{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/7s7hq3sd58/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Walker, Benjamin"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2002-05-24 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Walker was interviewed by John Kent on May 24, 2002 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eBen describes his early childhood, playing on the family farm and the relatively peaceful relationship between Jews and non-Jews. Life changed suddenly in 1941 when Germany invaded the Soviet Union and Ben recounts the fear everyone felt when the Jews in the area were marched to the local trains station and sent to a transit camp. He recalls life in the transit camp and being sent on foot to a camp. Ben details the starvation and sickness he witnessed and endured. He explains how he was sent to an orphanage after his father and sister died. Ben describes the improved conditions in the orphanage. He explains how he and his mother reunited and returned to their village after the Soviets reoccupied the area in 1944. Ben talks about how the family farm was collectivized and they struggled to survive in Romania’s changing political climate. He considers the lack of Jewish resistance during the war. He recounts why he and his mother decided to immigrate to Israel. Ben reflects on life in the kibbutz and interactions with Arabs. He explains how he immigrated to the United States later, attended college, met his wife and became an educator. Ben shares his views on Israel and the changes he has witnessed over the years. He reflects on how being a survivor has affected him and his family. The interview closes with Ben’s desire to bring more awareness to the impact of the Holocaust on Romanian Jews.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28463"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Benjamin Walker (personal name)","Aron Walker (personal name)","Sali Walker (personal name)","Kathy Walker (personal name)","Zimmer Walker (personal name)","Yitzhak Rabin (personal name)","Ariel Sharon (personal name)","Yasser Arafat (Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Arafat al-Qudwa) (personal name)","Joseph Stalin (personal name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum (corporate name)","Congregation Beth Jacob (corporate name)","Temple Sinai (corporate name)","Eternal Life-Hemshech (corporate name)","Greenwood Cemetery (corporate name)","Iron Guard (corporate name)","American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (corporate name)","International Committee of the Red Cross (corporate name)","University of Florida (corporate name)","Czernowitz, Romania (geographic term)","Nepalokouts, Romania (geographic term)","Bukovina, Romania (geographic term)","Port of Constanta, Romania (geographic term)","Constanta, Romania (geographic term)","Bucharest, Romania (geographic term)","Slatina, Romania (geographic term)","Mogilev-Podolskiy, Ukraine (geographic term)","Kopaygorod, Transnistria (geographic term)","Stalingrad, Russia (geographic term)","Haifa, Israel (geographic term)","Jerusalem, Israel (geographic term)","Kibbutz Nitzanim, Israel (geographic term)","Greater Island of Chiloe (geographic term)","Orlando, Florida (geographic term)","Chattanooga, Tennessee (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Prut River (geographic term)","Nistru River (geographic term)","Carpathian Mountains (geographic term)","Romania (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Transnistria (geographic term)","Ukraine (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Chile (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Treblinka Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Warsaw Ghetto (geographic term)","Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Ghettos (topical term)","Concentration Camps (topical term)","Extermination Camps (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Lager (topical term)","Geheime Staatspolizei - Gestapo (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Six Day War (topical term)","Yom Kippur War (topical term)","Cold War (topical term)","War Experience (topical term)","Holocaust Survivors (topical term)","Memorial to the Six Million (topical term)","Communism (topical term)","Bar Mitzvah (topical term)","Jewish Idenntity (topical term)","Zionism (topical term)","Judaism (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Walker was interviewed by John Kent on May 24, 2002 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBen describes his early childhood, playing on the family farm and the relatively peaceful relationship between Jews and non-Jews. Life changed suddenly in 1941 when Germany invaded the Soviet Union and Ben recounts the fear everyone felt when the Jews in the area were marched to the local trains station and sent to a transit camp. He recalls life in the transit camp and being sent on foot to a camp. Ben details the starvation and sickness he witnessed and endured. He explains how he was sent to an orphanage after his father and sister died. Ben describes the improved conditions in the orphanage. He explains how he and his mother reunited and returned to their village after the Soviets reoccupied the area in 1944. Ben talks about how the family farm was collectivized and they struggled to survive in Romania’s changing political climate. He considers the lack of Jewish resistance during the war. He recounts why he and his mother decided to immigrate to Israel. Ben reflects on life in the kibbutz and interactions with Arabs. He explains how he immigrated to the United States later, attended college, met his wife and became an educator. Ben shares his views on Israel and the changes he has witnessed over the years. He reflects on how being a survivor has affected him and his family. The interview closes with Ben’s desire to bring more awareness to the impact of the Holocaust on Romanian Jews.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/106/331/small/Ben_Walker.png?1619304530","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Walker_Ben.mp4"]},"duration":7065.183,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/106/331/small/Ben_Walker.png?1619304530","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/106/331/original/Walker_Ben.mp4?1613673389","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7065.183,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Walker, Benjamin [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Let us start with your name and your name as it was at birth also.\n\nWALKER: Yes, it was Benjamin. My original name was W-A-L-Z-E-R. I have an uncle\nthat came to this country about 1910. He changed the \"Z\" to a \"K\" and became\n\"Walker.\" When I came in 1956, we changed my name to Walker also.\n\nKENT: Where were you raised?\n\nWALKER: I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"raised in a small town near Czernowitz, called Nepalokouts. At\nthat time when I was born, it was Romania.\n\nKENT: What do you remember of your environment growing up? What kind of\nchildhood did you have there?\n\nWALKER: I was the first grandson. My father was a merchant in a town nearby.\nBeing the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandson, I was spoiled, because there were about five uncles\nand another aunt. My grandfather had a large farm in Nepalokouts. I used to love\nto go there, and climb the cherry trees, and ride on the horses. It was\nwonderful. I was looking forward to go there to the farm and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roam around in the\ncornfields. Needless to say, it was a wonderful time of my life.\n\nKENT: Who were all the people in your family?\n\nWALKER: In my family, my mother was the oldest of seven. There were five uncles,\nan aunt, and her. Then when she got married, they moved to a nearby town. My\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father was a merchant. He had a men's store. The other uncles were working in a\nlumber factory. They were managers and so on.\n\nKENT: Any brothers or sisters?\n\nWALKER: I had one sister that was born about two years after me. I was born in\n1935. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died in the camp. That was it.\n\nKENT: What kind of stories did your parents tell you as a child of what life had\nbeen like for them a little bit earlier on? Give me a sense of history about\nyour background.\n\nWALKER: The Jewish population . . . that whole region, it's called Bukovina,\nwhich is northeast of Romania. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the people that came there were from\nAustria. At home, they spoke German. My grandfather was wounded in World War I.\nHe came back, had problems with walking . . . with his leg. Most of the people\nwho lived in a big city ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like Czernowitz, they were professionals. They were\ndoctors and lawyers. We were well organized as a Jewish community there. They\nhad very fine schools. They even have a college for Jewish young people. It was\na very wonderful community. I think it was very peaceful and we got along very\nwell with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Romanian population there, which was really a mixed population. It\nwas Romanians as well as Ukrainians, because in every border town you have a\nmixture of population from both countries.\n\nKENT: You were raised with a sense of normalcy? There wasn't a sense of danger\nor that sort of thing per se?\n\nWALKER: None whatsoever. In fact, we used to go swimming near ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Prut River and\nthere was no separation of people. We would shop in the stores that were from .\n. . people from different backgrounds. There was hardly any discrimination\nexcept perhaps during the Easter holiday. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a . . . I think that some of\nthe young people were taught by their priest that the Jews killed Christ, and at\nthat time they would call us some names and so on. But other than that, it was\nvery nice, very peaceful.\n\nKENT: What are your earliest memories? You were born in 1935, so I would imagine\nyour earliest memories would be about when the war ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started.\n\nWALKER: Yes, in 1941. That's when everything changed. It's almost like a dark\ncloud appearing on a bright day suddenly. We knew that a lot of . . . especially\nwhen my uncles were practically shot on the street, just like that, for no\nreason ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatsoever, we knew that it was a terrible situation. Romania aligned\nitself with Germany during the war. One day there was a knock on the door, and\nwe were told to leave. We had about five or six hours to leave the house. You\nhad only a very little time to collect only what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you were able to gather. Most\nof that . . . my mother having two little children to carry, there isn't much\nroom for anything else to take along. We had to be present at a certain time at\nthe railroad station. At the railroad station, we found a lot of people waiting\nthere for a train, which we were not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sure where it's going to take us to.\n\nKENT: Who were the people organizing all this and giving the orders?\n\nWALKER: These were people called the Iron Guard. The Iron Guard was allied with\nthe Gestapo and they were carrying out their orders of gathering all the Jews to\ncertain locations and certain places of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transportation. They were carrying out .\n. . you can just deputize somebody, give him some kind of a certificate or\nwhatever, and he's a sheriff, or he's a policeman, or whatever. They were these\nkind of . . . some of them hardly had any uniforms, but they presented\nthemselves because they represent the Iron Guard. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They told us to get to the\ntrain station by such-and-such time.\n\nKENT: As you were led away, did any of your neighbors have anything to say or\nwhat was their attitude at that time?\n\nWALKER: None whatsoever. The neighbors . . . I think there was a general\natmosphere of fear. You don't protest, you don't raise your voice, you just\nfollow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"orders. We thought that if we just follow orders, everything's going to\nbe all right because we felt we haven't done anything wrong. As we found out\nlater, that was not the case. But the neighbors, in a way . . . It's hard to\nsay. It's a good question. It's hard to say what was in their heart. My uncles\nwho were shot, they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shot by people who came from the village nearby. We\nwere . . . my grandfather was well known in that village and nobody would touch\nhim, nobody would touch his children. But some hoodlums from the neighboring\nvillage came and just shot them on the street, just like that.\n\nKENT: How did you know that? Did you see that or were you told that?\n\nWALKER: No, I was told by my mother and my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father.\n\nKENT: Once you were all at the train station, what happened next?\n\nWALKER: Finally the train came and it was not a passenger train. It was a cattle\ntrain. We were not sure where that train is going to take us. After about . . .\nI would say about 10 hours of riding in this cattle train, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were stopped in a\ntown called Mogilev. Mogilev was like a warehouse of people coming from all\nthese little villages and towns of Bukovina, and Czernowitz, and so forth. There\nwere hundreds of thousands of people in there. From there, they couldn't keep\nus. It was a ghetto kind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of situation. From there, they dispersed us into\nsmaller camps that were surrounding Mogilev. Before getting to Mogilev, we had\nto cross the Nistru River, and that's why the other side of the Nistru River is\ncalled Transnistria. That's why the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp was Transnistria. The situation wasn't\nso bad in there as, let's say, Auschwitz or Treblinka because the Romanians did\nnot possess the equipment and the sophistication of the killing machines that\nthe Nazis developed. We kind of weren't sure what's going to happen next. We\nwere there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"living from day-to-day.\n\nKENT: What season in 1941 was that?\n\nWALKER: That was in the fall. I think it was October or November when the rains\nwere coming down and it was getting cold. There were hardly any paved roads, so\nthe mud was getting deep. Walking in that kind of situation, those kind of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roads, was not easy at all.\n\nKENT: What were you doing during that time in that camp? What was a normal day like?\n\nWALKER: From the surrounding areas, there were peasants that saw an opportunity\nof making some money. They would come and bring some basic necessities such as\nbread, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vegetables, and what have you. They would trade. There was no\ncurrency, but they were trading for valuable things. If you had an expensive\nwatch, or rings, or jewelry, you would trade for food. That's what the time was.\nWe knew we were not going to stay there--that was a given--that from there . . .\nIt was a temporary warehouse ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"station. From there, we were going to be going\nsomewhere else, where we're going to be on a more permanent basis.\n\nKENT: Were there guards and fences and that control?\n\nWALKER: There were guards, but Mogilev was more like a ghetto. There wasn't very\nfar that you could wander. There was nowhere else to go, because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you, obviously\n. . . If you had escaped or whatever, there was not much else to do. There was\nthe river, and there was fields, and there were maybe little villages who knows\nwhere. Where are you going to go?\n\nKENT: How were people identified as Jews? How would a stranger know who you were?\n\nWALKER: I think that in a village like where we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived . . . where my grandfather\nlived, it was well known who is Jewish and who is not. Even in towns, I think in\nmost cases, Jews lived in certain areas of towns. We were not as spread out as\nwe are here today, obviously, but there were certain Jewish sections. Jews\nwalked to the synagogue and you couldn't . . . you didn't have an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"automobile or\na car or . . . You lived in a general neighborhood near the synagogue, where\nmost of the Jews lived.\n\nKENT: How long did your family stay in that ghetto situation?\n\nWALKER: We stayed there about maybe a month or a month-and-a-half, and then we\nwere told that we are going to go to a camp. I still remember the name--it's\nKopaygorod. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had to make our way to that camp.\n\nKENT: How were you all transported?\n\nWALKER: That's where the toughness came because those who still had some means\nwere able to hire villagers with horses and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"carts, because there were no cars or\ntrucks. They were hired to get them to that camp. Most of them who were old and\nsick and didn't have anything else, they were . . . most of them were shot along\nthe way by the Romanian soldiers. We knew. The fear came in. We knew that we had\nto move on with that transport ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or you'd get shot in the back. One way or\nanother, you had to get to that camp.\n\nKENT: During this time, what did your parents say to you? What did they explain?\n\nWALKER: To be honest with you, John, I really don't know much because I don't\nremember. We had a certain task to perform of survival every day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the\nunspoken word sometimes carries more weight than the spoken word.\n\nKENT: Continue then with the . . .\n\nWALKER: We came to that camp. It was nothing of a camp. It was a large barrack\nwhere they used to keep a cow shed or a horse shed. I'm not sure which it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was.\nThere was straw in there. Each family occupies maybe a section of that place . .\n. maybe a 10, 12 feet section per family. If you had lots of children, your\nsection was larger. Like every other person, we took our family . . . we took a\nsection of that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing and that's where your bed was. That's where families were\nstaying, in that cowshed. Those who still had some valuables, they were able to\nexchange for foods with the local villagers. Those who did not, they started\ngetting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sick. There was . . . the winter was coming. It was getting very bad. A\nlot of people began dying in there. You had a committee of people who would take\na cart and load up the cart with cadavers . . . with skeletons . . . with people\nwho'd already starved, had nothing else to eat and so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forth. That's how we lived\nfor the next four years. In the spring, it was a lot better because you could\nget out from there and collect in the forest, wild mushrooms or other kind of\nplants that had bulbs and make some kind of soup from it and so forth. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But\nwinter times were very tough. One time I remember they discovered a cemetery\nwhere they would throw dead horses. That is what kept us alive one winter . . .\nis to pull the bones and whatever flesh was left from those cadavers. We would\nmake something to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eat or some kind of soup with any kind of green things that\nyou can find in the field. I lost my father. I lost my sister there. The only\nsurvivors were my mother and I. I know my grandfather died even before getting\nto one of those camps. They died in the other camp, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mogilev, that I mentioned\nearlier to you.\n\nKENT: What was your grandfather's first name?\n\nWALKER: Zimmer.\n\nKENT: Your mother, father, and sister--what are their names?\n\nWALKER: My sister's name was Kathy and my father's name was Aron Walzer. My\nmother's name was Sali.\n\nKENT: What are some of your other memories ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of those four years? When you think\nback, what other images come to mind?\n\nWALKER: You were not sure you're going to make it to the next day. That is the\nimage that . . . can you survive another day? I see one thing that still is in\nmy mind . . . I remember that . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how a young child, maybe nine, ten years\nold--his parents were dead on both sides and he was still alive. He took a stone\nand he was knocking his parents' golden fillings. He managed to get the gold out\nof their mouth, out of the teeth. He took the gold and he traded ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it for another\npiece of bread just to survive maybe another few days. He eventually died from\nthere. In a sense, I look at that camp as a lot worse in a way because we were\nleft there to die. It was obvious that we were not going to come out alive from\nthere. When in Auschwitz, you go in the shower, you're dead. That's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it and it's\nover with. But we were suffering. We were lingering on in that camp, knowing\nthat the end is going to be death by starvation or disease or both. A lot of\npeople died of starvation and typhus . . . as if one or the other was going to\nget you. Now, even when we asked . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because people were infected with lice\nand disease . . . we asked the Romanian guard nearby to change the straw because\nit was so infected . . . there were no bathroom facilities. The straw was\nsmelling so horribly bad from dead people as well as from . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". He said, \"We\ndidn't bring you here to live, to change straw. We brought you here to die.\" My\nimage was that they're so cheap; they won't waste even a bullet on us. There\nwere many people begging for a bullet in their head. The very pessimistic view I\nhad of that place, of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, I'm surprised that I'm here. But what\nhappened--you just don't give up hope--was that the winters in western Ukraine,\nare very rough, very cold. The soldiers felt the cold, too. They put a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tax on\nthe villages nearby that every village has to produce so many woolen socks or\nwoolen mittens. They had the wool. The villagers had the wool, but they didn't\nknow how to knit or they couldn't produce quickly enough. They knew that the\nJewish women were able to do so. My mother, along with some other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women, went to\nthe nearby village, and they were working practically full day, bringing home\nmaybe a slice of bread. At great danger because, as I told you, the roads had to\ngo through some forests. These forests were infected with wild animals, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wolves,\nand wild pigs, boars. Many women did not come back as a result because when\nthere is hunger, even the animals will attack. They would go . . . the women\nwould go in pack. If you're not strong enough and you don't follow with the\ngroup and you fall a little behind, some of the pack is going to get you. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There\nwere incidences like that. Then when, of course, we were looking forward, now\nthat we had a piece of bread . . . we were looking forward to the spring when\nlife was somewhat easier because you can go out in the forest, collect\nmushrooms, collect berries, and make some meal out of it. Eventually they needed\nthe labor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"force and they would allow us . . . instead of having to walk all\nthese hours through the woods and snow . . . they would allow us in closer-by\nhomes in the villages because they realized the potential good that these people\ncan do for the village and for the army. Many of us slowly began to abandon the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp and stay in those homes. Some of them were already a little better than\nstaying in a camp. When you produce something in the . . . you can get a house\nfor staying in there for maybe a week's work and so forth. Things were getting better.\n\nKENT: Was your father then doing something . . .\n\nWALKER: My father died within the first year of that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp, and my sister too. It\nwas only my mother and I left.\n\nKENT: How did they die?\n\nWALKER: That's . . . I'm not really 100 percent sure. He just went to sleep and\nnever woke up. It wasn't a very long, lingering death. Funny enough, those\npeople who were very healthy, so on, they just died quickly, and those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were\nused to diseases and so forth died a lot slower. I don't know why it was, but\nthat's the way it was.\n\nKENT: Do you remember how it affected you when they died?\n\nWALKER: Yes, because I realized that I'm going to be next. It was only a matter\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. I, \"I'm going to be the next.\" This is what I expect to happen. I just\nlooked at death in the face. It was very devastating for a young child about six\nyears old to lose his father and to lose his sister.\n\nKENT: What condition were you in?\n\nWALKER: I was . . . I began ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to develop typhus disease. A lot of people said,\n\"This is it,\" but my mother was never going to give up. She worked very hard.\nAll I was begging for just to sleep on a clean sheet, because the straw was so\nhorrible-smelling . . . the plague was so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terribly dirty. I was just hoping for\na clean sheet. She managed to get me one in the village. I will never forget it.\nIn fact, she really saved my life. She did everything possible for me to come\nback from my typhus ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease with whatever medicine . . . There was hardly any\nmedicine at all. You just had wounds all over the body. You just tried to clean\nthose wounds and maintain any kind of sanitary conditions under the circumstances.\n\nKENT: How do you remember your mother? What kind of a person ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was she? Create a picture.\n\nWALKER: I think . . . She lived here until 1999. She was a leader in a way,\nbecause they respected her. She was very ethical, very correct. They were\nlooking to her. She's the one that organized the women to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to the village.\nShe's the one that spoke with the villagers, that we should move out of the camp\nand be closer by so we didn't lose people along the way. She's the one that\nnegotiated with them. She's the one that . . . If there was a larger house,\nthere would be three, four families living in the house and maybe . . . She\nwould try to make peace between them. She was absolutely a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful person. She\nwas looked up to as the leader of the group.\n\nKENT: Can you remember any other people in that whole group at the barrack who\nwere memorable, who had large personalities? Do you remember any other people?\n\nWALKER: I think there was some kind of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"committee. This committee organized\nthat dead bodies have to be taken out from . . . because it would cause a lot of\ndiseases. There was a committee that tried to maintain peace, because when\nyou're hungry and somebody has a piece of bread, they would try ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to take it away\nfrom you and so on. It was a committee of kind of like . . . for survival\npurposes, but they also did some good. They did a lot of good, I would say. Near\nour camp, they were gathering young people. I was one of them. They were sending\nthem to a town near ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kopaygorod. In that town, there was an orphanage . . . I\ngave you the example of the nine-year old whose both parents died. If you have a\nnine-year old, what is he going to do? He has . . . This committee would to take\nhim and send him to an orphanage in Kopaygorod. My mother also sent me away,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reluctantly, because she realized that I may die too, over there. That orphanage\nhad hundreds and hundreds of children from all kinds of camps all over\nTransnistria. We were . . . I think there is where I had some . . . a little bit\nbetter life ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than at camp. We were organized. We were taught some to sing. There\nwas no regular school as such, but we were taught the basics. We were . . .\n\nKENT: Who was in charge of that orphanage?\n\nWALKER: There were several people in charge of that orphanage. Lucky for me, one\nof the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"persons that was in charge of the orphanage knew my parents in the\nvillage. They were trying to organize. Now remember, this was already in 1943,\ngetting close to 1944, and the war has started changing for the better, for the\nAllies. America got into war and the Russians had . . . in Stalingrad they\nturned the war ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around. These orphanages also were indirectly supported by\nPalestinian Jews, who tried to get these young people on the ships into\nPalestine. That was before 1948. In fact, two of the ships . . . and my mother\nrefused to okay . . . I was supposed to be on one of the ships. Some of these\nships were sunk by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the German submarine right near the Turkish coast. I was\nsupposed to be on one of those ships, but my mother refused. She had no one else\nleft, so she refused. She wanted me to stay. When things got better, I left the\norphanage, once she started working in the village and so forth. By 1944 . . .\nwe were not liberated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as such, because the Romanian Army just retreated and just\nleft us, abandoned. We had to make our own way back to where we came from. The\ntrains . . . most of the trains were carrying munitions and food for the\nsoldiers in the front. There were no passenger trains or anything else. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nhopped on one of those trains carrying bombs and munitions, to go back to our\nvillage. The Luftwaffe was flying above those trains. Had they dropped one bomb,\nhundreds and hundreds of people who actually survived these camps would have\nbeen blown to smithereens. I remember that thing because we could see the planes\nfrom the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train that was taking us back. The train was going to Czernowitz, which\nis not far from the village where I was . . .\n\nKENT: Did you ever have any direct encounters with any of these soldiers or\nguards? Did any of them ever talk to you, ever lay a hand on you, or anything\nlike that?\n\nWALKER: None whatsoever. They didn't want anything to do with us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was one\ntime. There were initially . . . when the young people were still strong and\nable, there were a few that ran away. They ran away to the forest, and they made\ntheir way to become the partisans. The partisans were those people who . . .\ninformal militia-type of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who were blowing up trains . . . German trains .\n. . blowing up bridges for those trains not to be able to cross and bring food\nand supplies to the German Army. They were doing underground work. Initially,\nwhen they realized that some of these young people ran away, they actually shot\nin front of us, several of the young people to teach us a lesson that you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't\nrun away from those camps. From then on, nobody left.\n\nKENT: Other younger kids like you, what did they do on an average day? How did\nthey pass their time--the younger ones, who were maybe too young to work? What\nwas it like being a child in that kind of a barrack ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"situation?\n\nWALKER: I think that some of the children still had some photographs, those were\npictures, easy to carry around with them. Some . . . the others with you . . .\nWe had a lot of people infected with lice, so one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would kill the lice from\nanother. There wasn't much to do.\n\nKENT: Was there anything called a \"Jewish life\" as it were, going on in that environment?\n\nWALKER: I think the only thing . . . the good thing I remember was in that\norphanage. In the orphanage, we were organized. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a chorus group. We\npracticed for choir. We were singing Yiddish songs. There was another group that\nwas organized and learning about Jewish history. We were taught how to read and\nwrite in Yiddish. We had performances, just . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". We were taught certain songs\nand so on. We were looking forward to that. It was a lot better than . . . being\nmiserable in a camp. The orphanage, I think, was a break from the terrible\nconditions that we had in that camp.\n\nKENT: During those four years, how much did people know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what was going on\nin the rest of Europe, what the rest of the war was like, especially what was\nhappening to the Jews in the other countries? Did any of that information ever .\n. .\n\nWALKER: Absolutely nothing. There was not an entire . . . what we call it in\nYiddish, I think a \"lager.\" Lager is a place where all these families went.\nThere was not one radio. There was no newspaper whatsoever. Anything that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you\nfound out what was going on was word of mouth. You could hear the airplanes\nflying above you, but you didn't know. Were they friendly or not friendly or who\nwas flying above. I'm sure that there were American planes flying. We knew\nabsolutely ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing.\n\nKENT: Did any of the villagers around . . . like when the adults would go off to\nwork, would the peasants . . . did they ever bring any information back?\n\nWALKER: There was no information whatsoever--none--until about 1944 when we saw\nthat . . . I recall one incident. There was a Nazi in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"village and they were\nbanging on the pictures of Hitler, saying, \"Look what he brought us to!\" as they\nwere running away. They left everything behind, whatever they could. They just\ntried to escape because the Russians ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were chasing right after them. They were\nmerciless--the Russians--with the Germans. We knew that the tide of the war has\nchanged when we saw them more and more lenient and eventually running away.\n\nKENT: After you left that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"orphanage and went back to the lager, what condition\nwas your mother in?\n\nWALKER: As I told you, at that time the war began to change. We noticed that the\nvillagers were slightly more friendlier. They knew what we went through. They\nwould provide ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us maybe with a little more food than before, just to buy some\ngoodwill because they knew that things have changed. The worst part was . . .\nHere we go back and we finally arrived to our village. The village where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my\ngrandfather was, we came back . . . it was taken over by the Communist Party and\nmade into a kolkhoz so that's not your home anymore. All that land and all the\ntrees that I had remembered and everything, it was taken over. We nowhere to go.\n\nKENT: How did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you get back from that lager area to your hometown?\n\nWALKER: I told you, that train that was carrying munitions . . .\n\nKENT: You were on the train?\n\nWALKER: We were on the train carrying munitions to the front. It just so\nhappened that that train passed through the place where my grandfather used to\nlive and we just got off. We thought we're going home, but the home was taken\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over. Some of the villagers were surprised we came back. They thought . . . In\nTransnistria, at least 50,000 people died in those lagers. We were the lucky\nones--my mother and I--that came back. We knew one neighbor that was very\nfriendly to us. That neighbor let us in because . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then my mother found a\npostcard. My father had a sister and a brother living in New York. I mentioned\nearlier when he came in 1910. My mother wrote to them and sure enough, a letter\ncame back and food packages started coming. At that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, right after the war,\nyou thought you were liberated, finished, it's over. It was worse, because we\ncame back to our village where the Russians pillaged all the food to send to\nwhere it's important--to their soldiers fighting the Nazi war machine. There was\nnothing. There was nothing in the village. There was nothing anywhere. The\nvillagers, instead of milking the cows, slaughtered the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cows for food. They were\nworse off as bad off as we are. I can tell you that those packages that came--I\ndon't know how they came from the United States--saved our life, because right\nafter the war, we were worse off than even during the war. Because we no longer\nhad the valuables--they're all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone. We had absolutely nothing and they had\nnothing too!\n\nKENT: At that time, were there any official representatives from the military,\nor Red Cross, or anybody that was coming in to deal with the liberation at that point?\n\nWALKER: Not at all. We were too far away from anything like that. I think the\nRed Cross was all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Western Europe. The only thing we had was from what we used\nto call the Joint Distribution Committee. They sent some food and packages also\nfrom the United States. That helped. But we knew we were not going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to stay there\nin our hometown. We were looking forward. There were two places to go: We were\neither going to Palestine or the United States. Europe is finished, as far as we\nare concerned. We knew, in that place, we're not going to stay much longer, so\nwe crossed into Romania proper. Romania was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still slow process becoming\ncommunist. They knew that they dealt poorly with us, so they allowed us free\nimmigration right after the war. They allowed ships from the Black Sea, the port\nof Constanta. They were allowing immigration. We were just, hopefully, that our\nturn will come, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we applied to the government to go to the United States or\nto Palestine. That was it. We were looking forward to the next liberation, truly\nspeaking, because this was no liberation. There was nothing left for us here.\n\nKENT: You were about 10 years old around that time?\n\nWALKER: Correct.\n\nKENT: How would you say you were? What kind of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person were you as a 10 year\nold? What kind of personality did you have? How did the war experience affect\nyou? Can you say anything about that? What kind of 10-year-old kid were you?\n\nWALKER: I started going to school. I wanted to learn. Since we didn't know when\nour turn will come, might as well ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get some education. I was in a small town not\nfar from Bucharest. It's called Slatina. In 1946, 1947, 1948, I went to a\nregular public school. I developed friendships with some other Jewish kids. His\nfather had a very important position in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the economic situation, in a factory. We\nbecame very good friends.\n\nKENT: Do you remember any names?\n\nWALKER: Nicu was his name. I don't know whatever happened to him, but we were\nvery close friends. We played in the factory on the weekend. We went fishing on\nthe weekend. Slowly, Romania was becoming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communist and . . . Let me say that\nlife was a lot better than the camp life that I had. I started developing my own\npersonality and getting to know other kids. I went to camp with them. On\nweekends, we would go to movies. I enjoyed sports. In fact, let me tell you a\nshort story. For my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"birthday, I asked my aunt in New York to send me a football.\nSoccer is very big in Europe and there were no soccer balls anywhere to be\nfound. If you had a little something, you make shoes out if it . . .\nleather--not soccer balls. She sends me the package. When I open the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"package, I\nfound a huge glove in that package. I had my image that Americans must be 10, 12\nfeet tall because I couldn't believe that someone would wear a . . . a glove\nthat huge! It was a baseball glove! Little did she know that we don't play\nbaseball in Romania! I took that glove to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a neighbor of mine who was a\nshoemaker--he made me a fantastic pair of sandals out of that glove. I still had\nthat image that they're giants . . . the Americans must be giant people!\n\nKENT: After the war ended and you started to know about the war . . . the\ninformation finally came to you, what . . . how did it affect you to realize\nwhat had been going on in the rest of Europe?\n\nWALKER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We knew that Europe, Western Europe, we found out there were these worse\nlagers than ours. There were the camps, the extermination camps. I was wondering\nwhy, somehow, we were spared in that train instead of going to Auschwitz, maybe\njust went Transnistria. I found out that learning about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the history, that the\nRomanian people, they didn't have that kind of zeal of killing people, like\nmaybe the Nazis had, but they could be bribed. That's probably a lot what\nhappened is these trains went east, southeast, rather than west. But we knew\nthat a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communities were totally . . . hardly anyone was left alive. We in\nRomania had it maybe a little bit better because we could get away with bribes.\nMost of the Polish Jews, from Poland, that came back from any kind of camp, they\nwent also into Romania, because Romania became an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exit to a better life either\nin Israel or eventually the United States. Romania became a place where people\nwould go to instead of going back to their town or villages. Also Hungary was\nanother place that we wanted to go. They would cross you . . . cross the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"border\nthrough bribes, but it was dangerous because the guard sometime would take the\nbribe and then shoot you anyway. From Hungary, you could make it into Austria,\nand Austria was already a liberated country. From there, once you are liberated,\nyou are in a British or American sector, and that's hallelujah. That was great.\n\nKENT: When you said that Romania was becoming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communist, how did that show up\nthat it was becoming communist? What was changing?\n\nWALKER: Just an example: The neighbor that we lived in Romania nearby, he was a\nwealthy landowner. He even had a Model-T Ford. That's unheard of for someone to\nhave a private ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"car. The land, of course, was confiscated by the Socialist Party\nor Communist Party. He only had this thing. One day he got drunk and he cursed\nStalin, and somebody heard him. We never seen him again. He was gone. His house\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone. Everything was taken over. You knew you were living in a regime that\nyou may disappear quickly if you speak your mind or you don't go according to\nthe party line. I still remember as a child, I loved to see movies. Before every\nmovie they would show Joseph ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stalin's picture. The whole audience would stand up\nand applaud . . . just the dictator . . . devotion to Stalin. He was G-d. I went\nfrom one extreme to the other extreme. I knew that's not life for me over there.\n\nKENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you have any difficulty giving up the Romanian part of your identity\nand essentially just being Jewish at that time?\n\nWALKER: No. In this town where we were living in Slatina, there was this small\nsynagogue. I was studying for my bar mitzvah in 1948. My mother baked a cake\nthat was the bar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mitzvah and we found 10 people so I could have my bar mitzvah.\nWe had to find 10 people for a minyan. As I finally recite the blessings on the\nTorah for my bar mitzvah and so on, I hear some commotion in the synagogue. I\ndidn't know what was this all about. It just so happened that was May ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1948,\ndeclared its independence. I had my bar mitzvah on Israel's independence, and I\ncome from, more or less, a Zionist family. We knew this is where our future belongs.\n\nKENT: Before we get into the postwar part of your life, maybe just to review the\nwar a little bit . . . You had made some comments about how you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wish that the\nJewish people had somehow dealt with all that persecution differently. I know it\nis not a black-and-white issue, but could you just talk about that a little bit\nabout your thoughts in hindsight about how they handled the oppression?\n\nWALKER: I think the Jewish community was not well organized at all. Nobody\nreally knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was happening. That's why, in a way, there's to some extent . .\n. the Jewish community, if you were the head of the Jewish community says you've\ngot to bring all your people to the train station. There was no resistance\nwhatsoever. We followed our leader, thinking he's doing this for our good,\ninstead ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of . . . There was no mass resistance because I think fear has taken\nover the leadership and the Jewish community as a whole. Those who really tried\nto run away, like I mentioned in the lager--the young people--they had a little\nmore courage. They ran away and they fought back. Many of them died, many of\nthem survived. They were able ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to put up a resistance. But when we had to go from\nMogilev to our lager, we saw one soldier leading hundreds of people! Of course,\nthey were men, women, and children. It was raining. It was full of mud. It was .\n. . They were hungry and sick. Those who couldn't follow were shot on the road.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This fear alone paralyzed any kind of clear thinking or resistance of any kind.\n\nKENT: Realistically, the Jews couldn't have done anything differently?\n\nWALKER: A lot of them also--not where we lived, but in other places--put, maybe,\nbetter resistance. I'm very proud of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resistance that was done in the Warsaw\nGhetto. But that resistance came toward the end. The other thing is, not many of\nus knew how to handle a gun. That was not part of our culture, part of our\nnature. \"Thou shalt not kill\" is a very strong commandment in our culture. We\nlived with these people for generations. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did commerce with them. Our doctors\ntreated them. We never thought that they're going to turn around and stab us in\nthe back. We trusted a lot of people. We trusted in the good nature of people,\nand it didn't work out because they were overtaken by fear or power, to be part\nof the system. I seen it happen again when the Communists came into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania--the\nsame thing happens over again, where the fear takes over. You want to become\nsomeone. You become a Socialist and a Communist and then you get better jobs,\nbetter things in life.\n\nKENT: Those Jews who did survive and go back to Romania, how did they treat the\nlocals, the neighbors who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had turned on them? What was it like where you were?\n\nWALKER: It was not a friendly welcome home party, I can assure you that. In\nfact, many of them, and all over Europe that I know, they wanted to get away\nfrom them. Very few, a very small minority, stayed after the war either in\nPoland or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Romania, where we stayed. Very few stayed there. Most of them\nwanted to leave because there was no future there. Who wants to stay, go back to\na place where your neighbor turns against you, where your neighbor was your\nenemy who wouldn't hesitate to rob your house? We came to our house ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\neverything was gone. Then, like in my case with my grandfather, your house is no\nlonger yours. It's somebody else's. The head of the Socialist Party was living\nin there. What are you going to do?\n\nKENT: Was there any revenge going on?\n\nWALKER: No revenge because we were too weak for revenge. We wanted to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back,\nto start all over again, to rebuild our lives. I didn't want any revenge. The\nones who took revenge, the one--the young people who ran away and were able to\njoin either the Russian Army or the partisans--they took revenge. They did all\nthey could do. But we were not fighters. We didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to kill anybody. We just\nwanted to get out and forget it.\n\nKENT: During those three years up until your bar mitzvah, were you aware of what\nthe Romanian government, what they had to say about the Holocaust and what\nhappened to the Jewish people? Was there any kind of official policy or\nstatement about it that you heard?\n\nWALKER: Yes, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were actually studying this in the schools, that the previous\nregime, the Antonescu Regime, and the military regime of Romania was cooperating\nwith the Nazis and these were the bad people. Joseph Stalin liberated Romania\nfrom these people. Now we are on the Socialist road, we are free again, we are\npart of the Socialist camp. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were indoctrinated that America is an imperialist\ncountry and so forth. It was more indoctrination than education. They were\ngiving the history according to the way it was printed in the Moscow printing presses.\n\nKENT: Anti-Semitism was considered a German import? It wasn't Romanian.\n\nWALKER: Correct. Anti-Semitism was looked down upon. This ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened to the Jews\nbecause of the Nazis, because of the anti-Semitism in Romania, but now the Jews\nare part of the Socialist camp and they are free. It's . . . the life is maybe a\nlot better.\n\nKENT: Even if it was a type of indoctrination, can you make any general\nassessment about how the Jewish people feel about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that message? Did they buy it?\n\nWALKER: They knew it was propaganda. We knew that real freedom must be outside\nthat camp. Like with my friend Nicu that I mentioned before, his father did join\nthe Communist Party, and he became the manager of the lumber factory and an\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important person in the party command. Nicu went to school and went to\nuniversity. I don't know what happened to him. But what . . . people like us and\nothers who suffered a great deal during the war, we wanted to have no part of\nit. We wanted to get out. Those were the two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"places I mentioned to you we wanted\nto go--either join our family in the United States, or go to Israel.\n\nKENT: Continue from your bar mitzvah, independence of Israel. What happened next?\n\nWALKER: We were finally given the permission to go to Israel. In fact, we were\ngiven permission to go to both places in the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. Now you have a dilemma!\nSalvation sometimes comes in a big bundle. The risk we took not going to America\nwas because many people at that time in 1951 and 1950 . . . when you decide you\nwant to go to America, you must be an imperialist spy. You could disappear\neasily when you're an imperialist spy. We decided ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'll be safe rather than\nsorry, and join with the majority, and go to Israel. In 1951, we were allowed.\nWe went on a train to Constanta, which is the main port of Romania. There a ship\nthat's supposed to . . . a small boat, it's supposed to contain maybe several\nhundred people . . . had over 2,000 people on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I found a place to sleep right\nunder the steps . . . the steps going . . . under the steps. It was overcrowded.\nI never thought this ship is going to make it, but we did make it to Haifa.\nPeople were cheering there and welcoming us, and I said, \"Wow, this is a great\ncountry! Here I'm welcomed, finally!\" Relatives and so on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came and threw oranges\nto the ship and everybody was catching oranges. I didn't catch any, so I was\nvery frustrated! I went all the way to the top of the ship, where some oranges\nlanded. I came back with a whole bunch of oranges and everybody was looking at\nme. \"Where did you get these oranges?\" I said, \"Nobody else was over there.\" I\ngot them. I already had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some relatives there. My younger aunt was there already.\nWe were also at the beginning, in Haifa, in kind of a camp with tents. We're\nimmigrants from all over the world--from Iraq, from Arab countries and so on,\nand we were taking about 32 youngsters, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we . . . I was, at that time already\n15, and we were . . . My mother lived with a relative of hers. I went and lived\nin a kibbutz where I was getting an education of schooling in the morning, and\nin the afternoon we worked in the fields or vegetables.\n\nKENT: Do you remember the name of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\n\nWALKER: Yes, Nitzanim. Nitzanim is located, I think it's maybe an hour south of\nTel Aviv, right not far from the Gaza Strip. We were right near the\nMediterranean Coast, where it was wonderful. I would go swimming in the\nsummertime and, it was there, I think . . . one of the best times of my life,\nbecause we were with youngsters and we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were . . . had a great time.\n\nKENT: What was the general attitude or message of the native Israelis to the\nimmigrants coming in?\n\nWALKER: There are not many natives. The natives were the minority! Most of the\npeople were immigrants, and I still remember, in 1951, Israel's Independence\nDay. Israel was only three years old, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they . . . I was in Haifa, and to see\nJewish soldiers marching with rifles, that's the revenge. You see, there was . .\n. It gave me such tremendous pride that, \"Here, no one's going to kick us around\nlike they did to us in Romania and Bukovina. Here, we're free. We're strong. We\ncan take care of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ourselves.\" That is when I experienced true liberation. I\ndidn't experience the liberation after the war in Romania. My liberation came in Israel.\n\nKENT: Also at that time, what was the attitude of the Arab or Palestinian\npopulation there about all the Jewish immigrants coming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in?\n\nWALKER: The only contact with Arabs we had was the ones that sneaked out of Gaza\ninto our kibbutz. It was mostly for the . . . what they tried to do is steal . .\n. Our contact with Arabs was the kind that . . . we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to call them fedayeen.\nThey were coming to rob or steal. Sometimes somebody would get shot, too. That\nis a youngster's perspective on that. Of course, here we also were taught\nZionism, and our history, and so forth. These were refugees. In Gaza, were\nrefugees ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who ran during the 1948 war. Most of them probably were told, \"Just\nleave. We will liberate you.\" Nitzanim had a tremendous fight there against the\nEgyptians, who almost came up to Tel Aviv from the south, and a lot of people in\nthat kibbutz lost their lives fighting the Egyptian invasion in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1948. We were\nkind of continuing to defend the homeland from these people who tried to hurt\nus. Can I tell you a little incident? I was working with sheep. You rotate. When\nyou work in a kibbutz, so many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"months you work in a vegetable garden, so many\ntimes you milk the cows, and sometimes . . . My turn was to go with the sheep. I\nwould go out near the coast, and graze the sheep, and bring them back in the\nevening. When you take them back, you go to the dining room and go for supper or\nwhatever. Every time, five, ten, fifteen sheep will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disappear. We couldn't\nfigure out where or how. Of course, I wasn't hiding them anywhere. I couldn't\nfigure out either. One time . . . You take your lunch bag with you, because when\nyou're in the field you don't go find a McDonald's or a Wendy's. There were\nnone, so you bring your lunch with you. I forgot my lunch ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bag. As I walked\nback---it was like 6:00 in the evening--I see at the gate, where the corral is\nor whatever you call the place where all the sheeps are, the gate is opening up\nand sheep are just moving out from there. There is one rule in a kibbutz: You're\nnot allowed to use weapons ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless you check with a commander on the kibbutz. I\nran as fast as I could to the commander. He hopped on the Jeep with a machine\ngun and ran in front where the sheep were walking. Then two, three Arabs,\ndressed in sheepskin, stood up and raised their hands. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I couldn't believe it!\nThis is what was going on. They would sneak in through the border, wearing\nsheepskin. Sheep follows after another and they would open . . . You wouldn't\nsee them from afar. They would take the sheep into a wadi---a wadi is a dry bed\nthat fills up when the rain season comes. They would steal the sheep week after\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"week after week until we discovered that. I was a big hero in the kibbutz after\nthat. That episode stopped from them stealing the sheep.\n\nKENT: Continuing, what else happened after that?\n\nWALKER: That was about two-and-a-half years. We had a great time. It was a\nprogressive type of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kibbutz. It was not a religious kibbutz. One day, we decided\nto visit the city of Jerusalem. We went . . . you know how kids are. They want\nto see the city, walk around and see . . . suddenly you see a guy with a rifle.\nThe city of Jerusalem was divided. On the Jordanian side, they had guards on\nthese big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walls. It was a Sabbath and we walked around. They came from the\nyeshivas. We were not wearing our kippot, our yarmulkes. They threw stones at\nus. We got it from both sides in Jerusalem! From the Arab side they threatened\nus with the rifle, and the Jewish side . . . Then we realized the many divisions\nthat exist even today within ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel.\n\nKENT: You had Nazis, Communists, Catholics, Arabs, and Jews.\n\nWALKER: We had all the varieties from within, right.\n\nKENT: What was your mom doing during those years?\n\nWALKER: Good question. She continued corresponding with my uncle, who's my\nfather's brother. He was widowed and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she . . . In 1953, she went to America and\nthey got married. They lived in Orlando. After I finished with my kibbutz, I\nwent in the military service. I did about two-and-a-half years in the military.\nIn 1956, my mother kept writing to me, \"Why don't you come?\" and so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. I loved\nIsrael, but I think this country had good opportunities for education, so I\nsaid, \"Okay, I'll be more useful to Israel if I come back with some degree in\nengineering\" or what have you. That's why I came. In 1956, I came to this\ncountry. I'm still here.\n\nKENT: Where did you move to?\n\nWALKER: I came to Orlando. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't know English at all. I took some courses and\ngot my equivalent high school diploma, and then I went to college. Went to\nUniversity of Florida and graduated in 1960, 42 years ago.\n\nKENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What were you training in?\n\nWALKER: I had in mind to get an engineering degree, but I wanted to finish as\nquickly as possible. I wanted to be on my own. I wanted to be independent. I got\na degree in math education. While I was in University of Florida . . . since ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my\nknowledge of Hebrew, I started a Hebrew school there, with three students. Then\nthe University of Florida grew. They had added a medical school. Next year I had\n15 students. I was very successful with teaching the way I was taught in Israel.\nI enjoyed doing that: teaching young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people.\n\nKENT: When did you meet your wife?\n\nWALKER: That's another history. I worked in Tampa as a teacher, and for fun, I\nwas taking Russian courses. Don't forget, 1960, 1957 . . . the Sputnik. We had\nthe Cold War. I figure I can become very useful to this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country if I develop a\nskill in Russian language. I would say I was pretty good at it. I enjoyed their\nliterature. I enjoyed the language. I took courses at the University of South\nFlorida. They ran out of courses. They told me, \"Why don't you go to several\nuniversities that have good Russian programs?\" One was Vanderbilt and one was\nSyracuse New York. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was accepted. I decided, \"I lived in Florida all this time.\nI'm going to experience something different in the North.\" I went to Syracuse.\nWhile I was studying there, my mother wrote me a letter that a friend of hers\nfrom Romania, that her daughter is coming, has a Fulbright scholarship, and that\nshe's coming to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study in the United States. I said, \"Fine.\" At that time, I\nalready had a girlfriend. I wasn't interested, but we'll be nice to her! She\ncame to study counseling. She was in Indiana, Ball State University. During\nChristmas vacation, I invited her to come to Orlando to visit with my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother.\nThat's where we met. Next week, June 5, we will celebrate our 36th anniversary.\nWe have two lovely daughters living here in Atlanta. Both are lawyers, one is a\njudge. One graduated from Harvard Law School, the other from Emory University\nLaw School. The younger one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is getting married in July. I have two\ngrandchildren. That's the history.\n\nKENT: Did you have to break up with that other girlfriend?\n\nWALKER: Unfortunately, yes!\n\nKENT: What was it like adjusting to America? What was the difference between\nIsrael and then Europe that you noticed?\n\nWALKER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right. In 1956, it was very difficult for me. I felt very comfortable in\nIsrael. Here, I didn't have the language. I was . . . I didn't have a car, I\ndidn't have the clothes, I didn't have anything. I didn't have the cultural\nskill that youngsters grow up from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kindergarten, through camps, through schools,\nand so on. In a way, I felt I missed the Israeli society. Orlando, at that time,\nwas not a very big town, and there were no Israelis that I can identify with.\nHad I gone to maybe a larger city--New York, Los Angeles, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chicago--maybe my\nadjustment would have been a lot easier. But I will admit to you, it was not\neasy for me at all. But after a while, having gone to University of Florida, you\nmeet more people and so on, things got a lot better. I love this country very\nmuch. It's given me tremendous opportunities for which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will always be grateful.\n\nKENT: How much did you talk about the war years with the Americans over the\nyears? Did people ask your background?\n\nWALKER: I usually don't volunteer, but if they ask, I will tell them in a\nlimited extent. In fact, I have never spoken to my children about it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think\nthey live a very good life. Why ruin it with that kind of experience? I kept it,\nfor many years, all bottled into myself. There's nothing that I can be proud of,\nnothing . . . the inhumanity of one man to another is incredible. Although it\ncan happen . . . the closest thing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that happened, and not only a few years ago,\nwhen Kosovo and Serbia were fighting each other. It was, again, a reminiscence\nof what Europe is still capable of. When I saw all these old ladies in their\nwagons, how they leave their village, I said, \"My gosh, nothing has changed.\nIt's all over again.\" I'm very . . . I travel a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot. I enjoy traveling, but\nevery time I come back, I feel this country is blessed.\n\nKENT: How do you suppose that whole war period affected you, compared to having\nhad a more average childhood? How would you be different from your peers?\n\nWALKER: That's a good question. I can see it almost on a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daily basis. I am far\nless wasteful than most Americans are. When it's very hot, I see people keep\ntheir engine running to keep their air . . . to keep themselves cool in the car.\nI would never do that because I find it a waste of resource. I use as little\nwater as possible. I can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afford \"things\" quite well, but I'm very . . . not\nstingy, but try to conserve the resources we have because I know what it is to\nbe hungry. I will never leave food on the table or waste food the way many\npeople . . . I see them eat half of the hamburger and throw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away the rest. It's\njust . . . When it comes to food especially, it just hurts my heart to see food\nwasted. I know what hunger is. In that sense, I see myself very different. Even\nwith my own children, I say, \"How can you waste this resource? How can you waste\nthat?\" It has affected me in that sense.\n\nKENT: How has it affected how you relate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to people and relate to authority?\n\nWALKER: I'm very fearful of authority, but I realize that authorities here that\nenforce the laws and so forth are not the kind of authorities I encountered. In\nthat sense, I repeat again, it's a wonderful country because they let you . . .\nthey live and they let ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live. It's not always . . . I don't have to be scared,\nlooking behind my shoulder to see if the policeman's going to grab me for some\nreason. When I go . . . when I visit Europe and so on, sometimes I do fear those\nwho check passports and those who enforce the law kind of scare me a little bit.\n\nKENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also the experience of having neighbors turn on you. Has that affected you\ntrusting people?\n\nWALKER: To some extent, yes. I'm not as open as most Americans are. Most\nAmericans are very wonderful. They're open. They tell you everything. They\ninvite you to their home. They're . . . I'm a little less open. I lived here 32\nyears. I don't know the neighbor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across the street. I don't associate easily\nbecause I'm suspecting maybe he'll tell me to the Gestapo or something. Deep in\nmy mind, in my psyche, it must be there. That's why . . . I do have friends and\nassociate myself with them and so on, but just to go to a person in an airport\nor to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stranger, it won't happen with me. I see much more freedom of that kind\nof thing among . . . with my children in that sense, but I'm a little more\nreluctant. I'm still holding back.\n\nKENT: What has all that done to your sense of Jewishness after the war? Did it\nchange in any way? Does it have any particular meaning because of the war?\n\nWALKER: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because of that--the kind of influence I had in Israel--I became an\neducator. While I was teaching in Florida, I was educating young children,\nteaching them Jewish values, Jewish history. In Syracuse, while even I'm getting\na master's degree in Russian, I was still doing the same. I was offered a good\njob in Chattanooga to be a director of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education. Then here in Atlanta, I was a\nTemple Sinai educator for 12 years. I feel . . . about almost 20 years, I've\ngiven my life towards Jewish education, Jewish values, support those commitments\nthat the Jewish community has in this city. My wife is a high school teacher in\na Jewish community high ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. As you look around the house here, you'll see\nmany pictures of Jewish things. I still love Israel. I keep in touch. I have a\ncousin there. I'm glad to say my daughters follow my footsteps. They're involved\nin their synagogues and keeping their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"values--Jewish values--in their homes,\nwhich I'm very pleased to know.\n\nKENT: As far as family life goes, since your own family life broke up fairly\nearly, how did you go about learning to be a father, and a husband, and a\nhouseholder without anything to fall back on?\n\nWALKER: I think that the kibbutz lifestyle has straightened me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. That really\nhas given me a tremendous change. Most of the youngsters, don't forget, that\nwere there had experienced what I had experienced. We all dealt with it very\nwell because you realize . . . What is interesting was that none of us spoke\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the past. We were looking forward to the future. We were building a new\nstate, a new society, a kibbutz, where we share together. No one has better\nclothes than the other, and you don't drive a Cadillac, and we all shared\ntogether equal good values. It was so difficult for me when I came to this\ncountry. The material ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"value system has changed completely, because the teenager\nthat had a beautiful car was somebody everyone was looking up to. I didn't have\na beautiful car, so, in that sense, the car is not important. Even today, it has\naffected me. Then I realized how important the family is, that I was so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grateful\nto have my own family. Even now, as being a grandfather is the most exciting\nthing I have right now. I'm blessed.\n\nKENT: Are there any differences between Jewish culture and the Jewish way here\ncompared to Israel?\n\nWALKER: There is. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure. I left Israel over 46 years . . .\n\nKENT: Given the adjustment of the times . . .\n\nWALKER: . . . ago, and today when you cannot go to a pizza parlor without\nlooking over your shoulder, or some suicide bomber will blow you to pieces. I've\nbeen back to Israel at least three, four times and I've seen the changes. Israel\ntoday is not the Israel of 1951. Not at all. It's a totally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different country.\nIn fact, I find the difference is so small between the United States and Israel.\nYou have McDonald's. You've got the same Ace Hardware stores. I mean, you can't\n. . . There is no difference. In 1951, we were pioneers. It was an exciting\nthing, an exciting time. That will never happen again, I don't think. My\nchildren will not experience ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that: to come out just like getting your life all\nover again, being coming up from the dead, to be alive again, getting another chance.\n\nKENT: When you follow the events in Israel now, in recent years, what are the\nideas that . . .\n\nWALKER: It hurts my heart very deeply. Every time I see a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"television picture of\nthe suicide bomber and I see a funeral . . . I very seldom cry, but it affects\nme because it feels my cousin, my brother, my sister could be there. I'm very\nupset about it . . . extremely upset about it. It affects me. A month ago, when\nall these events were taking place, that's all I was watching . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CNN, and\nswitching 15 channels to know the latest. I go to my computer to read the\nJerusalem Post. It affected me tremendously.\n\nKENT: If you were the leader of Israel, what kind of a realistic solution would\nyou see? Is there one?\n\nWALKER: That's a tough question. You posed the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"toughest question. I've been\nthinking about that and many people are thinking about that all the time. To be\nhonest with you, I don't see any solution except maybe a change of leadership\nand a new kind of thinking. I really believe that Mr. Arafat misled his people\ntremendously. The complaints that they have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how miserable they are--which they\nare--and how unfortunately they are is most of it of their own doing. They had a\nchance in 1948 to have a state of their own, side-by-side of Israel. Look what\nhappened: six wars. I gave you the example of the sheep. Now multiply that many\ntimes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is what was going on, resulting in the 1956 war, which I\nparticipated in. Which then the 1956 war, the 1967 war, and the 1967 war led to\n1973 war. You can put together 54 years of war and bloodshed. It's not going to\nsolve overnight. I really believed when I saw Rabin and Arafat shaking hands,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"This is it. In my lifetime, I've seen peace.\" Look what it became of. It's\nworse now than . . . They simply don't want us there and we're not willing to\nleave. We're not going to jump in the sea.\n\nKENT: What do you expect the future to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there?\n\nWALKER: I think there has to be some new leadership. In my opinion, Sharon knows\nwar. That's all he lived with. That's all he knows. Arafat knows war. That's his\nlife. He spent all his life. These two leaders have to go. A new leadership, new\nkind of things . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". They're in the old business. It's a failing business. Some\nnew thinking, new leaders, have to think. If that's not going to work, then I\nthink there ought to be total separation, so . . . Israel will have to defend\nitself against terrorist attacks, suicide bombing and so forth. They'll have to\ndo every effort, and if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not, that's the price they have to pay, unfortunately.\n\nKENT: Getting back closer to the present here, what would you want your children\nto gain or to benefit from your history? You said you didn't want to depress\nthem and bring them down. What would you want them to gain out of this, if anything?\n\nWALKER: I was thinking about that question, as a matter of fact. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not my children\nbecause I haven't told them anything, but my grandchildren. What if I am lucky\nenough to still be alive, that they can ask questions? I think I would tell them\npretty much what has taken place, if they're interested to know. I think I would\nlike to see them educated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like I was and like my children were, that they're\nproud of who they are, and be involved in the community, and . . . You can't\nchange history. That's what took place. That's what happened. They ought to know\nand fight discrimination, prejudice, racism, any kind of thing that can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cause\ntremendous bloodshed between people. They're lucky, so lucky to live in a\ncountry where there are tremendous freedoms, but those shouldn't to be taken for\ngranted. They should learn that you have to really work hard and not take those\nfreedoms and liberties for granted.\n\nKENT: It has been said that kids do not only learn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from what a parent says,\nspecifically. There are also attitudes and silent things that get transmitted to\nthe second generation. Are you aware of having had any particular effect on your\nkids or on your wife, even if you haven't made a whole story of it?\n\nWALKER: Yes, I did.\n\nKENT: Did they give you feedback?\n\nWALKER: Yes, I did. I don't know how they got it, but they got it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My daughter\nwas maybe three, four years old. You remember the years there were race riots\nand violence in this country and so forth? Out of the blue, she asked . . . She\nstarted reading at a very young age. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think she has read quite a bit. She went\nto Jewish schools. She knows a great deal--not from me, but from the schools.\nShe says, \"If the Nazis come, can we look up in the attic and find this place\nwhere we can hide?\" This is the first time I ever realized the kind of fear I\nused to experience maybe is going to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"next generation. I don't know. But she\nhad that fear. I hope her children don't have it. But on the other hand, as I\nmentioned earlier, you ought to know that such things do exist. They do exist in\nother, in many parts of the world. They should be watchful and careful.\n\nKENT: Can you talk a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about your wife also and her background? What would\nyou like to say about her?\n\nWALKER: I can talk for hours!\n\nKENT: Is she from Romania also?\n\nWALKER: Her parents . . . This is what I want to tell you that is connected with\nthe Holocaust. Her father . . . seems like everybody was in the lumber business\nin Romania. We had these beautiful Carpathian Mountains and a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forest.\nPeople would cut the lumber, throw the trunks into the water--the river--and\nthey would come to the factory that will cut it into lumber, and this lumber\ngoes all over Europe. That's the economy. Her father was one of those people\nclose to nature. He was not a rabbinic scholar. He was not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sitting in a\nsynagogue day and night, but he was in the field and he knew what was happening.\nHe could smell it. He picked up in 1939, his family, and says, \"We're leaving.\nWe're getting out of here.\" Everybody was looking astonished, \"Where're you\ngoing?\" He says, \"We're leaving. This ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is no future here for my family.\" They\nwere . . . she has an older sister who is my age. There was no other place to\ngo. They allowed them in Chile. They were looking for a homestead. There was\nplenty of land . . . the wilderness. There was plenty of land. They gave them an\nisland, Chiloe. That's where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she was born. He had a farm. He was a cowboy. He\nhas a hat and horses. There were village people there just like my grandfather.\nWhen the girls began growing up, he says, \"We need some Jewish education for\nthem,\" so they left the farm and they left all the cattle, and they went to\nSantiago, Chile. There was a Jewish community there. She went to Jewish day\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. She went to university. Her mother decided to visit her sisters in\nIsrael and the conversation . . . found out that my mother lives in Orlando. It\nwas old folks from the old town. Then she came back from Israel and she found\nout that her daughter, Ruth, could go almost the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same--it's unbelievable--could\ngo to Israel to become a shaliach, which is a . . . or she could come on a\nFulbright scholarship to the United States. She picked the United States and a\nFulbright scholarship. Fulbright is kind of like a foreign aid to students to\ncome ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learn and go back. When we met, she was on a Fulbright scholarship.\nRegardless, they told her, \"You cannot stay in this country because you are on a\nFulbright scholarship. You must go back.\" We got married. I said, \"Your chances\n. . .\" We went to our representative, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Florida representative in Congress. He\npicked up the phone, called the State Department, and says, \"Your chances have\nimproved 50 percent.\" Wonderful. She was allowed to stay. What is interesting is\nwe find our culture . . . Although she comes from a totally different country\nthan mine, our Jewish heritage, our Jewish culture, is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"practically identical. We\nlove the same kind of foods, the same kind of music, the same kind of culture. I\nthink she's a lot smarter than me, but . . .\n\nKENT: It is smart of you to say that.\n\nWALKER: She . . . We can exchange a word in Hebrew. We can exchange a word in\nYiddish. I mean, it is unbelievable. I don't have . . . You asked me earlier how\nI found myself in the American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"culture. I could never have found a girl that\ncould be an American Jewish, with the same similar Jewish culture than she has.\nIn that sense, we hit it right.\n\nKENT: How did you get to Atlanta?\n\nWALKER: I was working in Chattanooga, I told you earlier, for about three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years.\nThen the synagogue there hired a more expensive rabbi and a more expensive\ncantor. He says, \"We don't have that many children.\" My job became part-time. I\nsaid, \"Here, Atlanta was growing.\" It was a new . . . the first time Temple\nSinai was a new ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue, established for the first time in many years. I came\nfor an interview and I hit it just right with the new young rabbi. We worked\ntogether very well for the next 12 years.\n\nKENT: And your mother? How did she end up here?\n\nWALKER: She was living in Orlando ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was time for her to get a little closer\nto family and to grandchildren. I think it was 1978. In 1978, her husband died\nin Orlando. There was not much left in Orlando for her, so she came here. She\nwas in the Jewish Tower for many years. She volunteered in the Jewish Home ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\ndid volunteer jobs. I would visit her almost three, four times a week.\n\nKENT: How much have you been in touch with other survivors over the years? Has\nthat been important to you?\n\nWALKER: I try to belong to the Hemshech organization. For some reason, I was\ntold there's some . . . something's going to come and so forth . . . nothing\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came. Paperwork or whatever never came. But I've gone every year since my coming\nto Atlanta, to the annual memorial at the Greenwood Cemetery. I've never failed\nto go there every year. That's . . . I think that Beth Jacob had a group. I'm\nfamiliar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with several people, like . . . I've met quite a few survivors. I've\ntalked with them, met with them on an informal basis.\n\nKENT: Yes, they do that Café Europa every once in a while.\n\nWALKER: Café Europa, yes. I've been to that, yes, at Beth Jacob. That's right, yes.\n\nKENT: Is there anything else you'd like to add?\n\nWALKER: No, I'm . . . you asked some very good questions and it made me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think\nabout it. I usually don't do that quite often, as you can . . . as I explained\nto you. Some people dwell too much on the past. I prefer to forget it. It's too\npainful. I think I've made a remarkable adjustment here. I am very grateful for\nthe opportunities. I hope to be useful. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have quite a bit to offer in terms of\nJewish education or explanation. I enjoy my volunteer work with the Federation,\nto explain to youngsters who come to visit the Breman Museum. Here, they can see\na real survivor. It's a little more painful to me, also, in terms of the\nHolocaust ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that not much has been written or said about these camps in\nTransnistria. Hardly anyone . . . You mention Transnistria and even survivors\nwill not know what you're talking about, but you mention Auschwitz, Treblinka,\nSobibor, or any of these camps and you'll immediately get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a reaction. Even\npeople who don't know their history will know what these represent. That is\nunfortunate and I don't know why. With these camps is almost like a forgotten\ncemetery, in that sense. Hardly anyone knows they were there, that 50,000 people\ndied there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once in a while, you see an article or something written, but the\nHolocaust Museum finally, a few years ago . . . I went also with my wife to put\nthe sign that Transnistria is also among the camps, the annihilation camps that\nwere in Europe, so maybe people will wake up and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/transcript/23683/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discover that unfortunate\nchapter, too.\n\nKENT: Thank you, Mr. Walker.\n\nWALKER: Thank you. It was a pleasure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=7050.0,7080.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzernowitz [German: Czernowitz; Romanian: Cernӑuti; now Chernivtsi, Ukraine] is a city of the southwest Ukraine in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, near the Romanian border. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Czernovitz became a center of both Romanian and Ukrainian nationalist movements. In 1908, it was the site of the first Yiddish language conference, the Czernovitz Conference. When Austria-Hungary dissolved in 1918, the city and its surrounding area became part of the Kingdom of Romania. In 1930, the city reached a population of 112,400, 26.8 percent of whom were Jews. The remaining population was composed of Romanians, Germans, Ukrainians, and Poles. Less than one-third of the Jewish community survived the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNepolokivtsi [Romanian: Nepolocauti; German: Nepolokoutz; Russian: Nepolokovtsy; also known as Grigore Ghica Voda (Romanian, interwar), Niepolokowce, Nepolokouts, Nepolokiwzi, Ghica Voda, Grigore Gika Vode] is a village in western Ukraine. During World War II, it was in the Bukovina region. There was a small Jewish community in the village prior to the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrior to World War II, Ben lived with his parents in a village called Vascauti, Romania, located just south of the present day border with Ukraine, approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) south of Czernowitz [now Chernivtsi, Ukraine]. Vascauti is about 60 kilometers (37 miles) south of Nepalokouts [now Ukraine: Nepolokivtsi], where his maternal grandparents lived.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBukovina is a historical region, variously described as in Central or Eastern Europe. The region is located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and the adjoining plains, today divided between Romania and Ukraine. Bukovina was annexed by Romania after World War I. Prior to that, it had been part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The population was almost solidly Ukrainian in the north and Romanian in the south, while in the towns there were also a number of Germans, Poles, and Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Prut is a 953-kilometer (592 miles) long river in Eastern Europe. In part of its course it forms Romania's border with Moldova and Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early stages of World War II, Romania tried to remain neutral, but foreign powers and events created heavy pressure on Romania. In June 1940, a Soviet ultimatum demanded territories in its northern border regions. In order to avoid war with the Soviet Union, the Romanian government and army retreated from Bukovina, Hertza, and Bessarabia. Soon after, Romania joined the Axis military campaign. The border areas were occupied by Russia until Romanian and German troops recaptured them in July 1941 during the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union. Even before Romania fell into the orbit of Nazi Germany, Romanian authorities pursued a policy of harsh, persecutory antisemitism—particularly against Jews living in eastern borderlands, who were falsely associated with Soviet communism, and those living in Transylvania, who were identified with past Hungarian rule. After Romania entered the war in 1941, atrocities against Jews became common. Prime Minister Ion Antonescu’s regime played a major role in the Holocaust in Romania, and copied the Nazi policies of oppression and genocide of Jews and Gypsies. The yellow badge was imposed in several cities and Romanian Jews were subject to a wide range of harsh conditions, including forced labor, financial penalties, and discriminatory laws. Jews were concentrated into ghettos, deported to concentration camps, or murdered in pogroms and massacres by death squads. It is estimated that at least 250,000 Romanian Jews were murdered during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Soviet army retreated from the area in July 1941, the village of Nepolokivtsi, Romania was the site of anti-Jewish violence. At least 36 Jewish residents were shot, including Ben’s uncles, Avrum, Elias and Shaya Zimmer. According to one local who later testified in a trial after the war, other Jews were clubbed to death during a pogrom that took place the night before Romanian troops arrived in the village.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Iron Guard was a fascist, right wing, ultra-nationalist, highly antisemitic Romanian party from 1927 into the early part of World War II. Its members wore green uniforms and so were called the “Green Shirts.” It was outlawed in 1937 and its leader, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, was imprisoned until 1938, when he was murdered. In September 1940, the Iron Cross used popular outrage at Romania being forced to give up a large blocks of land to Hungary, the Soviet Union and Bulgaria and together with General Ion Antonescu they forced King Carol II to abdicate in favor of his son, Michael. Now back in favor, the Iron Guard ratcheted up the antisemitism and helped to move Romania into Germany’s orbit (Romania would become a formal ally of Germany in June 1941). However, they overstepped their boundaries in January 1941 when they tried to overthrow Antonescu and were put down. There is still a small contemporary right-wing organization called the Iron Cross today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn abbreviation of \u003cem\u003eGeheime Staatspolizei\u003c/em\u003e, which means “Secret State Police,” the \u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The \u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMogilev-Podolskiy [variously spelled: Mogilev-Podolsk, Mogilev-Podolsky; Yiddish: Mohilev Podolsk; today: Mohyliv-Podilskiy, Ukraine) is near the present-day border of Ukraine and Romania, located close to the Dniester River. About 9,000 Jews lived in the town before the war, about 50 percent of the town’s population. It fell under Russian control until June 1941 when the Germans invaded the area. Mogilev-Podolskiy’s proximity to the Romanian border meant that it served as the most important of five entry points into the Ukraine among Jews forcibly driven out of Bukovina and northern Bessarabia by the Romanians. Thousands of people died on the way to Mogilev-Podolskiy due to shooting, hunger or exhaustion. About 25,000 Jewish deportees reached Mogilev-Podolskiy on foot in late July and early August 1941. In September 1941 Mogilev-Podolskiy was incorporated into the Transnistria region, which was then under Romanian control. The Romanians once again transferred tens of thousands of Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina to the town. Subsequent mass deportations to Transnistria occurred from September to November 1941 and again in smaller numbers and usually by rail between May and June 1942. About 56,000 Jews passed through the town from September 15, 1941 to February 15, 1942. The deportees were held in very harsh conditions in a camp on the outskirts of town before being transferred. About 15,000 stayed in Mogilev-Podolskiy but most were deported to the east to other towns and villages. While others were being forced out, still other Jewish refugees arrived until, in January 1942, there were about 15,000 Jews there. In May 1942 the Romanians transferred about 4,000 Jews from Mogilev-Podolskiy to a work camp called Skazintsy, where many of them died. The deportations to work camps continued, especially to a camp named Pechera. Few ultimately survived these camps. The Russians liberated Mogilev-Podolskiy on March 19, 1944 freeing the 3,000 surviving Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTransnistria was a Romanian-administered territory, taken from the Soviet Union by Germany after June 1941. It is bounded in the west by the Dniester River, in the east by the Bug River and in the south by the Black Sea. Odessa, a Black Sea port, was the administrative capital. Other than Odessa, the region was largely rural and generally impoverished. Romania was given Transnistria as compensation after the Germans took large chunks of Romania and gave it to Hungary, the Soviet Union and Bulgaria. As Transnistria was not a part of Romania proper, the Romanians used the area to dump Romanian Jews. Most were walked or driven there across the Dniester River and just dumped without water, electricity, housing, clothing or food. Many died on the interminable marches. Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina were dumped there as well and left to die. There were several camps in the area: Bogdanovka, Domanevka and Akhmetchetkha. Those Jews in these camps who did not die of deprivation or sickness were murdered \u003cem\u003een masse\u003c/em\u003e by shooting. Most of the Jews sent to Transnistria never returned. About 70,000 survived. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTreblinka was established in the Lublin district of Poland in November 1941 on the site of a small labor camp. Death camp began operations in July 1942. In the first few weeks of the camp’s existence about 250,000 Jews from the Warsaw ghetto were murdered there. Treblinka was closed in early 1943 and the bodies in the mass graves were dug up, cremated and reburied. Thereafter it was razed to the ground and a farm was set up on the land. The Russians liberated the area in the summer of 1944 but there was nothing left to find except the disturbed ground over the mass graves of nearly 900,000 souls from all over Poland and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCopaigorod [pre-1941: Kopaygorod; Yiddish: Kopaigorod; today: Kopaihoroda, Ukraine] is a large village located some 45 kilometers (28 miles) north of Mogilev-Podolskiy, in the northwestern area of Romanian-administered Transnistria. German forces occupied the village on July 20, 1941. In September, Romanian civil authorities took over. In late September 1941, the entire Jewish population of the village (1,075 or 37.4 percent of the population in 1939) was forced into a camp near the railroad station, located 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) northwest of the village. This camp was located in a forest and surrounded by barbed wire. In October 1941, approximately 4,500 Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina were also forced into the camp. A small number of those arriving from Mogilev-Podolskiy—usually those who had the means to give a hefty bribe or to buy or rent a cart—were transported by trucks or carts; most deportees, however, walked in columns to the village and camp. In late November, all the Jews were driven back to the village, into a ghetto, and were forced to live in houses that had been devastated and plundered (another attempt to return the Jews to the camp near the train station was made in 1942, but the plan was halted due to the intervention of Jewish leaders in Mogilev-Podolskiy). In the ghetto, three to four families lived in each room of the dilapidated houses. A \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e and Jewish police force were established. Then in late July 1942, most Jews were transferred from the ghetto to an open camp outside the town. Only skilled workers remained in the ghetto. The Russian army liberated the area in the spring of 1944. Hundreds of refugees and Jews from the town as well as 2,808 of the Jews who had been sent there from Bessarabia and Bukovina died in Copaigorod. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphus is a bacterial disease that is contracted from the bite of a louse, and results in chills, delirium, high fever, headaches and muscle pain and, if untreated, often results in death. It was common in the camps and ghettos due to hygienic conditions and the constant infestation by lice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn December 1943, the World Jewish Congress published a report on the findings of a Jewish Commission that had been permitted to visit some of the 101 localities where Jews had been resettled in Transnistria, including Kopaygorod (Copaigorod). They estimated there were about 8,000 Jewish orphans in hundreds of orphanages across Transnistria. Of those, at least 5,000 had lost both parents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Stalingrad took place between July 1942 and February 1943. In brutally cold winter weather, the Soviets were able to successfully defend the city of Stalingrad. The battle is considered to be a turning point in the war in favor of the Allies. The battle was also one of the bloodiest in history, with both sides suffering tremendous casualties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout World War II and until Israel became a state in 1948, Britain strictly limited Jewish immigration to Palestine but Jewish resistance organizations managed to smuggle hundreds of thousands of survivors from Europe into Palestine via “illegal” immigrant ships. On August 3, 1944, three ships loaded with around 1,000 set sail with Jewish refugees from Constanta, Romania for Palestine. The ships were attacked by shellfire in the Black Sea, just off the coast of Turkey on August 4, 1944. One of the ships, the MV Mefküre (commonly called ‘Mefkura’) sank. Only five of the 302 passengers survived. Initial rumors held that the Germans had sunk the ship, but it was later discovered a Soviet submarine had mistakenly sunk it. The other two ships—the Morina and the Bulbul—made it safely to Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAllied bombings of Romania during World War II began in June of 1942. A series of bombing campaigns aimed at facilities supplying Nazi Germany with oil and petroleum products lasted until August of 1944. In August 1944, Romania was realigned with the Allies after a coup deposed Antonescu’s regime and put King Michael I in control.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1920s, Stalin’s regime had begun implemented plans for transforming Soviet agriculture from predominantly individual farms into a system of large state collective farms. The Communist regime believed that collectivization would improve agricultural productivity and would produce grain reserves sufficiently large to feed the growing urban labor force. The anticipated surplus was to pay for industrialization. Collectivization was further expected to free many peasants for industrial work in the cities and to enable the party to extend its political dominance over the remaining peasantry. The collectivization of agriculture in Romania took place gradually in the early years of the Communist regime’s power after World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1941 and 1944, German and Romanian authorities murdered or cause the deaths of between 150,00 and 250,000 Romanian and Ukrainian Jews in Transnistria. At least 270,000 Romanian Jews were killed or died from mistreatment during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeginning in April 1944 the Soviet Army had advanced further into Romania, which was still an ally of Germany. Although a coup realigned Romania with the Allies in August, the Soviet army occupied most of Romania as enemy territory until a formal armistice was signed in September and the army requisitioned whatever resources it could find as it pushed further west toward Germany. Even after the armistice and end of the war in 1945, Romania’s scarce post-war resources were further drained by the Soviets as war reparations paid to the Soviet Union and through policies that allowed the Soviet Union to control Romania's major sources of income. By 1947, an economic crisis gripped Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. At the end of World War II, the Red Cross worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected by the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the first half of 1946, the Soviets permitted Jews from camps in Transnistria who were former Romanian citizens to migrate to Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the last years of the war after the overthrow of Antonescu, a struggle for power took place between the democratic parties, which held fast to the Western political tradition, and the Communist Party, which was committed to the Soviet model. By September 1944, the Soviet Army had already advanced and gained control over much of Romanian territory. An armistice was signed on September 12 that made Romania subject to joint Allied control, but with the Soviet military already prominent, the Soviets became the de facto authority. Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were incorporated into the Soviet Union and extraordinary pressure by Soviet authorities forced King Michael to install a new pro-Soviet government in Romania. Gradually, communist-aligned parties gained control of the administration and pre-war political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life. In December 1947, King Michael abdicated and the People’ Republic of Romania was declared. Romania remained under the USSR’s sphere of influence until its collapse in 1989 but also exercised its own authority, which gradually became a totalitarian regime.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout World War II, Romanian authorities had been in favor of Jewish emigration to Palestine. Underground operations in Romania successfully organized many ships to get Jews out of Romania until 1942, when a ship called the \u003cem\u003eStruma\u003c/em\u003e that had been approved to travel to Palestine was torpedoed off the coast of Turkey. All but one of the 700 passengers was killed. The tragedy brought efforts by the underground movements to a halt until 1944. As the success of the Axis powers shifted in favor of the Allies, travel became somewhat safer and Turkey consented to be a transit country to Palestine. Eleven ships managed to leave for Palestine that year. Until 1948, the Romanian government continued to tolerate legal and illegal immigration. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConstanta [Romanian: Constanța] is a port city on the western shores of the Black Sea, in southeastern Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBucharest is the capital of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSlatina is a city located in the south of Romania, about 137 kilometers (85 miles) west of Bucharest, on the eastern side of the river Olt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II, the number of Jews seeking to leave Eastern Europe increased dramatically. The horrors of the Holocaust, coupled with postwar antisemitism and violence, and fear of further persecution from Stalin’s regime prompted many survivors to pursue “illegal” immigration from Europe to Palestine. The Berihah [or Brichah; from the Hebrew word for “escape” or “flight”], a clandestine, Zionist organization, operated elaborate smuggling networks with the help of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, helping hundreds of thousands of refugees from Eastern Europe get to Palestine and other to immigrate to the United States. Many flooded into the western Allies’ zones, where they would temporarily be placed in Displaced Persons camps (primarily in Germany, Austria and Italy) before passage to Palestine was arranged. Others were moved to gathering points in port cities, like Constanta, Romania for embarkation to Palestine. When the Soviet secret police began to take an active interest in the Berihah’s operations in Romania, it effectively shut down their efforts by arresting and charging leaders in the movement with counterrevolutionary activities. Romanian Jews then began to flee to Hungary and Austria in the hope of reaching Palestine. The Berihah remained active in Poland, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia until Israel became a state in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ford Model T (colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie, Leaping Lena, jitney or flivver) is an automobile produced and sold by Ford Motor Company from 1908 to 1927.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e quorum for public worship. (A minyan refers to the quorum of 10 Jewish adults required for certain religious obligations.) He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the British Mandate over Palestine expired on May 14, 1948, the State of Israel declared its independence. It was recognized that night by the United States, and three days later by the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement that supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890’s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, Warsaw [Polish: Warszawa], Poland was a major center of Jewish life and culture and had the largest Jewish community in Poland. Soon after the invasion and occupation of Poland in September 1939, a ghetto was established. Jews from Warsaw and the surrounding area were pushed into the ghetto. At its peak, the ghetto population was about 400,000 Jews. The first mass deportation began in July 1942 and lasted until August. In just ten days, nearly 65,000 Jews were deported. They were told they were being resettled to the east to work but instead they were transported to Treblinka death camp where they were murdered. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started. By this time, most of the Jews knew what had happened to those deported before them and they did not go voluntarily to the trains, but instead hid in bunkers. This resistance surprised the Germans who could no longer move through the ghetto without resistance or fill the trains quickly and efficiently and the deportations were discontinued. The deportations resumed again on April 19, 1943 and this time the entire ghetto was to be liquidated. The Germans were met by stiff resistance from the ZOB (Jewish Fighting Organization). Again they temporarily withdrew in disorder. The Germans returned to the ghetto in full force with 850 soldiers, tanks and armored cars and literally destroyed the ghetto building-by-building, block-by-block, burning and demolishing the ghetto one street at a time. As they routed the Jews out of hiding by fire or poison gas, the Jews they found were either put on a transport or shot on the spot. The resistance continued for three weeks as the Jewish fighters were forced to withdraw steadily before the German onslaught. On May 8, 1943 the Germans discovered the ZOB’s main command post. The last of the fighters committed suicide rather than surrender. The few Jewish fighters who still survived slipped out into the ‘Aryan’ side of the city. Many made their way to the woods where they fought as partisans. By July, the Warsaw ghetto had officially been liquidated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to Jewish tradition, the “Ten Commandments” are ten categories that contain 613 \u003cem\u003emitzvot\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew: commandments). The ten categories are significant because they form the basis of man’s relationship with G-d and man’s relationship with his fellow people. While G-d directly gave the Ten Commandments to the Jewish people, it was Moses, who also led the Hebrew slaves out of Egypt, that received the tablets and brought them down from Mount Sinai. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Romanian Socialist Party [Romanian: \u003cem\u003ePartidul Socialist din România\u003c/em\u003e, commonly known as \u003cem\u003ePartidul Socialist\u003c/em\u003e, PS) was a socialist political party in Romania founded in 1918. In thee early 1920s, it split over issues of affiliation with the Communist Party, eventually reorganizing as The Romanian Social Democratic Party [Romanian: \u003cem\u003ePartidul Social Democrat Român\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003ePartidul Social Democrat,\u003c/em\u003e PSD] in 1927. From 1938 to 1944, it was outlawed but remained active clandestinely. After 1944, it allied with the Communists and eventually reunited with them to form the Workers' Party of Romania in 1948.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, Romania essentially closed down all Jewish emigration to Israel. Then in 1950 and 1951, it changed its policies and negotiated with Israel to allow over 100,000 Romanian Jews to immigrate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ekibbutz\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: ‘gathering’ or ‘clustering’] is a collective community in Israel traditionally based on agriculture. They began as utopian communities that combined socialism and Zionism. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNitzanim [Hebrew: flower buds] was established after the Jewish National Fund purchased a 400 acre plot of land and a large house known as the “mansion” in 1942. The first residents were immigrants, some of whom were Holocaust survivors. It later absorbed more immigrants from Poland and Romania. The \u003cem\u003ekibbutz\u003c/em\u003e was captured by the Egyptian army during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War in the Battle of Nitzanim, but was recaptured by Israeli forces at the end of the conflict, after which the settlement was re-established around four kilometers south of the original location. During the 1990s the communal settlement of Nitzan was founded on the site. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFedayeen\u003c/em\u003e is an Arabic term used to refer to various military groups willing to sacrifice themselves for a larger campaign. Israelis and Palestinians often use the term to refer to Palestinian nationalist militants who employ guerilla tactics. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the formation of the State of Israel in 1948, war broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of independence. Fighting continued until February 1949, when Israel and its neighboring states of Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria agreed to formal armistice lines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerusalem is the capital of the state of Israel. It is also Israel's largest, most populated and most religiously diverse city as it is considered a holy place in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim tradition. Jerusalem has been a place of pilgrimage and worship for Jews, Christians and Muslims since the biblical era. The majority of residents are Jewish, with a sizeable Orthodox Jewish community. However, there are also a large percentage of Muslim residents and many Christians.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1948 until 1967, the city of Jerusalem was divided into “East Jerusalem,” which was part of the Kingdom of Jordan, and “West Jerusalem,” which was the capital of Israel. On both sides of the 7-kilometer (4.3 miles) long boundary line between the two areas, fortifications, obstacles, and military posts were present.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat \u003c/em\u003e(Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYeshiva\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew for “sitting”) is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a \u003cem\u003eTalmudic\u003c/em\u003e college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish men cover their heads during prayer with a small skull-cap called a ‘\u003cem\u003eyarmulke\u003c/em\u003e’ or ‘\u003cem\u003ekippah\u003c/em\u003e.’  Orthodox Jewish men wear it at all times to remind themselves of G-d’s presence. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Florida (commonly referred to as Florida or UF) is an American public university that was founded in 1853 and is located in Gainesville, in north central Florida.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I, the world's first artificial satellite. As a technical achievement, Sputnik caught the world's attention and the American public off-guard. While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race. The Sputnik launch also led directly to the creation of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cold War (approximately 1945 to 1991) was a prolonged state of political and military tension between western democratic nations like the United States and the communist Soviet Union and their respective allies. It was waged on political, economic, and propaganda fronts and had only limited recourse to weapons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVanderbilt University (informally Vandy) is a private research university in Nashville, Tennessee with many distinguished alumni and affiliates. Founded in 1873, it was named in honor of New York shipping and rail magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSyracuse University, founded in 1870 and comprised of thirteen schools and colleges, is a private research university in the heart of New York State.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Fulbright Program is an international educational exchange program sponsored by the U.S. government. It is designed to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries.  It is one of the most prestigious and competitive fellowship programs in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBall State University (Ball State or BSU) is a public research university founded in 1918 in Muncie, Indiana. It has two satellite facilities in Fishers and Indianapolis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished in 1636, Harvard is the oldest institution of higher education in the United States. Originally named Harvard, as a college, it was recognized as a University in 1780. Harvard is based in Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private university in Atlanta. It was founded in 1836 by a small group of Methodists and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory. Today it has nearly 3,000 faculty members and is ranked 20th among national universities in U.S. News \u0026amp; World Report’s 2014 rankings.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA series of political upheavals and conflicts in the early 1990’s led to the breakup of Yugoslavia in southeastern Europe. The former Communist republic split apart into six separate republics. Nationalism and unresolved ethnic tensions exploded into a series of violent conflicts known as the Bosnian War, an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. The Bosnian War has been described as Europe’s deadliest conflict since World War II. It was the first conflict since the Holocaust to be formally judged as genocidal due to the war crimes involved, which included rape, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. A few years later, tensions in the region erupted again in Kosovo. The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started in late February 1998 and lasted until June 11, 1999. Ethnic Albanians opposed ethnic Serbs and the government of Yugoslavia (the rump of the former federal state, comprising the republics of Serbia and Montenegro) in Kosovo, which was led by Slobodan Milošević, who had become president of Yugoslavia in 1997. After almost two years of what could be qualified as a substantial armed uprising, Serbian special police and Yugoslav armed forces attempted to reassert control over the region. Atrocities committed by the police, paramilitary groups, and the army caused a wave of refugees to flee the area, and the situation became well publicized through the international media. A cease-fire was negotiated but Milošević failed to implement the agreed upon withdrawal of Yugoslav and Serbian forces, the return of refugees, and unlimited access for international. When the Albanians renewed their attacks as a result, Yugoslav and Serbian forces responded with a ruthless counteroffensive and engaged in a program of ethnic cleansing. After NATO intervened, a peace accord outlining troop withdrawal and the return of nearly one million ethnic Albanians as well as another 500,000 displaced within the province was signed. Most Serbs left the region, but tensions continued into the 21st century. By 2003, Yugoslavia no longer existed, however, and Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia in February 2008.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Sinai was founded as a Reform congregation in 1968 and met in a variety of locations before establishing a synagogue on Dupree Drive in Sandy Springs, north of Atlanta. Rabbi Richard Lehrman was chosen as the congregation's founding rabbi. The current rabbi is Rabbi Ron Segal (2019).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYears of frustration and the collapse of a summit intended to resolve Israeli–Palestinian tensions boiled over into violence in 2000, when Ariel Sharon, the leader of Israel’s opposition visited Temple Mount in East Jerusalem. The al-Aqsa mosque is housed on Temple Mount and Muslims saw the visit as highly provocative. Demonstrations turned violent. The resulting series of violent confrontations and attacks on both sides, known as the Second Intifada, or the Al-Aqsa Intifada, after the mosque where violence erupted, did not subside until 2005. Both sides saw high numbers of both military and civilian casualties. It is unclear which particular incident Ben is referring to, however. Between January and April 2002, 237 people were killed on all sides during attacks from Palestinian terrorists and the Israeli army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cable News Network [CNN] is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. The 24-hour cable news channel was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Jerusalem Post\u003c/em\u003e is based in Jerusalem, Israel, which publishes in English and French. It was founded in 1932 by Gershon Agron as the Palestine Post and changed its name in 1950 to the ‘\u003cem\u003eJerusalem Post\u003c/em\u003e.’  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa (1929-2004), popularly known as Yasser Arafat, was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and then President of the Palestinian National Authority (PND). He was also the leader of the Fatah political party and paramilitary group, which he founded in 1959.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe second Arab-Israeli war, also known as the Suez War, broke out on October 29, 1956 when Israel invaded Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula. In 1956, the President of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal, a vital waterway connecting Europe and Asia that was largely owned by French and British concerns. France and Britain responded by striking a deal with Israel—whose ships were barred from using the canal and whose southern port of Elat had been blockaded by Egypt—wherein Israel would invade Egypt; France and Britain would then intervene, ostensibly as peacemakers, and take control of the canal. In five days the Israeli army captured Gaza, Rafaḥ, and Al-ʿArīsh—taking thousands of prisoners—and occupied most of the peninsula east of the Suez Canal. In December, after the joint Anglo-French intervention, a UN Emergency Force was stationed in the area, and Israeli forces withdrew in March 1957. Egypt dropped the blockade of Elat. A UN buffer force was placed in the Sinai Peninsula.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Six-Day War was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria. Relations between Israel and its neighbors had never fully normalized following the 1948 War of Independence and in the period leading up to June 1967 tensions became heightened. As a result, Israel launched a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields on June 5 following the mobilization of Egyptian forces along the Israeli border in the Sinai Peninsula. The outcome was swift and decisive. Israel took control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. The Sinai was returned but the other territories were incorporated into Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Yom Kippur War was fought by the coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel from October 6 to 25, 1973.  The Arabs launched a surprise attack on \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, the holiest day in Judaism. Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights, which had been captured by Israel in the 1967 Six ­Day War. The Israelis managed to halt the Egyptian offensive and then forced them back to the pre­war lines. After the cease fire the Israelis withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYitzhak Rabin (1922­1995) was an Israeli politician, statesman and general. He served two terms as Prime Minister. In 1995, he was assassinated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter peace was established following the First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising that lasted from 1987 until 1991, Arafat—together with Israeli Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin and President Shimon Peres—was awarded the Nobel Prize in World Peace in 1994. Palestinian-Israeli relations soon grew hostile again, however, and the Second Intifada, also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada, lasted from 2000 to 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAriel Sharon (born Ariel Scheinerman in 1928 in Palestine) was an Israeli general who served as the Prime Minister of Israel from 2001 to 2006. In 2005, he had a stroke that incapacitated him and was replaced by Ehud Olmert. Sharon died in 2014.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. The roughly 1,500 km (932 mi) long arc stretches through the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia. The region is dense with forested hills and fast-flowing rivers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1933 and 1940, 10-12,000 European Jews were able to enter Chile. Only 879 of those arrived after World War II began in 1939 and were accepted on the condition they would settle in the south and not move to the capital. Fifteen families made an attempt at an agricultural settlement on the island of Chiloe (also known as Greater Island of Chiloe, it is the largest island of the Chiloe Archipelago off the southern coast of Chile in the Pacific Ocean). Most of the rest remained on the mainland. After several years, a sizeable number had settled in the principal cities of the country. After World War II, the Jewish community in Santiago increased in size and ultimately reached a peak in the 1960s. During the tumultuous decades of the 1970s and 1980s many Jews left Chile. In 1997, there were 15,000 Jews living in Chile, most of them in Santiago, a drop from the previous decades.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eshaliach \u003c/em\u003e[Hebrew: emissary] is a member of the Hasidic movement who is sent out to do outreach work and to promulgate Judaism and Hasidism in locations around the world. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003echazzan\u003c/em\u003e (cantor) is the official in charge of music or chants and leads liturgical prayer and chanting in the synagogue. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Tower is a 200-apartment independent living facility located on the same campus as the William Breman Jewish Home and the Zaban Tower, although it is run separately from the Jewish Home and the Zaban Tower. The Jewish Tower was established in 1978. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEternal Life-\u003cem\u003eHemshech\u003c/em\u003e is an organization of Atlanta Holocaust survivors, their descendants and friends dedicated to commemorating the 6,000,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Approximately 100 Holocaust survivors living in Atlanta, Georgia founded Eternal Life-\u003cem\u003eHemshech\u003c/em\u003e in 1964. \u003cem\u003eHemshech\u003c/em\u003e is a Hebrew word that means “continuation.” Their purpose was to \"perpetuate the memory of their beloved families along with all of the six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust.\" The Memorial to Six Million was dedicated in Atlanta’s Greenwood Cemetery in 1965. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreenwood cemetery memorial \u003cem\u003eYom Hazikaron laShoah ve-laG'vurah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Day of (remembrance of) the Holocaust and the Heroism] known colloquially in Israel and abroad as \u003cem\u003eYom HaShoah\u003c/em\u003e, or in English as Holocaust Remembrance Day. It marks the anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and is on the 27th day in the month of Nisan. In Atlanta, Georgia, a \u003cem\u003eYom HaShoah\u003c/em\u003e service is held annually at the Memorial to Six Million in Greenwood Cemetery. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. It built its current synagogue building on a five-acre lot on LaVista Road in 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCafé Europa is a social group for Holocaust survivors. It is hosted worldwide by the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, Inc. Gatherings are typically luncheons, dances, talks, or other community events. The name comes from a cafe in Stockholm, Sweden where survivors would meet after the war to try to find family and friends. In Atlanta, Georgia, Café Europa meets on the fourth Monday of the month at Congregation Beth Jacob. The Holocaust Survivors Assistance Program at Jewish Family \u0026amp; Career Services organizes it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community.  Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities. It is part of the Jewish Federation of North America (JFNA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/annotation_set/369/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSobibor [Polish: Sobibór] was established in March 1942 near Lublin in southern Poland and went into operation in May 1942. It was part of the Operation Reinhard program, which also included the death camps of Belzec and Treblinka. All three death camps had gas chambers that used engine exhaust to murder Jew. About 250,000 Jews were murdered there before Sobibor was closed and razed in July 1943. The Jews came from Poland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Slovakia. The Russians liberated the area in the summer of 1944 but did not liberate the actual camp because it was gone and a farm had been established on the site as camouflage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=6960.0,6990.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/index/47740","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Walker, Benjamin [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/index/47740/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early Life and the Walker Family in Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=28.0,156.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/index/47740/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where were you raised?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=28.0,156.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/index/47740/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aron Walker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czernowitz, Romania (Chernivtsi, Ukraine)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kathy Walker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nepalokouts, Romania (Nepolokivtsi, Ukraine)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sali Walker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zimmer Walker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=28.0,156.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/index/47740/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History and Background in Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=156.0,257.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/index/47740/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What kind of stories did your parents tell you as a child of what life had been like for them a little bit earlier on? 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It was nothing of a camp. It was a large barrack where they used to keep a cow shed or a horse shed. I'm not sure which it was. There was straw in there. Each family occupies maybe a section of that place . . . maybe a 10, 12 feet section per family. If you had lots of children, your section was larger. Like every other person, we took our family . . . we took a section of that thing and that's where your bed was. 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The soldiers felt the cold, too. They put a tax on the villages nearby that every village has to produce so many woolen socks or\nwoolen mittens. They had the wool. The villagers had the wool, but they didn't know how to knit or they couldn't produce quickly enough. They knew that the Jewish women were able to do so. 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It was only my mother and I left.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1616.0,1705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/index/47740/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aron Walker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Diseases","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kathy Walker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sali Walker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1616.0,1705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/index/47740/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Developing Typhus and Being Saved by His Mother","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1705.0,1797.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/index/47740/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What condition were you in?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1705.0,1797.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/index/47740/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Plague","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sali Walker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Straw","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Typhus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1705.0,1797.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/index/47740/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Describing Ben's Mother, Sali Walker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331#t=1797.0,1942.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/37304/file/106331/index/47740/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do you remember your mother? 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