{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/7940r9nc3g/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Donenfeld, Irwin"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2004-07-10 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Donenfeld, Irwin (Interviewee)","Berman, Sandra (Interviewer)","Leavy, Jane (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["The William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta Special Exhibition Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eIrwin Donenfeld was interviewed by Sandra Berman and Jane Leavy on July 10, 2004, in Atlanta Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eIrwin Donenfeld’s parents, Harry and Gussie [Weinstein] Donenfeld, immigrated to the United States and met in New York City. They married in 1917 and had two children, Irwin in 1926 and his sister Sonia in 1927. After becoming involved in the printing and distribution business, Harry made connections and partnerships that allowed him to start his own comics distributing company. Harry was pitched the character Superman and he agreed to publish it. Superman quickly became a success, allowing the company to grow and eventually become DC Comics. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIrwin was only 12 years old when Superman was first published, but he reflects fondly on reading proofs of the first Superman and Batman comics. During World War II, Irwin enlisted to serve in the Air Force. After Irwin’s time in the military, he started working for his father, the children of DC Comics co-founders were not interested in the comic book industry, allowing Irwin to eventually take on the role of leading DC Comics in 1960. Irwin and his father were both passionate about comic books, believing that they were valuable tools for literacy and an important part of childhood. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIrwin was married three times and had five children, in 1970 he married Carole [Schnapp], the niece of his colleague and one of DC Comics' co-founders. In 1967, Kinney National Company purchased DC Comics and Irwin retired shortly after. Irwin and Carole lived in Westport, Connecticut and Irwin passed away in 2004. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses primarily on Irwin’s recollection of his father Harry and how Harry came to be involved in the comics business. Irwin discussed how his parents came to the United States and opened a furniture store that went bankrupt. Shortly after Harry joined his brothers’ printing company, renaming it Donny Press. Irwin recalled that his father was an excellent salesman and very personable, making many friends. This was an asset for Harry when he began partnering with others in the printing and magazine industry, including Paul Sampliner, Jack Liebowitz, and Malcolm Wheeler. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIrwin detailed how his father was the one to agree to publish Superman after being pitched the character by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. He recalled being the first to see the artwork and proofs of Superman and Batman, describing it as his claim to early fame. Irwin discussed his relationships with other well-known people involved with DC Comics, he spoke fondly of many artists and employees but expressed a dislike of Jerry Siegel. He recounts an instance of Siegel picketing outside his home in Long Island during a legal dispute over the rights to Superman. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIrwin went on to further reflect upon his father, where he grew up, and how his father involved his brothers in his business endeavors. Gussie, Irwin’s mother, is mentioned and Irwin describes her as a driving force behind his father’s business, her ability to make friends with the wives of wholesalers was important. Irwin emphasized that Harry made quick friends, even on the military base where Irwin was serving. Throughout Irwin’s life, he remembers famous people such as Eddie Cantor and Frank Costello calling after his father. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe recounted how he advocated for the merit of comic books, speaking to Parent Teacher Associations about the importance of comic books for childhood literacy skills. He mentioned that his father contributed to the war efforts by printing information books for the Army and releasing comics with simpler language so soldiers could enjoy them regardless of reading skill. When asked about the prevalence of Jewish creators and writers in the comic book industry, Irwin expressed that drawing comics was a particular skill and that many young Jewish got involved because there were opportunities to do something creative.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhen asked about his family’s traditions and practices, Irwin mentioned that his parents both spoke Yiddish, but he and his sister did not. His extended family had immigrated to the United States together and Irwin does not recall losing any family in the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIrwin explained how he came to take over DC Comics around 1960, Sampliner’s and Liebowitz’s children were not interested in the comics industry so Irwin was the one to take on the leading role after the founders retired. He recounts how exciting it was to be leading DC Comics when Batman and Superman had their own television shows, he reminisces on contributing to the Batman television series. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIrwin reflected on his experiences working with Bob Kane and Bill Finger, and provided further insight into how creators interacted with one another and how they were credited for their work. Irwin expressed regret that Finger died in poverty, reflecting how Kane kept Finger down and didn’t share equally in the fame he amassed through creating Batman. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe interview concludes with Irwin discussing DC Comics being bought by Kinney National Company and how that led to his retirement in the early 1970’s. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29191"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Donenfeld, Irwin (1926-2004) (personal name)","Donenfeld, Harry (1893-1965) (personal name)","Liebowitz, Jack (born Yacov Lebovitz) (1900-2000) (personal name)","Siegel, Jerry (1914-1996) (personal name)","Shuster, Joe (1914-1992) (personal name)","Sampliner, Paul (1898-1975) (personal name)","Finger, Bill (born Milton Finger) (1914-1974) (personal name)","Kane, Bob (born Robert Kahn) (1915-1998) (personal name)","Ellsworth, Whitney (1908-1980) (personal name)","Wheeler, Malcolm (1890-1965) (personal name)","Mayer, Sheldon (1917-1991) (personal name)","Gaines, Maxwell Charles (born Max Ginzberg) (1894-1947) (personal name)","Costello, Frank (born Francesco Castiglia) (1891-1973) (personal name)","Sullivan, Vincent (1911 -1999) (personal name)","Wertham, Fredric (1895-1981) (personal name)","Swan, Curt (1920-1996) (personal name)","Lee, Stan (born Stanley Martin Lieber) (1922-2018) (personal name)","Ross, Steve (born Steven Jay Rechnitz) (1927-1992) (personal name)","DC Comics (corporate name)","Donny Press (corporate name)","The International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (corporate name)","Hearst Communications, Inc. (corporate name)","Eastern Distributing Corporation (corporate name)","Independent News Company (corporate name)","All-American Publications (corporate name)","Marvel Comics (corporate name)","American News Company (corporate name)","Kinney National Company (corporate name)","National Comics Publications, Inc. (corporate name)","Long Island, New York (geographic term)","Woodmere, New York (geographic term)","San Diego, California (geographic term)","Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (geographic term)","Sands Point, New York (geographic term)","Westport, Connecticut (geographic term)","Norwalk, Connecticut (geographic term)","Romania (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Hollywood, California (geographic term)","Lower East Side, New York City (geographic term)","Keesler Air Force Base (geographic)","Washington D.C. (geographic term)","San Diego Comic-Con International (named event)","Parent Teacher Association (PTA) (corporate name)","Superman (personal name)","Kent, Clark (personal name)","Flash (personal name)","Green Lantern (personal name)","Superboy (personal name)","Wonder Woman (personal name)","Batman (personal name)","The Golden Age (chronological term)","The Silver Age (chronological term)","The Great Depression (named event)","The McCarthy Era (named event)","World War II (named event)","The Holocaust (named event)","The Triangle Waist Company Factory Fire (named event)","Captain Marvel (personal name)","Adventure Comics (other)","More Fun Comics (other)","Action Comics (other)","Detective Comics (other)","The Seduction of the Innocent (other)","Yiddish (other)","Comic Books (other)","Pulp Magazines (other)","Patriotism (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eIrwin Donenfeld was interviewed by Sandra Berman and Jane Leavy on July 10, 2004, in Atlanta Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIrwin Donenfeld\u0026rsquo;s parents, Harry and Gussie [Weinstein] Donenfeld, immigrated to the United States and met in New York City. They married in 1917 and had two children, Irwin in 1926 and his sister Sonia in 1927. After becoming involved in the printing and distribution business, Harry made connections and partnerships that allowed him to start his own comics distributing company. Harry was pitched the character Superman and he agreed to publish it. Superman quickly became a success, allowing the company to grow and eventually become DC Comics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIrwin was only 12 years old when Superman was first published, but he reflects fondly on reading proofs of the first Superman and Batman comics. During World War II, Irwin enlisted to serve in the Air Force. After Irwin\u0026rsquo;s time in the military, he started working for his father, the children of DC Comics co-founders were not interested in the comic book industry, allowing Irwin to eventually take on the role of leading DC Comics in 1960. Irwin and his father were both passionate about comic books, believing that they were valuable tools for literacy and an important part of childhood.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIrwin was married three times and had five children, in 1970 he married Carole [Schnapp], the niece of his colleague and one of DC Comics' co-founders. In 1967, Kinney National Company purchased DC Comics and Irwin retired shortly after. Irwin and Carole lived in Westport, Connecticut and Irwin passed away in 2004.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses primarily on Irwin\u0026rsquo;s recollection of his father Harry and how Harry came to be involved in the comics business. Irwin discussed how his parents came to the United States and opened a furniture store that went bankrupt. Shortly after Harry joined his brothers\u0026rsquo; printing company, renaming it Donny Press. Irwin recalled that his father was an excellent salesman and very personable, making many friends. This was an asset for Harry when he began partnering with others in the printing and magazine industry, including Paul Sampliner, Jack Liebowitz, and Malcolm Wheeler.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIrwin detailed how his father was the one to agree to publish Superman after being pitched the character by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. He recalled being the first to see the artwork and proofs of Superman and Batman, describing it as his claim to early fame. Irwin discussed his relationships with other well-known people involved with DC Comics, he spoke fondly of many artists and employees but expressed a dislike of Jerry Siegel. He recounts an instance of Siegel picketing outside his home in Long Island during a legal dispute over the rights to Superman.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIrwin went on to further reflect upon his father, where he grew up, and how his father involved his brothers in his business endeavors. Gussie, Irwin\u0026rsquo;s mother, is mentioned and Irwin describes her as a driving force behind his father\u0026rsquo;s business, her ability to make friends with the wives of wholesalers was important. Irwin emphasized that Harry made quick friends, even on the military base where Irwin was serving. Throughout Irwin\u0026rsquo;s life, he remembers famous people such as Eddie Cantor and Frank Costello calling after his father.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe recounted how he advocated for the merit of comic books, speaking to Parent Teacher Associations about the importance of comic books for childhood literacy skills. He mentioned that his father contributed to the war efforts by printing information books for the Army and releasing comics with simpler language so soldiers could enjoy them regardless of reading skill. When asked about the prevalence of Jewish creators and writers in the comic book industry, Irwin expressed that drawing comics was a particular skill and that many young Jewish got involved because there were opportunities to do something creative. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhen asked about his family\u0026rsquo;s traditions and practices, Irwin mentioned that his parents both spoke Yiddish, but he and his sister did not. His extended family had immigrated to the United States together and Irwin does not recall losing any family in the Holocaust.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIrwin explained how he came to take over DC Comics around 1960, Sampliner\u0026rsquo;s and Liebowitz\u0026rsquo;s children were not interested in the comics industry so Irwin was the one to take on the leading role after the founders retired. He recounts how exciting it was to be leading DC Comics when Batman and Superman had their own television shows, he reminisces on contributing to the Batman television series.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIrwin reflected on his experiences working with Bob Kane and Bill Finger, and provided further insight into how creators interacted with one another and how they were credited for their work. Irwin expressed regret that Finger died in poverty, reflecting how Kane kept Finger down and didn\u0026rsquo;t share equally in the fame he amassed through creating Batman.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe interview concludes with Irwin discussing DC Comics being bought by Kinney National Company and how that led to his retirement in the early 1970\u0026rsquo;s.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/200/096/small/Donenfeld_Irwin.mp4_1690055115.jpg?1690055116","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Donenfeld_Irwin.mp4"]},"duration":3523.52,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/200/096/small/Donenfeld_Irwin.mp4_1690055115.jpg?1690055116","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/200/096/original/Donenfeld_Irwin.mp4?1690055113","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3523.52,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Donenfeld, Irwin [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is July 10, I'm here with Irwin Donenfeld, whose father [Harry\nDonenfeld] founded DC Comics. I'd like to begin by asking you a little bit about\nyour father, I would really like to know where he was from, how he ended up in\nthe United States and in the comic book business.\n\nDONENFELD: He was born in Romania and my mother was born in Russia, and they met\nhere. After they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married, they started a store in New Jersey, which wasn't\nsuccessful. At the same time, my father had three brothers, Uncle Charlie, Uncle\nIrving, and Uncle Mike. Charlie started a printing company, and the name of that\ncompany was Donny Press. After Dad left this store and came into New York with\nMom, he began working for Uncle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charlie. The beginning of everything was Uncle\nCharlie, who started Donny Press. None of the magazines and books that you read\nsay anything about that, but Uncle Charlie was the beginning of everything. Dad\nwas the salesman; he was just a natural born salesman. His two biggest accounts\nwere the International Ladies Garment Workers Union and Hearst Magazines. He\nprinted the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"circulars for them, and that's how he got involved in the magazine\nbusiness. He met a man by the name of Malcolm Wheeler, who was putting out pulp\nmagazines, Dad, also one of his clients, Dad printed the covers for them.\nMalcolm Wheeler went bankrupt and Dad was stuck with the magazines, the covers,\nand being owed a lot of money. Didn't know what to do about it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He knew a man by\nthe name of Paul Sampliner and Paul had been in the magazine, also Jewish, by\nthe way, also in the magazine business. He had a distributing company, I think\nit was called Eastern Distributing, that did not pan out and that went bankrupt.\nDad and Paul got together with these magazines, and they apparently, they\nborrowed the money to start the Independent News Company from Paul Sampliner's\nmother. She was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"backer for the whole of the distributing thing. Dad and Paul\nwere partners in Independent News and Dad was the sole owner of these magazines.\nThe first magazines that they published under his own name were racy magazines,\ntoday wouldn't be very racy, but spicy adventures, spicy detective, silk\nstockings, magazines like that. Also, Malcolm Wheeler ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had started a comic book\nbusiness, that too went bankrupt. Dad bought him out, and he started the\nmagazines as we know it today. I don't remember the original ones, there was\nMore Fun, Adventure Comics, stuff like that. He got into Superman quite by\naccident. Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who created Superman, tried to peddle\nthis idea of Superman all around the country to newspapers, and nobody was\ninterested. Finally, came to Dad, and everybody takes credit for it, but the\nanswer really was that Dad was the one who said, \"Okay, we'll go with it.\" Jack\nLiebowitz takes credit, Sheldon Mayer takes credit, Charlie Gaines takes credit,\neverybody takes credit. Still, Dad was the boss ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he was the kind of a person\nwho did what he wanted. He said, \"I'll publish Superman.\" He did. That started\nthe whole craze of the superheroes . . . I wasn't around. This is just hearsay\nwhen I say everybody took credit for it. In the various books that have been\nwritten about comic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"books, they mention Mr. Gaines and other people, of course,\nthey call him Maxwell Gaines. He wasn't Maxwell Gaines, that was his name, but\nhe was Charlie Gaines to everybody who knew him. Of course, I knew him very well.\n\nBERMAN: Who was he exactly? How was he in relation . . . ?\n\nDONENFELD: He was involved in . . . as a broker. He would have cartoonists\nworking for him, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he would sell their products to the various newspapers. Siegel\nand Schuster went to him with Superman, he tried to peddle it and nobody was\ninterested. He said, \"Look, Harry Donenfeld is putting out a new magazine. Why\ndon't you show it to him?\" That's how it all started, because Charlie Gaines\ntold them to go to Dad. Now, they were working for Dad all along, they were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"producing Slam Bradley and a couple of other strips. It wasn't that he didn't\nknow Dad or his editor at the time, that he did. At any rate, when he came with\nthis Superman idea, Dad went with it. My claim to fame is I was 12 years old at\nthe time in 1938, and I was up in his office and he showed me the original\nartwork before it was printed. He said, \"What do you think?\" Not that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had\nanything to do with . . . to making him decide one way or the other, but I\nthought it was pretty good and said so. I also was the first one to read Batman\nin the original when it came out. That's my claim to fame, early fame.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember Siegel and Schuster at all?\n\nDONENFELD: Very well.\n\nBERMAN: What were they like?\n\nDONENFELD: Joe Schuster was a very, very nice young man. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was not a very good\nartist, but he drew them for a while. Then, of course, we had other people\ndrawing. Siegel was a nasty person. Siegel and Schuster, in those early days,\nmade an awful lot of money. They got all kinds of benefits from Dad, but they\nweren't satisfied with that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They got a hold of a lawyer, Siegel did, and he\nsaid, \"Let's sue them and get Superman back.\" We owned Superman because we owned\neverything that we published, to this day, everybody who publishes anything,\nthey own it. They lost out on that, but they did win on Superboy. They got a lot\nof money for that, which they immediately spent, and were broke again. Siegel\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrote horrible letters to Jack, Whit, and Dad. He was just a nasty person,\nnothing satisfied him. One quick story, I lived down on Long Island [New York],\nmy first wife, and had a couple of children at the time. One Sunday morning, we\nwake up and this is a very quiet neighborhood in Woodmere, Long Island. There's\nJerry Siegel, and his wife, and a child, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marching up and down in front of my\nhouse with a sign saying \"'Donenfeld is unfair.'\" Or words to that effect. My\nwife went out and said, \"Jerry, you keep walking up and down, but your wife and\nthe baby are coming in and I'm making them breakfast.\" They did, they had their\nbreakfast, they eventually went, they left. That was the kind of person he was.\n\nBERMAN: Is that how it worked, though, with all of the creators, they created .\n. . ?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: . . . The superhero . . .\n\nDONENFELD: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.\n\nBERMAN: . . . And then what happened?\n\nDONENFELD: The publisher . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . The publishing process . . . ?\n\nDONENFELD: The publisher owned it. They copyrighted everything and they owned\nit. For instance, there was a company called All-American, Mr. Gaines was the\npresident of that one. They had Green Lantern, Flash, Wonder Woman . . . not\nWonder Woman, because that was somebody else. Green Lantern, Flash, couple of\nother superheroes. They owned it. They copyrighted it, and they owned it. Years\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later, when All-American merged with DC, we owned all of these properties and\nprobably still do.\n\nBERMAN: What about copyright after the 50 years is up? Does the copyright revert\nback to the original creator?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes, and I understand that now Siegel and Schuster, or their heirs,\nown Superman. Bob Kane, probably the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing. In other words, it has no real value.\n\nBERMAN: Going back a little bit, when your father immigrated here . . . ?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: What kind of neighborhood did he grow up in? What were his parents like?\nDo you have any recollection of them?\n\nDONENFELD: His father died when he was quite young, and his mother I knew. She\ndied when I was about eight or ten years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old. They lived . . . He started out\nliving on the Lower East Side [New York City] with so many other people, Jewish\npeople at that time. He grew up with, for instance, Eddie Cantor, as an example.\nMany years later, the phone rings in the house and it's Eddie Cantor on the\nphone. \"Can I speak to Harry?\" I said, \"Oh my God, it's Eddie Cantor.\" I didn't\nknow Dad knew him, they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buddies. Now, downstairs, I have a picture of Eddie\nCantor and my daughter dancing together. Dad was a kind of an interesting\nperson. He made friends, and his friends ranged from judges in New York to Frank\nCostello, the head of the Mafia, and Franklin Roosevelt's family, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and many, many\npeople in Hollywood [California].\n\nBERMAN: Before he got into the comic book business, he owned a store and then he\nwent into . . .\n\nDONENFELD: Yes, with Uncle Charlie in Donny Press. Uncle Irving became a\nsalesman for the ink company that sold us the inks. Uncle Mike became the\nsalesman for the paper company that sold us the paper. Dad took care of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his\nfamily all the time.\n\nBERMAN: What was the allure of comic books to him? Did he like the medium\nhimself? Did it have an appeal to him?\n\nDONENFELD: He started it quite accidentally . . . he took over from Malcolm\nWheeler and they sold fairly well. That was the start of it. Since they were\nselling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fairly well, he wanted to enlarge it and put out additional titles. He\nstarted with this Action Comics and he was looking for material for it, that's\nhow Superman started . . . in that other medium.\n\nBERMAN: How about Batman?\n\nDONENFELD: Batman came much later. Bob Kane brought that in, but Bob had already\nbeen working for Dad and he came up with this idea of Batman, he and a man by\nthe name of Bill Finger put it together ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he brought it in. We started . . .\nthat went into Detective Comics, it didn't have its own title for quite a while.\n\nBERMAN: Is that what DC stands for?\n\nDONENFELD: DC supposedly stands for Detective Comics, but he used that as a\nsubterfuge. It really is Donenfeld Comics. Why would it be Detective Comics? It\ndidn't make any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sense.\n\nBERMAN: The Batman series was a much darker comic book than Superman . . .\n\nDONENFELD: . . . Yes, than Superman . . .\n\nBERMAN: Were they worried that it wouldn't sell as well, or was it successful\nright away?\n\nDONENFELD: No, it was successful right away. The early Detective Comics with\nBatman sold very well.\n\nBERMAN: And the relationship between Bill Finger and Bob Kane, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could you talk a\nlittle bit more about that?\n\nDONENFELD: They were buddies, Bill and Bob. When Bob came up with the idea for\nBatman and started drawing it, Bill Finger was a writer, he wrote many of the\nearly stories, and he created most of the characters in Batman.\n\nBERMAN: What happened to Bill Finger? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did he die young?\n\nDONENFELD: He died some years ago. I understand he died a pauper. I was at a\nmeeting, I think it was in San Diego [California] at the Comic-Con, and they\nasked me about Bill Finger. \"Did you know that Bill Finger died a pauper?\" I\nsaid, \"If I were there, do you think I would let Bill Finger die a pauper?\" I\ndon't know what happened to him when comic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"books kind of lost their glow. Today\nthey're just not around anymore, and Bill lost out on all of the writing that he\nused to do. I guess that's what happened to him.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me about your mother. Did she get involved in the business?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes. No, she was the ruler of the roost. Mom was the straw that\nstirred the drink. She was behind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything. Dad's forte was he traveled all\naround the country making friends of the magazine wholesalers, we had a\nwholesaler in every town. Mom took care of all the ladies, every time there was\na convention, Mom had all the ladies and Dad had all the men. She was there, she\nran everything. She was a force behind everything.\n\nBERMAN: Who decided which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comic books they would buy or which creation they\nwould buy? Who was in on that decision making process?\n\nDONENFELD: When?\n\nBERMAN: When a writer like Siegel and Shuster . . .\n\nDONENFELD: What era are you talking about?\n\nBERMAN: During the Golden Age, was it just your dad?\n\nDONENFELD: There weren't many, we didn't have many comic books, maybe six or\neight of them. Didn't really blossom until much after the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war. You only had one\neditor during the war.\n\nBERMAN: Who was that?\n\nDONENFELD: I forgot his name. Vin Sullivan, then Whit Ellsworth took over after\nthat. Whit Ellsworth was the one who built up DC Comics.\n\nBERMAN: DC Comic books really started when the Depression was still raging.\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: How was it, do you think that it became so successful during such a\nbleak ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"economic period?\n\nDONENFELD: They were inexpensive and they were entertainment. Remember, there\nwas no television. Movies were expensive, comparatively speaking. This was\nsomething that you could read, and pass on, and just keep on circulating. I\nthink that that was why it was, and of course, it was exciting and kids loved\nthem. It wasn't the parents so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much, because parents always were against it, but\nthe kids loved it and that's what made it work.\n\nBERMAN: Were the parents for the most part against them?\n\nDONENFELD: I think so in those days, yes. One of the things that I did, was I\ntraveled around the country and I spoke before PTA [Parent Teacher Association]\ngroups, and I would take with me all of our comic books that are on the stands\nright now. I would underline, because I read every one of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, the vocabulary\nand how it was so much more than [the vocabulary] kids were getting anywhere\nelse. People were learning how to read and it was very important to them. I\nshowed that this was the importance of comic books in those days. We had\ntelevision, your kids are not staring at a TV, learning nothing. When they read\na comic book, they're learning how to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"read. It was very important, and that was\nthe importance of them.\n\nBERMAN: In the recent book, Kavalier \u0026 Clay, he spent some time, the author,\nMichael Chabon, discussing the McCarthy era and the comic books . . .\n\nDONENFELD: Wait one second . . .\n\nBERMAN: Michael Chabon spent some time discussing how during the McCarthy era,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comic books were called up as not being as American as they should be or not\nbeing . . .\n\nDONENFELD: No, he talked about Fredric Wertham, who wrote a book, The Seduction\nof the Innocent, and that's what brought . . . He was right in certain aspects.\nThere were some publishers who put out horror and comic books that were really\njust ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ugly, awful things. We were never involved with that.\n\nBERMAN: It didn't affect the actual comic books.\n\nDONENFELD: No. This guy, when he wrote the book, interviewed a lot of people,\nbut he never interviewed me. A lot of the material that he had in the book is wrong.\n\nBERMAN: Why do you think, and this is a question I asked you earlier, that so\nmany of the writers and illustrators ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that your father hired were Jewish?\n\nDONENFELD: I don't know. As I mentioned, our editor-in-chief was then Whit\nEllsworth, who's not Jewish, and he was the one who hired all of the editors. It\nturned out that they were all Jewish people. I don't know why or how, but it's\nnothing that my dad did, because it was all Whit Ellsworth, who wasn't Jewish.\nAll my editors were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish, I don't know why. Many of the writers were Jewish,\nmaybe the artists were Jewish.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think that the whole medium had a certain appeal to young Jewish\ncreative writers and artists?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Were they not being hired elsewhere?\n\nDONENFELD: No, this is a particular craft, drawing comic books, drawing for the\ncomics. It had nothing to do with anything other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than who would buy their work.\nMarty Goodman started Marvel Comics, why he at that time, I have no idea.\n[Indistinct: 20:44: possibly memoirist combines the name of Archie Comics\nfounders John L. Goldwater and Louis Silberkleit] started Archie Comics and they\nwere the three major Jewish people. The rest of them were not Jewish. They all,\nfor instance, [George] Delacorte was the biggest one. No, it just happened to\nwork out that way. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then the opportunities were there, maybe that was it. They\nhad the opportunity to do something creative.\n\nBERMAN: I think that makes sense, that it was an opportunity they may not have\nhad elsewhere.\n\nDONENFELD: Yes. All of our editors came from the pulp magazines, there was a\nbackground that they had in editing.\n\nBERMAN: Did your father have a favorite ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"superhero?\n\nDONENFELD: Sure, Superman. He was known as Mr. Superman. Everywhere he went, he\nwas Superman.\n\nBERMAN: What did he think a superhero was?\n\nDONENFELD: I don't know. To him, it was something that he owned that he was very\nproud of.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: During the war years, did he try to use the magazine to help the homefront?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes. I got to tell you a story about that. I was in the Army and I\nwas at a place called Keesler Field. I spoke to Dad on the phone one day,\nbecause I was 18 years old. He said, \"I'm coming down, make arrangements for me\nto get on the field so I can visit with you.\" I said, \"Dad, this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not summer\ncamp. I have no pull here. This is a field of 50,000 people. The only way you're\ngoing to get on the field is if you got a letter from Washington.\" [Washington,\nD.C.] What I didn't know was he was printing magazines for the Air Force,\none-third size magazines, Survival at Sea, Survival in the Jungle, and Survival\nin the Desert. He was doing that for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country. As a result, he was able to\nget paper for his magazines. One day, there's an article on a bulletin board,\n\"Donenfeld report to the Provost Marshall.\" Provost Marshall is the top cop. My\ncaptain said, \"What did you do?\" I said, \"I didn't do anything.\" He said, \"You\nmust have done something, why would a top cop want you?\" I put on my best\nuniform and I went to his office and he comes out, his name is Major Brown, he\ncomes out a big, beefy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guy, and he says, \"Donenfeld, we got a letter from\nWashington. Your dad is coming to visit with us, and we're going to show him the\nwhole thing.\" Sure enough he and Major Brown became very good friends, actually.\nWhile they were together Dad asked him, \"Where are you from?\" He said, \"From\nOklahoma City.\" [Oklahoma]. \"Would you happen to know our wholesaler in Oklahoma\nCity, Harvey Everest?\" He said, \"Oh, my goodness. My wife and Harvey Everest's\nwife are the best of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends.\" All of a sudden, the two of them became the best\nof friends and they showed him all around. He had a marvelous time.\n\nBERMAN: Did he ever discuss or was he proud of the fact that comic books [were]\nprobably the most popular reading material for servicemen during the war?\n\nDONENFELD: Absolutely . . . We sold everything we published. He also published\nanother series of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Superman, Action Comics, actually. They changed the language\nto much larger and eliminated any big word because so many of the servicemen\nwere illiterate. They used our comic books to . . . learn how to read English.\nHe had that as well.\n\nBERMAN: That's a great story.\n\nDONENFELD: Yes. I wish I could get a hold of some of those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"books.\n\nBERMAN: Superman never went to war, he stayed on the home front.\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Was there a reason behind that?\n\nDONENFELD: No idea . . . I'm 18 years old, I don't know what's going on there.\nIt wasn't until I took over that I had something to say about anything.\n\nBERMAN: Did you ever try to get the characters involved in political or social\njustice kinds of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"issues?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes. Jack Schiff produced a page in all of our comic books on\nworthwhile subjects, we were the only ones who did that. I showed you some of\nthem in the Star Spangled War, that you saw there, we did that, but that's about it.\n\nBERMAN: What was that page?\n\nDONENFELD: We created it . . . I have a list of all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"subjects, on good\ncitizenship, actually. I have to go over and get that for you.\n\nBERMAN: As the war progressed and it was discovered that Jews were being\nmurdered across Europe, did that influence your dad to become even more involved\nwith the war effort? Or to have the comic books become more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in the war effort?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: What was his reaction to all of that?\n\nDONENFELD: Number one, he was very unhappy with me because I volunteered to go\ninto the Army. Aside from that, no, he was, of course, very patriotic. As I\nsaid, he produced magazines for the services. He did what he could. There wasn't\na heck of a lot that he could do other than use his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expertise to help the war\neffort, which he did.\n\nBERMAN: Was there family still left in Europe? Your family?\n\nDONENFELD: Not that we know of, no. When Dad came here, he came with all of his\nfamily. Mom too, when she came from Russia. They all came here. To the best of\nour knowledge, we didn't lose anybody.\n\nBERMAN: Was it a very Jewish kind of household?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Holidays? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rituals?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes. Dad and Mom spoke Yiddish beautifully and they used it to talk\nto each other so that my sister and I wouldn't know what they were saying. We\nnever learned how to speak Yiddish . . . [Yiddish phrase: possibly: \"farewell.\":\n27:49] Words like that come to me from time to time.\n\nBERMAN: Great. How did they meet, your parents?\n\nDONENFELD: I have no idea.\n\nBERMAN: They never talked about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it?\n\nDONENFELD: No.\n\nBERMAN: They met here?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes. You've heard of the Triangle Waste Company Fire? Mom worked\nthere before the fire. When they got married is when she left, just a short time\nafter that was when the fire occurred.\n\nBERMAN: Amazing.\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me a little bit about Jack Liebowitz, what he was like.\n\nDONENFELD: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was very straitlaced . . . he was an accountant . . . he thought\nlike an accountant. He actually ran the company, Dad was on the road a great\ndeal. Jack was the one who ran the company during those early years.\n\nBERMAN: Were they lifelong partners?\n\nDONENFELD: Absolutely, yes. They were very close, the two of them, the three of\nthem actually, Paul Sampliner ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well.\n\nBERMAN: Did they stay partners the entire time until you took over DC? How did\nthat work?\n\nDONENFELD: Paul Sampliner had a son and a daughter who were not interested in\nthe business, Jack Liebowitz had two daughters who were not interested in the\nbusiness, and Dad had me. Of the three of them, I was the only one of the next\ngeneration to go in. That's how come I was there and not their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children.\n\nBERMAN: You took over in 1952?\n\nDONENFELD: I started in 1948, various positions in the company. In 1952, when\nWhit Ellsworth went to California to produce the Superman movies, there was\nnobody else, it was me. Slowly but surely, Jack gave me complete reins . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably about from 1960 on, I really ran the company. We were a big company in\nthose days, and Jack had a lot of other things to do for the Independent News\nCompany and all of the problems of trying to make a living out of it.\n\nBERMAN: You were involved during the heyday when Batman became a television show?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What were those years like?\n\nDONENFELD: They were incredibly exciting, especially with Batman, because when\nhe came out, anything that had anything to do with Batman sold. We had a Batman\n3D comic book, we had all kinds of Batman material, merchandise. Jack Liebowitz,\nhis nephew Jay Emmett, was in charge of our merchandising . . . he did a\ntremendous ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job with it.\n\nBERMAN: Were you proud of the TV series?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes. When it was originated . . . there was an editorial conference\nand I was in on it. Mort Weisinger and myself, and the people who actually\nproduced the show, we threw out ideas and some of my ideas were in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"show.\n\nBERMAN: How would you describe the influence that the comic book has had on\nAmerican culture?\n\nDONENFELD: Comic books had a very important place in the lives of so many\npeople. Every child read comic books to a certain extent, and it was important\nto them. What is the most ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"amazing is that today, just ordinary comic books from\nthose days are very, very expensive and they're still being sold and traded to\nthis day. Not just the big ones, but all of them. There are comic book\nconventions all over the country and people are buying and selling comic books,\nthose that we produced in those days. It's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something that, let's say, is\nsomething like American jazz. It's typically American and important.\n\nBERMAN: How do you think your father would feel about it all now? What do you\nthink his reflection of what he created would be . . . ?\n\nDONENFELD: He was around for quite a while ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he was with me in our heyday. He\nwas very proud of what we were producing. He lived for Superman. He was\nSuperman. Everywhere he went, he was Superman.\n\nBERMAN: Amazing.\n\nDONENFELD: His friendships were so incredible. Tell you a story ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about Frank\nCostello. Do you know who he was? He was a friend of my father's, apparently a\nvery good friend. When I moved to . . . Sands Point [Long Island], Frank\nCostello lived about a quarter of a mile away. Right after we moved in, it was a\nSunday morning ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my wife and her mother were in the kitchen drinking coffee.\nFrank Costello came to the door and he had a voice like that [memorist speaks in\na lower voice]. He said, \"Is Harry Donenfeld here?\" My wife said, \"No, but we\nexpect him this afternoon.\" He said, \"Well, tell him Mr. Costello was here.\nFrank Costello.\" He left. By that time I got into the kitchen and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's the\ntwo of them like this, the coffee is sloshing all over the place. [Memorist\nholds up a shaking hand]\n\nBERMAN: What a great story. Do you think your father had a favorite story or\nanecdote about the business that he would always repeat or talk about?\n\nDONENFELD: I'm trying to think of the name of the man who was the president of\nthe Ladies Garment Workers Union. Would you happen to know what it is? He was a\nvery dear friend ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. Dad was in Florida when the first Superman cartoons came\nout on TV. Not TV, but in the movies. He asked them to go over, this president,\nto come over and look at it. He looked at it and he saw it, he said to my\nfather, \"I don't like it. There's no social significance.\" He walked away. What\nwas his name? I can't think of his name.\n\nBERMAN: Would he be surprised ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today about the social significance?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes . . . that was early on. That was in 1940, I guess it was. 1941.\n\nBERMAN: What do you see as the social significance of Superman and those early superheroes?\n\nDONENFELD: The fact that it was so important. Still to this day, I [meet] people\nfrom time to time who say, \"Oh yeah, we read your comic books, we read ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them!\"\nEverybody knew what we did, I was a very significant person in those days, to\njust tell them that I published DC Comics and, \"Oh, man. Oh wow.\"\n\nBERMAN: I know it's kind of a stretch, but some sociologists today, and you knew\nSiegel and Schuster well, are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saying that Superman was created sort of as the\nalter ego of Siegel and Schuster, who were kind of meek and mild, more like the\nClark Kent kind of image. Do you think there's any validity to that?\n\nDONENFELD: I doubt it. They came up with an idea and they milked it, and we\nrefined it for them, the idea of Superman.\n\nBERMAN: Who drew Superman ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after they left DC Comics?\n\nDONENFELD: We had a whole . . .\n\nBERMAN: In the 1940's . . . how long did they draw Superman?\n\nDONENFELD: I guess into the early 1940's. Then . . . I can't think of the names\nof all these people, but we had many artists on Superman. Curt Swan was later,\nbut Curt Swan probably drew more Superman than anybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"else. He lived here in\nWestport [Connecticut].\n\nBERMAN: Who was your favorite superhero?\n\nDONENFELD: Batman, No question about that.\n\nBERMAN: Why?\n\nDONENFELD: I don't know. I think I like the artwork better, I like the idea of\nit better. I was asked which is my favorite comic book, and it was Sugar and Spike.\n\nBERMAN: What was Sugar and Spike?\n\nDONENFELD: Altogether different.\n\nBERMAN: Batman was a darker comic book, why did it appeal to you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more?\n\nDONENFELD: I have no idea. I think it was it was better drawn, I think the\nstories were more interesting. When Superman is invulnerable . . . to me, I was\nkind of jaded, but Batman was not invulnerable and he had to get himself out of\nscrapes. That was more exciting.\n\nBERMAN: How about the Green Lantern?\n\nDONENFELD: Just another one.\n\nBERMAN: I've read in a couple of books that the Green Lantern was more involved\nin social ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"justice issues. Do you think that was the case?\n\nDONENFELD: I have no idea. I don't think so.\n\nBERMAN: If I read you a few names of certain people . . . if you knew them well\nor knew them at all, if you could give me a couple of lines on each one.\n\nDONENFELD: Sure.\n\nBERMAN: Some of them you've already covered, but I'll go through this list.\n\nDONENFELD: Sure.\n\nBERMAN: Alex Schomburg? Do you know him?\n\nDONENFELD: No.\n\nBERMAN: Syd Shores?\n\nDONENFELD: No.\n\nBERMAN: Mort Meskin?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DONENFELD: I know the name, but I don't think I ever met him.\n\nBERMAN: Will Eisner?\n\nDONENFELD: Same thing . . . I knew his work very well.\n\nBERMAN: Marty Nodell?\n\nDONENFELD: No.\n\nBERMAN: Irv Novick?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes, he worked for me.\n\nBERMAN: What was he like?\n\nDONENFELD: I don't know. He worked for an editor. I just signed his checks.\n\nBERMAN: Irwin Hasen?\n\nDONENFELD: He's a terrific guy. He really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is. You'll meet him.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me a little bit about him, his work.\n\nDONENFELD: He was with us for many, many years. He's an excellent artist, like\nall of our artists . . . he worked for an editor. While I knew him, because I\nknew everybody, I didn't have much of a contact with him personally. My\nknowledge of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him was through the editors. I was closer with the editors, not\nwith the artists.\n\nBERMAN: Gardner Fox?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes, he's an old-timer.\n\nBERMAN: Jerry Robinson?\n\nDONENFELD: I don't know him. I think he was one of our writers.\n\nBERMAN: He worked on Batman. He was very young when he started on Batman.\n\nDONENFELD: He would be working for the editor, who was, I think was Jack Schiff.\n\nBERMAN: One ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the questions that we were contemplating yesterday was the\ndifference between comic books and comic strips. What is the difference, in your\nopinion, is one more of a higher form of art than the other?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes. Comic books, head and shoulders over anything that appeared in\nthe papers. With the papers, you never knew whether or not your strip was\npopular. What you knew is that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the editors of the various newspapers liked it,\nthat's why it was published. With a comic book, we only appeal to the public. We\nknew what the public wanted . . . that's how we existed.\n\nBERMAN: Did some of the artists aspire to get a strip? Wasn't that a goal of\nsome of the artists?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes . . . when they had their own strip, they had their own name on\nit and they owned it. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money was so much better if you got into 600\nnewspapers . . . doing very, very well. 400 newspapers. Everybody wanted to have\ntheir own strip.\n\nBERMAN: How did you decide on who would get a byline in the comic book? When it\nwould say Siegel and Schuster or . . . ?\n\nDONENFELD: Dad was the one who did that. He said Siegel and Schuster have their\nnames on it, and Bob Kane had their name on it. I think they're the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only ones,\nnobody else had their name on it. In all the time that I was there, nobody else\nhad a name on it.\n\nBERMAN: Those three.\n\nDONENFELD: Just those two.\n\nBERMAN: I think that I have exhausted most of my questions. I know that Jane has\na few.\n\nLEAVY: I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interested in the arrangement between the publishing houses, the\nartists, and the writers. In the years during which your father ran the business\nand the years that you ran the business, did the artists and the writers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not\nwant to retain control of the characters they created?\n\nDONENFELD: No. That never was a thought on anybody's mind because most of the\nthing, the idea was created by, let's say, the editor. I produced 30 some odd\ntitles a month of all kinds, romance ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"magazines, war magazines, funny animals,\nall kinds. There was nothing in there that anybody would want to keep per say,\nbecause they were just stories. The important thing was they hoped that what\nthey did sold well so they would be retained to write it or to draw it. Any time\nI killed a magazine and I killed an awful lot of them, somebody lost ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work,\nbecause then we put them on to something else.\n\nLEAVY: Were they paid just a flat salary . . . ?\n\nDONENFELD: . . . Flat rate, yes.\n\nLEAVY: . . . For what they . . .\n\nDONENFELD: Yes, a page rate. It was called a page rate. The artists got a page\nrate and the writers were paid by the story.\n\nLEAVY: When you talked before about Bill Finger . . .\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nLEAVY: . . . You said you heard he had died a . . .\n\nDONENFELD: . . . a pauper. Somebody told me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, yes.\n\nLEAVY: Is that because he was a very talented guy but what he produced he didn't own?\n\nDONENFELD: Yes. Bob Kane took a . . .\n\nLEAVY: Here's where I'm going . . .\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nLEAVY: The public looks back on these people . . . when you're talking about the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"industry, they're famous names because they created famous characters.\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nLEAVY: The assumption is, \"Boy, they created all these famous characters. They\nmust have made a lot of money.\"\n\nDONENFELD: They did. They made a lot of money, which is not the point. Everybody\nwas well paid for the work that they were doing. We were probably the best payer\nof them all, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DC. There's an example, Curt Swan was able to live very well here\nin Westport, Connecticut, and all he did was draw Superman. Yes, they made a lot\nof money. Bill Finger never got the credit which he should have gotten from Bob\nKane because he was as important to Batman as Bob Kane was. Bob kept him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down,\nthen the editors just . . . he wrote the story and that was it, they were paid\nfor it.\n\nLEAVY: They didn't share in the profits?\n\nDONENFELD: No. Bob Kane, as an example, did not share in the profits of Batman\nbecause he didn't own it. We owned it. Not that he wasn't well paid, he was\nextraordinarily well ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paid. To the point where he didn't even draw it anymore, he\nhad somebody else draw it for him. He had a whole staff working for him.\n\nLEAVY: Interesting.\n\nDONENFELD: He spent his time painting, he was a great painter. To this day,\nanybody who has a Bob Kane original painting, they're quite valuable.\n\nLEAVY: What have we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not asked you?\n\nDONENFELD: I'm sorry?\n\nLEAVY: What have we not asked? We're doing this exhibition . . .\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nLEAVY: What have we not asked you about that you would like people to know or to\ntake away with them?\n\nDONENFELD: We're here talking about my father, not me. He was an extraordinarily\nhard working individual. He spent a lot of time on the road getting to know\npeople, because in those days, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"magazine distribution was a pretty much a hit or\nmiss proposition. It was important with his line of magazines, including the\nearly comic books, to get in well with the wholesaler because they decided what\nthey were going to put out and what they weren't going to put out. He worked at\nthat and he worked at making these people his friends. Story goes . . . I don't\nknow if I might go into that. There used to be two methods of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distribution, one\nwas called the independents and the other was called the American News Company.\nThe American News company had a manager in all of these towns, the manager did\nwhat the American News Company president told them to do. Whereas the\nindependent wholesaler, he owned his own business, owned his own trucks, and he\ndecided what was going to happen. It was two different ways of getting magazines\nonto the newsstand. The more difficult one was the independents, but the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"major\npublishers were all independents.\n\nBERMAN: I have a quick question.\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Of all the people that worked for him, all of these writers,\nillustrators, who did he like the best? Bob Kane? Jerry Siegel?\n\nDONENFELD: Who did he like the best?\n\nBERMAN: Yes.\n\nDONENFELD: Bob Kane.\n\nBERMAN: Why so?\n\nDONENFELD: I don't know. Bob Kane ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a marvelous young man. I have pictures of\nhis anniversary and my birthday . . . Bob Kane was always there. Early days,\nSiegel and Schuster were there too but not later. Bob Kane was always there, I\nwas very close with Bob Kane personally. I wonder what else about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dad . . . He\nwas a terrific extemporaneous speaker. He would get up before an audience, no\nnotes, no nothing, he'd just talk 15, 20 minutes without any, talking about his\nmagazines or about his business. He was terrific. Then he retired. I don't know\nwhy, he just kind of gave it up, and he spent his time just being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around. Jack\nLiebowitz ran the company, Paul Sampliner ran Independent News. Eventually, I\nran DC Comics and Dad didn't do it, he had a corner office, he was still the\npresident, but he didn't do anything.\n\nBERMAN: When did he pass away?\n\nDONENFELD: . . . Before we got married, it was 1968, 1964, 1963 . . . in that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighborhood. Mom had a heart attack and died. She was . . . both of them were\nheavy smokers.\n\nBERMAN: Again, thank you. You've given us so much information, we're so appreciative.\n\nDONENFELD: I'm trying to think of what we missed . . . The age of comics started\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably in 1950-ish, and carried on from that point on. Prior to that time, it\nwasn't a heck of a big industry. There were just a few publishers putting out\ncomic books, the war was on, nobody could get paper, it was not the same. The\nGolden Age is the period after that, we know of as the Golden Age, when there\nwere so many publishers, so many comic books put out, and there [was] no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"limit\nto what you wanted to do.\n\nBERMAN: I think they call it in all the books, the Golden Age, only because it\nwas the beginning. They refer to the period you're discussing as the Silver Age\n. . .\n\nDONENFELD: I thought it was the other way around.\n\nBERMAN: That's what they say in all the books.\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: It's interesting . . .\n\nDONENFELD: I have a lot of those books . . .\n\nBERMAN: I think that they look at that period where it all started just as\nbeing, \"Wow! ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did this all get started?\" I think that is what is so intriguing.\n\nDONENFELD: The war made comic books. Prior to that, there weren't too many\ntitles out, it was not a big deal. It wasn't until after the war, when Superman\nand Batman were in their heyday, everybody tried to imitate it. Captain Marvel,\none thing or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another, there's no limit to what they could put out. They had all\nthe paper they wanted, they could get all the credit they wanted from the\ndistributing companies, they did that. The Golden Age is when comic books became\nimportant, after that . . . I've been to a couple of these conventions and they\nconsider my era as the Golden Age of comic magazines. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Me, I was the king. This\nguy, Chabon wrote this book . . . he mentioned some artists as being the king of\ncomics. I said, \"No, I think Stan Lee thought he was the king of comics.\" The\ntruth of the matter was I was the king.\n\nBERMAN: Why did you retire?\n\nDONENFELD: We merge with a company called Kinney. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In order to make the merger,\nthey made me a lot of promises, none of which they kept. After a couple of\nyears, I just had it up to here, because even Jack was pushed around and Paul\nSampliner was kicked around. They brought in other people who really didn't know\nthe business to run everything. They didn't run my end of it, but I'd had it.\nYou want to be a junior executive? I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supposed to be an important cog in\ntheir machine, I was a major stockholder of National Periodical Publications, my\nsister and I were the major stockholders. The two of us owned more stock than,\nfor instance, Jack Liebowitz did, or Paul Sampliner. They made me all kinds of\npromises of what I was going to be doing with a man by the name of Steve Ross,\nyou may have heard that name. They didn't keep their promise ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I just had it.\nI was in the middle of a terrible divorce at the time, one thing on another, I\njust left.\n\nLEAVY: If you were to describe the rise and the heyday, would you call it a\ndecline or a big change?\n\nDONENFELD: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know what happened. When I left in 1968, we were selling well\nover 7 million copies a month. The industry was flourishing . . . everywhere\nmagazines were sold, we had comic books. I bought racks, I had a whole warehouse\nfull of racks, and one of our local men said, \"I need a rack for such and such\ndealer.\" The rack was shipped the next day, I took care of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of that, made\nsure of all of that. In somewhere in the 1970's or the 1980's, it died out. I\ndon't know why, because I wasn't there. I often felt that if I were still there,\nit never would have happened. It would not have deteriorated to a point where\nthere are no dealers left to sell comic books. Here in Westport, not a one.\nNorwalk [Connecticut] is a major town not too far from here, there's one dealer\nselling comic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"books. What happened to them all? I don't know. I don't know what happened.\n\nLEAVY: Today?\n\nDONENFELD: That's it. Today, there's nothing . . . they put out comic books that\n[are] not returnable. See, in our day, it was returnable, whatever you didn't\nsell came back. Today they sell it outright, whoever buys them buys just a few\nto make sure they're not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stuck with anything. It's a different . . . It's like,\nI don't know, putting on underwear, you only buy as much as you think you're\ngoing to sell, not the same. Whereas the magazine industry is flourishing, it is\ngreater than ever, take a look at all of the titles on the stand today of every\nilk. Name something and there's three or four titles on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\n\nBERMAN: I think it's a shame too, what you said earlier was so telling, what\nyour father did during the war . . . doing comic books that helped the literacy\nof the soldiers.\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: I remember as a child reading classic comic books, and that's how I\nlearned some of my . . . instead of . . .\n\nDONENFELD: Cheating, cheating, cheating.\n\nBERMAN: I think that's what comic books ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did for the American youth.\n\nDONENFELD: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Do you agree?\n\nDONENFELD: Absolutely. Today, kids do not read comic books because they're not\navailable they don't even know what they look like. How could they know? They\nmissed out on something that was so important to so many people. Their parents\ngrew up on comic books. Where are they now? I don't know. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kids just aren't\nreading comic books, they're not available. Yet, you go to these . . . comic\nconventions and there's hundreds of people selling vast numbers of them. To who?\nTo all the people. A 10 cent comic book is worth $44 today, not too many kids\nare going to be buying them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/transcript/46457/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a shame . . . those were exciting days for me.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you very much. It was a pleasure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3510.0,3540.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry Donenfeld (1893-1965) was a publisher most well-known for distributing Detective Comics and Action Comics, comics that introduced the superheroes Superman and Batman. Donenfeld’s company National Allied Publications would later become DC Comics, making him an early contributor and pioneer of the comic book industry. He was born in Romania to a Jewish family, immigrating to America with his family as a child.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDC Comics, Inc. is a comic book publisher, the flagship unit of DC Entertainment, and a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery. DC Comics was the result of the merge of multiple publishing companies founded by Harry Donenfeld, Paul Sampliner, and Jack Liebowitz. The first comic published under DC Comics was in 1937, with comics being published earlier by the company’s predecessors. DC Comics has created many well-known superheroes, including Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, and Flash, and teams such as the Justice League and Teen Titans. DC Comics is a long-time competitor of Marvel Comics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Donenfeld (1889-1967) was the older brother and business partner of Harry Donenfeld, one of the founders of DC Comics. Along with his brothers Irving and Mike, he founded the printing company Martin Press. He was born in Romania to a Jewish family, immigrating to America with his family as a child.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrving Donenfeld (1902-unknown) was a younger brother and business partner of Harry Donenfeld, one of the founders of DC Comics. Along with his brothers Charlie and Mike, he founded the printing company Martin Press. He was born in New York City to a Jewish family.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarcus Donenfeld (1897-1965) was a younger brother and business partner of Harry Donenfeld, one of the founders of DC Comics. Along with his brothers Charlie and Irving, he founded the printing company Martin Press. He was born in Romania to a Jewish family, immigrating to America with his family as a child. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDonny Press was a printing company founded by Harry Donenfeld’s brothers Charlie, Irving, and Mike in the early 1920’s, originally called Martin Press. Following the bankruptcy of Harry’s and his wife, Gussie’s, clothing store, Harry joined his brothers as a salesman and business partner. Shortly afterwards, Harry took control of Martin Press changing its name to Donny Press.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union [ILGWU] was an American labor union in the 1900’s. It represented clothing industry workers, primarily women. After two successful strikes in 1909 and 1910, the union gained power, further compounded by the death of 146 people in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire in 1911, which garnered further support for the union. In the 1990s the ILGWU merged with the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union to form the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE), now UNITE HERE.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHearst Communications, Inc., is an American mass media company founded in 1887 by mining entrepreneur and U.S. senator, George Hearst when he purchased the San Francisco Daily Examiner. In the 1920’s and 1930’s the company was successful internationally, with many publications in major cities and radio stations to complement newspapers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMalcolm Wheeler-Nicholson (1890-1965) was a pulp magazine writer and entrepreneur in the comic book industry. Wheeler founded National Allied Publications, going into business with Harry Donenfeld who helped him fund his comic More Fun. His titles were some of the earliest DC Comics. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePulp magazines were inexpensive fiction magazines published from the late 1800’s to the late 1950’s. The magazines were named for the cheap wood pulp paper they were printed on. Pulp magazines are considered the predecessor to modern superhero comic books, as pulp magazines often featured illustrated stories of heroic characters. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul H. Sampliner (1898-1975) was a founder and president of the printing and distributing company, Independent News Company, an early precursor to DC Comics. Along with business partners Harry Donenfeld and Jack Liebowitz, Sampliner founded and distributed titles by DC Comics. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio to a Jewish family.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEastern Distributing Corporation was founded by Paul Sampliner in 1924, located in New York City. The company distributed newsstand products such as cigars, candy, and magazines, particularly those distributed by Harry Donenfeld. Both Sampliner and Donenfeld would later become founders of DC Comics. In 1932 the company filed for bankruptcy and shortly after Sampliner and Donenfeld founded the Independent News Company.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing Eastern Distributing Corporation filing for bankruptcy, Harry Donenfeld and Paul Sampliner founded the Independent News Company in 1932. The company became the parent company of DC Comics and would go on to distribute all DC publications until 1970.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRacy magazines were a genre of pulp magazines that were especially popular from the early to mid 1900’s. Sometimes considered to be a form of softcore pornography, the content was not especially graphic but often featured stories with scantily clad female characters acting as a “damsel in distress.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMore Fun Comics was a comic book anthology published from 1935 to 1947, originally titled New Fun: The Big Comic Magazine. It introduced many well-known superhero characters, and it was the first comic book published in America that featured entirely original content, rather than reprinted collections of newspaper comic strips. It was the first publication of Independent News Company, that would become DC Comics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdventure Comics was a comic book anthology published from 1938-1983 by DC Comics, later revived from 2009 to 2011. It was originally titled New Comics, after issue #11 it was titled New Adventure Comics, finally titled Adventure Comics after issue #32. It starred several Golden Age superheroes, including Aquaman and Green Arrow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSuperman is a superhero character appearing in comics published by DC Comics. Superman was created by writer Jerry Siegel and designed by artist Joe Shuster, both Jewish. The character debuted in the comic book Action Comics #1 in 1938. Superman was born Kal-El on the planet Krypton, facing impending destruction of their home planet, Kal-El’s parents send the infant to Earth in a rocket. After landing in Smallville, Kansas, the infant is adopted by Jonathan and Martha Kent, and given the name Clark Kent. In the comics, Clark often expresses concern about fitting in and feeling like an outsider given his heritage, suggesting similarities between the experiences of Clark Kent and his Jewish creators. Today, Superman is one of the most well-known superheroes, having been adapted in many other forms of media, including radio serials, novels, film, and television.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerome Siegel (1914-1996) was a comic book writer best known for co-creating DC Comics’ superhero character Superman with friend Joe Shuster. Siegel contributed to many characters and comics for both DC Comics and Marvel Comics. Shuster and Siegel were involved in multiple legal disputes regarding the ownership of Superman. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio to a Jewish family.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Shuster (1914-1992) was a comic book artist best known for co-creating DC Comics’ superhero character Superman with friend Jerry Siegel. Shuster and Siegel were involved in multiple legal disputes regarding the ownership of Superman and his comics career after Superman was relatively unsuccessful. He was awarded multiple awards for contributions to the comic book industry. Shuster was born in Toronto, Canada to a Jewish family. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacob Liebowitz (born Yacov Lebovitz) (1900-2000) was an accountant and publisher best known as the business partner Harry Donenfeld, co-owning National Allied Publications, later known as DC Comics. Liebowitz and Donenfeld distributed comics through their company Independent News Company, shortly after they launched Detective Comics. Liebowitz is credited with establishing comic book publishing as a legitimate business endeavor. He was born in present-day Ukraine to a Jewish family, immigrating to New York City as a child. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSheldon Mayer (1917-1991) was a comic book artist, writer, and editor. He was one of the earliest employees of National Allied Publications, later known as DC Comics. Mayer is one of various comic book professionals to have claimed to have a role in having Superman published. He was born in Harlem, New York to a Jewish family. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaxwell Charles Gaines (born Max Ginzberg) (1894-1947) was a publisher, considered one of the key figures in the creation of the modern comic book. In 1933, he created a pamphlet that became the precursor to color comics. Gaines was also the publisher of the comic book All-American Comics which introduced well-known characters such as Green Lantern and Wonder Woman. He was born in New York City to a Jewish family. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSlam Bradley is a character appearing in comics published by DC Comics. Slam Bradley was created by Malcolm Wheeler and developed by writer Jerry Siegel and designed by artist Joe Shuster. The character, a private detective based largely in the fictional Gotham City, first appeared in Detective Comics #1 in 1937. He is an ally of Batman and Catwoman, and he is most often associated with Batman. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBatman is a superhero character appearing in comics published by DC Comics. Batman was created by writer Bill Finger and designed by artist Bob Kane. The character debuted in the comic book Detective Comics #27 in 1939. Batman is the vigilante alias of Bruce Wayne, a wealthy playboy, philanthropist, and industrialist living in Gotham City. Considered to be a darker departure from the tone of Superman, Batman’s origin centers around him witnessing the murder of his parents as a child, prompting him to seek vengeance against the criminals of Gotham City. Today, along with Superman, Batman is one of the most well-known superheroes, having been adapted in many other forms of media, including novels, video games, film, and television. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSuperboy is a superhero character appearing in comics published by DC Comics. Superboy was created by writer Jerry Siegel and designed by artist Joe Shuster. Siegel reportedly pitched the idea for Superboy in 1940, a character that explored Superman’s childhood adventures. This pitch was initially rejected, but the character eventually debuted in the comic book More Fun Comics #101 in 1945. In more recent comics, Superboy is not portrayed as a younger Clark Kent, but rather a clone named Kon-El with the Earth alias Connor Kent. Today, Superboy has been popularized through the animated television show, Young Justice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrederick Whitney Ellsworth (1908-1980) was a writer and editor for National Allied Publications and National Periodical Publications, predecessors to DC Comics. He was also a producer and story editor for DC Comics’ Superman television series. He was an integral contributor to DC Comics during the Golden Age and Silver Age of comics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLong Island is a densely populated island in the southeastern part of the New York metropolitan area. Historically, Long Island has been populated by descendants of 19th and early 20th century immigrants from Europe, including significant populations of ethnic Irish, Jewish, and Italian immigrants.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWoodmere, New York is a neighborhood of Long Island. It is one of the Long Island communities known as the ‘Five Towns.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAll-American Publications was one of two comic book companies that merged to form what is known today as DC Comics. Several notable superhero characters were created from All-American, including Flash, Green Lantern, and Wonder Woman during the Golden Age. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreen Lantern is the name used by several superhero characters appearing in comics published by DC Comics. Green Lantern was created by writer Bill Finger and artist Martin Nodell. The character first debuted in the comic book All-American Comics #16 in 1940. This iteration of Green Lantern’s real name was Alan Scott who came into possession of a magic lantern that granted him powers after a railway crash. In following years, Green Lantern has been reimagined and given new identities, including John Stewart, one of DC Comics’ first black superheroes. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Flash is a superhero character appearing in comics published by DC Comics. Flash was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Harry Lampert. The character debuted in the comic book Flash Comics #1 in 1940. Flash is the alias for several characters, when the character debuted in the Golden Age his real identity was Jay Garrick, however, today he is better known as Barry Allen who was introduced in the Silver Age. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWonder Woman is a superhero character appearing in comics published by DC Comics. Wonder Woman was created by writer William Moulton Marston and artist Harry G. Peter. The character debuted in the comic book All Star Comics #8 in 1941. Wonder Woman is the alias of Princess Diana of Themyscira, born on the island nation of Themyscira to Queen Hippolyta who sculpted her from clay. Later she is portrayed as the daughter of Hippolyta and the Greek God Zeus. When outside Themyscira, Diana adopts the identity of Diana Prince. Early depictions of Wonder Woman show her fighting Axis forces, and later monsters from Greek mythology. Many depictions of Wonder Woman show her freeing herself from bondage, a contradiction to the trope that was especially popular in racy magazines and other comic books of that era.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Kane (born Robert Kahn) (1915-1998) was a comic book writer, animator, and artist best known for co-creating DC Comics’ Batman with Bill Finger. For many years Kane was credited as the sole creator of Batman until advocates for Bill Finger helped him posthumously earn co-creator status. Kane also helped contribute to the creation of many early Batman characters such as Robin, the Joker, and Catwoman. Kane was born in New York City to a Jewish family. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lower East Side is a neighborhood in the southeastern part of Manhattan in New York City. It was historically an immigrant, working class neighborhood. It had a large number of tenement buildings where the immigrants settled. By the 1920s, the Jewish population was one of the largest ethnic groups on the Lower East Side.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEddie Cantor (1892-1964) was an American vaudevillian, comedian, dancer, singer, actor and songwriter. He was very famous during the 1930s and 1940s. He was Jewish, being born as Edward Israel Iskowitz in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrank Costello (born Francesco Castiglia) (1891-1973) was an influential Italian-American crime boss of the Luciano crime family. Costello survived Mob wars, an assassination attempt, and government scrutiny and imprisonment. Costello is perhaps best well-known for his illegal activity during Prohibition, capitalizing on the illegal sale of alcohol. Costello was born in Lauripoli, Calabria, Italy, immigrating to America in 1895 as a child. Following an assassination attempt ordered by Vito Genovese, Costello retired in the late 1950’s.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMafia refers to the Italian American Mafia, an organized crime group. The organization emerged as an offshoot of the Sicilian Mafia formed by Italian immigrants in the US. The organization is now considered an entirely separate entity, having absorbed other Italian organized crime groups in America and Canada. The Mafia engages in various criminal activities, including the arbitration of disputes between criminals, and the solicitation and enforcement of illicit agreements between criminals often using violence, extortion, and fraud.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of World War II. He was a Democrat. FDR was an avid horseback rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHollywood is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California. It is the location of many notable film studios and is considered the home of the American film industry. Hollywood is located in the central region of Los Angeles, made up of several neighborhoods, including North Hollywood, East Hollywood, and West Hollywood.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAction Comics was a comic book anthology published from 1938 to 2011, by DC Comics. The series introduced Superman, one of the most well-known superheroes. Its first publication is considered the beginning of the Golden Age of comic books. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBill Finger (born Milton Finger) (1914-1974) was a comic book, film, and television writer. He is best known for co-creating DC Comics’ superhero Batman with Bob Kane. Despite his contributions to many well-known characters and comics, he was not officially credited as Batman’s co-creator until 2015, previously relegated to ghostwriter. Finger was born in Denver, Colorado to a Jewish family, after his death in 1974 his granddaughter fought to restore his legacy and attribute credit for his contributions to comics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSan Diego is a city in Southern California, immediately adjacent to the Mexico-United States border. It is the second largest city in California after Los Angeles, known primarily for its Mediterranean climate and location on the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSan Diego Comic-Con International is a comic book convention and multi-genre entertainment event held annually in San Diego, California since its formation in 1970. It is one of the largest comic conventions in the world, often referred to colloquially simply as Comic-Con. The convention hosts panels, seminars, and workshops with comic book professionals. Additionally, the convention is a venue for previewing upcoming related media, costume contests, and award ceremonies. Comic-Con awards the annual Inkpot Award and Will Eisner Awards to persons of interest and notable achievement in the comics industry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Golden Age is the era of comic book publications that is considered to have begun with the first publications of Superman in 1938 and Captain America shortly after in 1941. The era is considered to have ended around 1956, following moral panic regarding the content of comic books. This moral panic led to the creation of the Comics Code Authority [CCA], which controlled and often censored content that dealt with themes of racial and religious prejudice, violence, and horror.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVincent Sullivan (1911 -1999) was a comic book editor, artist, and publisher. Sullivan was an editor for National Allied Publications, later known as DC Comics, he was the first editor of stories featuring Superman and the illustrator of the first cover of Detective Comics. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression is the term used for a severe economic recession that began in the United States in 1929. It had far-reaching effects around the globe, especially in Europe. Germany had weathered a period of intense inflation in the 1920s due to reparations required after World War I. To pay the reparations, Germany had borrowed millions of dollars from the United States. American demands for loan repayment had disastrous repercussion on the already fragile German economy. With banks failing and unemployment rising, an angry, frightened and financially struggling populace became more open to fascism. Germany’s deteriorating economic conditions in the 1930s led in part to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Parent Teacher Association (PTA) is a national organization with affiliations in local schools throughout the United States composed of parents, teachers and staff, and devoted to the educational success of children and the promotion of parent involvement in schools.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Amazing Adventures of Kavalier \u0026amp; Clay is a 2000 novel by American author Michael Chabon. The Novel follows the lives of two Jewish cousins. Artist Josef \"Joe\" Kavalier has escaped Nazi-occupied Prague, Czechia to live with his cousin and writer, Sammy Clay, in New York City. The novel follows the pair before, during, and after World War II as they become major figures in the comic industry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMichael Chabon (b. 1963) is an American author, born in Washington, D.C. to a Jewish family. Chabon’s work features recurring themes including Jewish identity, nostalgia, divorce, and abandonment. He has written in a variety of outlets and styles in his career spanning from 1987 to the present.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA period in the United States known as the ‘Red Scare,’ lasting roughly from 1950 to 1956 and characterized by heightened political repression against communists, as well as a campaign spreading fear of their influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents. During the McCarthy era, thousands of American were accused of being communist sympathizers and became the subject of aggressive investigations and questioning before government or private-industry panels, committees and agencies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFriedrich Ignatz Wertheimer (1895-1981) was a German-American author and psychiatrist. Wertham was born in Nuremberg, Germany to a Jewish family. He has a reputation as a progressive psychiatrist, working with black patients in Harlem, New York. His findings published in his textbook on the brain proposed the concept of institutional stressors, a concept cited when courts overturned segregation laws, including Brown V. Board of Education. The publication of his book The Seduction of the Innocent in 1954 laid charges against comic books for their depictions of violence, sex, and drug use and how these themes negatively impacted children and their behavior. Wertham’s claims stirred up considerable concern, leading to his testimony before the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency and the establishment of the Comics Code Authority.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSee annotation for Fredric Wertham.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Goodman (born Moe Goodman) (1908-1992) was a publisher of pulp magazines, books, and comic books. In 1939, Goodman founded Timely Comics, later known as Marvel Comics, contributing to the creation of well-known superheroes such as Captain America. Goodman was born in Brooklyn, New York to Jewish immigrant parents. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarvel Comics is a comic book publisher, the property of The Walt Disney Company since 2009. Marvel was founded by Martin Goodman as Timely Comics in 1939, by 1951 being known as Atlas Comics, and finally Marvel Comics in 1961. Marvel Comics has created many well-known superheroes, including Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, and teams such as the Avengers and Fantastic Four. Today the Marvel Franchise has an extensive cinematic universe featuring its superheroes, and owns the licensing to other popular franchises, including Star Wars comics. Marvel Comics is a long-time competitor of DC Comics. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArchie Comic Publications is a comic book publisher based in New York. The company’s comic books primarily feature characters Archie Andrew, Jughead Jones, Betty Cooper, and Veronica Lodge. The company was also the publisher of the Sonic the Hedgehog comic series from the 1990’s to the 2010’s. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Leonard Goldwater (born Max Leonard Goldwasser) (1916-1999) was a comic book editor and publisher. He is best known for co-founding MLJ Magazines, later known as Archie Comics, with Maurice Coyne and Louis Silberkleit. He was also a strong proponent of the Comics Code Authority. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis Horace Silberkleit (1900-1986) was a magazine, comic book, and book publisher. He is best known for co-founding MLJ Magazines, later known as Archie Comics, with Maurice Coyne and John L. Goldwater. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge T. Delacorte Jr. (born George Tonkonogy) (1894-1991) was a magazine publisher. Delacorte was born in New York City to a Jewish family.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKeesler Air Force Base is located in Biloxi, Mississippi and was activated in 1941 for the purpose of basic training for American soldiers during World War II. The base remains active today as a specialized training wing of the Air Force. The base was named in honor of 2d Lt Samuel Reeves Keesler Jr., a Mississippi native killed in action in World War I. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington D.C. is the United States capital. The city sits on the Potomac River and borders Maryland and Virginia. The city is home to the three branches of the federal government including the the Capitol, the White House, and the Supreme Court. It is also home to various well-known museums and performing arts venues such as the Kennedy Center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the United States Army, the Provost Marshal General is the senior-most military law enforcement officer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOklahoma City, Oklahoma is the capital and largest city in Oklahoma. It is located in Oklahoma County. The city is located on an active oil field, making oil, natural gas, and petroleum products its primary economic sector. The bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building located in downtown Oklahoma City on April 19th, 1995, by anti-government extremists and white supremacists killed 168 people, the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in United States history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarvey Everest (approx. 1896-unknown) was a wholesaler of periodicals in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in the early 1900’s. He worked with and sold supplies to Harry Donenfeld, one of the founders of DC Comics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack Schiff (1909-1999) was a comic book writer and editor best known for his work on DC Comics’ Batman from the 1940’s to the 1960’s. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStar Spangled War Stories was a comic book anthology published from 1960 to 1968. It featured war-themed characters and stories and introduced the Suicide Squad, a fictional team that has garnered more popularity with films in 2016 and 2021. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInterviewer refers to The Holocaust, the systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Triangle Waist Company factory fire was a fire that occurred on March 25, 1911, in the Brown Building, formally known as the Asch Building, in New York City. The Brown building had very poor fire safety regulations, lacking fire stairs or sprinklers. No fire drill or fire plan had been established or practiced, indicative of the poor working conditions of the factory and many other factories in the area. The fire killed 146 garment workers, prompting advocation for stronger workplace safety protections and improved working conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJay Emmett (approx. 1929-2015) was the nephew of Jack Liebowitz, Emmett was one of the founders of DC Comics’ merchandising division. He became the president of Time Warner, the owner of what would become DC Comics, overseeing the growth in the company’s music and movie divisions in the 1960’s and 1970’s. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMortimer Weisinger (1915-1978) was a comic book and magazine editor best known for his work on DC Comics’ Superman during the Silver Age of comic books. Weisinger co-created well-known superheroes, including Aquaman, Supergirl, and Green Arrow. He was born in Washington Heights, New York City to Jewish parents. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSands Point, New York is a village located on the Cow Neck Peninsula in the Town of North Hempstead, on the North Shore of Long Island. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSee annotation for Superman. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDouglas Curtis Swan (1920-1996) was a comic book artist best known for his work on DC Comics’ Superman during the Silver Age and Bronze Age of comics from the 1950’s to 1980’s. His depiction of Superman is considered to be one of the most recognizable iterations of the character. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWestport, Connecticut is a town in Fairfield County. It is located 52 miles northeast of New York City, along the Long Island Sound. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSugar and Spike was a comic book series published from 1956 to 1971 by DC Comics. It was named after its main protagonists, two toddlers that could communicate with other children and baby animals via ‘baby talk.’ The series was created, written, and drawn by Sheldon Mayer. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlexander A. Schomburg (born Alejandro Schomburg y Rosa) (1905-1998) was a comic book artist and painter best known for his cover art for Marvel comics and a long career in comics. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSydney Shores (1916-1973) was a comic book artist best known for his work on Marvel Comics’ Captain America in both the Golden Age and Silver Age of comics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorton Meskin (1916-1995) was a comic book artist known for his work in the Golden Age and Silver Age of comic books. Meskin created work for National Periodical Publications (a predecessor to DC Comics) and Marvel Comics. He was born in Brooklyn, New York to a Jewish family.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Erwin Eisner (1917-2005) was a cartoonist, author, and entrepreneur. He was born in Brooklyn, New York to Jewish immigrant parents. He is credited with popularizing the phrase ‘graphic novel’ with his book A Contract with God. He was an early contributor to comics studies, having the Eisner Award named in his honor and awarded annually at San Diego Comic-Con.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Nodell (1915-2006) was a comic book artist and illustrator, best known for creating the DC Comics superhero character Green Lantern during the Golden Age of comics. Nodell was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to a Jewish family. He also notably worked on commercial storyboards in the 1950’s and 1960’s, contributing to the creation of the Pillsbury Doughboy. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrving Novick (1916-2004) was a comic book artist active continuously from 1939 until the late 1990’s. In the 1950’s and 1960’s he frequently collaborated with editor Robert Kanigher on various war-related titles for DC Comics. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrwin Hasen (1918-2015) was a comic book artist and cartoonist best known as the co-creator of the daily comic strip Dondi and for his run illustrating Green Lantern for DC Comics in the 1940’s. He was born in Brooklyn, New York to a Jewish family. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGardner Francis Cooper Fox (1911-1986) was an author and comic book writer, best known for creating numerous comic book characters for DC Comics, including Flash and Barbara Gordon. In addition to creating characters, Fox is credited with being the first to team up DC superheroes, creating the Justice League. He introduced the concept of the Multiverse to DC comics with the story Flash of Two Worlds! a concept that is well utilized in the comic book world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerry Robinson (born Sherrill David Robinson) (1922-2011) was a comic book artist best known for his work on DC Comics’ Batman. Robinson was born in New Jersey, his father was Jewish and immigrated from Russia to America. Robinson co-created Robin and the Joker, two well-known characters in the Batman universe. He was also known for his advocation for creators’ rights, rallying behind Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster when they sought to win back the rights to their creations from Warner Communications in 1975.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJane Leavey was the founding director of the Breman Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum in Atlanta, Georgia. She retired as Executive Director in 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmerican News Company was a magazine, newspaper, book, and comic book distribution company. It was started in 1864 by Sinclair Tousey, becoming one of the biggest distributors in the 19th century and early 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Silver Age was the era of comic book publications that immediately followed the Golden Age. It is considered to have begun in 1956 with the publication of Showcase Vol 1 #4, reintroducing the Flash. Many popular comic book characters were introduced during this era, including Green Lantern, Spider-Man, the Teen Titans, and Iron Man. The end of this era is contested, but towards the early 1970’s comics shifted to darker themes and the CCA’s authority lessened.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCaptain Marvel is a superhero character appearing in comics published by Marvel Comics. Captain Marvel was created by writer and editor Stan Lee and designed by artist Gene Colan. The character, also known by his Kree name Mar-Vell and Earth alias Walter Lawson, first appeared in Marvel Super-Heroes #12, in 1967. The character’s death in 1982 ushered in the modern understanding of Captain Marvel to be Carol Danvers, as portrayed in the Marvel Cinematic Universe by actress Brie Larson.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStan Lee (born Stanley Martin Lieber) (1922 -2018) was a comic book writer, editor, publisher, and producer for Marvel Comics. Lee was born in New York City to Romanian-born Jewish immigrant parents. In collaboration with other writers and artists at Marvel Comics, Lee co-created numerous well-known superheroes, including Spider-Man, Iron Man, Hulk, and the X-Men. In the 1980’s Lee sought to develop Marvel properties further, contributing to the modern and widespread success of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKinney National Company was an American conglomerate company. In 1967 the company acquired National Periodical Publications, which would later be called DC Comics in 1977. In 1972 Kinney National Company changed its name to Warner Communication Inc., today it is known as Warner Bros. Discovery, Inc. which owns DC Entertainment.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNational Comics Publications, Inc. was a comic book publishing company and the direct predecessor of DC Comics. Originally two companies, National Allied Publications, Inc. and Detective Comics, Inc., the companies merged in 1946 and officially adopted the more widely known name, DC Comics, in 1977. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSteven Jay Ross (born Steven Jay Rechnitz) (1927-1992) was the CEO of Time Warner, now known as Warner Bros. Discovery, Warner Communications, and Kinney National Services, Inc. Ross was the CEO of Warner Communications, and Kinney National Services, Inc. when the companies purchased National Periodical Publications (DC Comics). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/annotation_set/1079/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNorwalk, Connecticut is a city in Western Connecticut, southern Fairfield County. It is located in both the New York metropolitan area and the Bridgeport metropolitan area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3330.0,3360.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Donenfeld, Irwin [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Provides background on his parents and origins of DC Comics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=23.0,385.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was born in Romania and my mother was born in Russia, and they met here. After they were married, they started a store in New Jersey which wasn't successful.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=23.0,385.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adventure Comics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DC Comics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Donny Press","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eastern Distributing Corporation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harry Donenfeld","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hearst Communications, Inc.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Independent News Company","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack Liebowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jerry Siegel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joe Shuster","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More Fun Comics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New Jersey","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul Sampliner","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Superman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=23.0,385.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Describing Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=385.0,590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joe Schuster was a very, very nice young man. He was not a very good artist, but he drew them for a while. Then, of course, we had other people drawing. Siegel was a nasty person.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=385.0,590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Copyright law","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flash","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Green Lantern","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lawsuit","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Superboy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wonder Woman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Woodmere, Long Island","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=385.0,590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His father's early years","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=590.0,737.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His father died when he was quite young, and his mother I knew. She died when I was about eight or ten years old.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=590.0,737.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eddie Cantor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hollywood, California","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lower East Side","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=590.0,737.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Origins of Batman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=737.0,887.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Batman came much later. Bob Kane brought that in, but Bob had already been working for Dad and he came up with this idea of Batman, he and a man by the name of Bill Finger put it together and he brought it in.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=737.0,887.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Batman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bill Finger","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bob Kane","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Detective Comics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poverty","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=737.0,887.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shares about his mother","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=887.0,929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. No, she was the ruler of the roost. Mom was the straw that stirred the drink. She was behind everything.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=887.0,929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conventions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gussie Weinstein Donenfeld","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Magazine wholesalers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=887.0,929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Golden Age of DC Comics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=929.0,1163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who decided which comic books they would buy or which creation they would buy? Who was in on that decision making process?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=929.0,1163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fredric Wertham","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Michael Chabon","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parent Teacher Association","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"PTA","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Golden Age","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Great Depression","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The McCarthy Era","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Seduction of the Innocent","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whitney Ellsworth","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=929.0,1163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish creators in the comic book industry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1163.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why do you think, and this is a question I asked you earlier, that so many of the writers and illustrators that your father hired were Jewish?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1163.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Archie Comics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Comic book artists","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Comic book editors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marty Goodman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marvel Comics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1163.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DC Comics during World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1320.0,1653.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During the war years, did he try to use the magazine to help the home front?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1320.0,1653.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Action Comics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Air Force","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Home front","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Keesler Air Force Base","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Patriotism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Provost Marshal General","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Star Spangled War Stories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington D.C.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1320.0,1653.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Childhood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1653.0,1713.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. Dad and Mom spoke Yiddish beautifully and they used it to talk to each other so that my sister and I wouldn't know what they were saying.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1653.0,1713.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Triangle Waist Company factory fire","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1653.0,1713.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working for DC Comics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1713.0,1904.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was very straitlaced . . . he was an accountant . . . he thought like an accountant. He actually ran the company, Dad was on the road a great deal. Jack was the one who ran the company during those early years.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1713.0,1904.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Batman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Independent News Company","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack Liebowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul Sampliner","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Television","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1713.0,1904.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Comic books in American culture","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1904.0,2180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Comic books had a very important place in the lives of so many people. Every child read comic books to a certain extent, and it was important to them.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1904.0,2180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Comic book conventions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Comic books","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Comic Con","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frank Costello","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sands Point, Long Island","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Superman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=1904.0,2180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DC Comics superheroes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2180.0,2320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know it's kind of a stretch, but some sociologists today, and you knew Siegel and Schuster well, are saying that Superman was created sort of as the alter ego of Siegel and Schuster, who were kind of meek and mild, more like the Clark Kent kind of image. Do you think there's any validity to that?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2180.0,2320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Batman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Clark Kent","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Curt Swan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Green Lantern","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jerry Siegel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joe Shuster","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sugar and Spike","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Superman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Westport, Connecticut","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2180.0,2320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Contributors to the comic book industry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2320.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I read you a few names of certain people . . . if you knew them well or knew them at all, if you could give me a couple of lines on each one.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2320.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alex Schomburg","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Batman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bob Kane","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Comic strips","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gardner Fox","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Irv Novick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Irwin Hasen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jerry Robinson","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marty Nodell","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mort Meskin","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Syd Shores","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Will Eisner","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2320.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Relationship between publishers and comic book creators","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2550.0,2828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm interested in the arrangement between the publishing houses, the artists, and the writers. In the years during which your father ran the business and the years that you ran the business, did the artists and the writers not want to retain control of the characters they created?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2550.0,2828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bill Finger","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bob Kane","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Curt Swan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Page rate","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Profits","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2550.0,2828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shares about his father, the Golden Age, and the Silver Age of comics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2828.0,3209.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're here talking about my father, not me. He was an extraordinarily hard working individual. He spent a lot of time on the road getting to know people, because in those days, magazine distribution was a pretty much a hit or miss proposition.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2828.0,3209.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American News Company","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bob Kane","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Captain Marvel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harry Donenfeld","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Magazine distribution","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Retirement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stan Lee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Golden Age","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Silver Age","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=2828.0,3209.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Retirement and legacy of comic books","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3209.0,3523.52"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We merge with a company called Kinney. In order to make the merger, they made me a lot of promises, none of which they kept.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3209.0,3523.52"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096/index/59007/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Comic book dealers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Comic Con","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Comic conventions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Divorce","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kinney National Company","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"National Comics Publications, Inc.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Norwalk, Connecticut","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Retirement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Steve Ross","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/101385/file/200096#t=3209.0,3523.52"}]}]}]}