (other)","Diamantstein Judovits, Berta (personal name)","Communism (other)","Lawyer (other)","Marriage (other)","Naples, Italy (geographic term)","Rome, Italy (geographic term)","United States (geographic term)","New York (geographic term)","Social Worker (other)","Communist (other)","Jewish (other)","Palestine (geographic term)","Stone mine (other)","Ukraine (geographic term)","Forest Inspection (other)","railroad (other)","Hungarians (other)","Fascists (other)","Brandeis University (corporate name)","Johns Hopkins University (corporate name)","Judovits, Dalia (personal name)","Emory University (corporate name)","Chase Manhatten (corporate name)","bookkeeper (other)","Judaism (other)","Dej, Romania (geographic term)","Gelati (geographic term)","Cluj (geographic term)","Lagers (other)","Germany (geographic term)","Alexander, Semshi (personal name)","Swiss (other)","Josef, Spitzer (personal name)","Gold Train (other)","Kolozsvar (geographic term)","Transylvania (geographic term)","Kastner, Reszo (1906-1957) (personal name)","Claims Conference (meeting name)","Heinrich Himmler (personal name)","Switzerland (geographic term)","Relief Organization for Jewish Refugees Abroad (corporate name)","Childhood (other)","grandmother (other)","tikos nyelv (other)","Yiddish (other)","anti-Semitism (other)","deportation (other)","family (other)","suffering (other)","Holocaust (named event)","Erna, Razel (personal name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHugo Judovits was born on September 4, 1912 in a village called Napradea, which had been Hungarian until World War I and later became Romanian. He was the third of four sons born to Jacob Josef Judovits, a yeshiva trained rabbi and businessman, and Berta Diamantstein Judovits, a housewife and the great-granddaughter of an influential Orthodox rabbi. Hugo spent much of his youth in the city of Cluj, studying to become a lawyer.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eAfter World War II began and the area of Romania he lived in was ceded to Hungary, an ally of Nazi Germany. As a Jew, Hugo was no longer allowed to practice law. He returned to parents\u0026rsquo; home and helped with the family business until 1943. In 1943, Hugo was sent to the army as a forced laborer. He worked in a stone mine, cutting timber, clearing mines, and doing construction along the Eastern Front. \u0026nbsp;In March 1944, Germany invaded Hungary. The mass deportation of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau soon began. Hugo, however, was sent on a brutal death march towards the Mauthausen concentration camp. From Mauthausen, he was sent to Gunskirchen to dig fortifications for the Germany army. At the beginning of May 1945, American troops liberated Gunskirchen.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eAfter recovering from tuberculosis, malnutrition, and years of abuse in a hospital for a few months, Hugo made his way back to Napradea. There, he found one brother who had survived and would later immigrate to California. Hugo\u0026rsquo;s father had died before the war. His mother was killed in Auschwitz-Birkenau and his two other brothers died in Germany.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eHugo began to rebuild his life, finding work a lawyer for a company. In 1950, he married another Romanian survivor. While most Jews left for Israel, Hugo, his wife, and their daughter stayed in communist Romania until 1964. The family spent six months in Naples, Italy until acquiring visas for the United States. Hugo worked as a social worker in New York City. Hugo\u0026rsquo;s wife, Erna (b 1926) died in 1997. Hugo joined his daughter and son-in-law in Atlanta, Georgia and died in 2011.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHugo introduces his family. He talks about his education and becoming a lawyer. Hugo explains how life changed when Transylvania became a part of Hungary. He talks about doing forced labor for the Hungarian army before being sent to Austria. Hugo recalls the brutality he endured on a death march to Mauthausen. He describes his recovery after liberation from Gunskirchen. Hugo remembers some of the friends and family members he encountered in the camps. He explains how he returned to his hometown and found one brother had survived. He discusses his decision to stay in communist Romania after he married. He talks about leaving Romania after his daughter was born. Hugo recalls the challenges of starting over in the United States compared to the challenges of being Jewish under the communist regime. Hugo considers the treatment he endured as a forced laborer. He shares his wife\u0026rsquo;s wartime experiences and its influence in how they raised their daughter. Hugo briefly recounts his experiences with the Jewish community before and after the war. He considers the difference between his experiences and other Jews who did not survive. Hugo relates stories of how some Jews were saved during the war. He reflects on his experiences, how his relationships and beliefs were impacted, and his advice to new generations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHugo Judovits was interviewed by John Kent on 8 August 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/174/797/small/Jotkowitz_Hugo.m4v_1676598667.jpg?1676598668","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Jotkowitz_Hugo.m4v"]},"duration":7866.006,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/174/797/small/Jotkowitz_Hugo.m4v_1676598667.jpg?1676598668","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/174/797/original/Jotkowitz_Hugo.m4v?1676598659","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7866.006,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Hugo Judowitz [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"John: Today is August 8th, 2008. We are in Atlanta, Georgia. I am John Kent.\nLet us start with your original birth name.\n\nHugo: My original birth name is Hugo Judovits.\n\nJohn: When were you born?\n\nJohn: Where were you born?\n\nHugo: In a small town named ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Napradea in Salaj.\n\nJohn: That is Hungary or Romania?\n\nHugo: At that time, it was Hungary, and then Romania.\n\nJohn: Who were the people in your family, your parents, brothers, sisters? What\nwere your parents' names?\n\nHugo: My parents. My father's name was Jacob Josef ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judovits. My mother's name\nwas Berta Diamantstein Judovits.\n\nJohn: Any brothers or sisters?\n\nHugo: I have four brothers; no sisters.\n\nJohn: What are their names?\n\nHugo: The oldest was Moses. The other was Alexander Semshi. The third ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\nItzach, Isaac, Zeegle. Then me, Hugo Judovits. Then, my little brother Ernest Judovits.\n\nJohn: What did your parents do for work?\n\nHugo: My grandparents were very rich ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. They have two to 3,000 . . .\n\nDalia: Hectares.\n\nHugo: . . . of land.\n\nJohn: That other voice is his daughter, Dalia, helping out.\n\nHugo: My Grandmother and Grandfather has 13 or 14 children, seven or eight\ngirls. They marry very fine people. They got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a . . .\n\nJohn: Dowry?\n\nDalia: Yes, dowries.\n\nHugo: Dowry. At my father's time, eventually he was independent. He wasn't rich\nat all. He was a little businessman.\n\nJohn: Can you describe your parents? What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of people were they? What kind of\npeople as parents?\n\nHugo: Orthodox Jewish people. My father went to a yeshiva in Pressberg. He also\nhad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some schooling in business, command. He was officially a rabbi, but he does\nnot have a service as a rabbi. He used it just to get rid of the army. He was\nlong Jacob Josef Judovits, Rabbi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Napradea.\n\nJohn: Quite a name. What are your early memories as a child? Describe what your\nworld was like as a child.\n\nHugo: Not many memories, because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early in life, I went to the city, to Cluj, to\nstudy, and I went home just for vacations.\n\nJohn: What were you planning to become as an adult? What were you planning to be\nwhen you went to school?\n\nHugo: I planned to be a doctor, but in order ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be a doctor, you have to\ncourses. As a lawyer, you were not obliged to follow courses; just examinations.\nI didn't have assurance that I would be able to stay in the city to have the\ncourses, so I have to choose ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"law.\n\nJohn: Why did you want to be a doctor?\n\nHugo: I was thinking of it as a profession who is doing some good to people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to humanity.\n\nJohn: What did being Jewish mean to you?\n\nHugo: I was born Jewish, my family Jewish, so I felt that I belong to the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community.\n\nJohn: Then, in the days before the war, how did the Jewish people get along with\ntheir neighbors, the non-Jewish population?\n\nHugo: In my town, there were approximately 350 families: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approximately a dozen\nJewish families, a dozen Hungarian families, and the balance Romanians. We lived\ntogether in peace and respect. There were no antisemitic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problems.\n\nJohn: Can you talk about yourself a little bit? What kind of a young man were\nyou? How would you describe yourself?\n\nHugo: Modest, shy, serious, and a good student not for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole time. When I\nwas in high school, I had very . . . very poor conditions. I lived in a room\nwith my older brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and another student. It was so cold that in the morning,\nwhen I wanted to wash myself, I had to break the ice from the place where the\nwater was. I didn't have comfortable ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conditions, so I didn't study too much;\njust what I heard in the class.\n\nIn every school year in high school, I filled up two subject, so I have to make\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"examinations in the fall. When I reached the last class, I told myself, 'If I\nwant to go to university, I have to start now to work, so I could have the\nmaturity.' I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked very seriously and I had the maturity bond for the first\ntime. As a student, I had all classes and examinations, except one, until I\nreached the degree of doctor.\n\nJohn: How old were you when you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finished?\n\nHugo: When I finished in 1936, I had the master's degree. In 1939, I had the\ndoctorate degree in law.\n\nJohn: What were you aware of in the thirties about what was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happening in\nGermany? Did you know much about what was developing over there?\n\nHugo: We knew certainly about the fascists in Germany and this expansive, like\nstanding. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania was not so much attached to fascism, but in 1940, Ribbentrop,\nthe German external minister, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Molotov agreed to please Hungary as a better\nally then Romania by taking away a part of Transylvania from Romania and\nattaching to Hungary, so we went to a more fascist ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"area. In 1940, all Jews had\nbeen eliminated from the Bar Association. I returned home to my parents and I\nhelped in the store until 1943, when I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inducted in the army, a kind of\nforced laborer.\n\nJohn: Going back to when Transylvania was taken over by Hungary, the people who\nyou had already lived with and who you knew at the time, did they change their\nattitude towards you and towards Jewish people?\n\nHugo: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not in the little town where I was with my parents.\n\nJohn: When you said it became more fascist, it was more in the big cities?\n\nHugo: In the big cities, it was felt--the fascists area.\n\nJohn: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What did you and your parents plan to do when you saw that the situation\nwas becoming dangerous? Did you think it was going to end soon, or what?\n\nHugo: I didn't have to do anything because there was nothing they could do. My\nlate mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stayed up in the evening until 12 or 1:00 to listen to the English\nradio. She reported then to the family. Because the boys were working the whole\nday, they couldn't stay until ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so late to listen to the radio.\n\nIn 1943, as I told, I was inducted as a forced laborer. I worked in a stone\nmine, provisionally. I was planned to be sent to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian front. Indeed, I\nwas sent to the Ukraine with my unit. That's where I worked in the field, vagas\n. . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":".\n\nDalia: Cutting timber.\n\nHugo: Yes, and we carried the timbers to the road.\n\nJohn: Were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you an athletic, physical, kind of a young man? Were you able to do\nhard physical labor?\n\nHugo: I wasn't able to do fast, hard, physical work because I had a hernia.\nAfter a winter in Ukraine, I was returned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Transylvania. But instead of having\na surgery, I was sent to another unit temporarily. They again picked out me and\na dozen of others and sent again in the direction of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"front to Ukraine. But\nthe Russians are already pressing the Germans and Hungarians, so we couldn't go\nfarther and we retreated slowly as they pressed us until we reached west Hungary.\n\nI became ill. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a fever. The Jewish doctor told me, \"Hugo, when we are going\nto reach a bigger city with a hospital, I'm going to take an X-ray to see what\nit is.\" But we never reached this point because the retreat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was . . . more\npressing by the Russians. In this town called . . . I don't remember the name.\nWe lived in an open place, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without doors, without anything. We worked in some construction.\n\nJohn: Who were the people in charge of you giving you orders and so on?\n\nHugo: After we reached this place, we changed from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarians to the\nGermans, rather the allies of the Germans. After that time, which was\napproximately the end ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 1944 or the beginning of 1945, we left the place to go\nto Germany, or rather Austria, which was at that time part of Germany. We were\ntold, \"If you are not in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good health condition, don't leave, and don't stop till\nGermany because there is no staying behind.\"\n\nJohn: Did you have a choice?\n\nHugo: Yes, and I decide that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go farther. What happened with those who stayed,\nafter the last military and paramilitary left the town, came the Hungarian\ngendarmes in a rush. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"checked the region and the town. Whoever was was shot\nto death as a traitor. We went on our legs 30, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"35 kilometers a day with a\ncoffee, a soup, and bread. The ninth part of a military bread, which\nwas the soldier's bread for a day. We had it for nine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. Many people wasn't\nable to do the trip. They were taken to the . . .\n\nJohn: Like a ditch?\n\nDalia: Side of the road.\n\nHugo: . . . arok, put there and shot in the neck. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Literally, we didn't hear\nanything, just shots. We were all in the thousands, frightened that we are not\ngoing to be able to continue our way and we will be shot to death.\n\nI have to mention that there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were nice people who followed us on bicycles, and\naround the thing from the beginning to the end, and telling us, \"Take care of\nthe people who are weak. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shortly, we are going to have a pause.\" He took out\nbread and he gave it to one of us and said, \"Give it--the bread--to those who\nare very weal.\"\n\nJohn: Did the guards allow this to happen? Did the guards allow them to help?\n\nHugo: That was on a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bicycle. The guards were not so many.\n\nJohn: What kept you going?\n\nHugo: When we reached a place . . . I don't remember. Erdo?\n\nDalia: Forest.\n\nHugo: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forest. After we came out from the forest, we heard a noise, a very great\nnoise. We didn't know what it was. We were in the thousands. When we reached\nclose to the town, we find Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced laborers digging to place cadavers who\nwere killed, and were frightened that after they do their job, they are going to\nbe killed to keep the thing secret. They told us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to take care, in the town are\nother Germans. We found German military on both sides of the street hitting\npeople who were running and asking, \"Where is my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother? Where is my father,\"\nlike they put the blame on the Jewish people. Myself, I had a taska . . .\n\nDalia: Knapsack.\n\nHugo: . . . and a rucksack. I took the rucksack out, throw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it out, and I started\nto run. When I reached . . . That day, I saw a lot of people were killed, but a\nlot of people were wounded. Now, I am ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in doubt whether this story what I told\nyou was later or before I reached Mauthausen. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stayed in a. . .\n\nJohn: Did you walk all the way to Mauthausen?\n\nHugo: Yes, walked.\n\nJohn: What season was it? Was it hot or cold? What time of year?\n\nHugo: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was, I think, in the summer. We reached Mauthausen and we stayed for a\nfew weeks in-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lagers. We wasn't placed.\n\nWe went farther to a place called Gunskirchen. Gunskirchen was built barracks,\nbut the barracks didn't have beds or anything; just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simply the building, the\nwalls. They were built for 300 people to accommodate and they placed a thousand.\nDuring the day, we working, so it was manageable. But in the evening, there\nwasn't place for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people to . . .\n\nDalia: Sleep?\n\nJohn: Lay down?\n\nHugo: Yes, so there were a lot of quarrels for a place until maybe middle of the\nnight, when everybody was exhausted. Then, in the morning, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approximately a dozen\ndead were removed.\n\nJohn: Can you describe that camp? Describe it. What did it look like? How big\nwas Gunskirchen? How was it constructed?\n\nHugo: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trees and . . .\n\nJohn: Like, how many barracks?\n\nHugo: Many. We were in the thousands.\n\nJohn: Was there a fence keeping people in? Was there a fence around the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp?\nHow did how did the people get kept in.\n\nHugo: There wasn't fence.\n\nJohn: Just guards?\n\nHugo: At the beginning of May, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the American soldiers liberated us. The German\nfascist personnel left their arms, they changed their, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"flied away.\n\nPeople went to the kitchen first thing to take some food--they were very\nhungry--the younger people. There were some meat--they ate some meat--so they\ntook some meat and very poor conditions to cook the meat. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody wants to\nhave it already to eat and said, \"Oh, it's cooked already,\" so we eat half\ncooked meat.\n\nSaturday, in the morning, we started out--we didn't know when we are going--in\ngroups, looking for some food. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't find; just sugar. I had a military dish.\nI put it full of sugar. I started to eat until my illness. I have this terrible\ndiarrhea. I was hospitalized in a city. I don't remember the name. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had\nEnglish, American doctors. Nobody was personally examined. All of us have the\nsame ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diagnosis.\n\nDalia: Malnutrition?\n\nHugo: Malnutrition. We got medications like this.\n\nJohn: Did you have typhus?\n\nDalia: Typhus? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.\n\nJohn: Many of did.\n\nHugo: The American doctors was changed with German doctors, young doctors and\nmedical students, who started to examine people. I was X-rayed. I had a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diagnosis of something.\n\nDalia: Tuberculosis.\n\nHugo: Not expecting an active process. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After the time we were liberated, at the\nhospital, we were taken over by Germans. They feed us, but very poorly, because\nthey themselves didn't have food. We didn't move during the day. We stayed . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":".\n\nDalia: Declining.\n\nHugo: Declined and doing nothing. The younger ones went to barracks of American\nsoldiers at. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prayed for leftovers. I didn't believe it. I couldn't believe it.\n\nJohn: Why not?\n\nHugo: My own dignity. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leftovers!?\n\nJohn: Did you have any particular friend who was with you throughout that period?\n\nHugo: Friends? Yes, we were friends and a group. So to say, I was more educated.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I tried to get some information about the world. I encouraged my friends until\nliberation optimistic.\n\nJohn: Did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know anything about your parents and brothers during that last year?\n\nHugo: No. Always, when I have met units like mine, I run to see whether I find a\nbrother. One time, I'm looking for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who are passing. I heard a voice with\nmy name, but I didn't recognize anybody. The guy came out from the line and\nembraced me. He was a relative of mine. He told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are going to meet where we\nare going tomorrow to the working place. Then the other day, I met a cousin and\nasked about this guy. He told me, \"He didn't come out today because he didn't\nfeel well. He has diarrhea. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was two, three days like this. The third or\nfourth day, he told me, \"Dodi died.\"\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After we have been liberated, after a time, the place we were was changed from\nAmerican authority to Russian. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before that, we were asked, \"Do you want to\ncontinue to go to the Russians? Or you want to go to Israel? But right now,\nIsrael is not available because the English people don't let, so you have to go\nin a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group . . . and wait.\" When I hear that I have to go to such a place after\nso many years, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided to go back to Romania.\n\nAfter a time, the Russians took out the direction of Romania. A very hard trip,\nbut after a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, we went with the train. The Russian guards . . . We didn't\nhave a place on the train; just on the top. Russian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldiers also were with us.\nWhen we stopped in a place, the Russians took the roof for luggage, because they\nthought they had some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better things. They removed it down before. They had us\nremoved and they train started to go, so we were left without too much. We were\nwith some military like things. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we reached Romania, the Romanian soldiers\ntold us, \"Listen, when you are going to arrive, all military things are going to\nbe taken away from you. Rather give it to me,\" so I give it him.\n\nI arrived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my city, my town, with nothing. I had a brother who was liberated\nbefore me and I stayed with him for thirty days. After thirty days, I went to\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city. I started to work as an employee lawyer for an older lawyer, who was\nbefore that. After three, four months, I opened my own law ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office with an associate.\n\nJohn: Did you make contact with other family members, your other brothers and parents?\n\nHugo: My one brother, who was also liberated, I stayed with him a month.\n\nJohn: Where had he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been?\n\nHugo: He was a businessman.\n\nJohn: Where had he been during the war? Where was he liberated from?\n\nHugo: He was a forced laborer in the former Yugoslavia, somewhere. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He lived\nuntil the age of 90 in California.\n\nDalia: A younger brother, Ernest.\n\nJohn: Ernest. And your other brothers?\n\nHugo: My two older brothers perished in Germany. My mother was killed in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau.\n\nJohn: What was her name again?\n\nHugo: Berta Diamantstein Judovits. She was 64.\n\nJohn: And your father?\n\nHugo: My father died in 1936.\n\nJohn: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What caused his death?\n\nHugo: My father had blood circulation problems, heart problems. One of his legs\nwas amputated and after a short time, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died, in.\n\nJohn: When you heard that your mother had had been killed, how did you react to that?\n\nHugo: I was terribly saddened. This whole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life in Germany, was a terrible thing.\nI didn't want too much to hear about or look at movies about it.\n\nJohn: What other memories do you have of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mauthausen?\n\nHugo: It was a time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the alimentation was so bad, we ate soup of csigak.\n\nDalia: Csigak. Snails.\n\nHugo: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. After the liberation, in the vicinity, it was a big cemetery on which\nwas an inscription that these people died ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after a liberation. We were weak. They\nsaid, \"Eat whatever.\" No.\n\nJohn: The people who were living around the camps, the local farmers and people,\ndid you have any interaction with them?\n\nHugo: No, we didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have contact.\n\nJohn: Even after the liberation?\n\nDalia: No.\n\nHugo: Just the Austrian or German authorities; not with civilians.\n\nJohn: Was there any military activity in that area?\n\nHugo: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.\n\nJohn: Just when the troops finally came in?\n\nHugo: No military activity.\n\nJohn: What other memories do you have of Gunskirchen?\n\nHugo: Not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too much that I remember. My memory is very poor.\n\nJohn: What condition were you in when the liberation happened?\n\nHugo: Very weak, very thin, around 50 kilograms or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something.\n\nJohn: What kept you going from day to day? What kept you fighting?\n\nHugo: Staying put and doing nothing because I didn't have any power.\n\nJohn: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you when did you get back to your home town again, about when was that?\n\nHugo: Approximately in August or September 1945.\n\nJohn: Was your home still there?\n\nHugo: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I found my parents' house, home, but nothing in it. I dismantled ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some\nbuildings and sold some material. For the first time to have something. Later,\nwe sold the house and the money went to my brother because he was a businessman.\nHe needed some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"capital. I had a profession.\n\nJohn: How did the neighbors react when they saw you coming home?\n\nHugo: Very friendly. They stole everything in the house, but they were very\nfriendly to me.\n\nJohn: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talk about how you started to rebuild your life again in those early weeks\nand months.\n\nHugo: At the time, after I arrived, it was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"regime not quite communist,\nterrible inflation. Whatever I earned, I have to spend the day or the other\n[next] day, because otherwise the money was worth nothing. Some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people invested\ntheir income in gold, and jewelry, and dollars, but that was interdicted by law.\nIf you were, you got ten or 20 years, so I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dare to do things\nlike this.\n\nThen, after the communist era, the lawyers have very little prestige. I've\nworked for a company. My salary was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approximately the same as my late wife, who\nwas a bookkeeper. Later, they realized that lawyers are needed, and are doing a\nuseful job, and we have a little prestige, and we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have some monies. We managed a\nlittle better.\n\nIn 1950, I married. She was 13 and a half years younger than me. A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beautiful\nlady, uneducated, because when she was in elementary school, she was eliminated.\nHer father didn't have money to pay for a private school because he lost his\njob. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started to work. We both worked.\n\nJohn: How did she get through the war?\n\nHugo: We lived a very happy, but very modest life, and Jewish people started to\nemigrate to the West and to Israel. We decided, with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my late wife, we are not\ngoing. I am an older guy. My degree is worthless if you leave Romania and we\nhave a pretty good job. But, after we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have seen, watched the Jewish people\nleaving, I said to my former wife, \"We have to leave ourself because we will not\nhave any Jewish boy to marry our daughter.\"\n\nJohn: What was your wife's name?\n\nHugo: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Erna. Razel Erna. We left Romania. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't remember the name of the city\nwe established ourselves. Dalia went to elementary school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. It was a\nquestion for me whether . . .\n\nDalia: It was Naples, Napoli. We were in Naples.\n\nHugo: Naples. I remember this. In Naples, we stayed just a few weeks and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to city.\n\nDalia: Rome, Roma.\n\nHugo: Rome, yes.\n\nJohn: When was this?\n\nHugo: We stayed a lot of time there.\n\nJohn: When did you go to Italy? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or, how old was Dalia?\n\nHugo: I think in 19 . . .\n\nDalia: November 1964.\n\nHugo: 1964.\n\nJohn: Was it allowed to leave Romania or did you have to escape?\n\nHugo: Yes, we were allowed to go to Israel, but when we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were in the West, it was\nour decision where to go.\n\nJohn: You decided on Italy instead of Israel?\n\nHugo: We stayed in Italy half a year until we got our passport to the United States.\n\nJohn: You had relatives here?\n\nHugo: I had an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uncle and aunt, a rabbi, Anton Klein. He helped us and a Jewish\norganization also helped us with jobs, I remember. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My wife learned manicures. I\nlearned bookkeeping. When we went to this organization for jobs, they told my\nlate wife, \"It's not enough you do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"manicure. You have to entertain the client,\nbut you don't know the English language. So, learn the English language and then\ncome back.\" My late wife told them, \"When I learn the English language, I'll go\nand do something else than manicures.\"\n\nI didn't find a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job as a bookkeeper, also because I didn't know English. I found\na job in an international bookstore. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bought scientific periodicals from\nlibraries, all things, you know, issues, two or three issues. I worked for the\ncompany to catalog this. In order to do this, I have to have some notion of more\nlanguages, because the languages of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"periodicals were in different languages.\nI worked there for two years.\n\nAfter two years, I took a test in the city of New York. I got admitted and I\nworked as a social worker. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"salaries for smaller than in private companies.\nThe city did not have too much money. I worked as a case worker. I remember, I\nwas in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unit to sell some training, how to do effectively the job. After this\ntraining, I got cases to handle effectively. I started with a case. I had to\nknow about the applicant for welfare, about his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"material situation, about the\nhousing, which he is about living, and many other things. I called the agent and\nI asked many questions about the applicant. The agent responded to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, \"I am\nsorry, sir. I don't understand Spanish. When my secretary is going to come in\nafter lunch, she's going to call you.\"\n\nJohn: Your English sounded like Spanish?\n\nHugo: Yes. In private companies, you couldn't exist with such language. But the\ncity, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is able to pay regular salaries, they will accept that. Most of the\npeople were Cuban former lawyers.\n\nJohn: How was America different than Romania, in terms of society and people?\n\nHugo: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was completely different. America, even with my small, modest salary, I\nwas able to care for my family, and even put aside and save some money.\n\nJohn: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was your opinion of the communist system when you were living there?\n\nHugo: The communist . . . It was completely new. We were disillusioned. We were\nideally, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so to say, progressive socialist thinking. But, when we have seen what\ncommunist really means, we were disillusioned, but no dream of ever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting rid\nof communists. They were so powerful.\n\nJohn: Was Jewish culture allowed there?\n\nHugo: Jewish culture, not too much. Anybody who has a little bit of a\nresponsible ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job has to have a clean . . .\n\nDalia: Record.\n\nHugo: They couldn't be nationalists. They couldn't go to Jewish schools. My\ndaughter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't learn the Jewish alphabet or something, because I was not\nsupposed to do this. I wasn't a communist. I did not ever register as a\ncommunist. Some former friends of mine who were communist came to tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me,\n\"Hugo, we are your friends. If you are not going to become a communist, you are\nnot going to keep your job as chief of the legal office. You are going to change.\"\n\nDalia: Be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"demoted.\n\nHugo: I thought, \"Okay, change. I'm not going to be honest, because I don't\nthink I'm equipped to be a good communist.\"\n\nJohn: First, you were not allowed to be Jewish and then . . .\n\nHugo: They did the change locally, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it was a job of responsibility and it is\nsupposed to be approved by the director general, and they rejected that. \"Hugo\nJudovits has been good until now so he is going to stay as our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chief.\" But that\nsecond I registered to leave for Palestine [Israel], then they liberated me from\nmy job. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They gave me a salary of 30 days and instruction to prepare papers in\neverything for emigration.\n\nJohn: How did you feel about leaving your home? You were, what, 52, about?\n\nHugo: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Exactly.\n\nJohn: It must be hard to leave your home at that age.\n\nHugo: Sure, very unsettled.\n\nJohn: Let us go back a little bit, if we can, to the time on the Russian front,\nwhen you were in forced labor. Talk more about what you were doing during that period.\n\nHugo: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For approximately three, four months in 1943, I worked in a stone mine.\nThen, in the Ukraine, I worked in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"erdoszemle\n\nDalia: Forest inspection.\n\nHugo: Back in Romania, I worked for railroad repairs.\n\nJohn: Were you involved in any military kinds of activity?\n\nHugo: Not too much, no, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we were in the Ukraine, were there partisans,\nwho mined the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trains. The duty of our unit when the Hungarian troops attacked a\ntown, saying that there are partisans, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they put fire to the town, and they went\nto occupy it, but there were mines, so the Jewish forced laborers were put in\nfront. The partisans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fled. Some were killed and the allatokat\n\nDalia: The animals.\n\nHugo: The animals were taken by the forced laborers and taken to the station,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and put in trains, and sent to Germany.\n\nJohn: How did Hungarians treat you personally?\n\nHugo: The Hungarians were like this. They want to be good men and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good soldiers,\nbut also fascists.\n\nDalia: Mongers.\n\nHugo: They were not too friendly too good to us. The Romanians were better.\n\nJohn: What were some of the most dangerous experiences you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had?\n\nHugo: Most dangerous?\n\nJohn: Yes, when you were most at risk then.\n\nHugo: The one which we started from west Hungary and went to Austria. There, was\nterrible. We were weak, hungry, and we were to walk, we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killed. This was\nthe worst. Then, in Gunskirchen, it was very bad.\n\nJohn: How long did you stay in each of the two camps?\n\nHugo: The camps? In total, I was two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years and three months.\n\nJohn: In Austria?\n\nHugo: In Hungary, Ukraine, Austria, total, a forced laborer and slave laborer,\ntwo years and three months. I received a little pension from Germany.\n\nJohn: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let us go forward to your life in America. Tell more about how you, and\nyour wife, and daughter built up your life here.\n\nHugo: We started to Americanize. My daughter went to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"best schools in\nAmerica. What was the name of the college?\n\nDalia: Brandeis.\n\nHugo: Brandeis University. She then got a bachelor's degree, and a master's\ndegree, and then went to Johns Hopkins University. She got a doctorate degree\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she became a professor at Emory University and Chairman of the\nFrench-Italian Department for ten years. Now, she's a chaired professor and a\nmember of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"university council.\n\nJohn: You must be very proud of her.\n\nHugo: Yes.\n\nJohn: How did your wife adjust to this country?\n\nHugo: She started to work in a Hungarian jewelry company. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She chose little\ndiamonds for jewelry. Then, later, she worked as a bookkeeper at . . .\n\nDalia: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chase Manhattan.\n\nHugo: Chase Manhattan.\n\nJohn: What do you know about her experience during the war?\n\nHugo: I wanted to tell about my late wife, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes. She didn't have any school. She\nwas sent to Bucharest and did a course for bookkeeper and got a job bookkeeper.\nWhen Dalia was two, three years, she told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, \"Hugo, when I was a young child, I\ndidn't have anybody to help me with the schooling. My father was very busy. My\nmother did not even speak Romanian. I want to be able to help my child.\nTherefore, I want to go back to evening ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school.\" She worked part time. She went\nto evening school and finished high school. She helped, really, Dalia very well.\n\nJohn: Do you know how the war affected your wife?\n\nHugo: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her father worked for an Italian-Romanian forest company. He had a very\ngood job there. But, when the fascists came, he lost his job. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked for a\nJewish company in some terrible job. They had to dispose of weeds and . . .\n\nDalia: Warehouse manager.\n\nHugo: He had to shovel with very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little salary. When my wife was approximately\n14 years, my father-in-law gave her to a friend ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who made summer sandals.\n\nDalia: Espadrilles with rope.\n\nHugo: After three months, she said, \"Why do I have to work for the fraud family?\nI can do it for myself.\" She started to do on her own. Her father and sister\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working as helpers for her.\n\nJohn: At a young age.\n\nHugo: Yes. Then, after that, she worked as a bookkeeper. She had a very hard\ntime and she contributed a lot for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"benefit of the family.\n\nJohn: Did she get taken away also during the war?\n\nHugo: No. She just lost her job. I mean, her parents, her father, lost his job\nand they had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have the yellow star.\n\nJohn: What city was her family from?\n\nHugo: Her family, they were in a smaller town.\n\nDalia: Galati, a port town.\n\nHugo: Galati. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later, I don't remember.\n\nDalia: Galati.\n\nHugo: Yes, and then she married me. She was 13 and a half years younger than me.\nI said to myself, 'This is irresponsible to marry such a young girl.' Then I\nsaid, 'At least I will have . . . When I will be an older man, I will have\nsomebody to take care of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me.\" She went and died first.\n\nJohn: What was it like being a father? How did you get used to being a father\nand learning how to do that?\n\nHugo: Me?\n\nJohn: Yes.\n\nHugo: It was very easy to accommodate, to be a father. She was a beautiful\nlittle girl.\n\nJohn: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once you came to America, did your sense of being Jewish change at all\nwith the freedom here?\n\nHugo: She had the college. She has a Jewish colleague. [They were] very close to\neach ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other. As I remember, they decided to part temporarily to see how they\nmanage without each other. She stayed in the college and he went to New Jersey,\nto another college. They kept in touch, but slowly the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friendship was dissolved\nand she had met, while being assistant professor . . . No?\n\nJohn: Okay, never mind.\n\nHugo: As an assistant, she met a guy.\n\nJohn: She does not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want that story told.\n\nDalia: It's okay off the record.\n\nJohn: I was wondering, after 20 years in Romania, where Jewishness was\nsuppressed, if once you came to America you became more Jewish again, or what.\n\nHugo: The city to which I was living has . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . When I was a young man, was\n90,000 people. Later, it had 200,000 [and] 10,000 Jewish inhabitants. Of the\n10,000 [Jewish] inhabitants, approximately 120 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lawyers, approximately thousands\nof doctors. It was a city with many Jewish communities, Orthodox Jewish\ncommunity, the main unit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hasidic.\n\nJohn: Once you came to New York, obviously there's a large Jewish world there.\n\nHugo: Yes.\n\nJohn: Did you tend to get more into the Jewish life there since it was free?\n\nHugo: Yes, I remember I was a member of an organization.\n\nDalia: Bnei Zion?\n\nHugo: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, it was a progressive Jew youth organization. But, there were many\norganizations. It was an intensive Jewish life. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city was a very cultural\ncity. Two operas--one Hungarian, one Romanian. Two theaters--an opera theater, a\nJewish philharmonic, music . . .\n\nJohn: Did you associate more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with other survivors or with Americans when you got here?\n\nHugo: We had a close relationship with a group of approximately six, seven\npeople. One from . . . I don't remember the name of the city. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Three from Dej, a\ncity not far from Cluj, Kolozsvar, where I was living. We kept in touch. One of\nthem I know lived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"further in the north. I heard his suicide. He was . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":".\n\nJohn: You had a friend who committed suicide after the war?\n\nDalia: This was after the war?\n\nHugo: It was after liberation. He was . . .\n\nJohn: How did the war affect you inside? How did it change you, if it did?\n\nHugo: The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deportation?\n\nJohn: Yes, the two and a half years as a prisoner. How did that affect you?\n\nHugo: It affected me very much.\n\nJohn: Talk about that a little.\n\nHugo: I never, ever forget, especially ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not under what I went through, but also\nmy brothers died and then my mother. That was a terrible thing.\n\nJohn: How are you different than other immigrants who did not experience that?\nAre you any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different?\n\nHugo: My experience as a forced and slave laborer was much easier compared with\nthose who placed in May 1944 in lagers--like my parents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my uncles--and were\nthere and then were deported to Germany. They were put [forced] to write letters\nhome to people that they are living very well and very happy, so they wouldn't\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put resistance to deportation. But, they were placed in concentration camps\nunder the . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fold alatt.\n\nDalia: Underground.\n\nJohn: Underground.\n\nHugo: Underground. They would never, ever see the sun and worked. A few, after\nliberation, they were terrible, no teeth, no anything. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Compared with this, my\nsituation was easier.\n\nJohn: Do you know which camps your two brothers died in?\n\nHugo: In Germany, I had a fellow who was liberated. He told me, \"I was together\nwith two brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Semshi Alexander. It was 1944, Christmas or New Year. We were a\ngroup, very happy, and preparing kukorica.\"\n\nDalia: It's like polenta.\n\nHugo: The other day, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they formed a group of 20--I don't know if it was voluntary\nor what it was. They were for a certain job. My brother was in this 20. He never\nreturned. I asked the authorities later. I received an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"invitation, card that he died.\n\nJohn: Do you know where he was?\n\nHugo: The other brother, I don't know anything about his fate; just that he was\ndeported and never returned. Also a lawyer.\n\nJohn: How did you feel about that when you learned that both of your brothers\nhad been killed?\n\nHugo: This is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terrible . . . But, you know, when there is a mass tragedy, it's\nnot so difficult, like when there is an individual tragedy, everybody is happy\naround you just around ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you. We didn't lose conscience. We were in a very\nterrible state of mind and just we looked ahead to survive.\n\nJohn: Why do you suppose you survived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particular?\n\nHugo: Survive?\n\nJohn: Why do you suppose that you were one of the lucky ones?\n\nHugo: I had a good instinct of conservation. I was an optimistic all my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life. I\ndidn't have some vices. I wasn't a smoker. I wasn't a drinker. I remember at the\ntime when people give their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little food for cigarettes. People who were like\nthis . . .\n\nDalia: Strong. Big.\n\nHugo: They were used to big food, to eat well, and so on. They didn't resist as\ngood as us who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were tiny little guys. I never smoked. I never drank. It was my\nlack of a, conservation, and great luck. Without great luck, you couldn't survive.\n\nJohn: Did you make ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any decisions or choices along the way that that saved you?\n\nHugo: A decision which was big is when we left Hungary and we were told, \"If you\nare not able to do, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walk, and work, then stay here.\" That was a great decision\nfor me. I said, \"I'm not going to decide my fate. Let the fate take me.\" Those\nwho stayed were the exception. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those who went were the rule. I went with the\ngeneral rule. Those who stayed, half of them, a part of them survived and they\nsaved for themself this terrible time. Many were killed by the Hungarian gendarmes.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have my friend, a doctor who was with me, and a cousin. I met them, but just\nfrom down and they were on the balcony. I recognized them and they told me they\nwent through. They were both the doctor and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cousin were very weak and they\nstayed there. They both perished, were killed by the gendarmes. So, it luck.\n\nJohn: What kinds of luck did you have? Were there specific experiences where\nfate seemed to just help you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out? Do you understand?\n\nJohn: Like, how did luck affect your situation? What were some experiences like that?\n\nHugo: Luck?\n\nJohn: Yes, where it seemed to be just fate that it worked out.\n\nHugo: My luck was that I survived that walking from Hungary ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Austria. There, a\nlot of people.\n\nI remember, I have a cousin. He was bigger. He did the same way, like me, but\nnot the same day, so I didn't see him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. He met a friend of mine, a son of a\nlawyer. He was a civic marine officer. To get accustomed with my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cousin . . . I\nremember he told me, most nights--the marine officer told me--he was so weak, he\nwas held by two and they were led by another. But, he was already depressed and\nhad seen the other two people who helped ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him are in such a terrible situation.\nHe got rid of the two and went to the arok and asked for the bullet.\n\nHis father very respected Jewish lawyer, president of many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organizations, and a\ndistinguished Hungarian soldier. When we were eliminated from the Bar\nAssociation, he and another were kept. They said, \"These are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exemptions.\" He\npracticed law and everything. After there was a change in government and they\nbecame more fascist, they still were also sent to barracks and to.\n\nJohn: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lagers?\n\nHugo: If he wasn't accepted, he would have survived because he was a respected\nJew and he would have been a member of the Swiss group, who paid bribes for the\ngentleman in valuta. Swiss ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money. That would have saved their life. He would be\nbetween these.\n\nJohn: Talk about that man more, his name, and the whole story about that Swiss\nman. Tell about that whole situation more.\n\nDalia: The Hungarian Jewish men from Cluj who saved all the Hungarian Jews.\n\nHugo: He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was, as I said, a lawyer, a respected guy of organizations.\n\nJohn: His name?\n\nHugo: Another lawyer, who was the lawyer of the Hungarian magnate, the rich and\neverybody. He was their lawyer. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first was named Dr. Spitzer Jozsef. The\nother . . .\n\nDalia: The guy from the PBS documentary.\n\nHugo: I don't remember his name.\n\nJohn: Can you tell us a little more about what happened to those two men and\nwhat they accomplished? The Gold Train. What was that all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about?\n\nHugo: Gold Train? I didn't know anything about the gold train. I found out just\nafter everything, the liberation. I found out that the organization who\nrepresent the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust acted in action against the New York state. I think,\nthat they took the gold from the train.\n\nDalia: Ask him about the guy.\n\nHugo: I also observed the action.\n\nDalia: Apu, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you said you knew the guy who bought the Hungarian Jews, who paid\nmoney for the Hungarian Jews, the guy from Kolozsvar, the guy who was killed in Israel.\n\nJohn: You knew that man?\n\nHugo: That money . . . Then, they had a compromise with the New York state, the\nHolocaust people, and they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got 20 million or 25 million.\n\nDalia: Apu, he's asking you about the guy, the man, the lawyer from\nTransylvania, from Kolozsvar, who was involved with getting the Jews out.\n\nHugo: The Jews?\n\nDalia: Yes, during the war, to save them.\n\nJohn: Yes, not after the war; during.\n\nHugo: Okay. They decided they are not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to give the money for me and all the\npeople like me. They kept the money for the organization and to help all Jews\nwho are in need. They asked me do I want them and I said, \"No.\" I didn't get,\nbut it was good to me.\n\nJohn: Is that the Claims Conference?\n\nDalia: Yes.\n\nHugo: About the Swiss group. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a lawyer, Dr . . . He has not just been a\nlawyer. He was a son-in-law of a top Jewish politician and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything. He had\nvery good connections with the Hungarian and the German authorities. He\norganized a group called 'Swiss Group,' who had monies, and paid monies, and a\nfew who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were great Zionists. They were included in the group and they survived\nin Switzerland. A part of them went to the West and a part came back home.\n\nJohn: What kind of a business deal did he make with the Germans and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarians\nwith all that money?\n\nHugo: It was big money involved. The top general was the guy who did the\nagreement with this Swiss Group.\n\nDalia: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Himmler.\n\nJohn: Is that the German who made the agreement?\n\nHugo: Yes. Whether it was in connection with the top group, Hitler, or they\nneeded valuta value to then have to buy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things to pay with valuta, or it was\njust the local commander of the occupied, I don't know.\n\nJohn: How many people were saved by that?\n\nHugo: A few hundred. Some were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blaming these groups that in order to save them,\nto stay, they accelerated the deportation. This is absurd. Some say it's good\nthey saved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"300 or 400 Jews. Now, this lawyer went to Israel. He was a\npolitician. He became a Secretary of something. A guy killed him, shot him to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"death.\n\nJohn: Do you know what his name was, the man who died?\n\nJohn: Let us go back again to your early days, your childhood. Can you tell us\nabout your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandmother?\n\nHugo: My grandmother was the natural grandchild of a great rabbi, Shmelke. Her\nparents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died a young age, so the grandfather adopted her. She lived [until] an\nold age. She was called. She spoke and wrote in that time four languages:\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian, German, Yiddish, and not Hebrew . . . titkos nyelv, which means the\nsecret language.\n\nDalia: The secret language.\n\nJohn: What is that? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The secret language. What else do you know about her?\n\nHugo: I know that she had 13 or 14 children, most of them girls. She married\nthem to very distinguished ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"girls. And certainly she has to give . . .\n\nDalia: Doweries.\n\nHugo: By the time when I was a young man and my father, the riches disappeared.\n\nJohn: What was her name?\n\nHugo: That was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nobility.\n\nJohn: What was your grandmother's name?\n\nHugo: --I don't remember her maiden name. I don't remember.\n\nJohn: Also, can you tell us about what the Jewish world was like when you were a\nchild, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when life was normal? What do you remember?\n\nDalia: In Napradea.\n\nHugo: In Napradea was a dozen families. Half of it [was] in a better position.\nHalf of it the shneider, the shoemaker, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and like these people. We had a shul. We\nhad a mikveh. We had a cheder. I went to the cheder and learned chumash and\nRashi. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slowly, the people went to bigger cities and in Napradea, there were very\nfew after deportation.\n\nJohn: Were you a religious person? Did you believe the religious part of the\nteachings, or was it more cultural ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"values?\n\nHugo: I was a young man. Then, my Melamed, teacher retired, went through Cluj,\nthe same city like me. I was a student or a young lawyer. I don't remember. I\nmet him and I asked him in Yiddish--at that time, I spoke very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well Yiddish--how\nhe's doing. He opened his mouth. He showed me his teeth. He told me, \"I am 73\nand I don't have not even one tooth missing. Goodbye.\"\n\nJohn: Okay. Did you think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about, 'Why did this happen to the Jewish people?'\nHave you wondered about, 'What does it all mean?'\n\nHugo: The Jewish peoples' eternal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fate . . . Unfortunately, we are not quite in\na good position, not even today in America.\n\nJohn: What do you mean?\n\nHugo: Antisemitists.\n\nJohn: What do you see now in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America?\n\nHugo: I think I got a very happy fate. I never dreamed to ever reach America. I\nnever dreamed to reach this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"age, never. I was always a weak, sick guy with heart\nattacks, with stint in my heart and everything. I'm here. I have a beautiful\ndaughter. I had a very good child, very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helpful to me.\n\nJohn: How did you explain the war experience to your daughter over the years?\nDid you talk about it much over the years?\n\nHugo: To my daughter?\n\nJohn: Yes. Or did you prefer to keep it private?\n\nHugo: No, not too much.\n\nJohn: Why?\n\nHugo: I did not speak too ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much at all about the deportation. I did not read too\nmuch about it. Not even one book and didn't watch but maybe one movie, one film recently.\n\nJohn: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why?\n\nHugo: I was very touched about things.\n\nJohn: What is it like for you to talk about it now, even this interview now?\nWhat is this doing to you?\n\nHugo: I don't talk too much because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my generation of people died. My colleagues,\nmy friends, my relatives died some 20, 25 years ago. I didn't have with whom to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speak.\n\nJohn: Did you and your wife talk about the past much?\n\nHugo: We talked about practical things. We were never to say, in a rich position\nor something. We have always a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fight with life.\n\nDalia: A struggle.\n\nHugo: But, we lived a decent life--a modest, but decent life. When we were at\nthe beginning, we saved. With small ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"salaries, we saved and bought a house for\n$43,000. Now, when I moved here, we sold. It helps me, but now, I couldn't\nafford a house like renaissance and pay $3,000 a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"month.\n\nJohn: What is important to you now?\n\nHugo: My daughter and my son-in-law.\n\nJohn: What would you want them to gain from your suffering? What would you hope\nthat they gain from that?\n\nHugo: From my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suffering?\n\nJohn: From the war and everything that you went through.\n\nHugo: I suffered a lot, but I was a lucky guy. I survived.\n\nJohn: If you could leave a message to the future, like people who watch this 100\nyears from now, what would you want them to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understand?\n\nHugo: Never to give up. Never to despair. Be optimistic.\n\nJohn: Thank you very much for that wonderful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/transcript/41905/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story.\n\nHugo: I thank you for coming out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7860.0,7890.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeptember 4, 1912\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNapradea [Romanian: Năpradea; Hungarian: Náprád] is a village in northern Romania. In 1930, the Jewish population of Napradea was 44.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNapradea is in Transylvania, a historical region that has been dominated by several different peoples and countries throughout its history. Until World War I, the area had been part of Hungary and then, until 1940, it was part of Romania. When Nazi Germany began to redraw national boundaries in Europe in 1940, the increasingly fascist Hungarian government was able to regain territory that included Transylvania. By November 1940, Hungary (and Romania) had formally allied with the Axis powers, bringing the area fully under the influence of Nazi Germany. It remained a part of Hungary until 1944, when Germany occupied the country. After the end of World War II, the area was returned to Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Orthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva [Hebrew: sitting] is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a Talmudic college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties. The Pressburg Yeshiva (located in Pressburg, Hungary, which is Bratislava, Slovakia today) was the largest and most influential Yeshiva in Central Europe in the 19th century. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUniversal conscription was a law in the Austro-Hungarian empire. In 1857, the Pressburg Yeshiva was recognized by civil authorities as an institute for rabbinic training and all of its students were exempted from military service.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCluj [Romanian; Hungarian: Kolozsvar; German: Klausenburg] is a city in northwestern Romania and is traditionally considered to be the capital of Transylvania. Today the official name of the city is Cluj-Napoca. Prior to World War II, Cluj had a vibrant Jewish community with a population of 16,148. Between the end of World War I and 1940, Cluj was part of Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoachim von Ribbentrop (1883-1946) was a German politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nazi Germany from 1938 to 1945. He played a key role in negotiating what is known as the German-Soviet non-aggression pact, which made the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 possible. He was also responsible for persuading Axis allies to deport their Jewish populations to German killing centers. After the war, the International Military Tribunal found Ribbentrop guilty of conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity and sentenced him to death.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (1890-1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1939 to 1949. As foreign minister, he concluded a secret agreement known as the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact with Hitler and Germany in 1939. Although Russia had a treaty with Poland to go to war to defend them if they were invaded by Germany, Russia betrayed Poland and agreed not to go to war against Germany when they invaded Poland if, after it was all over, Germany would give them the eastern half of Poland. The war started a week after the pact was concluded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early stages of World War II, Romania tried to remain neutral, but foreign powers and events created heavy pressure on Romania. The signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact left Romania isolated between two great powers, Germany and the USSR, both of which were hostile to Romania. In June 1940, the Soviet Union annexed the eastern provinces of Romania, Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia (today Moldova). Then, in August, arbitration in Vienna by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy ceded Transylvania to Hungary in reward for their alliance with Germany. Transylvania is a historical region that was part of Hungary until World War I. Afterward it became part of Romania. By the end of November, Romania had joined the Axis military campaign, bringing the area fully under the influence of Nazi Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJews were gradually excluded from public life and became subject to a series of race laws Hungary passed between 1938 and 1941. The Hungarian racial laws were modeled on Germany's Nuremberg Laws. They reversed the equal citizenship status granted to Jews in Hungary in 1867. Among other provisions, the laws defined \"Jews\" in so-called racial terms, forbade intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews, and excluded Jews from full participation in various professions. The laws also barred employment of Jews in the civil service and restricted their opportunities in economic life\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, the Hungarian government, having forbidden Jews to serve in the armed forces, established a forced-labor service for young men of arms-bearing age. By 1940, the obligation to perform forced labor was extended to all able-bodied male Jews. After Hungary entered the war, the forced laborers, organized in labor battalions under the command of Hungarian military officers, were deployed on war-related construction work, often under brutal conditions. They worked clearing trees, laying railroad track and fixing broken track, digging defensive ditches and anti-tank trenches, clearing minefields, and the like. The Jews worked in these battalions both within Hungary and beyond her borders, on the Ukrainian and Serbian fronts, until the Germans conquered Hungary in March 1944. Initially, the Labor Service System was not set up to be an instrument of torture and murder. During the first two years of its operation, the Jewish recruits of military age, though subjected to many discriminatory measures, fared relatively well. After Hungary’s involvement in the war against Yugoslavia in April 1941, however, the system acquired a punitive character. Shortly after Hungary joined the Third Reich in the war against the Soviet Union (June 27, 1941), the labor service system was also used as a means to “solve” the Jewish question. Rampant antisemitism among non-Jewish Hungarian guards combined with brutal conditions made forced labor for Jews lethal for the great majority. Subjected to extreme cold, without adequate shelter, food, or medical care, an estimated 80 percent of Hungarian Jewish forced laborers died. Scores of forced laborers at the Eastern Front were also taken as prisoners of war by the Soviets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHungarian: cutting\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil the autumn of 1942, the German army was consistently victorious. By February 1943, however the tide began to change. After defeating the Germans at Stalingrad, the Soviet army remained on the offense and began pushing into German controlled territories in central and eastern Europe. Most of Ukraine and virtually all of Russia and eastern Belorussia were liberated during 1943. In the summer of 1944, the Soviets liberated the rest of Belorussia and Ukraine, most of the Baltic states, and eastern Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Pressured by domestic radical nationalists and fascists, the Hungarian government began to build an alliance with Nazi Germany soon after Hitler came to power in 1933. In November 1940, Hungary officially aligned itself with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Hungarian troops participated alongside German troops in the 1941 invasions of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, but Germany did not directly control the internal activities of Hungary until 1944. Hungarian units suffered tremendous losses during the German defeat at Stalingrad on the eastern front in 1942–1943. When it became clear that the Nazis would not emerge from the war victorious, the Hungarian government attempted to pull out of the alliance with Germany, and sought an armistice with the Allies. To prevent these efforts, German forces invaded and occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944. The Nazis set up a new government loyal to Germany, which cooperated with the Germans in their efforts to deport the Hungarian Jews. Between May and July 1944, nearly 440,000 Hungarian Jews were deported primarily to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where almost all of them were murdered. Thousands were also sent to the Austrian border to dig fortification trenches.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi party had many sympathizers and members in Austria during World War II. In fact, the majority of the Austrian population had enthusiastically supported Austria’s incorporation into Germany, known as the Anschluss, in March 1938.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Gendarmerie (sometimes also “Gendarmes”) is a military body charged with police duties among the civilian population. The term gendarme is derived from the medieval French expression gens d'armes, which translates to \"armed people.” During World War II, German authorities charged local forces of Gendarmerie with carrying out the regime's anti-Jewish policies. The Gendarmerie was charged with putting the Jews in ghettos. As Jews were forbidden from leaving the ghettos, Gendarmerie guarded the perimeters. Gendarmes had a reputation for brutality. Individual gendarmes often tortured Jews and extorted personal valuables from them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHungarian: ditch\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHungarian: forest\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHungarian: sachel\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMauthausen was the primary concentration camp in Austria. It had a whole series of sub-camps (about 50). It was opened after the Anschluss (when Germany annexed Austria) in March 1938. It was established on the site of the Weiner Graben granite quarry and its purpose was to use slave labor to exploit the quarry. At first it was a punishment camp where prisoners were sent to serve out their sentences under very severe conditions. The death rate was the highest among all the camps in the Greater Reich. In addition to working in the quarries, which was essentially a death sentence, the prisoners also worked on construction projects (such as building roads, power plants, tunnels or power stations) and for the armaments industry. Its last commandant, Franz Ziereis was notorious for his brutality and cruelty. About 200,000 prisoners passed through Mauthausen and its sub-camps and the death rate was about 50 percent. The Americans liberated it on May 5, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGunskirchen was a subcamp of the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria, located about 60 kilometers southwest of the main camp. Construction of the Gunskirchen camp began in December 1944. Originally intended to house several hundred slave laborers, when the camp was opened in April 1945, thousands of prisoners evacuated on death marches from Mauthausen started to flood Gunskirchen. In these overcrowded conditions, diseases such as typhus and dysentery spread rapidly through the starving and weakened camp population. The prisoners were—with the exception of 400 political prisoners—Jews from Hungary whom the Germans had forced to march on foot from their homeland to Austria, where they were to be used for forced labor. Some 17,000 Hungarian Jews reportedly passed through the Gunskirchen camp. Troops of the 71st Infantry Division entered the camp on May 4, 1945. The SS guards had fled the corpse-littered camp days before. Some 15,000 prisoners were still in the camp. In the months following the liberation, some 1,500 former prisoners died as a consequence of their mistreatment by the Nazis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphoid fever and typhus are different diseases that are caused by different bacteria, although the symptoms are similar. Typhus is contracted from the bite of a louse, and results in chills, delirium, high fever, headaches and muscle pain and if untreated often results in death. Typhoid fever means “typhus-like” and is a common bacterial disease caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected person or from lice that fed on the feces. Typhoid results in a high temperature, delirium, and intestinal hemorrhage and if untreated is often fatal. Both were common in the camps due to hygienic conditions and the constant infestation by lice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Consumption’ was the popular term for tuberculosis since the disease caused the wasting away or ‘consumption’ of its victim. Tuberculosis is a potentially fatal contagious disease that mainly affects the lungs. It can usually be cured with antibiotics but before they were discovered in the 1940’s tuberculosis was the single most common cause of death in the United States. Today it is still a killer, causing about 3 million deaths around the world yearly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the immediate aftermath of World War II, Austria was divided into four occupation zones and jointly occupied by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and France. Vienna was similarly subdivided. In July of 1945, the Allies agreed on zone borders and throughout the month, occupation troops were often “swapping” zones. Austria remained under the joint occupation of the Western Allies and the Soviet Union until Austria was accorded full independence in 1955.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War I, Britain took over Palestine (Israel). Although protested by the Arab states, the League of Nations authorized the British mandate over Palestine, which continued throughout World War II. Beginning in 1929, Arabs and Jews openly fought in Palestine. Britain attempted to limit Jewish immigration as a means of appeasing the Arabs. Jewish immigration had already been restricted by a series of official reports (known as White Papers) issued in 1922 and 1930 by the British government. The Arab Revolt of 1936–1939 further caused Great Britain to dramatically limit the numbers of immigrants allowed into Palestine in subsequent years and throughout the Holocaust. In 1939, a third White Paper was issued, which limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 for the first five years, subject to the country's \"economic absorptive capacity,\" and would later be contingent on Arab consent. At the end of World War II, Britain continued to strictly limit Jewish immigration to Palestine. Jewish resistance organizations managed to smuggle hundreds of thousands of survivors from Europe into Palestine via “illegal” immigrant ships. The British intercepted most ships, however, and began to intern the immigrants they caught in camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941, and Yugoslavia surrendered on April 17, 1941. The Axis powers dismembered Yugoslavia, exploiting ethnic tension to reinforce new territorial boundaries. Germany and Italy divided Croatia into zones of influence, in which each stationed troops. After the Italian government surrendered to the Allies in September of 1943, the Germans occupied the former Italian zone of Yugoslavia. By the autumn of 1944, the Germans began evacuating, but troops continued to fight in the north until the end of April 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn May 1944, the Jews of Napradea were gathered in the ghettos of Cehei and Simleul Silvaniei. On May 31, June 3, and June 6 , they were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEven before Romania fell into the orbit of Nazi Germany, Romanian authorities pursued a policy of harsh, persecutory antisemitism. A series of antisemitic laws passed at the end of the 19th century affected various domains of public life, including military service, liberal professions such as medicine or law, and traditional occupations for the Jewish community in Romania, such as trade and handicrafts. Laws also excluded Jewish students and teachers from Romanian public schools and universities. Growing social, economic and political tensions in Romania in the 1920s and 1930s led to an increase in nationalistic ideology and antisemitism. By the mid 1930s, discriminatory laws against the Jewish population were issued, and violence against Jews and Jewish property became a daily reality. Changes to the country’s constitution further allowed for racial discrimination against Jews. Jews were increasingly expelled from commerce and industry and many were stripped of their citizenship.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II reduced the Jewish population of Romania by half (from 757,000 before the war to around 400,000). Between 1944 and 1947, mass migration to what was still Palestine took place. During the Cold War, Romania maintained diplomatic relations with Israel and allowed a trickle of emigration to continue in exchange for economic aid. More Romanian Jews went to Israel than the United States or other countries because it was closer and easier to get permission. From the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 until the end of the 1960s, more than 200,000 Romanian Jews settled in Israel. About 80,000 others were scattered through other countries. By the end of the 1960s, the Romanian Jewish community numbered no more than 100,000. By the 1990s, the Jewish population of Romania had dropped to less than 20,000 mostly elderly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs World War II was drawing to a close, the Soviet Union had intervened forcefully on behalf of Romania. Following the war, Soviet occupation facilitated the rise of the Communist Party as the main political party, leading to the forced abdication of the King and the establishment of a single-party people's republic in 1947. The Communist Party quickly proceeded to eliminate Western influence and any remaining political opposition within Romania, accelerating Soviet policies, which included the nationalization of private businesses. Individual businesses, farms and even many homes became state-owned properties with the former private owners rarely compensated. Over the next decade, communist leaders laid the foundations of a totalitarian regime. Romania remained under military and economic control of the Soviet Union until the late 1950s. After Stalin's death in 1953, Romania had begun to distance itself from Moscow. Romania's national communist government began to assert more independence. Soviet troops withdrew from Romania in 1958 and Romanian leaders started to pursue independent policies, including resuming relationships with the West. Romania remained under the USSR’s sphere of influence until its collapse in 1989 but also exercised its own authority, which gradually became a totalitarian regime.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrandeis University is a private research university in Waltham, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1948 as a non-sectarian, coeducational institution sponsored by the Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Johns Hopkins University is a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, it is the oldest research university in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChase Manhattan Bank was formed in 1955 when Chase National Bank (founded in 1877) and The Bank of Manhattan Company (founded in 1799) merged. Since 2000, it became JPMorgan Chase Bank and continues to operate as a multinational bank.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGalati [Romania: Galaţi; German: Galatz) is a port city in southeastern Romania, on the Danube River. The Jews in Galati were subjected to constant persecution by the pro-Nazi authorities during World War II. After Romania entered the war in June 1941, Jewish men aged 18 to 60 were arrested and imprisoned; they were eventually transferred to several camps within the city and forced to perform hard labor. The Jewish community was not completely obliterated, but the number of Jews in Galați dropped from 13,511 in 1941 to 12,946 in 1942. When Romania joined the Allies in August 1944, German soldiers set fire to the town, and several synagogues were destroyed. After the war, there were around 9,000 Jews in the city, but emigration severely diminished the Jewish population in the following decades. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the decades following the war, Romania’s communist leadership perpetuated antisemitism. Although religion was not outlawed under communism, communist ideology asked Jews to assimilate and not to identify as anything but loyal to the state. Deeply ingrained antisemitic attitudes made Jews suspects of being Zionist spies and too ‘cosmopolitan.’ By the 1950s, communist leadership began to be more restrictive, imprisoning many leaders of the Zionist movement and purging Jews from political positions. Meanwhile, a desire to reduce its Jewish population meant Jews were encouraged to leave Romania. The nationalization of businesses further left many Jews without a source of income and increased the desire of many Jews to emigrate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Hasidic Judaism [also sometimes called Chasidim (From the Hebrew word \"Chasid\" meaning \"pious”)] is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith. Hasidic Judaism refers to a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBnei Zion was a religious Zionist movement started in Bratislava, Slovakia at the end of the 19th century. Most of its members were yeshiva students who supported settling in Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween the two world wars, Jewish youth movements in Eastern Europe achieved extraordinary strength, numbers, and influence. Many of the youth movements were Zionist. Some of the most active organizations in the Baltic states, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria were: Ha-Shomer ha-Tsa‘ir, Gordonia, He-Ḥaluts ha-Tsa‘ir, Ha-No‘ar ha-Tsiyoni, Akiva, and Betar. Coinciding with growing antisemitism and weak economies, the main focus of many organizations was on practical training and preparation for immigration to Palestine and less with ideological instruction and local cultural events.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDej is a city in northern Romania, 37 miles (60 kilometers) north of Cluj.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman: camps\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo maintain their deception and placate Jews who had not yet been imprisoned or deported, the Germans did permit some of the Jews who had been imprisoned in ghettos, concentration camps and labor camps to send and receive correspondence. Such writings had to adhere to a strict code of regulations and were subject to routine and often arbitrary censorship by camp authorities. Content was largely limited to personal matters with brief messages claiming the deported were well and in good health, with minimal expressions of affection. Sometimes messages requested extra clothing items or necessities, but it is clear no mention could be made of the atrocities taking place.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1944, recently deported Hungarians Jews sent postcards to the Jewish Council in Budapest to disperse. The postcards were addressed to their friends and family still in Budapest. The postcards were postmarked \"Waldsee\" [German: Forest Lake] to deceive those receiving the postcards into believing the sender was enjoying time in a picturesque location that corresponds with actual places that could be located on maps of Austria and Switzerland. It is unclear how the rouse first originated, but the name began to appear in postcards sent home from Greek Jews that had been sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1943. Some survivors would later recall that when the Jews crowded onto trains asked where they were headed, they were told “Waldsee.” In reality, the cards were sent from Auschwitz-Birkenau. Once arrived, the deported Jews—who were in route to the gas chambers—were forced to write the postcards to their families back home, reassuring them of a safe arrival.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1940 and 1945, the SS authorities established nearly 50 subcamps in the Mauthausen concentration camp system, most of them in 1943 and 1944. At first, the prisoners were used as forced laborers in construction work building transport routes, power stations and factories. In the second half of the war, they were increasingly forced to work in the arms industries. Starting at the end of 1943, thousands of inmates were deployed in the construction of underground production sites that would be protected from Allied air raids that had increasingly been targeting German armaments.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arrow Cross Party [Hungarian: Nyilaskeresztes Párt-Hungarista Mozgalom] was the most extreme of the Hungarian Fascist movements in the 1930s. It consisted of several groups but is most commonly associated with the faction organized by Ferenc Szalasi in 1938. It was modeled specifically on the National Socialist party (Nazis) in Germany and was extremely antisemitic. It had begun to lose support by 1941, but its fortunes rose in March 1944 when Szalasi and the Arrow Cross party was installed by the Germans as a puppet government, although Admiral Horthy was still regent and nominally in charge. In October 1944, Horthy was deposed and arrested and the Arrow Cross assumed the total rule of the country. The Arrow Cross government enforced a regime of terror on all Hungarians, although Jews suffered most heavily. The Arrow Cross was responsible for the deportation and death of an estimated 440,000 Hungarian Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYitzchak Sternbuch (born in Bessarabia) and his wife, Recha (née Rottenberg; born in Poland; 1905–1971), were an Orthodox Jewish couple that lived in St. Gallen, Switzerland and were active in trying to rescue European Jews during World War II. The Sternbuchs had begun by helping Jewish refugees in Switzerland in the late 1930s. By 1941, they had set up an organization called the \"Relief Organization for Jewish Refugees in Shanghai.” Later, they changed the organization's name to \"Relief Organization for Jewish Refugees Abroad.\" Under that heading, they sent aid packages to Jews in Poland and Czechoslovakia; tried to rescue Jews by obtaining Latin American passports for them; kept in close contact with Jewish leaders in occupied Hungary and Slovakia; and kept tabs on what was happening throughout occupied Europe. As representatives of the Va’ad ha-Hatsala [the rescue committee of the American Union of Orthodox Rabbis] and with the help of Swiss politician Jean-Marie Musy (1875-1952), the Sternbuchs participated in negotiations with the Nazis that ultimately led to the transfer of 1,200 Jews from Theresienstadt to Switzerland in February 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 2008, director Gaylen Ross released a documentary about Rudolf Israel Kastner, called “Killing Kasztner: The Jew Who Dealt with the Nazis.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e In May 1945, American troops seized a train in the town of Werfen, Austria that became known as the “Hungarian Gold Train.” The train contained stolen valuables—gold, jewelry, art and other treasures—that had been seized from Hungarian Jews and was en route to Germany. Much of the confiscated property was dispersed, but little attempt was ever made to return it to its rightful owners. In 2001, Hungarian Holocaust survivors filed a lawsuit against the United States government. In 2005, a $25.5 million settlement was reached. Funds were to be dispersed to Jewish social service organizations in Australia, Canada, Hungary, Israel, Sweden and the United States\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRezső Kasztner (1906 – 15 March 1957), also known as Rudolf Israel Kastner, was a Hungarian-Israeli journalist and lawyer. During the war, he was a leader in the Jewish community of Cluj, Hungary. He negotiated with Adolf Eichmann, the administrator of Hitler’s Final Solution, to transport over 1,600 Jews from Hungary to Switzerland. In exchange for money and valuables, Eichmann allowed 35 cattle wagons to leave Budapest on June 20, 1944, After the war, Kasztner emigrated to Israel and worked for the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. In 1952, a Hungarian survivor accused Kasztner of collaborating with the Nazis and suppressing information that could have potentially saved hundreds of thousands more Hungarian Jews. Kasztner was shot and killed outside his home in March 1957.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 in New York, and presided over by Nahum Goldmann, to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. An additional $125 million was added in 1988, to enable remaining Holocaust survivors to receive monthly payments of $290 for the rest of their lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish: tailor\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShul is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA mikveh or mikvah is a pool of water, gathered from rain or from a spring, which is used for ritual purification and ablutions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cheder is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Chumash” is another word for Torah or the Five Books of Moses of the Hebrew Bible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/annotation_set/989/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Solomon ben Isaac (Shlomo Yitzhaki), known as Rashi (based on an acronym of his Hebrew initials—RAbbi SHlomo Itzhaki), was a medieval French rabbi whose widely read commentary on the Talmud and the Tanakh remains a centerpiece of contemporary Jewish study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7320.0,7350.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Hugo Judowitz [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6.0,905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today is August 8th, 2008. We are in Atlanta, Georgia. I am John Kent. Let us start with your original birth name. 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I worked in a stone mine, provisionally. I was planned to be sent to the Russian front. Indeed, I was sent to the Ukraine with my unit.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=905.0,1773.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1943","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forced Labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gendarmes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mauthausen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=905.0,1773.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mauthausen Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1773.0,2642.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gunskirchen was built barracks, but the barracks didn't have beds or anything; just simply the building, the walls. They were built for 300 people to accommodate and they placed a thousand.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1773.0,2642.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allies","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gunskirchen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Malnutrition","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=1773.0,2642.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arriving in Romania Post-War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2642.0,3471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we reached Romania, the Romanian soldiers told us, “Listen, when you are going to arrive, all military things are going to be taken away from you. Rather give it to me,” so I give it him.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2642.0,3471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berta Diamantstein Judovits","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brothers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lawyer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yugoslavia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=2642.0,3471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaving Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3471.0,4141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1950, I married. She was 13 and a half years younger than me. A beautiful lady, uneducated, because when she was in elementary school, she was eliminated. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3471.0,4141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marriage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Naples, Italy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Razel Erna","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rome, Italy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Social Worker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=3471.0,4141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communist Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4141.0,4454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was your opinion of the communist system when you were living there? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4141.0,4454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communist","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4141.0,4454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Concentration Camps Part 2","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4454.0,4801.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let us go back a little bit, if we can, to the time on the Russian front, when you were in forced labor. Talk more about what you were doing during that period. 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Tell more about how you, and your wife, and daughter built up your life here. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4801.0,5784.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bookkeeper","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brandeis University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chase Manhattan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cluj","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dalia Judowits","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dej, Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emory University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Galati","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Johns Hopkins University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=4801.0,5784.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Concentration Camps Part 3","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5784.0,6607.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How are you different than other immigrants who did not experience that? Are you any different?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5784.0,6607.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lagers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Semshi Alexander","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Swiss","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=5784.0,6607.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Efforts to save Jews during World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6607.0,7103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talk about that man more, his name, and the whole story about that Swiss man. Tell about that whole situation more. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6607.0,7103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Claims Conference","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gold Train","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Heinrich Himmler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kolozsvar","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Relief Organization for Jewish Refugees Abroad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rezső Kasztner","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Spitzer Jozsef","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Switzerland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Transylvania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=6607.0,7103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History Part 2","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797#t=7103.0,7493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86542/file/174797/index/52661/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let us go back again to your early days, your childhood. Can you tell us about your grandmother? 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