{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/7m03x84p29/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Gross, Alex (2000)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2000-09-11 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Gross, Alex (Interviewee)","Kent, John (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAlex Gross was interviewed by John Kent on September 11, 2000, in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eAlex describes his childhood in Czechoslovakia and how his life changed when Hungary took over the area. He recounts being liberated by the American Army. Alex shares how he reunited with one brother before the end of the war and his other siblings later. He remembers a Czechfamily who cared for him after liberation. Alex traces his journey to England and later the United States after the war. He explains why he volunteered to serve in the American armed forces during the Korean War. Alex explains his early career and business ventures. He recalls the values he learned from his family. Alex credits his parents with his survival. He talks about his involvement in the community. He discusses his health and financial issues later in life. Alex remembers his encounters with antisemitism in the South. He recounts the accident that killed his son and his wife’s murder. He considers how he had overcome so many obstacles and traumatic experiences. Alex talks about his relationships with other survivors. He shares his pride in being Jewish and how his family chooses to display their religion. Alex shares his hope for the future. He reflects on his own successes and his pride in his children. He talks about why he began to share his experiences with others. Alex talks about Holocaust deniers. He offers his own feelings toward other minorities. He talks about his siblings and what they are doing. Alex explains his feelings toward Germans and Israel. The interview closes with his hopes for tolerance in the future.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eAlex Gross was born in the Carpathian Mountains of Czechoslovakia in 1928. Alex was one of seven children born to a tailor and a housewife. He was the youngest of six sons and had a younger sister. After the Hungarians occupied the area, Alex and his family endured antisemitic violence and forced labor. In 1944, the family was sent to the Munkacs ghetto along with all of the area’s Jews. A few weeks later, they were sent in crowded rail cars to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Alex was soon separated from his family. He never saw his parents again. Alex was then sent to work in Buna’s factories. He spent the next year digging ditches and hauling steel and rocks. As the Allies approached, Alex endured a death march from Auschwitz to Gleiwitz and a transport to Buchenwald, where he was liberated by the Americans. He made his way home where he was reunited with his siblings. When the British Welfare Agency arranged to fly orphans to the British Isles, Alex and his sister, and one brother were flown to Scotland. There, Alex went to school, learned a trade, danced, played soccer, and trained to be a boxer. In 1949, he immigrated to the United States. In 1951, he joined the American Army. One by one, all his siblings came to the United States. In 1958, he married, had four children, and built a very successful business. Despite his successes and triumphs, Alex also suffered the tragic death of his only son in a construction accident and the murder of his first wife. Alex was a founding member of  Eternal Life-Hemshech and actively shares his experiences at schools.  In 1996, Alex remarried. After retirement, he moved to Florida.  \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28950"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAlex Gross was interviewed by John Kent on September 11, 2000, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlex describes his childhood in Czechoslovakia and how his life changed when Hungary took over the area. He recounts being liberated by the American Army. Alex shares how he reunited with one brother before the end of the war and his other siblings later. He remembers a Czechfamily who cared for him after liberation. Alex traces his journey to England and later the United States after the war. He explains why he volunteered to serve in the American armed forces during the Korean War. Alex explains his early career and business ventures. He recalls the values he learned from his family. Alex credits his parents with his survival. He talks about his involvement in the community. He discusses his health and financial issues later in life. Alex remembers his encounters with antisemitism in the South. He recounts the accident that killed his son and his wife\u0026rsquo;s murder. He considers how he had overcome so many obstacles and traumatic experiences. Alex talks about his relationships with other survivors. He shares his pride in being Jewish and how his family chooses to display their religion. Alex shares his hope for the future. He reflects on his own successes and his pride in his children. He talks about why he began to share his experiences with others. Alex talks about Holocaust deniers. He offers his own feelings toward other minorities. He talks about his siblings and what they are doing. Alex explains his feelings toward Germans and Israel. The interview closes with his hopes for tolerance in the future.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlex Gross was born in the Carpathian Mountains of Czechoslovakia in 1928. Alex was one of seven children born to a tailor and a housewife. He was the youngest of six sons and had a younger sister. After the Hungarians occupied the area, Alex and his family endured antisemitic violence and forced labor. In 1944, the family was sent to the Munkacs ghetto along with all of the area\u0026rsquo;s Jews. A few weeks later, they were sent in crowded rail cars to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Alex was soon separated from his family. He never saw his parents again. Alex was then sent to work in Buna\u0026rsquo;s factories. He spent the next year digging ditches and hauling steel and rocks. As the Allies approached, Alex endured a death march from Auschwitz to Gleiwitz and a transport to Buchenwald, where he was liberated by the Americans. He made his way home where he was reunited with his siblings. When the British Welfare Agency arranged to fly orphans to the British Isles, Alex and his sister, and one brother were flown to Scotland. There, Alex went to school, learned a trade, danced, played soccer, and trained to be a boxer. In 1949, he immigrated to the United States. In 1951, he joined the American Army. One by one, all his siblings came to the United States. In 1958, he married, had four children, and built a very successful business. Despite his successes and triumphs, Alex also suffered the tragic death of his only son in a construction accident and the murder of his first wife. Alex was a founding member of \u0026nbsp;Eternal Life-Hemshech and actively shares his experiences at schools. \u0026nbsp;In 1996, Alex remarried. After retirement, he moved to Florida. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/170/314/small/Gross_Alex%281%29.mp4_1667275518.jpg?1667275519","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Gross_Alex_(1).mp4"]},"duration":4337.333,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/170/314/small/Gross_Alex%281%29.mp4_1667275518.jpg?1667275519","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/170/314/original/Gross_Alex_%281%29.mp4?1667275515","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4337.333,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Alex Gross [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \n\nKent: Let us start with your name and when and where you were born.\n\nGross: I was born in a small village in the Carpathian Mountains of\nCzechoslovakia, which later on was taken over by Hungary. Then, it was taken over by Germany, and then it became Russia. Only the last 20 years it became part of Ukraine, and still is part of Ukraine.\n\nKent: How old were you during the war years?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gross: When I first confronted the real problems, I was about eleven years old. Hungary took over our area. They started installing all kinds of anti-Jewish edicts. Then, of course, the Hitler Youth was formed in our village, which made\nit very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficult, because our village was mostly Schwabisch German. That it\nmade it very hard for me because my best buddies were Deutsch [German]. They were Schwabisch-German. I had to get myself out of problems.\n\nKent: What was your name at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"birth?\n\nGross: My name was -- I never knew I was Alexander until I was like 14 years old\nor eleven years old, really. My name used to be Yankele. We had Jewish names and\nwe spoke only Yiddish at home. Then, of course, we had to learn Czech because we\nwent to Czech school, and we had to learn Hungarian because we had to go to a\nHungarian school. Of course, my village was Schwabisch, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had to, of course,\nspeak Schwabisch and then, next villages were [Russian], so we had to speak\nRussian. It was kind of a very difficult youth.\n\nKent: Let us move ahead to the very end of the war since you have already talked\nabout the war, I'm sure a lot. What was your situation during the last days of\nthe war?\n\nGross: I was liberated at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buchenwald. I was more dead than alive. I weighed like\nmaybe 60 pounds. As a matter of fact, we were liberated by the U.S. Army. It\nhappened to have been maybe a day or so after liberation, suddenly an American\ntank pulled up and the turret opened up and we saw black faces. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"imagined in my\ndelirium that these were angels that G-d sent to liberate us and get us well.\nThey were black. The first time in my life I ever saw black people, because in\nour area we didn't have them. Those guys were really nothing short but angels.\nThey were so good. They picked me up and carried me to the hospital because I\ncouldn't even eat by then. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were just absolutely marvelous. Then, they had a\nJewish doctor that they sent in, who was a military captain. He took a liking to\nme, and he just stood over me to help me get well, help me recover. From there\non, as soon as I was able to walk-- I'll tell you a little incident that\nhappened ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over there. Just as I was recovering in what they called a makeshift\nhospital, the U.S. military went and brought in the German population to show\nthem what their fellow Germans did to other humans. I heard a voice ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I tried\n-- struggled hard to get up. I got to the window, and I kept on telling this\nAmerican captain, \"Ich ken Sie! Ich ken Sie!\"--because I didn't speak certainly\nEnglish, that \"I know her! I know her!\" He said, \"How can you know her? You've\nbeen more dead than alive. [These are] people we brought in from the village.\" I\nexplained to him that these were the same people that-- they took me out about\ntwo, three months ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before liberation and they were so mean to me. I had to work\non their farm and their home. Their 12-year-old son was throwing stones at us,\nand he was whipping us. The mother wasn't satisfied, and she went inside and\nbrought a boiling pot of water and poured it over me to show her son how to\ntreat a Jew. This same woman denied knowledge of the camp. She denied that she\never saw. I described their home, I described the animals there, I described\neverything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. Of course, to be honest, I was not interested in persecuting\nanyone or hurting anyone. I was only interested in finding my family. It just so\nhappens that three of us brothers found each other in Buchenwald. My brother,\nSam, was in most of the camps with me, but always separate, and my brother,\nBill, was brought in from Funfteichen. I saw him about a month before we were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated. Of course, as soon as we were well enough, we got on the first truck\nto go back to Czechoslovakia, where we found our brother, Ben, who was captured\nin Russia. He had an apartment. He worked for the [American Jewish Joint\nDistribution Committee]. It was like heaven because we didn't sleep on a\nmattress ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all this time, we didn't have the comforts of anything, we didn't have\ndecent food. He provided us with food, and he provided us with a bed and took\ncare of us. Then, they wanted to adopt me -- a Christian family wanted to adopt\nme because there were no Jews left in Prague [Czechoslovakia]. I just absolutely\nsaid \"No, I want to find the rest of my family.\" We found our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother, Bernie,\nwho came down with his girlfriend who has been his wife now over 55 years. Then,\nwe found our brother, Philip, who remained, and he was trapped in Russia. We\nwent for his wedding, but we came out and we were smart enough to escape. But he\nwas trapped there for 25 years. It took us 25 years to get him out. From there,\nI was taken to an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"orphanage in England, to recover--really to recover--first to\nScotland, then North England, and finally London later on. First, my sister was\ntaken, then I was taken, then our brother, Sam, was taken there. But Sam, before\nIsrael became a state, he volunteered -- he and I volunteered. I didn't know he\nvolunteered. He didn't know I did. So, we tossed up a coin and he won and he\nwent to fight in Israel. He was one of the boys that jumped overboard when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nboat was stopped by the British and he swam some three, four miles in order to\nget to Israel to join the fighting forces. We are the only family that, thank\nG-d, that six brothers and a sister are still alive. We are fortunate.\n\nKent: What was your outlook on your situation and your future at the end of the war?\n\nGross: I cannot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say that it was an outlook because we were still looking very\nhard to try and find our parents. Very hard. We were hoping to catch them, we\nwere hoping to find them. Then, finally we gave up hope. In England, I didn't\nhave that much hope. I worked in contact lenses. I worked in different fields.\nAnother family wanted to adopt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. Incidentally, that family, the Ralph family,\na very nice Jewish family, they wanted to adopt me and I'm still very close to\ntheir sons. They went to South Africa and in fact, one of the boys just came to\nsee me from South Africa and I just spent a few days in Israel with one of the\nother boys and the daughter. She had two sons and one daughter. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite\nunbelievable that someday we would be able to go to Israel. Of course, we found\nour uncles here and our aunts -- only living uncles and aunts that survived. All\nmy other uncles and aunts, along with my parents, were killed in Auschwitz. Out\nof like 47 cousins, only about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five or six cousins survived. We are the only\nfamily that six brothers and one sister survived.\n\nKent: When you were in England with that new family, how did you go about\ndeciding what to do next from there?\n\nGross: I had only one thing in mind. I wanted to be reunited with my brothers in\nAmerica. They -- Our uncle sent them papers to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia. Finally, they\nleft about January of 1949. I got the papers too but because Mom Ralph--the lady\nthat wanted to adopt us--got very ill, I stayed with her for almost a year, in\norder to make sure she gets well. Finally, on the 12th or 14th of December I\nleft on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Queen Mary to come to the United States, where I was greeted by an\naunt and an uncle that used to live there. Then, we were taken the next day to\nEllwood City, Pennsylvania--actually, Pittsburgh first because my brother Ben\ngot married there. And -- that's -- that's your friend's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father. We went to\nEllwood City, where I worked in a knitting mill. What was so interesting about\nit was that our uncle, a very bright person, a very good person, he just\ninsisted -- We had three uncles there, one in Beaver Falls, two in Ellwood City,\nand an uncle and aunt in California that's on my mother's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side, and we had also\na uncle on my father's side in New York, and we had also a sister of my\nmother's, an aunt--they were absolutely wonderful to us. I got a job right away,\nthe first week, in a knitting mill making 18 bucks a week. When I was offered an\nopportunity to go to Chicago making 50 dollars a week, I grabbed it and left\nthat night. I talked to my boss, and he says, \"Take it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"please.\" I went to work\nwith my friend in the contact lens field, which I was trained for in England.\nMeanwhile, the Korean War broke out and I went into the draft board before I\nleft Ellwood City. They wouldn't take me because I had a lot of problems: I had\nflat feet, had ulcers, a few other things. I went to Chicago again to the draft\nboard and they wouldn't take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. I called up my uncle and said \"Please help me,\nyou got connection.\" My aunt's nephew became later on a congressman, and he was\nquite influential in the area and few calls from him, my aunt calls me up, and\nshe says, \"Alex, when can you be back in Ellwood City?\" I said, \"I can be back\ntomorrow.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said, \"Okay, you can come and see the draft board, you'll be\ndrafted. Got an okay. You'll be taken.\" It was two of the proudest years of my\nlife. I learned a little English, I learned -- I went to night schools, I worked\ntwo jobs there besides my army jobs and I made contact lenses -- excuse me,\nglasses for [Dwight] Eisenhower, [Harry] Truman, and [Dean] Atchison, and most\nof the generals ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I was at first in army intelligence because I passed\nseven languages and I was shipped to St. Louis to work in the optical field\nbecause that was my field because I had all these clearances to make glasses for\nall these people. So, of course, I was there. When I came back before I even\nwent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Chicago [Illinois]. I started a business with my brother, Bill, but we\nhad no money, no car, no nothing. I came with 20 dollars to the United States,\nand I joined him again, even though I worked for another month or so with this\noptical company out of Chicago in order to save up enough money so I could buy a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"car. When I did that, I thought I was the richest man and luckiest man in the\nwhole world. It didn't have heat--it didn't have air conditioning; it didn't\nhave a lot of things--but it was a very stripped-down car. I managed to drive it\na lot and we managed to build up our business when we became number one in the\nUnited States in our field--the pre-cut home business. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We became public and\nstarted a mortgage company, a finance company, and went into the trailer\nbusiness, and travel trailer business and --\n\nKent: How did you know how to do all these things?\n\nGross: I didn't. I had to learn it the hard way. I learned in school a little\nbit how to read English. I learned a little bit about math, and I learned a\nlittle bit of logic. I took a logic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course--how to handle people and how to\nhandle yourself with people. It helped me a lot--it really helped me a lot--when\nI came out, I felt that I was really accomplishing a lot with myself. Never had\nthe wildest dreams that we'd ever go even public, let alone making money. I\nhelped a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivors--came to work for me--and they have done very well for\nthemselves. They are all in business now, still in business, those that are\nalive. In fact, I just visited one of them in Cincinnati [Ohio], one of them in\nToledo [Ohio], one of them in Michigan, that saw us. He was with us on a trip to\nIsrael and England for the reunion of what we call the '45 Aid Society, which\nis, in 1945, they brought us over to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"England and we formed a aid group and we\nare all over the world now. We try to help mostly orphanages.\n\nKent: During those earlier years in America, did you receive any assistance from\norganizations of any sort?\n\nGross: Yes and no. They didn't have the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organizations they have today. They\ndidn't have no Federation in Elwood City, Pennsylvania. I was very disappointed\nwhen I was in Chicago and when I was in St. Louis--stationed there--for the\nholidays I tried to go the synagogue, even though I had a uniform, they wouldn't\nlet me in because I didn't a ticket for the high holidays. It was very\nheartbreaking for me. Luckily as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time went on, the Jewish people got more\ninvolved, and they formed more organizations in order to be able to help their\nown people--as well as other people, but their own people. Fortunately, I had\nuncles that were very good, wonderful, involved people. They taught us about\ncharities. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uncle -- My first paycheck when I got in the United States was 18\nbucks a week. He says \"Okay, take ten dollars to live on, take two dollars and\nput it into a bank, and take two dollars and give it to charity.\" The other was\nfor taxes. I kept that policy -- for hopefully I'll live a little while longer\nyet -- but I thought it was a great ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"policy and I loved it.\n\nKent: What types of things did you learn from your parents growing up that got\nyou through the war and afterwards?\n\nGross: Our mother and father were the typical people. They were very poor. My\nfather was a tailor, but when you have so many people to feed -- Plus, we had\npeople working for us that we fed. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always -- he was the gabbai of the shul.\nIt was a small village and a small shul, but anybody would pass the village\nalways wind up in our home for a free meal. My mother, may she rest in peace,\nhad the reputation of being the finest cook and she was. Even though I was a\ntypical boy, I didn't like my father being so strict with me, but we used to\nworship the ground our mother walked on. She was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"truly -- If there ever was an\nangel on the face of the earth, my mother was it. On the way to the [Munkacs]\nghetto, and in the ghetto, and on the way to be taken to Auschwitz-Birkenau in\nthe cattle cars, she kept on after me, \"Yankele, promise me that you will live\n-- promise me that you'll stay alive. Promise me no matter what you won't give\nup. Promise me that you'll stay alive. I have hopes. You've got to stay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alive.\"\nMy father just kept on saying, \"Yankele, you heard what mother told you, don't\nlet us down.\" I guess that was something they told all my brothers and sister.\nThat's why maybe we put up with all that suffering, and the tortures, and the\nhunger pain in order to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stay alive, and keep our promise to them.\n\nKent: How would you describe yourself as a young person? What kind of a person\nwere you?\n\nGross: When I was a young man? First of all, I am still a young man. I must say\nthat I tried to emulate my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents, especially my mother. I tried very hard to\ngive my time, and energy, and money to charities. I am quite involved in the\ncharities in Israel. I was chairman of Israel Bonds. I'm on the ORT board. I was\non Federation board. I was chairman of the survivor's organization [Eternal\nLife-] Hemschech for five or six ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. I've been involved and still am. I still\nbelong to four or five synagogues, still belong to the synagogue here in Atlanta\nand I belong to a couple of them in Miami. I just feel it's so important for us\nto be what we were brought into this world to be-- good people--good Jews--and\nto understand that other people might not be as capable or as well off as you\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are, and you need to help. Just now, as an example, I came here and I okayed\nfive different charities to send money to because you get everything from\nAmerican Jewish Congress to American Jewish Committee, to Israel Bonds, to Trees\nfor Israel, to Jewish war ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"veterans, and veterans' organizations. I'm involved in\nall of those. I consider myself very fortunate that I am able to do it.\n\nKent: You said that you were running a very successful business then?\n\nGross: We had -- I wound up to be president of 82 corporations in 18 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"states\n[and] made a lot of money. Unfortunately, because we started this finance\ncompany, and suddenly the banks wanted to go into the finance business, and they\nput us out of business. That really set me back. We started another business and\nthat did okay. Then, [President Richard] Nixon stopped government housing, so\nthat literally put us out of business. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1960, I wanted to expand into\nsoutheast because I was stationed in Fort Bragg, North Carolina. I loved the\nSouth. I came down here and then I sent my brother Ben here to look for\nproperty. We had enough money left to put together a nice parcel of\nproperty--over 2,500 acres. We visualized to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"build a whole community. I don't\nknow if you know it, for two miles along Salem Road, we used to own both sides.\nThere is now some 5,000 people living on our property. And I don't know probably\nclose to 20,000 people who live here. And there's all kinds of shopping centers\nand strip centers. Unfortunately, about five years ago I had a heart ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attack. We\nwere deep in debt and my daughter came down and she just decided \"Daddy, you've\ngot to get out of debt, because that's what's killing you.\" She sold the\nproperty just to get out of debt. Fortunately, we've still got some property\nleft that is unencumbered and we are hoping to sell those, really so we can\nenjoy life.\n\nKent: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was the culture and environment in the South when you first moved here?\n\nGross: The culture obviously, one of the top top people here were the KKK. They\ncame over and made it clear to us that, \"We don't like you. We don't like Jews,\nand we don't like niggers, and you get the hell out of here.\" But I wasn't\nscared about it, because first of all, we made some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good friends here. In fact,\nwe made friends with the chief of police and when he overheard this guy warning\nmy brother Ben, he went to see him and he told him \"If you ever lay any finger\non any of the Grosses that is going to be the end of you.\" But it's nothing\nunusual because in 1955 [or] 1956, we brought some property in either ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Michigan\nor Wisconsin. A family came to see me and they said, \"We don't want Jews in\nhere, and we don't like you.\" It happens to be the former President's\nfather--Bush--so it was nothing unusual for me. I just made up my mind this is\ngone to be my retirement, this is going to be what I'm going to do, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I going\nto do it slowly and develop a nice community and we do have a very, very nice\ncommunity. We have Gross Lake, as an example. We have built 18 lakes on our\nproperty -- and Gross Lake became very popular because all the charities used it\nfor free, all the civic organizations used it for free. We kept it up very\nnicely. As a matter of fact, I lost my one and only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"son. He tried to beautify --\nbecause an elderly Jewish ladies group came down to the lake for a picnic. He\nwent on the bush hog to cut it. He was 14 and a half years old. Unfortunately,\nit caught his pants, pulled him under, and chopped him up. I lost my son that\nway, my only son, but I am blessed with three daughters, who have been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really my\nlove of my life. I'm married now to -- I lost also my wife to a rape/murderer in\nAtlanta. She was a real estate woman. I got married for a little while and\ndivorced and I met this lady whose mother comes from the same area I am. We have\na wonderful relationship with her and her whole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family-- lovely relationship. As\na matter of fact, her mother, her sister are all very Reform-type Jews, and yet\nher son has become a Lubavitcher. He's president of a Lubavitcher synagogue. The\nshul [Yiddish: synagogue] in Miami. I am very fortunate. I am surrounded with\ngood people; really wonderful people and I am a very happy man.\n\nKent: During your earlier days ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in America, how did people react to your\nbackground and what you had experienced in the war? How much was that a topic\namongst Americans in those days?\n\nGross: I ran into, of course, some problems in the army. First of all, I didn't\nspeak the language yet. We had, as a matter of fact, an Italian guy who was a\ncorporal and we had an Arab ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Master Sergeant who hated my guts because he found\nout my brother was fighting in Israel, so I went through a rough time there.\nYes, I ran into a lot of roadblocks because number one we didn't have money, and\nit was difficult because you didn't know how to speak, didn't know to read,\ndidn't know how to add because I didn't have much schooling in the old country.\nIt was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very difficult at first, but at the same time, I started feeling very\nconfident that we accomplished the first stage and the second stage and the\nthird stage. I was able to hire a lot of good people and develop them to be good\nmanagers and we did quite well in the business. I ran into problems from the\nstandpoint of not having the education, not having ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the business background, but\nyou develop it. We made a lot of mistakes, but we developed it.\n\nKent: In your earlier years, what kinds of emotional consequences did you have\nfrom your war period?\n\nGross: Let me be quite frank. I still have emotional problems. I still cannot\naccept the fact ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Mother and Father were killed, and I lost so many of my\nvery close first cousins, and my close uncles there, and aunt. I still have\ndifficulties with that. A lot of times, I have sort of nightmares and I wake up,\nand I'm not fortunate enough to get much sleep. Even now, if I get three hours\nof sleep, I'm very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happy. The emotions, unfortunately, stay with you, because we\nsuffered so much at fellow human's hands that it just won't leave me--no way.\n\nKent: How did you learn to live with normal people in a normal world again after\nso much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cruelty? [How did you] learn to trust and so on?\n\nGross: That comes from my background, from my mother and father. We were very\nclose to everybody and -- including the Germans, the Schwabish, including the\nRusski [Russians], including the gypsies--they used to stop in our home. I am\nvery fortunate I never look at anyone whether they are black, or white, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or\nSpanish, or Russian, or Polish -- I don't care what their background is, I don't\ncare what they do with themselves. It's their business. It's none of my\nbusiness. I accept them for what they are. I am very fortunate. I have nephews\nand nieces who some of them are very religious, some are not religious at all. I\nam ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very lucky that we have a very diverse family and their -- I love them all. I\ndon't care what they do or what they don't do. That's their business and I am\nhappy for them as long as they are happy.\n\nKent: How have your relations been with other survivors over the many years?\n\nGross: I'll give you an example. I walked yesterday morning with one of my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivors that was with me in the orphanages in England and we walked on the\nbeach yesterday morning. Another one that just came back, and he couldn't walk\nwith us because he had to go someplace else, but I am very close to a lot of the\nsurvivors because we have the same pains and same problems. Some survivors,\nobviously just like anybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"else, are not the friendliest people necessarily,\nsome of them are not the most charitable people. Some of them in fact--one of\nthe boys that was with us in England--he has not been inside a synagogue since\nhe was liberated--as a matter of fact, as a kid, he used to go to the\nyeshiva--because he just feels that if G-d would have been what he is he would\nnever have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"permitted to it happen what happened to him. But for the most part,\nmost of the survivors have become very religious. I have not missed being in the\nsynagogue for 25 years on a Saturday. I am not that religious. I keep kosher. I\nhave always kept kosher. My children, fortunately, two out of three of them are\nkeeping kosher and the other one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is -- doesn't buy any meat or anything that's\nnot kosher. I just feel that we have been so blessed. In spite of everything, we\nhave had a good relationship with fellow survivors, very good relationship. As a\nmatter of fact, I was the president of Hemschech, the survivor organization here\nfor five or six years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have got some good people--Isaac Goodfriend, his wife\nBetty--there is a lot of them that are very fine people. We have now\nfortunately, the children of Holocaust survivors are getting quite involved and\nthey are good people. We have some very good people.\n\nKent: How did you integrate or reconcile Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"history and Jewish religious\nbeliefs with what happened during the war?\n\nGross: I have a difficult time with it. I still have a difficult time with it.\nBut my roots have been Jewish and I am Jewish and as long as live I will be\nJewish and my kids know that and my kids know that if they would step out of\nreligion then they step out from me -- they lose ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. They've always known it.\nFortunately, they are getting more and more involved in synagogues and other\nthings like that. I feel that I have been blessed with wonderful parents, and\ngrandparents, and uncles, and aunts. I have great cousins, wonderful cousins,\nthat have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been very helpful to me when I came to America. I am very close to\nthem. One of them immigrated to Israel and she -- all of her sisters and\nbrothers are not involved in Jewish affairs at all -- but she is shomer Shabbat.\nShe is one hundred percent, totally involved with the religion. Two of her sons\nare going to be rabbis, and her daughter is married to a rabbi, so I am very --.\nIn fact, she just came to visit me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Israel, and I go to visit her at least\nonce a year.\n\nKent: Since your own childhood was interrupted so much by the war and you didn't\nhave parents after an early age, how did that affect your ability to be married,\nand raise kids, and be a father, and so on?\n\nGross: You have to learn to set aside some of your sufferings and some of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your\ndisappointing things that you went through in life in order to lead a more\nnormal life. Yes, I will admit, that at times, I have a problem with it. For\ninstance, I will be speaking to Griffin [Georgia] Rotary this Thursday. I have\nspoken to thousands upon thousands ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of school kids. As a matter of fact, I was\nthe keynote speaker for the Trauma Specialists of America -- because I feel it\nis important that they, the non-Jewish people, learn that we are no different\nthan they are. We are human beings. Just because of our religion that doesn't\nmake us bad. I do the same thing--whether they are black ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids, or gay, or\nwhatever they are--to me they are people and I love them. When they see it,\nthey, in turn, copy the same thing. I am very fortunate that I have really come\nacross to kids.\n\nKent: How have you seen the culture, so to speak, change since you came here 40\nyears ago?\n\nGross: My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goodness. It's fifty years now. The culture had totally changed--so\nmuch so that you almost wouldn't recognize it--but the basic concept of a human\nhasn't changed. We are still the same. Some of us are more educated, some of us\nknow more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about computers, more about science and other things, but basically,\nthe human element hasn't changed. Maybe our education and so forth has been\nimproved a lot. I like what I see now because I feel that even -- we even have\nnow [Vice-President Al] Gore that picked a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vice-president [Joe Lieberman] to be\nJewish, which, to me, is the best thing that ever happened to America and to the\nJewish people. I hope he'll become the vice-president. Other than that, I feel\nthat the people themselves are learning more to be more accepting of other\npeople. You're always going to have hateful people; you're always going to have\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distrusting people. But for most part, I think we've become a more tolerant\ncommunity. We have become a more educated community in the facts of life. In\nother words, just because I am Jewish doesn't make me bad or good. Just because\nI would be a black person doesn't make me bad or good. I like what I see, what\nhas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened with the tolerance. When I see especially a woman getting elected\nto president of one of the big corporations in America, when she gets elected to\nbe a president of a bank. To me, it's very heartwarming because this is the\nbeginning of a true camaraderie that doesn't single you out just because you one\nreligion or another religion, or one race or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another race. That is very good.\nThat's the best thing that could happen to America and I hope we continue on\nthat path.\n\nKent: What are some of the lifecycle events, so to speak, that are most\nimportant to you, especially raising a family?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gross: Obviously, the tragedies that hit me was the most painful thing that I've\nevery experienced--to lose my one and only son and then to lose my wonderful\nwife that we'd been married for 25 years. You can go on and on. There are so\nmany things that are happening for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"betterment of life itself. Yes, I still\nam tormented a lot especially when I see some hateful remarks or things like\nthat. But I am very fortunate that, for the most part, I feel that I have\naccomplished a little bit with my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life. Maybe not as much as I would have liked\ntoo. But I have accomplished a little bit of it. Fortunately, it's making me\nfeel good that I have contributed a little bit to the betterment of the world.\n\nKent: What does aging at this point in your life mean to you? How do you feel\nwith the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changes?\n\nGross: As I told you, I am only 21 trapped in a -- It's gonna be this coming\nweek, it's going to be a 72-year-old body. It's been difficult. I've got a lot\nof pains and a lot of sufferings with what I endured in the camps. I can't\ntolerate cold weather, as an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"example. I have to work very hard at staying\nhealthy, very hard. I'm very fortunate that my children are very caring, very\ngood kids. I am blessed now with three granddaughters and a grandson. I hope\nthat they all get the kind of education that I got, as far as being a good human\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being. Of course, I hope they never have the sufferings that I endured. But I am\nvery fortunate that my kids are caring kids. In fact, my daughter is right now\nin Israel. She is part of the [Lions of Judah], which you have to give a lot of\nmoney. She is the youngest person that gave for so many years, even when she\ndidn't have much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money, when she was a real estate woman, she still gave.\nFortunately, now, she is doing well. She is very giving, very charitable. I hope\nthat she will continue to do well and we're going to remain a close family.\n\nKent: It seems you have been more successful more productive and more positive\nthan a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivors. How do you account for that? How are you different than\na lot of folks?\n\nGross: It probably has a lot to do with the way I was brought up, with a\npositive attitude. My father was always very helpful to people that came to work\nfor us. I never knew --. We had people working for us, I didn't even know they\nwere not brothers. They were part of our family. The fact that I was fortunate\nsix of us brothers and one sister ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived. That was very positive. And the fact\nthat I had wonderful uncles and aunts here in America and great cousins --\nwonderful cousins. They have -- Instead of looking at me as, \"Oh, this refugee,\nknows nothing,\" they were very kind to me. That gave me probably the biggest\nencouragement ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not to worry about anything but to go forward. And hiring a lot of\npeople that were in the camps to come and work for me and most of them become\nvery successful. I just visited with one in Cincinnati. It makes me feel good\nthat a lot of us survivors-- no matter what we went through and the sufferings\nwe have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"endured, we have made a new life for ourselves and a life that we can be\nvery proud of.\n\nKent: Do you have any insights about Jewish values and Jewish life, in terms of\nwhat you agree with, what you do not agree with? Any general things?\n\nGross: As far ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as Jewish values, as I told you, I haven't missed but I think\nmaybe eight or nine times not being in a synagogue on a Saturday, except when I\nwas in a hospital or something like that. To me, they are my roots, they are me,\nthey are part of me, they are better than me. My father was quite a religious\nguy. My grandfather--may he rest in peace--very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious. We were not the real\nreligious people, but we practiced our Jewish faith very faithfully. From the\ntime I got married to my wife of blessed memory, we kept kosher. We belonged to\nat least one or two synagogues at all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"times. I have attended all kinds of Jewish\naffairs. I am still involved in ORT. I am still involved in Israel Bonds [and]\nfor Yad Vashem in Israel. I am involved in a lot of things that people don't\neven think of. I am so happy that I'm in a position that I can be involved--both\nfinancially and timewise.\n\nKent: Could you make some comments ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about your 25 years of marriage? What are the\nmain memories from that?\n\nGross: For one thing, she blessed me with four wonderful children. We got\nmarried before our business really prospered. We lived in a very tiny little\napartment. They used to call them the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"carpetbox.\" Then, we moved into a home,\nand we had three daughters and one son. She was a wonderful mother [and a] more\nwonderful wife. We had our differences the first year of our marriage, but from\nthere on we never had an argument. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing but a wonderful, happy life.\nI'll give you an example. At one of our Passover seders, we had 72 people in the\nhouse. When we built our home, we had a kitchen that was never used the entire\nyear except for Passover. She was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supportive. When things were rough, she\nstopped spending money and went out to work. She was a wonderful mother and\nunbelievable wife. I will, of course, cherish her every move as long as I live.\nI am very fortunate that my wife that I got married to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about five years ago, she\nunderstands it because she lost her husband too. Her whole family are just\nwonderful people. Very much type of background that I had. I can really say that\nI am now an absolutely devoted person and absolutely ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a genuine person. I don't\nhave any hates for anyone including the Germans. I won't buy a German product if\nI can help it, but I -- I just don't blame this German population for what their\nparents or grandparents did. I am very lucky that my wife was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the same\nphilosophy as I was. When we had to tighten our belts, she did. When there was\ntime when we were in a better position, I told her, \"Go for it.\" We always were\nvery caring about our children, about the Jewish day schools. I just feel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that\nshe gave me 25 unbelievably wonderful years.\n\nKent: What are some of the other things in your life that you are proud of,\nthings you have accomplished, or qualities that you have developed, along with\nyour business success?\n\nGross: I was fortunate because of my work on the Holocaust that I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"given an\nhonorary doctorate at Emory University. That, to me, was no doubt the highlight\nof my life, because I had very little education except in night schools and\nwhatever schooling I could do on the side. Here I am, receiving a honorary\ndoctorate at a wonderful college like Emory University. [It] was just something\nthat --. beyond my wildest dreams. Of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, Dr. David Blumenthal, G-d bless\nhim, kept on urging me to continue, even at times where I said \"David, I can't\ngo on. I am having a difficult time, I've got to get off.\" He said, \"They need\nyou in these schools. Go.\" And he kept on encouraging me and I did it. And, of\ncourse, Deborah Lipstadt, same thing--she kept on encouraging me. She's another\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful person I am very close to. I think she's doing a phenomenal job. I\nused to call her in England to make sure she is okay there when she was being\nsued by the Nazi people. I have achieved a lot of great things. Of course, the\nbiggest thing for me was when I had my first baby, first child, and then I had a\nson and two more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daughters. Of course, that was only topped by my daughter\ngiving birth to my first granddaughter. Then, my other daughter had twins. Now,\nmy daughter in Washington has blessed us with a grandson. There's a lot of very\ngreat things that have happened to me in my lifetime.\n\nKent: You mentioned the situation with Professor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lipstadt. Do you have any\nthoughts about the issues that came out of that whole trial?\n\nGross: Yes, I have a lot of thoughts. I thought she did a marvelous job. I think\nshe's doing a good --. great job. I know that Professor [David] Blumenthal was\nwith her there the entire time. I kept on calling her. I think she is -- She has\ngone through hell about it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But she wound up to be victorious and that was very\nimportant for the Jewish people. Maybe a lot of them don't understand how\nimportant it was to have you beat these Nazis at their own game. They sued her\nin England, where of course they can do it; here they couldn't do it. And she\nmanaged to win it -- thanks G-d that she won ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\n\nKent: Have you encountered these revisionists and deniers over the years yourself?\n\nGross: Many times.\n\nKent: How do you respond to these people?\n\nGross: I'll give an example in Marietta where after I speak, I invite questions\nfrom students and suddenly they don't ask me the kind of questions in expected.\nJust when we got finished, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the students comes over to me. It just so\nhappens the superintendent was in the back of me, and she said, \"I'm so sorry\nthat I was afraid to ask questions.\" And I said, \"But why?\" And she said, \"But\ndidn't you see they had five KKK boys in the back our rows and they had five\nNeo-Nazis on the other side. That's why we were afraid to ask.\" Of course, if\nyou remember what went on, they were thrown ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the school and all kinds of\nrigamajig about it, but that was the beginning of changes in all the schools\naround here. They stopped permitting these kids from wearing Nazi uniforms and\nstuff like that. It was the beginning of a very important time in our life.\n\nKent: How would you respond to people like that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you had to get into a\ndiscussion with them? Or is it worth even trying?\n\nGross: You're talking about these fascist kids?\n\nKent: People like that whether they are adults like that or younger people.\n\nGross: Yes, I've run into it many times, including in the army [and] including afterwards.\n\nKent: People who minimize it like, 'The war was bad for everybody, and the Jews\njust want sympathy,\" et cetera.\n\nGross: I give them facts. Number one, I give them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"facts. Number two, I let them\nknow I wish it wouldn't be true and my mother and father would have been alive.\nI tell them I wish it wouldn't have been true so I wouldn't have the wounds I\nhave on my body. I wish it wouldn't be true that we wouldn't have lost six\nmillion people, amongst them a million and a half children. I think I get across\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them where they understand that these are true facts. I'll give an example. I\ngo back to some of these schools where there is a totally different feeling.\nThey now not only accept me, they look forward to me, they welcome me, and they\nwant me to educate them, and make sure that it doesn't happen again.\n\nKent: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Keeping in mind those images of the black soldiers who were the first ones\nwho liberated you and then moving to the South in a largely black environment,\nwhat was it like to for you to immerse yourself in a largely black world here?\n\nGross: I loved it, because remember, I looked at them as angels. As a matter of\nfact, I don't want to mention names, but I became very close to a lot of black\npeople. In fact, one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"black liberators of that camp, his daughter is on\nthe [Georgia] Holocaust Commission. I am very fond of her and very fond of her\nmother. I'm very fond of Mr. Barancov Pontiac and other car dealers. We are very\nclose. I have just made a lot of very good friends -- with not only black but\nall kinds of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. But it proved to me beyond a shadow of a doubt that they\nare no different than we are. There's are good among them; there is some that\nare not so good. We have to learn and try and take those not good ones and make\nthem into good ones. The same as we have to try with our people to make them\ninto good humans rather than just any kind of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"human.\n\nKent: Will you talk more about your family?\n\nGross: Here again I am very blessed that all of us brothers are still alive.\nYes, we have our problems. Our oldest brothers that was trapped in Russia for 26\nyears, 25 years, he has had a lung removed from cancer but he is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still alive,\nthank G-d. My brother, Ben, unfortunately, has been paralyzed with all kinds of\nstrokes. He is still alive, and he still comes to the office everyday. My\nbrother, Bernie, who retired close to us in Miami [Florida], he lives in\nPembroke Pines [Florida]. Thank G-d, he is doing well even though had a\nquadruple bypass recently. He's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not the healthiest, but he is doing okay, and\nhis wife is doing okay. My brother, Bill, lost his wife at a young age and\nthanks G-d he's alive. They found cancer in his pancreas, but he is doing okay.\nNobody believes that he is still alive because it has already been a couple of\nyears. And my brother, Sam, he's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Tampa, Florida with his family and he's got\na little bit of Parkinsons, but he's doing fine. Of course, I have had all kinds\nof problems, but I am doing great. I'm in great shape. My sister, who I had\nlunch with Friday in Boca [Raton, Florida], she is doing quite well in spite of\nall her problems. Being blessed now with such a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful wife that I have and\nsuch a wonderful family--we are very close with all of our cousins. We get\ntogether quite often. In fact, this weekend I am going to my niece's daughters\nbat mitzvah in Rhode Island. I'll be going from there to Washington, D.C. with\nmy wife to spend a few days with my daughter and grandson. I feel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I have\nbeen more blessed than I ever dreamed I would be blessed. In my family, thank\nG-d, all the cousins are doing good, all the nephews and nieces are doing all\nright and we have a very closely-knit family and I hope it will stay that way.\nWe have our differences, we have our disagreements, but we are very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"close.\n\nKent: How would you go about passing on your experience and legacy to your\ngrandkids when they are all old enough?\n\nGross: The only way I could pass on anything is through examples. What you see\nis what you get: the fact that I tried to be a good human, the fact that I try\nto be charitable, the fact that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try to be decent to everyone and respect\neveryone, the fact that I love people because I feel that everyone was brought\nto this world as the result of one G-d, and we have blessed really -- Look, the\nJewish people have gone through all kinds of problems in their lifetime but\nwe're still here. We hope--I certainly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hope--we're going to be here for many,\nmany years until Messiah's gonna come. Until that time, we got to do the right\nthings, we got to be involved. Look, I am very close to so many elderly people.\nThere is one here, Ginger Goldheimer, she just won the award for a--she had to\ngo to the White House to receive ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it--for being the oldest volunteer in America.\nShe and I are very close. We talk at least once or twice a week no matter where\nI am. I am close to many, many people like because they need somebody like that\ncan give them the courage to go on in spite of their adversities, in spite of\ntheir health problem. But thank G-d I am able to do it and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope to continue.\n\nKent: Have you been back to Czechoslovakia or Germany in recent years?\n\nGross: Yes, I took my two daughters back to our village, which, of course, is\npart of the Ukraine now. From there, I took them to the ghetto where I was. From\nthere, I took them to Auschwitz-Buna-Birkenau and Auschwitz III. From there, I\ntook them to Buchenwald, where we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"celebrated 50 years of liberation. My children\nwere so touched, that my youngest daughter couldn't take it anymore, by the time\ngot to Buchenwald she said, \"Daddy, I gotta go. I can't take it.\" She went back\nto Washington, she's the one that just blessed me with a grandson. Luckily, they\nare married to wonderful people--my daughters. My son-in-laws are truly a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blessing. They are good humans, good people, good Jews.\n\nKent: What is your impression about the people who live in those areas in Europe\nnow as to how much the attitudes have changed or haven't?\n\nGross: Unfortunately, their attitude has not changed. When we were in\nBuchenwald, those people were as nasty as they were before. When we were in our\nvillage, some of them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were halfway decent, or tried to be decent, but for most\npart they were afraid that we were coming back to take the home back. They\ndidn't care about us -- they don't care about Jewish people. Unfortunately, we\nare going to have to understand that there is hate and there is fascism, and we\nare just going to have to accept it. What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"troubles me is that most people,\nincluding the Jewish people, don't care enough to get involved, they're not as\ninvolved--and I'm not just talking money-wise; I'm talking about time and energy\nand with attitude. We are so blessed here in Atlanta that we have such wonderful\npeople. Really, we have, beyond a shadow of doubt, the nicest, the most\nwonderful Jewish people that I have ever come across in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole world. We have\ncharitable people, involved people, caring people. We have good synagogues. We\nhave good rabbis. We have really a great group of people and we are really\nblessed. I think that Atlanta has got, beyond a shadow of doubt, the finest\nJewish community in the world.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: I am going to go a little bit more into philosophy and politics. What is\nyour opinion about the Mideast situation, given everything you have said about people?\n\nGross: I have doubts whether Yasser Arafat is going to go along and accept what\nwe have to have because I don't think his people are going to let him. Because\nremember, they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terrorists -- all of them -- they were determined to get rid\nof the Jews. As a result of it, I don't think he can and maybe not for a\ngeneration or two the Arab leaders will be able to do it but I do have hopes\nthat if that they can't go along -- Yasser Arafat and his people can't go along\n-- maybe the next ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generation or the generation after will realize that they are\nbetter off to cooperate with us, and work with us, and still get accomplished\nwhat they want to without necessarily insisted that Tel Aviv or Jerusalem is\ntheir capitol. I think they will come to that thinking, because last time I was\nin Israel, I got a little better feeling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from some of the Arabs than I used to\nget before. Some of the Arabs here in this country are beginning to have a\nlittle bit of change attitude, but it'll take awhile.\n\nKent: Finally, people may be watching this in a museum in fifty or one hundred\nyears. Is there anything else you want like to say to the future?\n\nGross: I can only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really wish and hope that we are gonna train our future\ngenerations to stay Jewish, to be involved Jewish, no matter what, whether they\nare Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, whatever they are. As long as they are going\nto be involved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews--involved with each other and for each other--and if we work\nto see that our heritage will continue, I think it is going to be wonderful. I\nthink we are going to have the greatest Jewish people, maybe one or two\ngenerations after us, because they will have learned from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/transcript/41357/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us to do the right things.\n\nKent: Is there anything else you would like to add that I did not ask about?\n\nGross: I think you asked just above everything.\n\nKent: Thank you, Mr. Gross.\n\nGross: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=4320.0,4350.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations  [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlex was born in the village of Palanok, which is today a part of the metropolitan area of Mukachevo, in western Ukraine. It is about 2 miles (3 km) west-southwest of the city center. Palanok is located in the Carpathian Mountains, a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. The roughly 1,500 kilometers (932 miles)long arc stretches through the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia. The region is dense with forested hills and fast-flowing rivers. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzechoslovakia is the common reference for the Czechoslovak Republic, a state that was established by the Versailles Treaty in 1918 from several provinces after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian state at the end of World War I. After the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, Germany demanded the “return” of the Sudetenland—border area of Czechoslovakia where 3 million ethnic Germans lived, which had been taken away from Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I. In the late summer of 1938, Hitler threatened war unless the area was ceded to Germany. At the same time, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia, and Poland annexed part of silesia. In an effort to ensure peace, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edouard Daladier, and British prime Minister Neville Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact on September 30, 1938, which gave the Sudetenland to Hitler. In the wake of the Munich Pact, the leaders of the democratic government in Czechoslovakia resigned. The state restructured itself into an authoritarian regime and was renamed Czecho-Slovakia. External demands on its territory continued to plague the state, however. Encouraged by Germany, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia in the autumn of 1938 and Poland annexed the Tešin District of Czech Silesia. Then on March 15, 1939, Germany invaded and occupied the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia. The Germans split what remained of Czechoslovakia into Slovakia (an independent state with a fascist, authoritarian regime that allied with Germany)and the rest was merged into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the Greater German Reich. Two months later, in May, Hungary seized and annexed Subcarpathian Rus. In just two decades, Czechoslovakia had disappeared from the map. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the period between World War I and World War II, Hungarian Jews were violently persecuted. Anti-Jewish legislation began in 1920 when Hungary passed one of the first antisemitic laws in Europe. Persecution continued in the 1930s with a series of“Jewish Laws” that restricted the number of Jews in universities, liberal professions, administration, and commerce. Hungarian racial laws passed between 1938 and 1941 were modeled on Germany’s Nuremberg Laws. The new laws reversed the equal citizenship granted to Jews in Hungary in 1867. Among other provisions, the laws defined “Jews” in so-called racial terms, forbade intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews and excluded Jews from full participation in various professions. The laws also barred the employment of Jews in the civil service and restricted their opportunities in economic life. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hitler Youth [German: Hitlerjugend] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. It existed from 1922 to 1945. It was modeled after its adult counterpart, theSturmabteilung (SA), and was paramilitary inorganization. It was for males 14 to 18 years of age. There was another section for young boys called DeutschesJungvolk and a girls’ section called Bund Deutscher Madel [German: Association of German Girls]. The Hitler Youth were viewed as future “Aryan supermen” and were indoctrinated as such. The Hitler Youth put emphasis on physical and military training. The organization emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the SS. They had uniforms like the SA with similar ranks and insignia. It also served to indoctrinate students with the National Socialist worldview. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchwäbisch or Swabian is both a German dialect and a historic region in Southwestern Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald was a Nazi concentration camp established on Ettersberg hill near Weimar, Germany, in July 1937. It was one of the first and the largest concentration camps within Germany's 1937 borders. Many actual or suspected communists were among the first internees. Prisoners came from all over Europe and the Soviet Union—Jews, Poles, and other Slavs, the mentally ill and physically disabled, political prisoners, Romani people, Freemasons, and prisoners of war. There were also ordinary criminals and sexual \"deviants.\" All prisoners worked primarily as forced laborers in local armaments factories. The insufficient food and poor conditions, as well as deliberate executions, led to 56,545 deaths at Buchenwald of the 280,000 prisoners who passed through the camp and its 139 subcamps. Buchenwald gained notoriety when it was liberated by the United States Army in April 1945; Allied commander Dwight D. Eisenhower visited one of its subcamps. From August 1945 to March 1950, the camp was used by the Soviet occupation authorities as an internment camp, NKVD special camp No. 2, where 28,455 prisoners were held and 7,113 of whom died. Today the remains of Buchenwald serve as a memorial and permanent exhibition and museum. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Allies liberated the death camps at the end of World War II, American commanders adopted a policy of forcing German civilians to view the atrocities committed in the camps. When U.S. forces liberated Buchenwald in April 1945, German civilians from the nearby town of Weimar, Germany were forced to tour the camp. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFunfteichen [German: Fünfteichen] was the site of an armaments plant run by the Krupp arms empire. It was built in early 1942 and production started in early 1943. It was the largest sub-camp in the Gross-Rosen system. The first transport of about 600 Polish Jews prisoners arrived in late September or early October 1943. There were about 6,000 to 7,000 prisoners in the camp at the end of the war. Sick prisoners were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau to be murdered and others were transferred to the Gorlitz labor camp. Most of the prisoners worked in the Krupp factory manufacturing cannons and torpedo launchers. The prisoners walked from the camp to the plant every day, escorted by SS men and dogs. The conditions were terrible and the beatings and executions were regular. Much prisoners committed suicides by “going to the post,” that is, getting so near the fence that a guard would shoot them. Funfteichen was evacuated starting on January 21, 1945, when about 6,000 prisoners were marched out of the camp. The temperature was 20 degrees below zero. The prisoners were marched on foot to Gross-Rosen. The journey took four days. Trains again moved most of the prisoners deeper into Germany, where they ended up in Buchenwald, Flossenburg, Dachau, Dora-Mittelbau, and Mauthausen. There were only about 300 prisoners left in the camp when the Americans liberated it on January 23, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewishrelieforganization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Long: A worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. Before World War II, it sent funds to subsidize medical care, schools, vocational training, welfare programs, and emigration efforts to beleaguered Jews in Europe. During the Nazi era, they tried to get Jewish refugees out to anywhere that would have them including the United States, Palestine, and Latin America. When war broke out they helped thousands of Jews in Poland with shelters and soup kitchens, hospitals, and educational and cultural programs. When the United States entered the war in 1941, the Joint shifted gears since it was not allowed to operate legally in enemy countries. They used international connections to channel aid to Jews conquered Europe. Wartime headquarters were set up in Lisbon, Portugal from which the Joint mounted rescue operations for desperate refugees including sponsoring a program to get 15,000 Jews from Europe to Shanghai, China. After the war, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors. More than 227 million pounds of food, medicine, clothing, and other supplies were shipped to Europe to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDespite their wartime alliance, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States, and Great Britain intensified rapidly as World War II came to a close. After Germany’s surrender in 1945, Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe. As Soviet power and influence expanded, a communist dictatorship was established under Josef Stalin, who led the Soviet Union from the mid–1920s until 1953. Several countries in Eastern Europe—Poland, Czechoslovakia,Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany—operated as Soviet satellite states. These countries were not officially part of the USSR, but their governments were loyal Stalinists, and therefore looked to and aligned themselves with the Soviet Union politically and militarily via the Warsaw Pact. After liberation, many Eastern European Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In 1946, a surge of Jewish survivors and refugees from the Soviet Union flooded into the western Allies’ zones, hoping to escape the anti-Jewish violence and further persecution from Stalin’s regime. By that time, escalating tensions between the Soviet Union and the western European countries that were allied to the United States had created a political, military, and ideological barrier that divided Europe. In order to curb a concentration of anti-communist political expatriates in the West, the Soviet Union began closing borders. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith international pressure mounting, in 1945, Britain, unable to find a practical solution, referred the problem to the United Nations, which in November 1947 voted to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states in May 1948 when the British mandate was scheduled to end. After the British began the withdrawal of their military forces from Palestine in early April 1948, Zionist leaders moved to establish a modern Jewish state. On May 14, 1948—the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired—David Ben-Gurion, the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, announced the formation of the state of Israel. The next day, forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq invaded and war began. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRMS Queen Mary was a British ocean liner launched in 1936, that sailed primarily on the North Atlantic Ocean for the Cunard-White Star Line. Retired in 1967, it is now permanently moored at Long Beach, outside of Los Angeles, California, and is used as a luxury hotel. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEllwood City is a town that lies 30 miles (48 kilometers) northwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In the past, Ellwood City sustained many heavy industries such as steel-tube mills, steel-car works, building-stone and limestone quarries, foundries and machine shops, and coal mining. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Korean War was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the support of the United Nations, principally from the United States). The war began on June 25, 1950when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and insurrections in the south. The war ended unofficially on July 27, 1953, in an armistice.16 Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, headquartered in Reims, France. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry S. Truman (1884-1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as the 34th vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain Communist expansion. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the Conservative Coalition that dominated Congress. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, headquartered in Reims, France. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDean Gooderham Acheson (1893-1971) was an American statesman and lawyer. From 1945 to 1947, Achesonserved as the 51st U.S. Secretary of State and was President Truman’s main foreign policy adviser 1945 to 1947. Acheson played a critical role in developing U.S. foreign policy in post-World War II Europe, helping design the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. He would later also advise President Lyndon B. Johnson and John F. Kennedy. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe '45 Aid Society was set up as a charitable and social organization in 1963. Its founders were a group of child Holocaust survivors, known as 'the Boys,' who were among the over 700 children (including 204 girls) who were brought to Great Britain after World War II. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA parnas (also known as agabbai[Hebrew], shamash, or as a warden in the UK] is a person who assists in the running of synagogue services and as the president or the trustee of a congregation. The role may be undertaken on a voluntary or paid basis. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Munkacsghetto lasted about a month until mid-May 1944 when the Jews were forced into cattle cars and transported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp, where most were murdered. By the end of May 1944, Munkacs was declared Judenrein [German: free of Jews]. Auschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecim (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported a minimum of 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, had the largest total prisoner population. It was divided into more than a dozen sections separated by electronic barbed wire fences and was patrolled by SS guards. The camp included sections for women, and men, a family camp for Roma, and a family camp for Jewish families deported from the Theresienstadt ghetto. Auschwitz-Birkenau also contained the facilities for a killing center. It played a central role in the German plan to kill the Jews of Europe. Near Birkenau, the SS initially converted two farmhouses for use as gas chambers. “Provisional” gas chamber I went into operation in January 1942 and was later dismantled. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael Bonds is the commonly known name of the Development Corporation for Israel, the U.S. underwriter of debt securities issued by the State of Israel. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eORT (Association for the Promotion of Skilled Trades) is a non-profit global Jewish organization that promotes education and training in communities worldwide. It was founded at the end of the eighteenth century in 1880 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Active in over 100 countries, today, ORT is the world’s largest Jewish education and vocational training NGO (Non-Governmental Organization). After World War II, ORT was very active in the DP camps, opening schools with rehabilitation programs in 78 camps. The purpose of the schools was to train and prepare DPs (displaced persons) for resettlement in industrialized countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia as well as Israel, which had a significant need for highly trained manpower. Some 85,000 Jews were trained in new professions and provided with the tools they needed to rebuild their lives. In 2003 Israel was the area of ORT's largest operation, with 90,000 students educated or trained at ORT’s 159 schools, colleges, and institutions, educating 25 percent of Israel’s hi-tech workforce. In 2006 ORT Israel withdrew from World ORT. World ORT continues to work in Israel under the name of Kadima Mada (Educating for Life). In December 1946, the first ORT trade school in Austria was opened in Vienna. By the end of 1947, additional schools were open in Ebelsberg, Steyr, Wels, Salzburg, Hofgastein, Hallein, Linz, and Bindermilch. The schools conducted programs in 50 trades ranging from dressmaking to technical chemistry, optics, and building trades. English and Hebrew language courses were also held. ORT’s Central School in Salzburg was the first post-war vocational training establishment in Austria. It opened in February 1947 and had 350 students by mid-1947. An annex to the main ORT school in Salzburg opened in 1948 in the Beth Bialik transit camp in Salzburg and another school was located in the Riedenburg camp. As emigration progressed, ORT schools in Austria began closing down. The Salzburg school was transferred to Hallein, a DP camp twenty miles from Salzburg, in 1947. It remained open until 1954. Rabbi Harry H. Epstein founded the Atlanta ORT chapter in 1970. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish Federation (often known as the \"Federation\" or the \"Fed\") is the secular primary Jewish nonprofit organization found within most metropolitan areas(or sometimes states) in North America that host a substantial Jewish community. Their broad purpose is to provide \"human services,\" generally, but not exclusively, to the local Jewish community. All federations at least operate an annual central campaign and then allocate the proceeds to affiliated local agencies. There are 148 Jewish Federations. The national umbrella organization for the federations is the Jewish Federations of North America. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEternal Life-Hemshech is an organization of Atlanta Holocaust survivors, their descendants, and friends dedicated to commemorating the 6,000,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Approximately 100 Holocaust survivors living in Atlanta, Georgia founded Eternal Life-Hemshech in 1964. Hemshech is a Hebrew word that means “continuation.”Their purpose was to \"perpetuate the memory of their beloved families along with all of the six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust.\" The group wanted the memorial to serve as a place to say Kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead. The committee was comprised of Abraham Gastfiend, Mala Gastfiend, Gaston Nitka, Rubin Lansky, and Rubin Pichulik. Dr. Leon Rosen served as chairman and Lola Lansky and Nathan Bromberg were co-chairs. The Memorial to Six Million was dedicated in Atlanta’s Greenwood Cemetery in 1965. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Congress is an association of Jewish Americans organized to defend Jewish interests at home and abroad through public policy advocacy, using diplomacy, legislation, and the courts. It was established in1918 as an alternative to the American Jewish Committee, which was dominated by the German-Jewish establishment. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Committee (AJC) was founded in 1906 to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews worldwide. It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations in the United States.28Trees for Israelis is the name of a program through the Jewish National Fund.Trees are planted in Israel where they are most needed and in areas that are most conducive to their growth based on environmental research and geographical need to honor the memory of a donor’s loved ones. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America (also referred to as the “Jewish War Veterans,” or the“JWV”) is an American Jewish veterans' organization and the oldest veterans group in the United States. It has an estimated 37,000 members. (2021) \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Nixon (1913-1994) was the nation's 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961, after he came to national prominence as a representative and senator from California. He served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974 when he became the only president to resign office in the wake of the Watergate scandal. He was a Republican. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1971, President Nixon declared a moratorium on the construction of federally subsidized housing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or “Knights of the Ku Klux Klan” today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods have included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the the1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past, its members dressed up in white robes and pointed hats designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Herbert Walker Bush (1924-2018) was the 41st president of the United States (1989-1993). He was a republican. He was the second son of Prescott Sheldon Bush (1895-1972), a banker and politician. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in ReformJudaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChabad-Lubavitch is a Hasidic movement in Orthodox Judaism. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Gypsy” is a racial slur often used to refer to Roma, [singularRom; also calledRomany]. Roma are an ethnic group that originated in northern India but live worldwide today, principally in Europe. This minority is made up of distinct groups called “tribes” or “nations” and includes the Roma, Sinti, and Lallerifamily groupings. They were called “Gypsies” because Europeans mistakenly believed they came from Egypt. As a traditionally nomadic group, Roma have often been viewed as outsiders. For centuries, Roma were scorned and persecuted across Europe. Among the groups, the Nazi regime singled out for persecution on so-called racial grounds were the Roma, Sinti, and Lalleri(Gypsies), whose fate was parallel to that of the Jews. Some 23,000 Roma in the Greater German Reich were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. At least 19,000 died there. Uniquely, entire families were housed together in a special compound that was called the \"Gypsy family camp.\" In the spring of 1944, camp leadership decided to murder the inhabitants of the Gypsy compound. After transferring as many as 3,000 Roma capable of work to Auschwitz I and other concentration camps, the SS killed the remaining inmates on August 2, 1944. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew termkashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\" \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCantor Isaac Goodfriend (1924-2009) was a Holocaust survivor from Poland, who served at Ahavath Achim in Atlanta from 1966 until his retirement in 1995 as Cantor Emeritus. In 1945, he married Brunya “Betty” Grossman(1927-2008), a Holocaust survivor from Lithuania. Betty and Isaac had three sons. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe word shomeris Hebrew for “to guard, watch, or preserve.” Someone who is shomer Shabbatorshomermitzvot is a person who observes commandments [mitzvot] for the Jewish Sabbath from sundown Friday evening until sundown Saturday evening. This includes refraining from work activities and driving, as well as many other prohibitions. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRotary International is an international service organization whose stated purpose is to bring together business and professional leaders in order to provide humanitarian services, encourage high ethical standards in all vocations, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. It is a secular organization consisting of Rotary Clubs with about 1.2 million members. Membership is by invitation only. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlbert Arnold Gore Jr. (born 1948) is an American politician, businessman, and environmentalist who served as the 45th vice president of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He ran unsuccessfully on the Democratic ticket against George Bush in the 2000 presidential election with Senator Joe Lieberman (born1942) as his running mate. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lions of Judah is a global philanthropic Jewish women’s organization. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYad Vashem is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eProf. Rabbi David R. Blumenthal is the emeritus Jay and Leslie Cohen Professor of Judaic Studies at Emory University in Atlanta, GA. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University and his ordination from the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. He has taught courses on and writes on constructive Jewish theology, medieval Judaism, Jewish mysticism, and Holocaust studies. Professor Blumenthal is most well-known for his books, Facing the Abusing God: A Theology of ProtestandThe Banality of Good and Evil: Moral Lessons from the Shoah and Jewish Tradition. Blumenthal was also a founding member of the Witness to the Holocaust project.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Deborah Esther Lipstadt (b. 1947) is, as of 2022, Dorot Professor of Modern Jewish History and Holocaust Studies, at Tam Institute for Jewish Studies, and the Department of Religion at Emory University. She created the Institute for Jewish Studies at Emory and was its first director from 1998-2008. Lipstadt authored numerous books about Holocaust deniers including Denying the Holocaust, The Eichmann Trial, and History on Trial: My Day in court with a Holocaust Denier, which chronicles the libel case involving herself and David Irving—a case that Lipstadt won. David John Cawdell Irving (born 1938) is an English Holocaust denier and author who has written on the military and political history of World War II, with a focus on Nazi Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgia Commission on the Holocaust is a secular, non-partisan state agency. The organization offers speakers, traveling exhibits, and other education programs to promote public understanding of Holocaust history. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBat mitzvah is Hebrew for “daughter of commandments,” a rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday. Many girls have their bat mitzvah around age 13, the same as boys who have their bar mitzvah at that age. The bat mitzvah girl is now duty-bound to keep the commandments. Synagogue ceremonies are held for bat mitzvah girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the approval of Orthodox rabbis. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecim (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) andMonowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported a minimum of 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was about 2-1/2 miles away from the main camp. It had the largest total prisoner population. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located. The Monowitz camp also known as Auschwitz III or Buna, was about 4 miles east of the Auschwitz Main Camp. It was a complex built to house slave laborers for the German chemical firm IG Farben. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald was a Nazi concentration camp established on Ettersberg hill near Weimar, Germany, in July 1937. It was one of the first and the largest concentration camps within Germany's 1937 borders. Many actual or suspected communists were among the first internees. Prisoners came from all over Europe and the Soviet Union—Jews, Poles, and other Slavs, the mentally ill and physically disabled, political prisoners, Romani people, Freemasons, and prisoners of war. There were also ordinary criminals and sexual\"deviants.\" All prisoners worked primarily as forced laborers in local armaments factories. The insufficient food and poor conditions, as well as deliberate executions, led to 56,545 deaths at Buchenwald of the 280,000 prisoners who passed through the camp and its 139 subcamps. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf al-Qudwa al-Husseini, popularly known as Yasser Arafat (1929-2004), was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and then President of the Palestinian national authority (PND). He was also the leader of the Fatah political party and paramilitary group which he founded in 1959. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/annotation_set/956/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=4260.0,4290.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/index/51982","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Alex Gross  [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/index/51982/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Start of The War ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=43.0,145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/index/51982/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I first confronted the real problems, I was about eleven years old. Hungary took over our area. They started installing all kinds of anti-Jewish edicts.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=43.0,145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/index/51982/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carpathian Mountains","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler Youth","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwabisch,","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yankele","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=43.0,145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/index/51982/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation at Buchenwald ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314#t=145.0,492.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82120/file/170314/index/51982/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was liberated at Buchenwald. 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