{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/7m03x8447f/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Steiner, Andre (Ondrej)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1996-12-02 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Absence of Humanity Project (AOH)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAndre (Ondrej) Steiner was interviewed on Decemner 2, 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eAndre briefly discusses his background and where he was during the partition of Czechoslovakia in 1938-1939. He explains where he was working when the Slovak Republic began concentrating Jews for forced labor in 1941 and then deporting Jews in 1942. He explains how he became involved in setting up special work camps to help save Jews from deportation. Andre recounts his role in the Working Group to try and save more Jews from deportations in what was known as the Europa Plan. He concludes with satisfaction that 4,000 lives were saved between 1942 and the Slovak Uprising in1944.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28328"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Andre (Ondrej) Steiner (personal name)","Dr. Izidor Koso (personal name)","Dr. Tibor Kovacs (personal name)","Dr. Anton Vasek (personal name)","Dr. Pecuch (personal name)","Oskar Schindler (personal name)","Steven Spielberg (personal name)","Dieter Wiscliceny (personal name)","Rabbi Michael dov Weissmandel (personal name)","American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (corporate name)","Ustredna Zidov (UZ) (corporate name)","Piestany, Slovakia (geographic term)","Bratislava, Slovakia (geographic term)","Novaky, Slovakia (geographic term)","Sered, Slovakia (geographic term)","Vyhne, Slovakia (geographic term)","Brno, Czech Republic (geographic term)","Slovakia (geographic term)","Concentration Camps (topical term)","Work Camps (topical term)","Chemical Factory (topical term)","Textile Factory (topical term)","Woodwork Factory (topical term)","Architecture (topical term)","Skilled Jewish Workers (topical term)","Steiner List (topical term)","Jewish Community (topical term)","Deportations (topical term)","Europa Plan (topical term)","Slovak Uprising (topical term)","Bribery (topical term)","Hlinka Guards (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAndre (Ondrej) Steiner was interviewed on Decemner 2, 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAndre briefly discusses his background and where he was during the partition of Czechoslovakia in 1938-1939. He explains where he was working when the Slovak Republic began concentrating Jews for forced labor in 1941 and then deporting Jews in 1942. He explains how he became involved in setting up special work camps to help save Jews from deportation. Andre recounts his role in the Working Group to try and save more Jews from deportations in what was known as the Europa Plan. He concludes with satisfaction that 4,000 lives were saved between 1942 and the Slovak Uprising in1944.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/990/small/Andre_Steiner.png?1619304136","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Steiner_Andre.mp4"]},"duration":1683.771,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/990/small/Andre_Steiner.png?1619304136","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/103/990/original/Steiner_Andre.mp4?1610028084","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1683.771,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Steiner, Andre [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"INTERVIEWER: I'm here with Mr. Andre Steiner. It is December 2, 1996 at\n10:30. Mr. Steiner, can you tell us about your experience in Slovakia and how\nyou spent your years there?\n\nSTEINER: My experience in Slovakia is so complicated that I don't think that I\nshould even try now to explain to you right in a few minutes that we have. In a\nnutshell, I would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say that after a very successful five years of being an\narchitect in Brno, after the Germans occupied the Czech lands . . . being from\nBratislava, Slovakia, I had the opportunity to leave Brno and go to Bratislava,\nwhere a friend of mine and I edited an art magazine called Forum. That was a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reason that I told myself that, \"Let's go back again where the German danger was\nnot so great like it was in Brno.\" Because Slovakia was basically an independent\nstate where they had been not under occupation. It was only, I would say, under\ncontrol of the Germans instead of an occupation. We felt a little bit freer,\nespecially in the first few years. Even the Jewish community felt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"freer,\ncompared like it was in the Czech lands. I continued to be an architect in\nSlovakia, together with my friend, architect Szonyi. Why I wanted to mention\nthat because, through him, I was smart enough to work for the state resort\nplaces in Piestany, which was, by chance, very important in the future\ndevelopment, which I had the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunity to do for the Jewish community. Is that\npartly what you . . .\n\nINTERVIEWER: Yes. Then, when the Germans first started coming in and setting up\ncamps . . .\n\nSTEINER: No, the . . . A little bit later . . . I think in a year or so after I\nwas working with architect Szonyi for Piestany, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the so-called UZ was organized\nby the Slovaks--not only by the Germans but by the Slovaks--to be in charge\nabout the concentration of Jews in different work camps, which we, at that time,\ndidn't know what the real purpose was because at that time we didn't know that\nthere were some deportations were going to be organized from there. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was as an\narchitect employed by the Ustredna Zidov for the building department. As an\narchitect for the building department, I was charged to meet with the Slovak\nauthorities and build up the camps in Sered and Novaky, and this third little\ncamp in Vyhne, which I didn't have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to build anymore because it was an abundant\nresort place. In Sered and Novaky, that is how I became involved in the Jewish\nbattles, because before that I was a completely secular Jew who didn't have too\nmuch to do with the Jewish community. This was my entrance into the Slovak\nJewish community affairs.\n\nINTERVIEWER: Then after the camps were set up . . .\n\nSTEINER: After the camps were set up, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deportations started. The deportations\nwere all the time under the that we are going to go to Germany to work. Now,\nthat being a plan and a little bit accustomed to positive thinking instead of\nnegative thinking, I told myself: What if I would convince the Slovak\nauthorities that instead ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of sending the Jewish very skilled workers to Germany,\nwhy not try to do something in Slovakia, and make them work in a profitable way\nhere in Slovakia instead of send them to Germany? I still don't remember how . .\n. because after I told that in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the leadership of the UZ that I'm going to speak\nwith Dr. Koso, who was at that time the chief of presidium, that he should give\nus permission like that. That is why or how, I would say, that Steiner had a\nlist, not only Spielberg had a list of . . . What's the name of this . . .\n\nINTERVIEWER: Schindler.\n\nSTEINER: No, not only Schindler had a list--Steiner had a list. I went to Dr.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Koso and explained to him. He said, \"Okay, give me a list. Who are those whom\nyou would like to employ in these work camps?\" He asked me again, \"The first\ncondition that I would give you the permission to do that, you will have to\nguarantee me that it's not going to cost us--the Slovaks--anything, that you\nwill be completely ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"self-supporting.\" Now in connection with that, I would have\nto tell you something: How it is I really believe in coincidences. Now, what was\na coincidence: Here I was, the idea to set up some work camps in the different\nplaces where parallel to the work camps concentration for deportation was going\non, too. Now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how should I start this? I had a friend in a building company who\nwas that time involved in building some housing development where there was a\nneed for around a thousand wooden staircases. I heard about it, that the man had\nthe difficulty to get that done. I told myself, \"That would be a very fine\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunity.\" I would concentrate in cellars all the carpenters and\nwoodworkers--Jewish woodworkers, give that list to Dr. Koso, and receive\npermission that all these professionals should be sent with their equipment and\nwith their machinery to cellar. There we would put up a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woodworking shop. I went\nto this friend of mine who was in charge of all the building of this, and told\nhim that I would be very willing to organize the cellar in a way that we start\nout to do for these wooden stairs. But for that he said, \"Okay, but what kind of\nguarantee are you going to have that you are able to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that? You have all the\nmachinery that is needed and so on what is necessary to that?\" Again a\ncoincidence: At the same time there was what you call . . . a big exhibition.\nThe framework of this exhibition in Bratislava, a Swiss firm had the most modern\nwoodworking machinery on exhibition. We needed to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down with one of the\nleading cabinetmakers, looking at this machinery. He said, \"Andre, if we would\nbe able to buy this and install it in cellars, I can give you the guarantee\nthat, in time, we would be ready with the thousand staircases.\" Sure enough, I\nwent back to this friend of mine. I told him, \"Listen, I need 600,000 crowns,\"\nbecause that was the price of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"machinery. \"Give it to me. I am going to buy\nthe machinery there, install it in cellar immediately, and start now to\nfabricate for you the staircases.\" You know anytime what happens: Nothing goes\ncompletely straight and easily. He said, \"Andre, I cannot do that. I cannot give\nyou so much money without a guarantee of the UZ that you are buying, first of\nall, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the machinery, and you guarantee that you are going to deliver the\nstaircases.\" No again. I went back to the UZ, submitted it to Dr. Kovacs, who\nwas secretary, the whole idea that we need at least a letter of guarantee from\nthe president of UZ, who refused. Here I was again with the big promises, and\npartly the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"successful permission to do that, and the UZ now was not willing to\ngive me the letter of guarantee. In cases like that, it's better you don't\nspeculate too much legality or no legality. I told my friend Kovacs, \"Tibor, I\ntell you something: You know where the stamps are and everything from the UZ.\"\nHe was general secretary of it. \"We are going to write a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"letter of guarantee and\nI'm going to sign for the president. The hell with it. What can happen? We are\nspeaking about it not about legalities. We are speaking about it about saving\nhuman lives. Whether I have the legal right or not, so what? I'm going do it.\"\nHe said, \"Fine.\" We wrote a letter of guarantee. He took the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stamp from the\nUstredna Zidov. I signed for the president and took this false letter of\nguarantee back to my friend. Based on that, he gave me the 600,000 crowns.\nTaking the 600,000 crowns from him, we went out to the . . . bought the\nmachinery--everything that was there from the Swiss ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"firm. I think Lurvinger was\nhis name. He was the leading cabinetmaker. Took the whole group of Jewish\ncabinetmakers and carpenters. Two weeks later, we had this wonderful modern\nequipment in cellar. Now all that we had to buy was wood to be able to make the\nstaircases, but now we had already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the credibility that we are doing something,\nso we received from a Jewish woodman--not a woodworker--who sold construction\nwood. He delivered us all kind of wood we needed for the staircases. Two months\nlater, the 2,000 staircases had been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fabricated and found in a superior quality,\nbecause the work was not only . . . first of all, it was done by outstanding\nmachinery and most of the people who did this, the work, had been not carpenters\nbut cabinet makers. We delivered to this UZ now, for this building company,\nsuperior staircases. Now that success was reported to Dr. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Koso. That was the\nreason that he . . . that we proved that we can do something, what we promised,\nand he gave us the permission to build it up a little bit beyond that.\n\nINTERVIEWER: In doing so, you went on to build . . .\n\nSTEINER: By doing so, though certainly that was a so-called, what I called the\n\"Steiner List.\" I had an understanding with Dr. Koso and Pecuch and Vasek--who\nhad been in charge ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the camps--that all those who are being sent in, not\nfor the case of concentration and to be sent out, that they would be exempt from\ndeportation. That was, at that time, such a guarantee that a lot of\nprofessionals took that possibility and went into the cellar. We had not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only\ncabinetmakers and carpenters, but we had a number of different other\nprofessions. In Novaky, for instance, another friend of mine, Dr. Mandel, took\nthe opportunity and organized . . . they had very fine sewing machines. He made\nit full on . . . he had a list, too, and asked for women to be sent to Novaky.\nEach woman had to bring at least one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sewing machine. Suddenly from nothing, in\nNovaky, we could set up a huge, big, I would say nearly a factory, for making\nshirts and different other textiles under the leadership of Dr. Mandel, where we\nconcentrated hundreds and hundreds of women and hundreds and hundreds of sewing\nmachines. That was the busiest of the work camps in Novaky. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suddenly, we\nhad a number of what was Vyhne. What are we going to do with Vyhne? Again the\ncoincidence: An uncle of mine, Dr. Biss, who was a chemist, had a very fine\nchemical factory, and it was taken away from him in the process of Aryanization\nin Slovakia. I told my uncle, \"Why don't you liquidate everything what you can\nhere, and take as much as you can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from what you have in your factory to Vyhne,\nand put out and organize a chemical factory in Vyhne?\" Sure enough. Dr. Biss\nwent to Vyhne and organized a chemical factory. We had . . . on the list. Sered\nhad a very fine woodwork factory and he started to do wonderful high-quality\nfurniture. In Vyhne, we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a high-quality chemical factory. In Novaky, we had a\nhigh-quality textile factory, basically. All what we did now, after we added, as\nwe went along, according to the type of people who came into the whole . . . we\nhad been simply wound up in a year with nearly a hundred different other little\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shops and produced anything what the professionals could produce. That really .\n. . the skillful marketing scale from Jewish boys. They had been sending out\nfrom all of Slovakia the salesman! Suddenly we became, really, a very, very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"successful sales organization, too. We made enough that all three factories, all\nthe camps, became self-supporting and made it possible Dr. Koso, Dr. Vasek, and\nPecuch . . . all those three had been very proudly pondering if they could do it\nand considering if there's a very, really a positive contribution to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slovak economy.\n\nINTERVIEWER: That, in turn, stopped the deportations?\n\nSTEINER: Stopped the . . . Why I am bringing it up now is because most of the\nbooks and most of the interviews . . . They even spoke with me and even though\nall the time asked for the Europa Plan. Europa Plan was . . . a very\ninteresting, I would say, undertaking, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a very daring one, because through\nWiscliceny and the Slovaks, we had a feeling that we had succeeded to stop\ndeportations in Slovakia. After we stopped that, we had a feeling . . . the\nOrthodox Rabbi Weissmandel came up with the idea: \"Andre, why don't you go to\nWiscliceny and propose to him the same type of closing and finishing\ndeportation, not only in Slovakia, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but now finishing deportation in Europe?\" We\nwould try now to get the money. We decided before the Joint or from the Swiss\nrepresentative, if we are able to do the deal. Now nearly everybody speaks about\nthis Europa Plan as an interesting part of the Holocaust history, but Europa\nPlan was not successful. Here were the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three work camps, which I had organized,\nvery successful, and to the end of the war. We succeeded to concentrate there\nsomething between 4,000 to 5,000 people. At least, as I think the time that the\nSlovak Uprising came, where we could open the doors of the camp and everybody\nwas on his own and could go out in the private Slovak life. There was around, I\nwould say, 3,000 to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"4,000 Jewish people who could save their life based on these\nwork camps. Here was something that a group of Jews--not only Andre Steiner\nbecause I couldn't do it by myself . . . but I successfully . . . assembled a\nnumber of very highly skillful architects, workers, and business leaders who\nhelped me to organize their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps and helped me to save that way around 3,000 or\n4,000 Jewish lives.\n\nINTERVIEWER: That's great. That's a great story.\n\nSTEINER: That is, in a nutshell, the story of the work camps in Slovakia.\n\nINTERVIEWER: Now in the Spielberg movie, there was a story about one of the\nhigher echelon people and the bribes they were asking for . . .\n\nSTEINER: No, see, it was not only . . . bribe was, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would say, two types of\nbribes. We had the dollar bribes with Wiscliceny. We had the Slovak crown bribes\nto Dr. Vasek. Here was Dr. Koso, who we all the time said, \"Under no\ncircumstances try to bribe him with dollar and thing like that.\" Dr. Koso . . .\nwe had been bribing him, telling him that we are doing something ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good for the\nSlovak Republic. The bribe of Koso was through his wife, but that is such a\ncompletely different story that I don't want to go into that. The other type of\nbribe was the excellent quality of furniture. I started with my little group of\narchitects who had been assembling, designing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"furniture for the state resort\nplaces in . . . and the state resort places in . . . and even the Center for\nJournalism in Bratislava, and told them, \"We are going to design for you this\nfurniture and Sered's going to fabricate it and get it to you.\" That was the\nother type of bribe. By ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bribing high-quality furniture and high quality other\ndifferent items, which could be, could distribute to bribe the Hungary-Slovak\nauthorities right now. We concentrated with these bribes all of the time into\nplaces where we knew that we could add something to make the lives of the work\ncamps easier. For ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instance, one of the big questions was a kosher kitchen in the\ncamps. Weissmandel, the Orthodox rabbi, that was a very, very important question\nfor him. He came to me to ask me, \"Andre, why don't we make a kosher kitchen in\ncamp?\" I really was starting to laugh about him. I told him, \"Listen, if you are\nnot satisfied that we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organized something, a life-saving surrounding . . . Now\nyou want to complicate it even with a religious question of kosher kitchen or no\nkosher kitchen. As far as I am concerned, I couldn't care less.\" He said, \"Okay,\nAndre, you don't care, but we--the Orthodox Jews--care tremendously, and for us\nit would be very, very important. Even if there's money involved and bribes\ninvolved, go ahead and do it.\" Now I had to go back again to Dr. Koso and ask\nhim to make again ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a kosher kitchen, because Rabbi Weissmandel really . . . I\nhave to mention here . . . he had tremendous influence on me. He was, for me, I\nwould say like, I was not very religious at that time, and religion was not very\nimportant to me. Here I was exposed to a man for whom religion was tremendously\nimportant. He was really like a prophet. If he looked at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me with his warm eyes,\nhe told me, \"Andre, don't be afraid. Go to Koso. You will see he will permit\nit.\" Sure enough. Best of this, my experience, the human experience with Rabbi\nWeissmandel, it gave me the strength to go to Dr. Koso and ask him, \"Dr. Koso,\nhere I am faced with that question. I know that for you it is not important. For\nme it is not important. For them, it is important. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the more satisfied we\nmake these inhabitants now--humanly and even religiously--they will work even\nbetter.\" Dr. Koso gave me permission and told me, \"Go back to Dr. Vasek and\nPecuch,\" who was in-charge about the camps, \"and tell them that I gave you\npermission to organize kosher kitchen.\" Here we have been next to the life\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saving of the three camps, it became even religion saving, too. We succeeded to\nmake their life more satisfactory. That is the story of the kosher kitchen in\nthe camp.\n\nINTERVIEWER: How long did this go on for? This went on for two or three years?\n\nSTEINER: That went on . . . the whole camps went on till the Slovak ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uprising.\nThe bribery went not to . . . not only to the highest Slovak groups, the Slovak\nGuards, who had been in charge about the security of the camps, had been bribed\nby us, again with Slovak crowns and with different things which we produced in\nthe camps. One of the conditions with the bribes was that the time that the\nuprising came, we made all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three camps, the Slovak camp security, to open\nthe gates and let everybody go on their own. That way, I can say that the three\ncamps had been a life-saving entirety, because after the Slovak Uprising came,\neverybody could go out. Now they had been on their own and saved themselves as\nthey could. But the basic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saving devices were these three working camps. That's\nwhy I consider that if anybody comes to interview me, forgot about the details\nwhich are very interesting, the so-called Europa Plan and my dealings with\nWiscliceny and so on. Basically those have not been too successful. But here is\nsomething that a group of Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boys created for Jewish people, and organized\nJewish life, and became successful.\n\nINTERVIEWER: It's amazing how the story parallels that of Schindler's.\n\nSTEINER: Yes.\n\nINTERVIEWER: I guess over the years we'll find out that there were even more\ncircumstances in different areas where that . . .\n\nSTEINER: Sure, because now after Professor Bauer in Jerusalem wrote a book about\nJews for sale . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very interesting book, it's not too far . . . I think\naround two years ago in 1994, where he describes the different other\npossibilities in different other countries in Europe where, through bribing,\nthey had been able to buy Jews because Jews were for sale, and nearly everywhere\nwhere the Germans were, bribe was possible.\n\nINTERVIEWER: Is there anything else you'd like to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/transcript/21523/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recount?\n\nSTEINER: No, I think . . .\n\nINTERVIEWER: I think that was great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1680.0,1710.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrno is the second largest city in the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Moravia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Munich Agreement of September 29-30, 1938 had permitted Germany to annex the Sudetenland. With Germany’s support, the Slovakian parliament proclaimed Slovakia independent on March 14, 1939. The next day, German troops occupied Bohemia and Moravia, declaring it a Protectorate, and Hungary seized the remnants of sub-Carpathian Ruthenia. The Slovak Republic fell under the leadership of a Catholic priest, Jozef Tiso. His right-wing party (called the Hlinka [Slovak: People’s] party) established a fascist, authoritarian, one-party dictatorship, strongly influenced by the separatist Catholic clerical hierarchy in internal policy and closely allied with Nazi Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBratislava is the capital of present-day Slovakia and is situated on the border of Austria and Hungary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen Czechoslovakia was annexed and occupied by Germany and Hungary in 1938, hundred of Jewish refugees fled to Bratislava. According to a census of December 15, 1940, there were about 88,951 Jews in Slovakia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eForum\u003c/em\u003e was a monthly magazine on architecture, interior design and art edited by Andre Steiner and Endre Szönyi in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia from January 1931 until 1938.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Slovakia, Jews were not under direct German rule but were subject to a regime that strove to follow National Socialist ideals. Between 1939 and 1940, the government passed a series of anti-Jewish laws that increasingly disenfranchised Jews, separating them both economically and socially from the rest of the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiestany [Slovak: Piešťany] is a popular spa town in western Slovakia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eUstredna Zidov\u003c/em\u003e [Slovak:\u003cem\u003e Ústredňa Židov\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003eÚŽ\u003c/em\u003e; Jewish Center] was a Jewish institution organized by the Slovak government in 1940 to run Jewish affairs, similar to the Judenrat established by the Germans in occupied territories. The Jewish Center was headed by a \u003cem\u003estarosta\u003c/em\u003e [Slovak: elder], who was assisted by a council. The \u003cem\u003estarosta\u003c/em\u003e was Arpad Sebestyen, who unhesitatingly obeyed the Slovakian authorities. Under increasing pressure from Germany, the Slovakian government adopted “The Jewish Code” in 1941, which established labor camps for Jews. Between March and October 1942, the Slovak authorities concentrated over 58,000 Slovak Jews in labor and concentration camps. In September 1941 there were some 80 centers for forced labor in Slovakia, employing 5,440 Jewish men. At the end of 1941 many of these centers closed, and the Slovakian Jews—including women and children—were concentrated in three labor camps located within Slovakian borders – Sered, Novaky and Vyhne. Deportations soon followed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSered [Slovak: Sereď] is a town in southern Slovak Republic. In the winter of 1941-1942, a team of Jewish craftsmen was sent to a military camp near the town to prepare the camp for Jewish labor draftees. During the spring and summer of 1942, the authorities began using Sered as a labor camp and 300 Jewish trained professionals were transferred to Sered in order to set up a cement factory and a carpentry shop. During the summer of 1942, five transports took 4,500 Jews from the Sered camp to Poland. After the last transport, the volume of production was expanded, and the camp profitably supplied manufactured goods both to the civilian market and to government agencies. Prisoners produced furniture, concrete pipes, wooden toys and many other products. Conditions for the roughly 1,300 inmates in the camp also improved; workers could get passes to leave the camp, classes were held for children, a pool and athletic field were available for their use, and a variety of cultural activities were permitted. Many Jews left to join the partisans when the camp was opened during the Slovak national uprising in August 1944. However, after the Germans put down the uprising, Sered was taken under their control. From October 1944 to March 1945, 13,500 Jews were deported from Sered to Theresienstadt and Auschwitz-Birkenau. The Soviet army liberated the camp in April 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNovaky [Slovak: Nováky] is a town in central Slovakia. In late 1941, Jews were brought to the town and a labor camp began operating in mid-1942. Novaky, one of the largest labor camps in Slovakia, housed 1,600 Jewish prisoners in a former military building. Most were skilled craftsmen and carpenters who worked in workshops. The workshops in Novaky began operation in March 1942, at the same time as the deportations began. The products they produced were high quality and made the camp an economic success. The conditions at the camp were not bad: food rations were adequate, the prisoners ran their own school, medical clinics, and welfare institutions, and cultural activities such as drama, religious studies, and sports were allowed. In fact, the camp even had a swimming pool. An underground was also in existence at Novaky. Novaky was liberated in August 1944 during the Slovak National Uprising. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVyhne is a spa town located in the mountains of central Slovakia, near a nature preserve. It is known for its thermal swimming pools. In 1940, a camp was erected within an abandoned medical facility to house 326 Jewish refugees from Prague who had been imprisoned in Sosnowiec, Poland. When deportations of Slovakian Jews began in the beginning of 1942, the Jewish Center asked the Slovak government to establish camps where Jews could work and be spared from deportation. Vyhne soon became a textile factory that began producing goods. The conditions at the camp were not bad: the prisoners received adequate food rations, the children there had a school, and the inmates were even allowed to leave the camp from time to time. The camp closed during the Slovakian Uprising in August 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany of the employees in the \u003cem\u003eUstredna Zidov\u003c/em\u003e [Slovak: Jewish Center] collaborated with the Nazis and some of those working at the center opposed the way the organization was run. Together with Jewish leaders not associated with the Jewish Center, they set up their own semi-underground agency called the “Working Group.” The group members were of different ideological and religious persuasions, and included Zionists, Orthodox, and assimilated members. Gisi Fleischmann and Rabbi Michael Dov Weissmandel were the leaders of the group. They worked together with Andrew Steiner, Tibor Kovacs, Oskar Neumann and Rabbi Abba Frieder. They were supported by a larger group of public figures and activists in the various youth movements. Through a variety of methods including bribery, the Working Group led the efforts to rescue the remaining elements of the Slovak Jewish community from deportation. Partly as a result of their efforts, the deportations were stopped in October 1942. The Working Group played a major role in getting the camps Sered, Novaky, and Vyhne designated as labor camps so that their Jewish specialist workforces would be safe from deportation. All three camps employed both men and women, who, in return for their work, received shelter, food and clothing. Some institutions were set up in the camps for their benefit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn March 1942, Slovakia signed an agreement with Germany that permitted the deportation of the Slovak Jews. Between March and October 1942, 58,645 Jews were deported in 57 transports from transit camps in Zilina, Novaky, Michalovce, Sered, Poprad, Spisska Nova Ves, and Patronka—a temporary camp that had been erected in an abandoned factory on the outskirts of Bratislava. German authorities killed virtually all of the deported Slovakian Jews in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Lublin/Majdanek, Sobibor and other locations in German-occupied Poland. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInitially, the Slovakian government believed the Slovakian Jews were being sent to Germany as laborers. Contact was established at a very early stage between the deportees and the Jews left behind in Slovakia. As a result, the Jewish organizations in Slovakia and other neutral countries soon learned that the German authorities were actually murdering the Slovak Jews in German-occupied Poland. The Slovakian government, who was increasingly under pressure from the Vatican and others who had heard the reports, halted deportations in the autumn of 1942. By then, nearly three-fourths of the entire Slovakian Jewish population had already been killed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Izidor Koso (sometimes also Kesso or Kosso) was the Director General of the Slovakian Republic’s Prime Minister's office.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSteven Spielberg (born 1948) is a Jewish American director, producer and screenwriter. In 1993, Spielberg directed and co-produced \u003cem\u003eSchindler’s List\u003c/em\u003e, based on the book by Thomas Keneally of the same name. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOskar Schindler (1908-1974) was an ethnic German born in Svitavy (Zwittau), Moravia (present-day Czech Republic). During World War II, he was a Nazi party-member who became a factory-owner and is credited with saving the lives of the almost 1,200 Jews he employed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1942, a number of buildings in Sered, Vyhne and Novaky functioned as a concentration camp to serve the deportation policy, separated from the work camp by boundaries, and supervised by armed guards. When the deportations had ceased in November 1942, Sered, Vyhne and Novaky housed some 2,200 Jews. On May 31, 1943 the other camps were formally disbanded and the remaining \"work Jews\" were concentrated in the camps at Sered, Novaky, and Vyhne.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Slovak \u003cem\u003ekoruna\u003c/em\u003e (sometimes also called the “Slovak crown”) was the currency of the Slovak Republic. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Tibor Kovacs was an assimilated Jew, who worked in the welfare office of the Jewish Center in Bratislava, primarily on matters having to do with labor. He was also a member of the Working Group. When the deportation of whole families from Slovakia began, Kovacs sat as the head of the Appeals Department, and attempted to impede the arbitrary deportation of families who had received deferrals. In October 1944 Kovacs himself was targeted for arrest. He was warned and went into hiding. After the war, he was the main witness in the trial of Dr. Anton Vasek, of the Slovakian Ministry of Interior, who was in charge of the deportation of Jews of Slovakia to their deaths. Kovacs committed suicide in Czechoslovakia in the 1950’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePecuch was deputy chief of the Slovakian Republic’s Ministry of the Interior.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Anton Vasek (1905—1946) was a Slovakian lawyer and politician who worked for the Slovakian Republic’s Ministry of the Interior during World War II. In April 1942, Vasek was put in charge of a new department, known as Section 14, which was responsible for the deportation of the Slovakian Jews. Nicknamed “The King of the Jews,” Vasek was known to accept bribes to keep Jews from deportations. After the war, Vasek was arrested by the Soviets and sentenced to death by the Czechoslovak People’s Court. He was hanged in Bratislava in July 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear who Andre is referring to, however, there was a survivor named Louis Mandel who later published a pamphlet documenting his experiences in Slovakia during the war called “The Tragedy of Slovak Jewry in Slovakia,” which can be read at \u003ca href=\"https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Slovakia/Slovakia.html\"\u003ehttps://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Slovakia/Slovakia.html\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Slovak Parliament passed a bill in September 1940 making it possible for the government to acquire Jewish industrial and commercial enterprises in a process known as \"Aryanization.\" Aryanization meant the dismissal of Jewish workers and managers of a company and/or the takeover of Jewish-owned businesses by non-Jewish Germans who bought them at bargain prices fixed by government or Nazi party officials.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Europa Plan was a large-scale rescue plan devised by the semi-underground Jewish organization \u003cem\u003ePracovna Skupina\u003c/em\u003e [Slovak: Working Group] in Bratislava, Slovakia. The plan was to essentially pay the Germans a ransom to stop the deportation of Slovakian Jews to Polish concentration camps. Negotiations began in November 1942 and lasted through August 1943. The group paid Nazi SS officer Dieter Wisliceny at least $20,000 in advance while they attempted to raise more money from many different Jewish and non-Jewish groups around the world—in particular the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. Unfortunately, Heinrich Himmler ordered the negotiations to cease and Jews from Slovakia continued to be deported.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDieter Wiscliceny (1911—1948) was an SS officer and deputy to Adolf Eichmann in the Jewish Affairs Department of the Reich Security Main Office (\u003cem\u003eReichssicherheitshauptamt\u003c/em\u003e, RSHA). By 1940, he was acting as advisor on Jewish affairs to the Slovakian government, and took part in the deportation of Jews from Slovakia, Greece, and Hungary between 1942 and 1944. During that time, Wiscliceny accepted bribes from the Slovakian Jewish underground and led the ultimately failed negotiations known as the Europe Plan. After the war, Wiscliceny was sentenced to death and hanged in Bratislava in 1948. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe deportations of Slovakian Jews stopped in the autumn of 1942. Most members of the Working Group believed that they had succeeded in putting a stop to the deportations from Slovakia thanks to the bribes they had paid Wislieceny. The pause in deportations lasted for two years, during which time negotiations took place for the so-called Europa Plan—an ill-fated attempt to save all the Jews in Europe by paying ransom. The pause was really only a respite for the 24,000 remaining Slovakian Jews and deportations began again in the autumn of 1944. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Michael Dov Weissmandel (1903—1956) was an Orthodox rabbi. In the spring of 1942, at the height of the deportation of the Slovakian Jews to their deaths, Rabbi Weissmandel and his colleagues in the so-called Working Group (an underground Jewish resistance) made an attempt to save the Jews of Europe. Rabbi Weissmandel was one of the initiators of the idea of paying a ransom to the SS in order to put a stop to the deportations to Poland. In 1944, the deportations from Slovakia to Auschwitz resumed. In October 1944 Rabbi Weissmandel and his family were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Rabbi Weissmandel managed to escape from the deportation train and survived in hiding near Bratislava, but his wife and children were murdered in Auschwitz-Birkenau. After the war, Weissmandel immigrated to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York that was established in 1914. During the Nazi era they tried to get Jewish refugees out of Europe. When war broke out they helped thousands of Jews in Poland with shelters and soup kitchens, hospitals, and educational and cultural programs. When the United States entered the war in 1941, the Joint shifted gears since it was not allowed to operate legally in enemy countries. They used international connections to channel aid to Jews in conquered Europe. The Working Group was in contact with the Joint through Swiss representatives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Slovak National Uprising or 1944 Uprising was an armed insurrection organized by the Slovak resistance movement during World War II. Groups including the Communist Party, Slovak nationalists, and a group of Slovak army officers hoped to overthrow the pro-Nazi government of Jozef Tiso. On August 28, 1944 German troops invaded Slovakia to suppress the country's Partisans. At that point, the uprising erupted. More than 2,000 Jews also participated in the revolt, including underground fighters from the Jewish labor camps at Novaky, Sered, and Vyhne. In October the Nazis sent in thousands of soldiers to destroy the rebellion. On October 27 the uprising headquarters were crushed, signaling the end of the uprising.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn June 1943, there were more than 3,000 Jews in the work camps at Novaky, Sered, and Vyhne and some 650 Jewish forced laborers in various other labor centers. The Working Group's bribes of Slovak officials, which led to the opening of the work camps is therefore believed to have saved as many as 4,000 Slovak Jews from certain death. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring negotiations for the Europa Plan, the Working Group bribed Dr. Koso’s wife to carry a letter across the border to their Swiss representatives. When the letter was discovered, one of the Working Group’s leaders, Gili Fleischmann, was arrested.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e refers to Jewish laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hlinka Guard was the militia maintained by the Slovak People's Party in the period from 1938 to 1945. It was named after Andrej Hlinka. In 1942, the Hlinka Guard helped the Nazis capture Slovak Jews and deport them to extermination camps. However, the guard discontinued its participation in those activities after the Vatican representative in Slovakia denounced the deportations. After the 1944 Slovak National Uprising, the SS took over the guard and used it for its own purposes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough the work camps in Sered, Novaky, and Vyhne were successful in preventing the deportations of an estimated 4,000 Jews who were employed there between 1942 and 1944, it is not known how many of those survived after the Slovak Uprising in the autumn of 1944. The camps were dismantled during the uprising and the Jews who had been held there escaped. Some Jews chose to join in the fighting, while others hid or assumed false identities as Aryans. A minority escaped to Hungary. After the uprising, German forces entered Slovakia, and together with loyal Slovakian forces, put down the uprising. Approximately 12,600 Jews were concentrated in Sered and deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Theresienstadt, and other camps in Germany. An estimated 3,500 were also killed fighting with partisans or after being caught in hiding. Perhaps half of the Jews deported out of Slovakia during and just after the uprising ended in October 1944 survived. In all, between 70,000 and 75,000 Slovakian Jews (over 80 percent of Slovakia’s total Jewish population) are estimated to have died during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/annotation_set/300/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYehuda Bauer is a leading Holocaust scholar who published a book called \u003cem\u003eJews for Sale: Nazi Jewish Negotiations 1933–45\u003c/em\u003e in 1994. In the book, Bauer presents multiple instances that took place between 1942 and 1945 where the Germans were willing to exchange Jewish lives for money but Western reluctance or a lack of money being raised often caused negotiations to fail. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1620.0,1650.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Steiner, Andre [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Experience in Slovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=11.0,140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Steiner, can you tell us about your experience in Slovakia and how you spent your years there?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=11.0,140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Andre (Ondrej) Steiner","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Architect","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bratislava, Slovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brno, Czech Republic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Piestany, Slovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solvakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=11.0,140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working as an Architect for Ustredna Zidov","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=140.0,237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A little bit later . . . I think in a year or so after I was working with architect Szonyi for Piestany, the so-called UZ was organized\nby the Slovaks--not only by the Germans but by the Slovaks--to be in charge about the concentration of Jews in different work camps, which we, at that time, didn't know what the real purpose was because at that time we didn't know that there were some deportations were going to be organized from there.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=140.0,237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Architect Szonyi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deportation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Novaky, Slovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Piestany, Slovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sered, Slovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slovak Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ustredna Zidov (UZ)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vyhne, Slovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=140.0,237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deportation Begins and Trying to Keep Jews in Slovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=237.0,364.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After the camps were set up, the deportations started. The deportations were all the time under the that we are going to go to Germany to work. Now, that being a plan and a little bit accustomed to positive thinking instead of negative thinking, I told myself: What if I would convince the Slovak authorities that instead of sending the Jewish very skilled workers to Germany,\nwhy not try to do something in Slovakia, and make them work in a profitable way here in Slovakia instead of send them to Germany?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=237.0,364.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deportation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Izidor Koso","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Skilled Jewish Workers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ustredna Zidov (UZ)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=237.0,364.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Devising a Plan to Keep Jewish Workers in Slovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=364.0,796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now in connection with that, I would have to tell you something: How it is I really believe in coincidences. Now, what was a coincidence: Here I was, the idea to set up some work camps in the different places where parallel to the work camps concentration for deportation was going on, too. Now how should I start this? I had a friend in a building company who was that time involved in building some housing development where there was a need for around a thousand wooden staircases.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=364.0,796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bratislava, Slovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deportation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Izidor Koso","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish 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Staircases","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=364.0,796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Steiner List and Saving Jews from Deportation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=796.0,1057.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By doing so, though certainly that was a so-called, what I called the \"Steiner List.\" I had an understanding with Dr. Koso and Pecuch and Vasek--who had been in charge about the camps--that all those who are being sent in, not for the case of concentration and to be sent out, that they would be exempt from deportation.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=796.0,1057.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cabinetmakers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carpenters","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chemical Factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Anton Vasek","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. 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Why I am bringing it up now is because most of the books and most of the interviews . . . They even spoke with me and even though all the time asked for the Europa Plan. Europa Plan was . . . a very interesting, I would say, undertaking, and a very daring one, because through Wiscliceny and the Slovaks, we had a feeling that we had succeeded to stop deportations in Slovakia.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1057.0,1215.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deportations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dieter Wiscliceny","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europa Plan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Weissmandel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slovak Uprising","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Work Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1057.0,1215.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dealing with Bribes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1215.0,1340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now in the Spielberg movie, there was a story about one of the higher echelon people and the bribes they were asking for . . .","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1215.0,1340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bratislava, Slovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bribes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Center for Journalism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dieter Wiscliceny","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dollar Bribes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Anton Vasek","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Izodor Koso","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"High-Quality Furniture Bribes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sered, Slovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slovak Crown Bribes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"State Resort","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Steven Spielberg","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1215.0,1340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Using Bribes to Get a Kosher Kitchen in Work Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1340.0,1523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We concentrated with these bribes all of the time into places where we knew that we could add something to make the lives of the work camps easier. For instance, one of the big questions was a kosher kitchen in the camps. Weissmandel, the Orthodox rabbi, that was a very, very important question for him.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1340.0,1523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bribes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Anton Vasek","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Izidor Koso","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Pecuch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kosher Kitchen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Weissmandel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Work Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1340.0,1523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bribery and the Slovak Uprising","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990#t=1523.0,1683.771"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35075/file/103990/index/47539/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That went on . . . the whole camps went on till the Slovak Uprising. The bribery went not to . . . not only to the highest Slovak groups, the Slovak Guards, who had been in charge about the security of the camps, had been bribed by us, again with Slovak crowns and with different things which we produced in the camps. 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