{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/7659c6tn3h/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Silver, Eve"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2000-08-10 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Kent and Ruth Einstein interview Eve Silver in Atlanta, Georgia on August 10, 2000.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eEve Silver was born Chava Finkelstein [Polish: Finkelsztejn] on April 15, 1921. She was the youngest of five children (three girls and two boys) born to a Hasidic family. Eve was born in her mother’s hometown of Jozefow [Polish: Józefów], Poland but grew up in the town of Hrubieszow [Polish: Hrubieszów]. Eve was raised in a Hasidic household. Her parents, Lesar and Yetta “Ita” Finkelstein encouraged her to pursue her education. After graduating from the local Gymnasium, Eve moved to Warsaw, Poland in 1938, where she enrolled in Josef Piludski University and worked as a governess to support herself. \u003cbr\u003eWhen the Germans invaded Poland in 1939, Eve fled east, eventually making it back to Hrubieszow, which sat on the German side of the new border between German- and Soviet-occupied Poland. Eve lived in the Hrubieszow ghetto with her family. She worked with the Judenrat and managed to avoid deportation actions. During the ghetto’s final liquidation in October 1942, Eve decided to flee to Warsaw. With the help of the Underground, Eve obtained false identity papers. For the next two years, she travelled to different cities in Poland, finding jobs and shelter with the help of the Underground. Eve witnessed the destruction of the Warsaw ghetto in the spring of 1943 and the Warsaw Uprising in the fall of 1944. With the city in ruins, Eve escaped to Austria. She survived the last few months of the war with the help of contacts. After the war, Eve worked as a translator for the American occupation government. She reunited with her mother and one sister, who had survived multiple concentration camps. The rest of her family had not survived.\u003cbr\u003eIn 1947, Eve’s mother and sister immigrated to New York. Eve followed and arrived in New York aboard the SS Marine Marlin on April 1, 1947. Eve was soon in Atlanta, attending Agnes Scott College on a scholarship from the Hillel Refugee Student Service. While at Agnes Scott, she met and married Max Silver (1919-2005) of Huntsville, Alabama. Settling in Atlanta permanently, Eve enjoyed an active social life while raising three children. She later graduated from Georgia State University with a degree in journalism. She began writing for The Atlanta-Journal Constitution and The Southern Israelite and became a member of Congregation Beth Jacob. Eve passed away due to complications of Alzheimer’s disease on March 30, 2009.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eEve describes growing up in a Hasidic family and attending school in Hrubieszow, Poland. She discusses her opportunities and turning away from a Hasidic lifestyle. Eve recalls her town’s occupation. She recounts the development of a Judenrat, life in the ghetto, the first Aktion, and the German’s invasion of Russia. Eve remembers the chaos and confusion during the ghetto’s liquidation. She explains how she escaped the ghetto and went to Warsaw. Eve talks about seeing her boyfriend in the Krakow ghetto, friends who helped her, and some narrow escapes. She witnesses the Warsaw ghetto uprising and the Polish uprising. Eve recollects her escape to Austria. She summarizes her liberation, working for the American government, and reuniting with her mother and a sister. Eve explains how she came to the Unites States. She talks about building a life in Atlanta and raising family. Eve speaks about becoming a journalist. She reviews her husband’s career, her children, and their current home. Eve conveys some of her experiences in hiding. She discusses the influence of her experiences on her religion. Eve relays her frustrations and desire to be more observant. Eve shares some of her poetry. She considers why she did not speak of her experiences. Eve explains her attempts at acculturation and protecting her children from trauma. She offers a unique perspective of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29342"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Kent and Ruth Einstein interview Eve Silver in Atlanta, Georgia on August 10, 2000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEve Silver was born Chava Finkelstein [Polish: Finkelsztejn] on April 15, 1921. She was the youngest of five children (three girls and two boys) born to a Hasidic family. Eve was born in her mother\u0026rsquo;s hometown of Jozefow [Polish: J\u0026oacute;zef\u0026oacute;w], Poland but grew up in the town of Hrubieszow [Polish: Hrubiesz\u0026oacute;w]. Eve was raised in a Hasidic household. Her parents, Lesar and Yetta \u0026ldquo;Ita\u0026rdquo; Finkelstein encouraged her to pursue her education. After graduating from the local Gymnasium, Eve moved to Warsaw, Poland in 1938, where she enrolled in Josef Piludski University and worked as a governess to support herself.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eWhen the Germans invaded Poland in 1939, Eve fled east, eventually making it back to Hrubieszow, which sat on the German side of the new border between German- and Soviet-occupied Poland. Eve lived in the Hrubieszow ghetto with her family. She worked with the Judenrat and managed to avoid deportation actions. During the ghetto\u0026rsquo;s final liquidation in October 1942, Eve decided to flee to Warsaw. With the help of the Underground, Eve obtained false identity papers. For the next two years, she travelled to different cities in Poland, finding jobs and shelter with the help of the Underground. Eve witnessed the destruction of the Warsaw ghetto in the spring of 1943 and the Warsaw Uprising in the fall of 1944. With the city in ruins, Eve escaped to Austria. She survived the last few months of the war with the help of contacts. After the war, Eve worked as a translator for the American occupation government. She reunited with her mother and one sister, who had survived multiple concentration camps. The rest of her family had not survived.\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1947, Eve\u0026rsquo;s mother and sister immigrated to New York. Eve followed and arrived in New York aboard the SS Marine Marlin on April 1, 1947. Eve was soon in Atlanta, attending Agnes Scott College on a scholarship from the Hillel Refugee Student Service. While at Agnes Scott, she met and married Max Silver (1919-2005) of Huntsville, Alabama. Settling in Atlanta permanently, Eve enjoyed an active social life while raising three children. She later graduated from Georgia State University with a degree in journalism. She began writing for The Atlanta-Journal Constitution and The Southern Israelite and became a member of Congregation Beth Jacob. Eve passed away due to complications of Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s disease on March 30, 2009.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEve describes growing up in a Hasidic family and attending school in Hrubieszow, Poland. She discusses her opportunities and turning away from a Hasidic lifestyle. Eve recalls her town\u0026rsquo;s occupation. She recounts the development of a Judenrat, life in the ghetto, the first Aktion, and the German\u0026rsquo;s invasion of Russia. Eve remembers the chaos and confusion during the ghetto\u0026rsquo;s liquidation. She explains how she escaped the ghetto and went to Warsaw. Eve talks about seeing her boyfriend in the Krakow ghetto, friends who helped her, and some narrow escapes. She witnesses the Warsaw ghetto uprising and the Polish uprising. Eve recollects her escape to Austria. She summarizes her liberation, working for the American government, and reuniting with her mother and a sister. Eve explains how she came to the Unites States. She talks about building a life in Atlanta and raising family. Eve speaks about becoming a journalist. She reviews her husband\u0026rsquo;s career, her children, and their current home. Eve conveys some of her experiences in hiding. She discusses the influence of her experiences on her religion. Eve relays her frustrations and desire to be more observant. Eve shares some of her poetry. She considers why she did not speak of her experiences. Eve explains her attempts at acculturation and protecting her children from trauma. She offers a unique perspective of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/266/865/small/Silver_Eve.mp4_1741635067.jpg?1741635068","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Silver_Eve.mp4"]},"duration":8713.546,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/266/865/small/Silver_Eve.mp4_1741635067.jpg?1741635068","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/266/865/original/Silver_Eve.mp4?1741635049","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":8713.546,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Silver, Eve [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay. Let us start with your name, your original name, and then your current name also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8.0,14.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay. My original name was Chava Finkelstein. I was born in Jozefow [Poland], which is the town where [Reserve Police] Battalion 101 started their activities. The book by Christopher Browning. I don't know. He put that little ... There were 1,800 Jews in that little town, but it's ... I was born there and then I grew up in Hrubieszow, which is in the Lublin district of Poland and not far from Belz or Belzec. When my father was a Belzer Hasid, we called it Belz, but when there was a concentration camp there, a death camp, they called it Belzec. That's where I grew up. That's where I went to school, Hrubieszow. I went to the ... I entered the gymnasium when I was ten years old, which was my great accomplishment. There were six Jewish students up to a class of 60 and I entered that when I was ten years old, even though my father was a Hasid. They, of course, immediately ... In order to enter that school, you had to pass entrance exams, which they scheduled for Saturday morning. When you went into the class to take the exams, they would [frisk] everybody to see whether you're not carrying in any help with your ... to answer the exams. Then, they brought in ham sandwiches, and I ate them for the first time in my life, and the ceiling didn't fall in, and that was sort of a turn. I didn't get very much of a Jewish education, but I had some home education up till then. But I dropped my Jewish education when I entered that school. The trend in Poland, at that time was very, I wouldn't say assimilation. It was socialistic trend. The Bund was active, and the communist and socialist trends were very strong after World War One and the flight from Hasidic life in Poland became very strong for somebody like me even. When I ... Once my parents made this big effort to try to get me into that school [and] once I got into that school, it was like a road to freedom and to a different life. I didn't ... Even though my father was at Belz Hasid and the observance, of course, we had every Friday night and every Saturday night, but he actually, kept his religion to his own, to himself. In other words, there was no way to enforce. Before that, I guess people had no other way. I mean, they were born and raised in their shtetl [Yiddish: village], and there was no train to go anywhere, there was no possibility unless they went to the United States. How do I do that? I went through this gymnasium. That's what it was called, Gymnasium Stanislava [unintelligible]. The school was next door to the former Jesuit monastery because the school was originally run for boys only by the Jesuit monastery next door. At that time, Poland, of course, had for the first time in maybe 300 years, its own government since 1926, and that's where the public education came from. This was supposed to be public education, even though there was a fee for that school. It wasn't free education. Public education for free was only till you were 14 years old. This was on the level of the lycee like in Western Europe. And we had to pay a fee and I went to that school. It was a big accomplishment, but my Judaism went by the wayside. My older siblings were out and they were not observing anything. None of them followed in any religious steps. Even though my brothers had gone to a dual curriculum school till they were 13, but after that, there was nothing they could do with their lives. Being in that school was a big accomplishment. For the first two or three years, I guess, the class was taken ... They had to go to mass every morning. This church was next door. So, we were all marching toward the church and all of the Jewish... They went toward the altar to listen to the mass and that thing, and we were sat in the back, in the dark vestibule and waited till mass was over and we marched back to school. Then, after two or three years--I don't remember when--we had ... They had sent in a teacher for the Jewish children for that period of time, so we didn't go to march [to] the church with them. It was very close, but it was just I had to go out of one building and go into the next building. So, we had Jewish instructions, which amounted to very little. I mean, it was like culture, I guess, or social studies more or less. It wasn't anything Hebrew or anything. It's just what you would probably call social studies. That went on. For me, it was six years because I had entered into the third grade.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=14.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e About what year would this be?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=408.0,409.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e That was like 1933. Then came the big year of the Matura, which was the graduation from high school. I mean, there was a very big to do about it. It had a lot of folklore around it when you got a received a Matura and all that. That was, I think, in 1938. My dates are now confused, too. Of course, we ... That was a kind of town [where] I never saw a paper in my life even while I went into that school. In the library, there was some papers and, in the city, some of the Jewish people would receive The Forwards. I hope I'm pronouncing it right: Forwards. Can you understand what I'm ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=409.0,462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e It was an American Jewish paper?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=462.0,464.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, that was a European paper. It's also available in the United States, but there was a socialistic paper and some of the Bund and socialist leaning people, Jewish people, were receiving that paper every once in a while, in person. But I actually never read the paper while I was in school. But while I was in school before graduation ... I mean, I guess it was in the last year or two years before graduation where we went into more of ... I don't know what you would do ... There were more freer studies, and I remember we had a stack of papers, and I looked at those papers, and it was like a revelation in my life. I wanted to be where there are newspapers. It was my ... I guess, I had already seen movie stars because there were two or three movies that I had seen, but I never was taken in so much by the movie stars as I was by the newspapers. I just really ... Just to receive a paper every day ... There were literary journals in Poland but really like literary journals. There were no newspapers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=464.0,548.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e You had said that your Jewishness fell by the wayside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=548.0,549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=549.0,551.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What was it about Jewishness that you ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=551.0,553.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e I just simply ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=553.0,555.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e ... backed away from really?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=555.0,557.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, it simply went to ... The school was not in session, but they had dances, social things on Saturday. I went to all of those. Of course, I didn't eat kosher anymore because there were, you know ... I don't know what. I didn't bring in any non ... Although, my brothers, when they were teenagers, I remember the first thing they did is they went to some tavern to get a drink and a drink some. I mean, liberation from the Hasidic milieu in Poland was like ... Well, I wouldn't say it was like from [Adolf] Hitler, but it was some. The outlook ... I mean, you can find that in [Chaim] Potok's ... Some of the Potoks' book, you can see were ... that he writes a lot about this and you can see the man that was supposed to be following his father's footsteps, become a rabbi, the first time he puts on his civilian clothes and steps on the stoop and looks at the world, [he says,] \"Oh, now the world is mine. I don't have to become a rabbi anymore.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=557.0,625.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What would ... To be a young woman growing up in that kind of a world, what would it have been like for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=625.0,631.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I was free to date whoever I wanted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=631.0,635.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e I mean, if you had stayed the daughter of a Hasidic person, like if you had not broken away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=635.0,640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e If I didn't go to that school, I would be like my sisters, where my sisters went to what they called a vocational school. My older sister, actually, I don't know what she did in that vocational school. All she did is help with the household, with the little store that they had, and with the children. The one right after her went to vocational school and actually received an excellent education in designing new clothes. Before that, everybody wanted to become an apprentice with a tailor or something like that, but she actually ... She was a kind of artist. I mean, it's very hard to imagine the surroundings that she spent many of her afternoons going to the river and sitting in some corner of the river, and painting. That was as unusual as a girl wanting to be an astronaut. It wasn't as popular as ... Here, people have the freedom of becoming an artist and they are artistic and they ... But that was very unusual, so for them ... My older sister, her first boyfriend ... Well, she helped a lot was the house and then she was 17 and she was 18, and she needed to get married and there was no dowry. There was no money. One of her boyfriends went to Palestine because he went to a kibbutz. Then, the whole family went together, my mother's, my family on my mother's side. My mother went to her hometown, Jozefow, and she knocked on somebody's door. She needed a dowry for my sister, and they got together, and they found her a husband, and she got married. She didn't like it very much, but she got married. This other one, next year or younger, she would have gone to Warsaw, and she would have looked for a job as a designer, which would be very much going away from Judaism. I mean, she wouldn't probably marry a religious man. I mean, being religious ... I don't know if I should express this. Being religious in those circumstances was like [you were] consigned to the lowest strata of poverty and nothing. I was lucky because I was free. I mean, I was now capable or free to ... I went to ... After I graduated in 1938, I think it was, I went to Warsaw [Poland] and registered the university with that Arbitur or Matura that they called [it]. You didn't have ... That was entrance to the university.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=640.0,820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What was your intention for yourself?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=820.0,822.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I registered into the philological department, which would be literature and languages. In Warsaw, you just went to lectures. Well, when I registered there, I had already, of course, had to get a job, and I was a ... not a ... I took care of two teenage children. A caretaker? A caretaker?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=822.0,852.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e A caretaker?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=852.0,852.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e A caretaker? A caretaker? Well, what is ... There's a ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=852.0,855.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e A nanny?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=855.0,856.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Not a nanny; it was ... There was another word for it, but I can't remember it. Anyway, I just took care of them in the afternoon and that's the way I sort of made my living. All you had to do in Warsaw was attend lectures and take the final exam at the end of the year, but there was not a lot of studying there because the Hitler trends were very strong. [In] 1938, it was very strong, and the Poles had suddenly joined in, and they had issued laws against Jews, whatever else they did on the larger scene. But for the university, they issued laws where the Jewish students had to stand to the lefthand side of the classroom. You couldn't sit down. While we were walking down to the university, the Poles were on the sides, throwing rocks and bottles, you know, and I would ... What I would do is come in the morning and help some of the students, hoping that they won't attack as viciously if we walked ... I walked hand-in-hand with some of the students. I did that and that was 1938 and 1939. I don't even remember. Thirty-eight ... Yeah, well, I was off through 1938 and then 1939, because the war broke out in ... What is next month?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=856.0,949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e September.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=949.0,950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e September first, 1939, I had been in a nightclub, but the nightclub is different. They had a seer, you know, a person that foretold the future and they ...  Of course, everything ... While we were sitting there, the German planes flew over Warsaw. I mean, they were expected for several months and everything was darkened, but the bombs flew over. So, Warsaw was attacked then. I mean, Poland was attacked then. Then, fighting lasted for about two weeks, no more than that. Fighting was over and I had to go east to go home. So, the west side of Poland was really completely occupied, but the east side they were still fighting. So, there were a lot of horse and buggy, wagons, and caravans going, refugees going that way. I sometimes ... Everybody did the same thing, just find some sort of transportation and jump on. While we were going--this was like about, I don't know 150 miles, maybe 200--they were strafing us from the skies. Then, I arrived home, I think it was in October. I arrived to my home hometown. I was there like about two or three days and the Russians occupied that part of Poland. The Jews were absolutely desperate to be under Russian occupation again. It was just the worst thing that could happen. Everybody had some idea of what's going on, but to see the Russian soldiers coming in with their boots and their coats unhemmed, you know, some sort of a wrap without ... just tied at the waist and no hem at the bottom. They actually came in and played the balalaikas [a stringed instrument] and threw some food to the children. They didn't stay and it was ... Oh, everybody just was devastated that we were going to be occupied by ... It was not ... The memory lingered of the former occupation. So, then--I don't know the exact dates--they stayed for about two or three weeks and the Germans came in. They withdrew and the Germans came in because that was the Curzon line that was in dispute. And of course, there was the Ribbentrop-Stalin Pact dividing those territories. The Germans came in the middle of the night and I was able ... We lived on the second floor. Our house was our family building, where my father's family owned, I guess, for 300 years, and it belonged to a lot of other parts of my father's [family]. We were on the second floor and I was able to go out through the attic and look down to the square. They came in at the middle of the night and smashed all the windows of all the stores, especially the liquor stores. They were not civilized by any means. I mean, the Russians were supposed to be the non-civilized, but they came in civilized. But [the Germans] smashed all the windows and they rioted in the middle of the night and the next morning, they started. Whatever it is that they started next morning, I just don't even remember, but that was ... I guess they moved in, but I didn't really see exactly where they ... I don't know what was going on, but the first thing I remember is that, of course, it gets very cold in November and it was .... Everybody was ... I don't know if it was November. I don't remember the dates, really, but I remember that days passed and the winter was bitter. For 1940, winter was just one of the worst in people's memory and they ... Everybody was locked in and we were running out of everything, whatever we had before. I remember going down ... My friend that I'm mentioning that survived, she survived five concentration camps and lived in the United States since the 1950s. I went down to her house because it was on a ... through a dirt alley where nobody could see. I went out to her house and I said, \"We got to do something because we have nothing.\" In my memory, that's what I did and then I ... She doesn't remember anything about it. She doesn't remember that we spoke, but I ... To my mind, I spoke to her and I don't know if she went out with me because she was much more sheltered than I was and her parents probably ... Her mother didn't want her to go out. But in my memory, that was the beginning, where I knocked in some people's houses, and I said we had to make contact with the Germans or we'll have nothing. That was, to my memory, the beginning of our Judenrat. Whether they would have done it ... I remember that I sort of went to do it, that I talked to this man, to these elder people in town and I ... And then we had the Judenrat. The Judenrat consisted of the people of the former Kehillah and the rest of us, like my ... people that went to school, that had the same education as I did, we all manned the office. You know, we could speak German and we started ... To my mind, that was what we did. Apparently, that probably would have come anyway by, I guess, February or March, where we had to get some fuel for the ovens and some other provisions. I don't remember. We were the ones that had did that by ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=950.0,1368.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember if the Germans had any different policy towards the Jews as compared to the Poles?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1368.0,1373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Of course. Well, at that time, at the beginning, I didn't know anything. But anyway, my days are getting confused. I don't know, but in December, before that happened, in December, they had conducted the first march where they had rounded up most of the men and marched them like about ... I don't know. I didn't ... wasn't on that much and my father wasn't either. So, they marched them to some other location and killed some of them on the way and some of them came back. After this march, a lot of men in town had gone to the river, which was about three and a half miles, and crossed the river to the Russian side--that was the demarcation line--including my father and one of my brothers. So, then we started the Judenrat. We were, all of us, the Zionists and all of us that had this education manned at the office. And we would see the Germans come in and go to the back room and talk to the head of the Kehillah and all that. I didn't really know. The Judenrat business is a big thing that ... Of course, the Judenrats in Warsaw and the big towns also had a Jewish police force that helped the Germans. I don't think it was any sort of collaboration, but they were instrumental in rounding up the people for the Aktions and all that. In my hometown, nothing of that was the case. We didn't know what. We didn't do anything with or couldn't prevent the Germans from do anything that they were going to do. I mean, one of them would come out every morning and go around with a rifle. There were some cellar quarters, and he would look in. Then, he would look in and shoot somebody right there. We knew this was going on all around. They round up this and round ... But anyway, these times were ... I don't know what my memory consists of. There were a lot of refugees that came in from other parts of town that we had to help with. I don't remember the date, but there was an epidemic of typhus, where people stayed in the houses. There was nothing. They caused the typhus. They caused [it], the Germans. One afternoon, they brought in a dying man to the quarters of the Judenrat. The man was covered with lice. It was white because he was covered with lice. They threw him on the floor. We were all there. What I remember is I went out of that room and called in the nurse that was ... One of my friend's older sister was a trained nurse. They found a doctor, and whatever they did with this man, he was dying and two days later there was a horrendous outbreak of typhus in the town. I was not affected for some reason, and I was just going from one place to another, seeing how people were doing. That was the first winter. Then, that was 1940, that summer. Well, I don't remember what the summer of 1940 was like. I think most of most of the things that we were occupied with was with the refugees fleeing from the western side, where there was a lot more activity then. They were already or started the concentration camp, the arrests, and everything else. I think that was 1940 and this [was] the winter of 1941. Of course, some of those refugees were very above our standard of living in this small town. They had much ... They lived in much better conditions when they lived in the west in the Krakow district or the Poznan district. We were busy with that. Then, in the summer of 1941, they started massing their troops. We saw them since we were on the river, on the demarcation line. We saw them massing their troops behind the river. That next week or two, we were busy, but they brought in the Russian soldiers, burning the bunkers. Apparently, there were bunkers all around the river and we were busy with that. We were active in the hospitals with the Russian soldiers. That was 1941 and I don't really remember our life, what it was like. We were also moved from our quarters to a ghetto part of ... to a different part of town, where we lived all together, which a lot of people escaped, went to the Russian side. What I remember is that we moved to that ghetto, and that was ... I don't even remember what my siblings were doing. I mean, I had two siblings. I mean, two of the sisters were there. One of the brothers went across the river. The other one passed through town, and didn't stay, and apparently was killed as he was escaping. That was 1942. I don't ... Forty-one, I think, was predominantly taken over by thoughts that war is coming on this front. Then, we had one Aktion in town where the members of the Jewish police ... I mean, there was ... The people that were in the Judenrat were my friends that had this Gymnasium education. They were not traitors and they were not turncoats. I had done a review of that book \"Judenrat\" that was written here. I think I've done... I brought it down here. I think I was the only one that really reviewed that book, but it was a scholarly review of the Judenrat activities by a member of the Yad ... No, the ... YIVO institute of New York. Yeah, the YIVO Institute. So, but that ... We had first Aktion. To this first Aktion, a lot of people--not a lot; a good bit of people--volunteered because the word was given that they going to be taken to a work camp and they would rather go to work than live in the conditions that we lived. So, there were volunteers, men mostly. The second Aktion, all I remember is that I took my mother, and my sister, and her, and my niece to... We went... All got into a building where all the members of the Judenrat and other people were staying together. We didn't know... The Germans did their own rounding up at that time. We survived that one. Then, the third one came in October of 1942. That was supposed to be the final Judenrein [German: Free of Jews] Aktion [on] one day in 1942, whatever. I had the... In October 1942, well, that morning or that few days before we knew that this was the end, that we were going to be taken, all of us from there, and what are we going to do? We didn't know what to do. I didn't know what to do and I was going from one place to another to ... The Judenrat wasn't operative anymore. So, I went to the houses of these people [asking], \"What's going to happen? What are we going to do?\" Nobody knew what we going to do. Then, I had my boyfriend, of course, who was one of the refugees. I mean, he was much above the level of the people that lived in my hometown. He, of course, spoke perfect German because he had already been to Vienna [Austria] before the war, to the university and he had ... Anyway, he was supposed to ... That day, I didn't see him all day and I didn't know anything about what was going on. Nobody knew what was going on and nobody had an opinion. The town was like a fair that day. The Poles came in with goods. Everybody was buying things like bread and clothes--not clothes, but maybe materials. Whatever there was to buy they bought. They were buying and it was like a country fair. Well, I was around it all day long and then curfew came. I went back to my house, to this new ghetto place where we were living. I went there and there was nobody there. My sister wasn't there, my mother wasn't there, and there was nothing on the shelves. Everything was stripped. Whatever [we had], they were taken. So, I was standing there thinking of, \"What in the world?\" Anyway, I went out the door, and went to the next door, and I was knocking on people's door asking, \"Do you know where my mother is? Do you know?\" Finally, somebody told me where they were. While I was running around all day looking for some way out, they had found a hiding place, which was just a few doors away. My sister had the baby--the baby was about two years old, I think, or she was about two or three years old--and my mother. They went to this hiding place and I knocked. It was sort of in an underground cellar. There were a lot of cellars in Europe. I knocked there and I said ... My sister came to the door and she says, \"What are you doing here?\" And I said, \"Well, where or what am I supposed to do?\" She said, \"Well, you're supposed to be with your boyfriend there,\" because he was ... He knew what was going on. I didn't see him all day. I don't know where he was. She said, \"Well, you can't stand around here because we don't want ... There are other people here and I have a baby. You are endangering us and you better move on. Go somewhere.\" I went back to the house. It was after curfew, so ... It was just in a back alley, that is sort of like. I went back to the house and I was standing there in the middle of that house. There was nothing there anymore. My boyfriend knocked on the door and he said, \"What are you doing here?\" And I said, \"Where was I supposed to be?\" He said, \"Your mother and your sister, they found a good hiding place and you were supposed to go there because I am going to be with the commander of the Polish police tonight. We don't know what's going to happen. We don't know what they're going to do and I'm going to spend the night with him. That's the arrangement I have.\" While we were standing there, we heard somebody come knocking in the door. He went out one window and I went to the other door. Somebody knocked on the door, but he went away. Here I was, standing with nothing and me facing ... I don't know what I was facing, but I didn't know where to go. It's hard to believe, but out of that ... It was fury more than ... People think I must be very brave, [but] it is more fury and anger, I guess, that I picked up my pocketbook. I think just my ... Maybe, I don't know, I had a little satchel or something. I didn't have anything with me, my watch and whatever I had. I ran to the railroad station up through ... Well, it was like ... The railroad stations, they were a little bit out of town. I ran the back way. I crossed the river. I came to the river. I tore off my [arm] band, dumped it in the river with what they called my documents. I dumped it in the river, and went to the railroad station, and arrived at the railroad station. It was a little room. It wasn't bigger than that. I was at the railroad station and I wanted to go back to get my ... I arrived there and I didn't know what I was going to do, so I wanted to go back. I thought it was a crazy idea. Where's my document? Where's my armband? So, I went to the door and the station was surrounded. Within minutes, the [unintelligible], the commandant of the Gestapo, was in there with three other people, right through that railroad station, getting the Poles. What they traveled for is they were smuggling hams and eggs, you know, from one place to another, selling and all that. They got all of that from the Poles. I didn't have anything. I was just standing in the corner, just ... And he knew me. He knew me if he had looked. He didn't look for a face. He looked for the things, for the eggs and the hams. So, he brushed right [past] me like this [and went] out there. I mean, he was as close to me as he was standing next to me. He knew me and I knew him. They went through. They got the stuff and they left. The rest of us just stayed in the railroad station not knowing ... And here I was, at the railroad station, but the train came about two or three hours later, and I got on the train. As I got on the train ... A few hours later from the hometown to Lublin [Poland], I was going. I don't know how long that journey takes. About, I guess, three or four hours. I was sitting there and at one time the conductor came by. The conductor was one of the Poles that also went to the school that I went and he knew me. He stood there, and he looked at me, and he said, \"Where is your billet [German: ticket]?\" ?\" [A billet is] where you have a ticket to go. I had the gold watch that was my graduation gold watch. I took it off, and I handed it to him, and he left. Morning came and we got off at Lublin, and here I was, waiting for the train to go to Warsaw. There were people standing around, and I was just walking around, just thinking, \"Where am I going,\" and \"These people know me,\" and \"Who's going to point me out?\" There were people that knew me, but everybody was really more or less busy with their problems. Nobody ... Then, the train came and we went to Warsaw. I got off of the train in Warsaw. The ghetto was already full. You know, Warsaw was not the same as it was before. Even though I lived there before and I knew people, but it was not the same. I got off the train and I was walking. All of a sudden, somebody comes from behind me, puts his [around] arm, and he says in Polish ... I turned around. [It] was one of my Polish classmates. I mean, somebody that was in the class with me, nobody that I knew very well. I mean, I knew him well, but I didn't ... He said, \"You walk straight and don't ... just talk to me,\" and we walked straight. We walked straight. He took me not far away from the station to a house. He said, \"Just go up on the third floor and you'll be okay.\" So, I walked up on the third floor and I ... whatever the third floor was ... and there were cots in there, and I lay down. I don't really know the progression of this, what happened there. Apparently, somebody came to take a picture, but I couldn't remember. I don't remember that. But a little time passed and I got ... That was the Polish underground working. They were the war ... They were dispersed. That was 1942. That's what they did and they knew. I mean, they were active all around. They knew what was going on in hometowns so that it wasn't a G-d given thing. I mean, they were there at the station to see who arrives and whatever happens. I got the document and I went up into town, and pretty soon I got connected with another little cell of the underground. I was active and there was a woman from my hometown. She was a lot older than I was, but she was there. I got connected with her. From then, on I had ... I only had contact with her. Even though there were people they coming and going all the time, I never knew anybody else but her. I don't know. I got jobs and I got lodgings. They would say, \"You ... There's a job here,\" or \"You go to live here.\" All of a sudden, one day, a letter arrived from my boyfriend--I don't know how it arrived, who had it--that he was been arrested. That had only been like about ... The times ... I have some of the times on this document, but the times I could ... I can't remember, but what ... That was on about three or four months. [It] must have been next year. He was arrested in Krakow [Poland] and kept in the Jew ... In the ghetto, in the prison. Without my doing anything, somebody find me a job in Kolomea [Ukraine], which was ... You had to go to Kolomea. You had to go to Krakow and got to Kolomea. Somebody found me a job in Kolomea and they found me a ticket on the train with a stopover in Krakow, from Warsaw to Krakow, then to Krakow to Kolomea. I had this telephone call to call somebody when I arrived in Krakow. I call the telephone number. I was on false paper then. I had a false document and I circulated outside the ghetto. In the meantime, you know, there were a lot of things going on in the ghetto. I always heard about it because that little cafe where we met with these other people. A lot of things [were] going on, but anyway, all this happened. You know, when I first was interviewed by the American rabbi in Salzburg [Vienna], when I was liberated, I told him I always thought a miracle happened. I mean, I never knew how it happened and I always ... He said, \"G-d wanted. Did you know that G-d watched over you?\" I said, \"I never thought of that. I just thought some miracle happen, you know?\" So, I had the telephone phone number, and I call up this man, and he told me exactly from the station where to go to the ghetto, which Tor [German: gate], which entrance to the ghetto. [He] said that somebody is going to know that I'm coming. I came to the ghetto ... What do you call this thing in English? Entrance. Anyway, to the ... I came there. Somebody met me. I said, \"I'm going ... I'm so-and-so. I have the recommendation from so-and-so. I'm going to the prison to see Hans Braun.\" He said, \"I know about you. Come on.\" They took me up to the prison. They brought him out on the other side. We looked at each other and my guard said, \"Time for you to go.\" So, I went out again and I was out of the ghetto again. I thought, \"Well, what is this? I've got to find out.\" I started calling the telephone number again. There was no answer. There was no ... But I had to go on with my [journey] to Kolomea. So, I went down to Kolomea. When I arrived there, I had an address where I was going to go for a German company that was processing, sending the vegetables and fruits to the front. I was supposed to work with them. There was one man and one woman working there. I hardly knew what to do, but I had this job and I was shuffling papers. The first or second night, I met a couple. They came to this place. I don't know whether they came to the office or they came the place where I slept. I don't even remember that. They introduced themselves. He was a Jewish man and [she was] a Polish woman. She was taking care of him and they were going ... What else? They were going to watch over me, because we kept in touch, but we didn't stay. I didn't stay in that place very long until they said, this couple said, \"Time for us to leave. We're not staying here.\" They were from there. The Polish girl was a native of Kolomea. He ... I don't know where he was from, but they were leaving. They said, \"Time has come for us to leave and you do, too.\" So, I decided that I'm leaving. I mean, the situation ... Working at that office wasn't ... I don't remember much about it because it was a short time, but I didn't know much what to do and they weren't very friendly. They kept sort of--there was a girl and a man--away from me. So, they said, \"Time to go,\" and I said, \"Where are you going?\" They said they're going to Warsaw. I said, \"Well, would I know where to find you?\" They told me where I would find them, so I went to Warsaw. When I arrived in Warsaw, that was April 1943. Was it April? My dates ... I don't remember the ... It was April when the [Warsaw] Ghetto Uprising was there. I was outside of the ghetto, watching the ghetto in flames. I went to see these people. They came out to the door. The woman came out the door and she said, \"We can't keep in touch with you anymore because we don't know what's going on,\" and so forth. After that, you know, I don't hardly remember what was going on or what I did. I don't remember the dates. I don't remember what was going on. After the Ghetto Uprising, they were street fighting in Warsaw all the time. You know, there was ... The Poles were shooting. They were hiding behind [or] in an entrance to the buildings and was going ... I just don't remember what was going on then. Then, there was the Polish [Warsaw] Uprising. I was living in one place and then there was the Polish Uprising. I was living in one place with a woman whose husband was a big Polish officer. You didn't want to know all of it, did you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, you are into it. Let us ... I think it is good to keep going.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=2924.0,2926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, so then, I went. I was living with this woman, and all of a sudden, her sons left from that apartment. They were gonna have to rejoin their units, the underground unit somewhere. And she was moving over somewhere to where her sister [was], so I had to find another place where I would stay. I mean, the population was all sort of scrounged up. That was downtown. That was the city around the railroad station. That was really downtown. Everybody was ... People found themselves in an apartment house when the [Warsaw] Uprising broke out and they couldn't go in Warsaw. So, there were all sorts of conglomerates of people. So, I wound up in this other house, in this other place where there was ... Actually, in this other place there was a ... It was close to the railroad station and was the main street, and he was a photographer that everybody knew. One of my hometown friends used to work for him, so I had that connection. I stayed there and I was trying to help. He ... that was the photographer's apartment. He had a woman who had a 14-year-old child or something. I was trying to help with it, sort of ingratiate [myself]. One morning, we were standing in the kitchen, and she lifted up her arm to get something from the shelf, and a stray bullet came right through her arm, and she was dead on ... right there. That just ... the man ... Well, I was ... When that happened, whatever happened, I was trying to take care on this child, [who was] twelve years old or something, and that man went berserk or something. He was just ... didn't know what was. I mean, everybody was berserk and didn't know what was going on. Then, he told everybody I was trying to take over the child. That was not a very long time because ... And then finally, the order came for everybody to get out because the Poles capitulated, so everybody had to get out. That night, somebody of that ... There were many apartments in these buildings, you know, one row, one ... Somebody came and they said, \"We going to go out. Everybody's getting out to surrender to the Germans, but you better not get out with us,\" because I had, in the meantime, told some of the people who I really was. Because somebody knows who you are, they're not going to want you around with them. [They said,] \"So you better not go out with us.\" Here I was, [in that] bombed out city. Everybody's leaving and I can't get out with them. I mean, I would get out, but people ... So, I sat all night long. I sat somewhere in the back, where there was still a building. The building was still sort of smoking and burning. I was sitting there all night and crying. Then, the morning came and everybody was gone, and the dogs ... They let the dogs out--you know, the Germans did--to see. The city had to be cleaned. So, I had to go out and I was ... I don't know. You don't know. The Warsaw apartment houses there are trying to sort of ... you go through. I forget my words. You go into one complex and there are apartments on both sides, and then you go to another. I was way back then. I went to the first complex where the people were walking out, and as I was walking out, there was a black patent leather suitcase standing there, right there. Everybody was gone, and I looked at that suitcase, and I went out. But then, I went back and I looked at that suitcase because I wasn't going to go anywhere. I was going to wait at the curb to wait till to see what happens. So, I got that suitcase out, put it at the curb and sat down on it. Pretty soon, one of the ... Most of the people had already gone out and most of the Gestapo, and the Einsatzgruppen, and everybody that was important is already gone, but the Wehrmacht [German Army], the last ... the cleanup crew, so to say, they were following. I was sitting on the curb and then, they went out and somebody noticed that suitcase, and they said, \"Come on up.\" I went on that truck, and they picked up the suitcase, and put it there. Then, I rode with them for about, I guess, about a half a mile or so, and they said, \"Raus! Leave the suitcase and you go,\" because they had no ... Everybody was already gone. They had no way to connect me to anything. So, they said, \"Just get out of here.\" I found myself on the outskirts of Warsaw, which I was familiar with. I walked to one of the suburbs and I knew ... I sort of knew some of the people. I walked from one suburb to another and just walked sort of--I had nothing with me--and finally found these people that I slightly knew. They looked at me like a ghost, but they let me in. I went into that house and stayed about two weeks. I was sick, and hungry, and dirty, and all that. Then, they said, \"You have no ... You are from ... You know, your documents, your document is from Warsaw.\" I had Warsaw, Polish documents and [they said], \"We know who you are and you can't stay here.\" So, I went out of that house, went to the railroad station, got on the train that was going to Vienna. In Vienna, I had an address of the people that my fiancé had boarded with before the war. He had brought a lot of things from their household for them to keep. He left valuables. I had that address. That was the arrangement that we had. Whatever happens, we're going to have to look for that address. So, I went over to ... I went on the train and I was sitting on the train thinking to myself, \"Believe it or not, I'm getting out of Poland.\" That was my first thought. \"I'll be in Austria soon,\" and sure enough, I arrived in Austria on the East station. January first, 1945, I arrived in Vienna. The ground was covered in snow and I had a little suitcase with me, which I had from before, and I walked through the snow to go. This was the 20th Bizerk [German: district]. It was a little bit out of town. I walked through the snow, and came to that apartment, and knocked at the door, and I told her that I'm one of the Brandwines--which was my fiancé's name--that I'm, out of Warsaw, and I need some shelter, and all. The parents ... Her parents weren't there. It was just a woman. The parents that had dealt with my fiancé. They weren't there, but she had already been actually married before he got there. She didn't know much about him anyway. She didn't know much about anything. And he ... Alright, the first few days, just to make a long story [short] ... So, I didn't know what was going on. Actually, their German was very much different. They could speak German in a way that you couldn't understand, even though you knew German. But the Viennese, they couldn't have a ... Their slang. And she was talking to a lot of people, but I didn't know what was going on. Some people had came the same evening to just ... They talked something over and nothing. Then, there came somebody else. Then, she sent me down to the police station to get a provisions card, because you can't buy anything you don't have. I went right to the railroad station. I mean, to the police station and got a card. I said, \"I just arrived. I'm a refugee from Warsaw,\" and I don't know what I said, but I answered whatever they [asked], and I came back with a provisions card for my food. That way, she would send me down to the store to buy things. That only lasted a very short time. Then, I slept with somebody in somebody else's house. Then, one day, she sent me to a place. I could never figure it out. I still don't know to this day. [There] was a very important man that was sitting behind a desk in his house, which is ... I been there and, he asked me questions, and I answered questions, and I walked out, and I didn't know what was happening. I mean, what happened there? What's going to happen? Finally, I think around in about six weeks or so, she decided that there was a ... She knew a Jew that was a half Jew, that was hiding out in Graz, which was in provinces, down where Arnold Schwarzenegger comes from, by the way. The Schwarzenegger's are all over there. She says in this village that this man is hiding out--Felix--and he's protected by that people, that I should go down there, because there's not much ... That was getting to be February or March. There were a lot of bombings. So, that's not much--or maybe was before that--not much that she can do here with me, why don't I go down there? And so I did. I got on the train, went down to whatever the name of the place was. Felix was there, and his fiancee, and the other people, and I stayed in this place. I don't even remember. We stayed in this place for about a week or two, I guess, and didn't know what was going on. I didn't really. I mean, it is hard to imagine. One day, I went there. I don't know where I slept. I slept there. Then, not long, about two weeks later, they said, \"It's better for you to go back to Vienna because--Fly--the woman that I was with--is leaving Vienna, and, she ... because the bombing is so terrific and so you, she will go to the country, to Leopoldstadt, which is 12 miles from Salzburg, and you will go with her.\" Actually, Felix and his fiancee left before I did that place and they ... I went there and they picked me up at the station, and I walked through the night, 12 kilometers through the woods to go to this village and arrived there. That was late. That was like March. It was the most peculiar thing in the world. They were ... You want to change?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=2926.0,3656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEinstein:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the tape.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3656.0,3657.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you all need some water?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3657.0,3667.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, back in Salzburg. As I remember it, when I got back there, the woman that I stayed [with] before, she had gone, and left me, and all this. I can't remember the connection, but anyway, left me a notice that she had left for Leopoldstadt and that Felix will pick me up and we'll walk to Leopoldstadt. It's 12 miles away. We walked through the night. He and I both [were] very much afraid. I mean, it was the end of the war. We walked back to Leopoldstadt, which was in the Alps, not too far from Berchtesgaden. It was ... anyway, the most peculiar thing. These people--there were a lot; there were about four or five old people--in that house and they were conducting life, you know, the way ... I mean, women got up in the morning or went to the well, and washed their vegetables, and their potatoes, and peeled the potatoes, and by noon there was a meal, and they ate, and they smoked cigarettes. I didn't know what, where I was. I mean, I knew where I was, but what was all of that? Anyway, that didn't last very long, because I think that was March, and April fourth, the Fourth Army ... I mean, the third, the Rainbow Division of the Third Army came into Salzburg [Austria], walking in, you know, right into that village and billeting right in the school. Felix and his fiancee ... I mean, he didn't, but she went out with me to take a look at the Americans. And she said, \"Oh, my G-d, look at them. They don't know how to eat. They keep their ... What do they do with their hands on their lap? And they eat with one hand. I mean, what are we gonna do? It's ... We're gonna be wild.\" Next day, we went somewhere. She and I--Phyllis--we went somewhere to the lake for something, and she said, \"Look at this gorgeous world and we have the Americans now.\" She was not Jewish. He was half Jewish. Actually, I don't know what he ... He was just hiding up. I was saying to myself, \"My G-d.\" Well, anyway, I went to that school pretty soon and I, you know, told somebody that who I am, that I'm on false papers, and all that. Pretty soon, the army chaplain, Rabbi David Eichorn, was there at that school, and he interviewed me for about three hours. He spoke Yiddish or whatever. Then, about two or three days later, I got into Salzburg with him. That was Rabbi [Eli Aaron] Bohnen, who was the Third Army chaplain, main chaplain, with two attaches and some of the people from the \"Stars and Stripes\" give me an interview for about I don't know, a whole day. Then, I packed up. They said, \"Pack up,\" and I went to Salzburg. I was settled in the ... actually, it was American government billeting, a hotel where other people were living there that worked for the government. Pretty soon, I went up to the American government occupation office and UNRRA ... You know what UNNRA is? The UNRRA officers came and we drove out to Mauthausen and we drove out to other camps. I was supposed to interpret as best as I could. My English wasn't really that good. I don't know how I did it. And that was my work for the American government. I mean, that ... About ... I don't know when that happened. About three or four months later, somebody passed through this office that I was working at for the American government, the UNRRA, whichever it was. I have a lot of letters from that and said, \"Your mother and your sister are in Salzheim [Germany],\" which was a DP camp. So, from then on, I started traveling to ... People ask me why I didn't go to look for them. I found them actually about ... I don't know whether it was that spring, but having ... Living under the American ... I mean, I was an employee of the American government and every time I asked for documents, \"Can I go somewhere,\" or \"Can I ...\" They said, \"You can go, but it's on your responsibility. We don't guarantee you anything,\" because there was no order. Then, when I found them, of course, they had been to [our] hometown already, and they knew everything. So, I found them alive after five concentration camps--my sister had a new husband or lover; it was her husband and my mother--five concentration camps, notorious concentration [camps]. They started in Plaszow, Budzyn, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek ... Plaszow, Majdanek, Budzyn, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Theresienstadt. They took them from Auschwitz-Birkenau to Theresienstadt in the last month of war because my mother and my sister were both like about 75 pounds overweight when they started out. By that time, they looked thin and healthy. They were going to show them off at Theresienstadt. I mean, this is something nobody can understand because, you know, the last month they were in Auschwitz-Birkenau. It was the last month. I mean, a lot of people survived, like the Hungarians survived in Auschwitz-Birkenau because they came very late and everything was disorganized. They took them from Auschwitz-Birkenau. They were taking people from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz-Birkenau before, but at that time, they took them from Auschwitz-Birkenau to Theresienstadt because the Red Cross was going to come. So, they were liberated in Theresienstadt and they came. They went home and they found nobody. So, I found them and I was working for the American government. I had actually ... My son asked me about that the other day, and I just regretted because I gave him a quick answer. He said, \"How did you get to Agnes Scott College?\" And I said, \"We were in a hurry. We were traveling to Philadelphia [Pennsylvania].\" I said, \"It was purely accidental,\" but actually what happened is Mr. Wiess of the Joint Distribution Committee was looking. One of the Atlanta Jewish, the owner, Mr. [Frank] Garson, the owner of Lovable Brassiere, a well-known thing in Atlanta, was gonna sponsor a student if they can find somebody to go to Agnes Scott. Agnes Scott was the one that wanted some foreign students and their connection with the B'nai Brith ... And he was going to be a sponsor. So, Mr. Weiss from the Joint Distribution Committee was on the search of somebody that would qualify as a student. But where was he looking? I mean, he was looking. I don't know where he was looking before, but that night, there were the two people that worked with me. Two women that worked with me at American government had moved in with me from this billeting hotel to a private house because they were Hungarian girls. They knew how to live and they wanted to find husbands and all. So, they had this house and they were giving a party that night. They asked me to come and I said--it was raining; it always rains in Salzburg, \"It's a long way. I'm not going to go.\" And then somebody came by and said, \"I'm going to drive down. You're going with me.\" So, I accidentally went. Mr. Weiss was there for the same reason that he was ... Actually, he looked at ... I guess he looked at DP camps, but he was looking everywhere to find somebody that would qualify, and I was there. So, I got my scholarship to Agnes Scott. You know, they started processing my papers, but my mother had a brother in New York and so her ... They were in a DP camp and they were concentration camp survivors, and their papers came through first. So, I actually came on an immigration visa, not on a student visa to Atlanta in 1947. April first, 1947, I arrived at Union Station in Atlanta. If you can believe any of it, you can believe what a scene that was. I was arrived at Union Station. I was picked up by one of the big Atlanta citizens and driven to Druid Hills, which was then the famous Jewish ... I mean, the outstanding Jewish quarter where people--rich Jews--lived. You know, that's the Emory section, Lullwater [House], and all that. So, I got to Agnes Scott. For the first year, I was very popular. I mean, I had dated everybody that was a bachelor in town--not dated the way Americans date, but they came to appraise me what I was. Finally, one decided to propose. He was the lesser of the candidates, but I wasn't ... I won't say that. It's funny, isn't it? I needed to get married. One of the reasons that I needed to get married is my mother had really revitalized after that. I mean, what ... She lost everything. She was one of nine children. She was the oldest of nine children and that one brother in New York was the only one that survived. When she arrived in New York, she had dozens of first cousins that lived in New York and life had opened for her like she has never seen it before in 1947. But here was this glamorous, glorious daughter, [who was] first, not married and everybody wanted ... First of all, most of the people wanted me to stay in New York, you know, when I arrived. They wanted me to stay in New York because they would find me the proper husband there. But Rabbi [David Max] Eichhorn, who actually liberated me or ... He was the one that said, \"You go to Atlanta,\" and he went into all sorts of battles with all my relatives. He said, \"Atlanta, it's not the end of the world. You go and you can come back if you want to, if it's important, but you go to Atlanta,\" and he fought them all. I went to Atlanta. I mean, after I was in the United States about six weeks, I went to Atlanta April first, 1947.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e How old were you when you came to America?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4371.0,4373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e I was old. I was not ... You know, I already had ... At 18, I had already graduated then. And truthfully, I don't know what my age is because I really never had a birth certificate, but 25, 26. So, I went to Atlanta and I had been ... I mean, you know. I don't know whether I ... I can't believe that I was that desirable, but I dated most of the bachelors here and all of that. Then, I met this man and he had ... He was 28 and he hadn't been married. His mother told him, \"Oh, there's a girl that would take you because she ...\" And he proposed in September. I mean, we met in September, and we got engaged in December, and we went to New York, and a lot of people had ... Couldn't ... I mean, they thought, \"Oh, he's such a Southern gentleman.\" He can play the piano and he talked so beautifully, but a lot of people couldn't quite make him out, you know, because he was a true backwards Southerner. He grew up in a small town in the South. He was a brilliant student at school, but he was actually not interested. He wasn't interested and I didn't know. Now, the discussion between [us] now is that I say, \"If I had known English a little better, I would have never married you.\" But he said, \"Your English was perfect and you knew exactly what you were doing.\" So, [Ruth Einstein] is laughing, but you are not. So, anyway, we got ... We went to New York in December, and got engaged, and got married that year in June, and we came back to Atlanta. We lived on the Agnes Scott campus. One of the teachers let us have her ... The German teacher ... During my year in Atlanta, I had ... in Agnes Scott, had conducted the German Club because, you know, I knew German and there were a lot of people that were taking German. I was very close friends with her, with the teacher of German. So, we lived in her house. Then, we got married, we came back to Atlanta, and I was pregnant. We lived on Parkway Drive right at North Side, I mean, at ... Not at North Side Parkway, [at] Ponce de Leon. On Ponce de Leon, we had a room and a porch. I had the first child and then ... That was her. Then, we had a second child and moved out to Brookhaven. [It was] one of the very first apartments built in the city, a garden apartment around ... You know, we had, two bedrooms and a bath and we paid 60 dollars a month. My husband got a job and he earned 60 dollars a month. No, 60 dollars a week, I'm sorry and we paid ... And we had these two children and the apartment. [We] lived in that Brookhaven apartment. What can I say about my life? It... I was trying to make ... I had these two children. I think that's all I really knew, but I was already in big society in Atlanta. I'm now coming to the point where you ... what you want to know. I got out of Agnes Scott. That was one plus. Then, I did ... The dates that I had were all [at the] Standard Club, you know, all high society because apparently, I was ... I had a lot of assets, so to say, and I did. So, I knew a lot of those people and life in Atlanta was organized around clubs. Well, I was a neighborhood sponsor. I knew all of the neighborhood people and it was clubs, you know. It was the Standard Club, and the Progressive Club, and social life. I mean, I started right away, even though my husband just was making 60 dollars a month, if I remember correctly, and we didn't have ... First, we didn't have a car and then we had one car, but he very quickly ... You know, I mean, he is American and he was ... He very quickly ... I mean, I was pregnant with second child and he insisted that I learn to drive. So, we lived in Brookhaven there for about ... Well, we were married. In 1948, we had ... I think ... She was born 1948. We lived there till about 1950. Then, I decided ... I had ... somehow, we found a building a lot. At that time, all the Jewish population was moving out to Lenox Road. That was .... The other was going to be the \"Jewish golden ghetto.\" But he didn't want to move out there because that was not where he belonged. He didn't. These were rich Jews, according to him, and we didn't have a car and all. So, I found a lot off of Wieuca Road. Do you know where Wieuca Road is? It ... Wieuca, by the fourth block, there was a little open ... a little deadend street that just opened and I found a lot there, but he wanted to ... This was like, nowhere, to live off of Wieuca Road. You know where Phipps Plaza [is]? No, he didn't want to live there. So, he found another lot. So, I found one of his ... Oh, well, he's gotten a job first with a general contractor. He's a graduate engineer. He got a job as a general contractor. It was a small company but a big business because they built hospitals. That was the trend in the 1950s. They wouldn't take a job less than a million dollars, which now amounts to 20 million. So, his associate became a friend of mine and I just worked underground [behind the scenes]. I said, \"You know, this is the lot we need to buy. You don't need to buy the lot that he wants to buy. We can't live on Lenox Road.\" But he wanted to buy a lot on Piedmont Road, which would have ... But it was not ... It wasn't the thing I want. So, the lot ... We bought the lot. [It] was 3,300 dollars [or] 3,000. It wasn't an outstanding lot. It was three quarters of an acre, but it was up and down. It was ... And he built the house on Statewood [Road] half of it with his own hands on Saturday and Sunday. My son, David, is over there. He started in construction when he was three years old. I mean, he would go out with him all Sunday. So, he built that house and he started with this general contractor. Then, the man died and the general contractor went under, and he got a job with the man that was in the same ... They had two buildings on Edgewood Avenue. That was building across. He got the job with that one, which was a wall and ceiling subcontractor. He got the job there and then ... He's still there. It's been 50 [or] 52 years. He worked for this man, for the E.L. Thompson company. And I was ... I went back a while. Okay. So, first, I had three children. When we lived on Statewood, I had three. The third one was born off of Wieuca Road. So, then, when they were all teenagers, one was almost qualified [conscripted] for Vietnam and he was very rebellious. I went back to school and got the journalism degree. They were all in school and that was ... I mean, I was socializing and I was like ... It wasn't like it is now. But at that time, it was easy to be a socialite. I mean, you know, I was at the museum all the time. We were at the Standard Club. I mean, we weren't members, but other people were at the Standard Club. We were at the Progressive Club. I was at meetings. I was always at some function. We had a full-time maid, which I was the only one that really couldn't tolerate a full-time maid. But I had it for a while and then I didn't. At first, before I went back to journalism school, I decided that I needed to stay home more, that the full-time maid is not my kind of thing. It's not working. So, I went to [Smith-Hughes] Vocational School and learned to sew, and everybody said, \"Oh, yeah, Europeans always knew that.\" That was not the case, but I just found that's the way it's gonna keep me [able to] do with a maid just twice a week and be okay for another part. So, I stayed with that. Then, when they were teenagers, I went back to Georgia State and got a journalism degree. I wasn't very good at [it]. I mean, I was foreign and while I was at Georgia State, I had a lot of difficulties because my handwriting wasn't the way it was, I couldn't type, the way I wrote the numbers wasn't right, and all that. But I got my journalism degree and got a byline in The [Atlanta] Journal-Constitution within a week. I mean, it was just like ... All my life, I don't know why and I don't ... It so happened that was the 1970s and The Journal-Constitution, they were not The Journal-Constitution. They were The Journal and The Constitution, two separate papers. They were just opening advertising for the outlying sections and that was cut rate advertising. And they had freelancers. We got paid 15 dollars a piece, but they were freelance. It was freelance work and that's ... I had a byline in The Journal, the evening paper, within two weeks after I graduated. I wanted to get a full-time job. It wouldn't have been easy, but I could have gotten a job working 20 hours or something, where they would ... I came home and I said, \"I can get a job and I want to get a job. They're all in school.\" And he said, \"If you're going to get a job, you're going to buy your own clothes and get your own car.\" I couldn't have done that, so I didn't get my job. I don't know. But I freelanced for the Journal-Constitution as a freelancer for about ... I don't know. That was the 1970s and then they ... That came to an end, all the freelancers. So, I went over to the book reviews section, which some of them ... One of them--I thought I brought it down--was a book review of the book, Judenrat. When I did book reviews, I reviewed Jewish Holocaust books that nobody else did. I mean, that was what I ... And if I ... The stories that I wrote originally for The Journal-Constitution were approved stories, so there was just so much of the Holocaust endured, but I did other stories from the outlying sections. You know, I thought it was getting ... Oh, well, you know. I'm not on camera, am I? So, I went over to the book review section, and then my editor was fired and a lot of things changed around. But what did I do then? I still wrote some of the things. Well, I wrote some for The [Atlanta] Jewish Times, which was the Southern Israelite before. I wrote some for the Southern Israelite. I actually had a very good book. I was invited to go to Urbana-Champaign, to University of Chicago to participate in the research library, which they acquired a big Slavic library somewhere around the 1980s. Doris Duke, gave them some money and they acquired a big Slavic library, and they invited me to come and do some work around that library. I had actually figured out ... I had this thing put out. I figured out that I had wanted to write a book about the Khazars, which I think, I am descended from the Khazars. Do you know what that is? That's a tribe that became Jewish in the ninth century. It was a Turkish tribe in southern Russia and, actually, Arthur Koestler wrote a book. He called it \"The Thirteenth Tribe\" because, his opinion was that the amount of Jews that were found in Eastern Europe in the late ... I mean, in the 18th and 19th, 17th, 18th, 19th century couldn't ... there weren't that many Jews to be expelled from Western Europe. But these Jews came from that conversion. That's very controversial, actually. In Israel, they didn't want to ... Several books were published and they didn't want to have that. Because if we're not descended from the seed of Abraham, we don't have to right to Israel, but we also are not responsible for the death of Jesus. So, there were things that came out in Poland on that topic and I had done all this research, and I thought that would be a wonderful book: start at the 18th century [with] the Khazars and the Karaites. There's a connection between [them]. There were some Karaites in Poland that were living there, and they wanted the Germans to recognize them as separate from the Jews because they did not have any rabbinical ... The rabbinical Judaism, they didn't know about. Anyway, they petitioned the Czar to declare them non-Jesus killers. That was the 18th century. A lot of books were written about that. I did all that research and I was going to write a book. My daughter was doing her doctorate then at Temple University, and she copied a lot of things to send me a lot of things, and I prepared it. Then, she made an appointment for me with the editor of Commentary magazine. That's all I knew about publishing. I came there and he said, \"A book about the Holocaust?\" That was the late [or] the middle 1970s. He said, \"A book about the Holocaust? We are getting a half a dozen titles a month. We can't even handle that. No, we don't want it.\" A half a dozen titles a month was nothing, you know, but I gave it up. So, I never did write that book. I continued to write and my children ... We had a lot of problems with my son. We lived, you know, off of Wieuca Road, which was not ... [The neighborhood had not yet] then become the high fashion Atlanta thing. They went to [William Franklin Dykes High School] and they went to Northside [High School]. There were drugs and there was horrible things, but somehow we survived. My husband continued to make millions of dollars for some other people because he was always employed by the same company and we survived. That house was actually supposed to be his goodbye to the company he worked for. He would go out on himself. It was supposed to be a commercial house, but then the partnership with his partner fell apart, and I moved into ... What is worthy about noting about this, is all through my life, things happen. I don't know why, but I never have would chosen this house. I wouldn't have. We couldn't build it for ourselves. We wouldn't live in this section because this was the Jewish ghetto, Wesley Parkway. I mean, the richest Jews lived on this little street right there. Of course, there were other streets that less rich Jews lived, but this was tops. People here had two and a half or three acres. That's why all these houses are coming up on the ... But that was when he ... That was ten years ago. He wanted to go out on himself and he found a partner that they were going to be together. Pretty soon, he was not satisfied with the partnership and with the way he's working. So, he wanted to break up the partnership and he said, \"I'm moving into that house.\" You know, that was ... He was the deciding partner and he said, \"I'm going to satisfy you,\" and he gave me this and that, and we moved into this house. This really is proof that things happen ... I mean, things I don't know. In one of those articles, I said I don't know why they happened and how they happened. I could never explain it from the first escape to the train to this moment. I can't really explain it, but I guess I'm not an optimist, and I think eventually I'm going to pay for it--I don't know how--for all this. Well, whenever I tell the story, the rabbis always want to know, \"Didn't G-d ... Wasn't G-d's hand in it?\" Really, now, I went back to the Orthodox synagogue, but I don't really believe that. I don't see the hand in G-d and I don't know what ... I never asked G-d for a favor, so I don't know. So, my children are doing very well. They are now all in their late .... She is 51 [or] 52. She is. They are all very successful, doing very well for themselves and, fortunately, then ... Her children are Jewish. She's been married to two Jewish men, but my sons ... I think I'm repeating the second time today the same story. My sons have not married. They just moved in [with partners] and they had children. They're both excellent fathers. They living ... One of my sons returned to ... Started going to the synagogue with me. He started going to synagogue, but he really didn't take it on because that's my youngest one and he has his business. It is something he didn't plan for. He is a physical therapist and he planned for opening the clinic and having patients that would come back. He did have Billy Payne come to him and Arthur Blank. I don't know if you know these names. Billy Payne was the Olympics boss and Arthur Blank is the Home Depot boss. And they came to him and they liked him, but he was bought out one time. He was bought out the second time. Well, let's see that was with Houston Clinic. Somebody found him and offered him just to finance him and open clinics all around that. And now somebody else bought him out and it just ... He's okay, but it's not like it was planned. The middle one, which I had a lot of problems with, he did not go to college. Instead, we bought ... He wanted to ... And we bought him a piece of property in Appalachia. We bought him 160 acres around Murphy [North Carolina]. Well, that was 500,000 acres. In the 1970s, it cost about 80,000 dollars, which was the amount of money he would have spent going to college. But he didn't go to college. He got that property. It's been like 25 years and he's gone from that property, where they made ... They were ... He went through everything there. First, he was growing corn and potatoes. Then, he had cattle. Then, he had bees. He's trying to make a living out of this. And then, there was four children and he had to go to work. He went to work as a carpenter in houses and now he is a successful housebuilder--just for the last ten years, but he built a name for himself because he does his own. A lot of it he did with ... I mean, he worked on these houses himself with help and people just couldn't get over that. But now he has a crew and he's doing very well. She is a superintendent of schools in Philadelphia, on the outskirts of Philadelphia. So, a very responsible job. Her husband's a doctor and the youngest one is a therapist, and they're all doing very well. You can have questions. I think I told you what I knew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e You covered quite a lot of ground there. Well, let us focus in on what the Jewish aspect of the whole story ... What was it like to live under a false identity and to not have anybody know your Jewish background?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=5751.0,5769.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the one woman that I was in contact with was from my hometown. She knew the other people. The advantage of going to that school that I went to is that I could come to Warsaw and I could circulate easily with other people and the fact that nobody knew. I think some of the people that I circulated [with] ... I went from job to job to--this is documented in this document--from living here [but] they was too suspicious [to] living there, from ... Let's see, that was from October 1948. Not 1948, no. Where are we? The fall, October 1942 through 1943, 1944. Then, I escaped to Vienna. These two years, you know, it wasn't that horrendous. Some people stayed hidden and in the apartment all the time. We delivered food to them and all that, and they survived just being hidden. I was not the only one. There were many, you know. Some of them didn't succeed. Most of them did not succeed. If they had a Pole or Polish people helping them, you know, being ... Having that confidence, many times that was their downfall. Because in one way or another, they would denounce them and all that. And I want to ask you a question. There are other things that I could say. I never had any associations with anybody except with this group, you know, that I knew over there. When I went [to a new place, I was] somebody else, I had another name, I had another ... There was nobody. I don't see any. I didn't see any possibility if I stayed on the job long enough there might be. Now, one time, I worked for a company that they were saying that they're making lipsticks. It was--what do you call it?--a storefront on the street. They had a window and they had, you know, cases showing lipsticks all on the window. I was inside and I was ... I don't know what I was doing. I was really not trained for anything, but I must have answered the phone, or if somebody came in, or whatever. It wasn't very long. Anyway, but somebody came in and they asked some questions. I wanted to be a good person, so I went back where these people told me they were working, making the lipsticks. [It was] way back three courtyards. And when I got there, they were very upset that I came there. They were very upset. They said, \"You don't ever come back here and whatever these people [want], tell them you didn't find anybody.\" Well, I went on to find out what they were doing is making shells, you know, ammunition, shells. So, I disappeared from there very quickly. This life under the false papers ... I mean, it's [amazing to] me because I didn't know. It was day to day, hour to hour. I was never afraid. You know, that was one of my things. I was very cocky, and even though I wasn't very much Jewish before, I now had a professor at Georgia State who was born in Warsaw. Although he never lived there because he was three years when the war broke out and his parents took him away back to Russia. But I told him that ... He was describing the place where he was living and I told him it was close to the ghetto. It was Polish part, was close to the ghetto. And I said, \"You know what? I think that I walked from the ghetto one morning and just at that point where you tell me,\" Marszalkowska [Polish: Marshal Street], I said, \"occurred to me that nobody's going to make me ... I am ...\" That's where my Judaism was really born, and nobody's going to tell me what I should be or shouldn't be, and I was not afraid. You know, I was resigned, but not afraid and I had this contact with this ... I can't really remember now that I had contact with [someone] that I knew. I had contact with people because I work here, and I worked there, and I worked somewhere else, and I worked again here. Nobody knew that I was in my circumstance. Some of the people I think suspected, but actually it wasn't like you are ... like I was a criminal that everybody's searching for. One time, I was ... I don't know. I never knew. I was sent. They told me I could go to another city, to Lodz [Poland], and get a very good job, be very safe, or very good. So, I went. By the time I got to that other city, the whole train was stopped. Everybody was taken off the train and put in some school or something. It was an arrest and that could have been the end of me, but the same people that sent me or the person that I was supposed to go to work for came and got me out of this trouble and said, \"You can't stay here anymore. You go back to Warsaw.\" I didn't know why. So, I went back to Warsaw. That was one thing. I didn't have any run-ins with anybody. I didn't have ... I mean, the things that happened, I couldn't believe the things that happened. One time, I was told to go and work for a family, that the woman was very ill and the man was very wealthy, and the woman was in bed all the time, and she only ... They had to ... She only had the housekeeper to talk to, so I was supposed to keep her company, but that was very shortly before the ... but I must have left for Kolomea then. I don't know, because I didn't stay there very long. I don't know that I was very good company for her. She was very sophisticated. She was very sick. I didn't stay there very long. I mean, it would have been very good living because they were very wealthy, but I didn't stay. They were ... You know? It's hard to describe. I couldn't do it again. I could. I don't know if I'd do it again, but that was the situation I was ... We knew what was happening, some. We knew something that was happening, and I knew what was happening in Warsaw. Every time you got into the end of the trolley to go somewhere, there were police transporting another tortured prisoner from one place to another. They didn't have cars to transport. They transported them on the train. And things were happening all around. But I don't know how it happened. You know, I had no close relationships, which probably was my salvation and I never ... Well, I had ... I found a friend that ... some friends that moved to Australia. I went in 1970 to see them. And she remembered exactly, \"You know, we were standing there on that street. You remember so and this and such and such street, and you said you had no place to go tonight. You don't know where you going to spend the night. And I said, 'Come on with me to the Franciscan nuns,'\" where she was saying. And she said, \"They will take you and everything will be okay. Just come on.\" And I said, \"I'm not going to the Franciscan nuns to ... I'm not living with the Franciscan nuns. I'm not going to take out their chamber pots.\" She said, \"What kind? You know, what kind of answer was that?\" And I didn't go to ... You know, I didn't. I didn't ask anybody for help. All the help that came to me was from this group that I didn't know who they were. I knew this one person that, you know, from my hometown, that she had lived with a Polish prominent partisan, but I never met him. All I ever saw her is in the cafe. I never knew where she lived. I didn't know what his name was. I knew that she was connected to somebody and that's all I knew. I never had any help from anybody else--no close associations--and that probably was my salvation. What was your question? I'm sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=5769.0,6338.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e I am wondering. How did all the oppression and the danger towards the Jews, how did that affect your feeling about Jewishness?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6338.0,6347.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e That's exactly... Was it stronger? Weaker? Did it change any? Was it stronger? Weaker? Did it change any?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6347.0,6350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Was it stronger? Weaker? Did it change any?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6350.0,6350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Was it stronger? Weaker? Did it change any? Was it stronger? Weaker? Did it change any? No, that's when I became a Jew. Because, as I told you before, I wasn't the only one, but I was very... I wasn't really brought up with a great love for it. I mean, it was ... Being Jewish and being in a Hasidic household was just your faith that you would change if you could. I mean, I think I'm saying ... That would be confirmed by a lot of other people, but these are, of course, you know, you can take ... I mean, this rabbi, the rabbi here, Rabbi [Emanuel] Feldman--whose father lived in Warsaw, and they were rabbis for tens [of] generations, and they continued, came to the United States, and became rabbis--well, that's a different story. But the poor Hasidic Jews ... You know, I mean, it was in existence. I don't know if other people loved it. I mean, I didn't hate it. I wasn't the one that suffered from it because. Simply because maybe my brothers and my sisters just barely ... My brothers for sure--I didn't know; they were older than I was--for sure suffered from it, but I was given sort of this gift. The gift was to escape from these surroundings, but it wasn't to escape from Judaism. I mean, it was neither here or there. I don't know if I had ... I circulated a lot with Poles, but I don't know if I'd ever, you know, change my religion. I'm not sure that I would. But once ... I keep on saying, you know, Hitler made the Jew out of me, and I'm really making this ... Now, Judaism is really something that I now respect more than ever and ... But it wasn't ... I'm not the kind of person that somebody can ... I'm not ... It can't beat me down. You can't do that to me. I mean, that was it. I wasn't getting out in the morning when I was getting out. You know, I was fully aware that that might be my last day. I wasn't counting on being a hero or anything. I wasn't counting, but also, I wasn't shaking in my boots. I mean, I was doing my thing. That's what I was doing. I was trying to survive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6350.0,6493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What was your personality and your nature like before the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6493.0,6499.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, I was very cocky. I was very, you know, you might say obnoxious. I don't know what to ... I was very sure of myself. I wasn't like other people, you know, that ... Because I was so accepted everywhere. I was so ... I was told that I was outstanding, there's nobody like me, and I was told ... Not in ... Like, my children would have liked for me to tell them all that, but in America, probably you sit down with your child on your bed, and you tell them, \"You're wonderful. You're gonna...\" I was never told that. But from the circumstances, I entered that school and I was accepted in that school. I had a lot of trouble there because I actually wasn't a good student, but I went through. I went through it and graduated and went to Warsaw. I mean, I was accepted and so I can only describe it in one way: you can't do that to me. I didn't count on winning. I wasn't going ... I wasn't imagining that I was going to conquer them all, but I wasn't going to lay down and die. Does that answer you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6499.0,6579.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e How would you describe the brand of Jewishness you found here in Atlanta compared to what you knew in Europe?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6579.0,6586.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Alright. My husband grew up in small Southern town. He actually, most of his life, grew up in Huntsville, Alabama. His father was an orphan that was taken out by the HIAS and attached to a Jewish family to take to the United States. So, he never had any ... His father never had any parents, never had any upbringing. He arrived in the United States when he was ten years old. All he heard is that, \"The Yuden [Yiddish: Jews] and the Jews ...\" You know, that was the trend at that time. He hated the orphanage that he lived in. Apparently, it wasn't anything to brag about and he was very, against Judaism. His mother was 17 years old when she arrived in the United States, had no education. She was a seamstress and she knew ... She kept kosher and she knew that there was a holiday somewhere around fall. But that's all he heard. They spoke Yiddish at home, but that ended when he was five years old, and they started speaking English, and they were ... His mother would have wanted to join the Jews in Huntsville, but the Jews in Huntsville were all Reformed and they were all above class. You know, they were the newly arrived Polish Jews. So, my husband developed a very awful attitude toward Judaism. He really never went to any synagogue. He never was bar mitzvahed. But that's not true about all Jews. I'm not making blaming the South for it because some Southern Jews really fought, and went to ... drove 40 miles to go to the synagogue, and have a bar mitzvah, but his family just ... His father was just that kind of a person. They kept kosher. Of course, no chazzer [Yiddish: pork] at home. So, he grew up without knowing anything. When we got married, he didn't know that Passover was a holiday. He knew there was a holiday somewhere in the fall, but Passover was ... Easter was a big season for the small towns in the stores, so they never observed any Passover, never observed anything. So, what I did when I arrived in 1947 is, Rabbi [Jacob] Rothschild, who was the rabbi of the Reform Temple, and I arrived at the same time, and we became friends because we both were strangers in a strange land. You know, he was a stranger from Pittsburgh [Pennsylvania]. But then, we became somehow friends, and he asked me to teach Sunday school at the Temple. So, we joined the Temple and I said to myself, \"That's the way to make a Jew out of my husband,\" because at least he will understand what's going on. We belonged to the Temple till the last one was ten years old and he didn't want ... They learned nothing at Temple, you know, but it was a wonderful congregation. So, we dropped it. My husband stopped paying dues at Temple. He said he had enough. He doesn't want to go to Sunday school anymore. We don't need it anymore. So, I joined. I went back to Beth Jacob by myself and I really ... It was a wonderful congregation really. That's where Judaism is really respected. I gained a lot of respect for Judaism in that congregation. But you can't be very Orthodox--that's another big problem of mine now--because my husband did not want. He didn't belong to anything. He didn't want to belong to anything. My mother, when she was ... She lived in New York for 20 years and she would come here all winters. I knew she would want to have Friday night candles, and she'd light candles, and we'd have a Friday night meal, and he would come home. My husband would come home and pick up the candles and put them somewhere else, because he didn't like to sit in front of candles. You know, there's ... Then, he would say, \"Well, we're having chicken. Where's the milk?\" And he would bring ... The children, you know, drink milk with their meals and he would bring the milk out. And my mother, my poor mother ... Well, she still had an American son-in-law, you know, and the daughter was, so prominent in town. She didn't suffer all that much. It was bad, but ... So, he never wanted to ... So, it's very hard to be married to a man that doesn't want to know anything about. And the people at Beth Jacob ... Actually, I'm having ... I'm really losing sleep over it, but my house isn't kosher. You don't have a mezuzah because I've had three mezuzahs on this door and they disappear. He can't stand to have them, have a mezuzah. I would just called somebody. I said, \"Please.\" I had a fellow here that came, you know, one of my young friends came three times, brought the mezuzah, put them up, said the prayer. Two weeks later, they were gone. So, what did you ask me? What is the question? How do I feel about my Judaism? Very strong. I wouldn't be anything else. I just ... I'm going to lead a study group for Brandeis this year of comparative religions. I have two books that have all the religions in them that make ... And it wasn't propaganda, but they just think Judaism is the religion of the world and so do I. But I'm not doing much about it because I can't have a kosher house. I can't have any people. We don't ... He doesn't have a social life. I do, but you can't have a really Orthodox life alone. Some women maybe do. But I mean, after all, I've had children here and he's still here. As you see, he calls often and I don't know ... You know, I don't regret it. I should have gotten a divorce for several reasons. That might have been the least of the reasons, but I had other reasons to get a divorce. I didn't get a divorce because, first of all, there was my mother. The reason for divorce would always be that I wanted to be happier, but there were 16 people around there that the divorce would immediately make them less happy. So, I didn't. I just made a life for myself and I sort of lead a single life, or I did. Now, I can't drive, so I can't live a life at all. Well, I do, but not the life that I used to. I had a very intensive life of this city.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6586.0,7002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, you brought out those poems. Do you want to read any of those?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7002.0,7006.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e I want ... Do I want to read them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7006.0,7008.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you want to read those?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7008.0,7009.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I want to want you to have them if you want to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7009.0,7012.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay. I thought maybe you wanted to include them in the interview.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7012.0,7015.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh. Well, I'm not very good at it, but if you're saying that you want to get it in, that is ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7015.0,7023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Is it important to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7023.0,7025.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e The poems are important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7025.0,7027.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, go ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7027.0,7029.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e [This poem is called] \"A World of Poverty.\" My shtetl assumed a glow of heavenly mystery on Friday night. The world effectively shut out. We recited lofty thoughts, chanted meaningful songs together on Shabbos afternoon. All rituals fulfilled, we strolled the avenue to see and be seen. I was a princess, gold flecked hair, sea reflecting eyes some said would open the world to me. Then came the Drang nach Osten [German: Drive to the East]. Can I explain something about that? Sure. Sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7029.0,7078.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7078.0,7078.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure. Sure. The Drang nach Osten is very little mentioned in Poland. You knew very well the Germans always wanted to go east to acquire more territory. There was nothing about Jews, or Poles, or anything in their history throughout. They wanted the eastern territories, but it's very ... It's not often mentioned. So, I called it, \"Then came the Drang nach Osten.\" They wanted more Lebensraum. I think that's very important ... They sent in the Luftwaffe [German Air Force], the Einsatzgruppen, the Gestapo, the SS, and Battalion 101 to kill us all. No mercy. They wanted our space. Betrayed, forsaken, I ran after curfew along the river, the marking of my unacceptable identity drowned. I started a journey cold and numb. My heart pounded. Fear and defiance propelled me. I lived on an ice flow. An ice flow. I just jumped from one place to another. Beyond my horizon, a world existed, but not for me to live in. I was oblivious. Without feelings, I knew only danger. Death hovered over me. Then spring came. I landed on heavenly shores. I lived, loved, bore children. They multiplied. We are eternal. Now to Timbuktu, to Katmandu, to Nome and Kotzebue, to Singapore and Tahor. I saw the world, stood on the shores of icy lakes Titicaca, Lake Balchi. And wondered why did the innocent die while the world stood silently by? ... Does it tell the story the way I told you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7078.0,7209.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What does it do to you to read that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7209.0,7211.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e I never read it, so I don't know. The other one, though. This one is really made more impression. My sister ... I didn't go into this story with you because that's another big. I mean, it takes a lot. Okay, this one is \"The Child\" ... The cauldron of hate like a hurricane descended on us ... I had corrected this because the cauldron apparently, my French professor said, does not descend on you, but anyway ... Descended. Let's see ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7211.0,7254.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7254.0,7255.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e The cauldron of hate like a hurricane descended on us to seal our fate. We were sinking into hell, but then a child was born. Pretty soon she cooed. She bounced. She smiled. We gathered around to feel love, to catch a smile. But not for long. We all had to die. With her grandmother, she was hidden in a hole and told to stifle her cries, speak one word at a time. She was safe for a while, but then she was found out. Raus! Raus! Umschlagplatz um Sie. Raus! Raus! [German: Out! Out! The assembly point for you! Out! Out!] She came out into the bright sunshine. She saw people, men in shining boots. She tore loose from her mother and her grandmother toward the SS officer. He picked her up and with one swing, smashed her head against the wall ... Did you get ... Understand it or did I mess it up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7255.0,7328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e I got it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7328.0,7335.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't go into many of those. There were a lot more tragedies, you know, with my brother and with my ... the ones. But I didn't go into any of that because your purpose was mainly what I did. I mean, we went into a lot of it, but that was one. She was ... My sister, the one that survived, she actually had to hand her over. I mean, it didn't happen like [that]. I wasn't there because after I ran away that night, most of them, they were not taken anywhere. Most of them were organized into a work camp in the city and she had ... Of course, the ones that were capable could work, but my mother and the child, my sister hid them in the attic and she brought them food every day. I don't know how long that lasted. They couldn't even remember themselves. I think it was just 1942 to 1943, about maybe eight or nine months. Then, when they came out ... I never heard that from my sister, but I went back to hometown and they told me that when they came out ... And they ... I mean, when they told them they're going to evacuate them, take them to camp, there were nine children from the people in that camp in my hometown. They, the Germans, lined up the children and they said, \"Who does this child belong to?\" And nobody stepped out, so they took the children. They took the children in one transport and they went on to their concentration camps. But, in the poem, you know, I felt liberty. Actually, I don't know when I wrote that poem. I don't know whether it was before I went back. I went back to my hometown about three years ago. I didn't know. My sister never spoke about that child. She never wanted to mention anything, so I didn't know how. I mean, I knew that she handed her over more or less, but I didn't know exactly what it was like, so I didn't talk. There's a lot more things, you know? Well, this is not a dinner table, but it's very hard to talk about these things in a conversation. With that background, you know, it's just very hard to imagine for people to ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7335.0,7498.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e You said that your husband over the years did not want to hear much about these things. No. No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7498.0,7502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7502.0,7502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e No. No. How come?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7502.0,7506.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e You know, that is something ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7506.0,7509.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e I mean, obviously it is not a pleasant conversation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7509.0,7511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e No, but my husband ... You know, it's very hard for me, too. I've had to face this myself. I've had to face my husband saying all sorts of things that come out of his ... When I tell this to people, to some people, it explains it. Well, he comes out from the 'good ole boy' background, the Southern background, so that sometimes he says--not now, but 30 or 40 years ago--he said, \"Old folks should be shot.\" If you know 'good ole boy.' Unfortunately, he was not reared ... His parents were... They were illiterate. I don't know, but his father ... They started having a store at eight o'clock in the morning, come back at ten o'clock at night. She worked every single day. Then, she cooked and cleaned on Sunday. She wanted to be Jewish and his father didn't want to be Jewish. He spent most of his afternoons with his piano teacher. He was supposed to have a half an hour lesson, but then she kept him because she knew his house was cold. I don't know. He grew up... People that know the Southern milieu can understand that more. He does not represent a lot of Southern Jews. I mean, he is maybe [one of] a few of them that grew up like that, but most of them grew up wanting to be Jewish or mainly [Jewish]. Unfortunately, he didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7511.0,7611.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e The rest of the Jewish world that you came to here--you said Druid Hills and so on--how did they receive you and the other immigrants at the time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7611.0,7621.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, me, it was different because I went to Agnes Scott and I was a neighbor sponsor. It took me about ... I don't know how long it was when I first went to the community center and I discovered that there were 250 Holocaust people. I didn't know anything about it. I was American; my husband was American. I was ... We would circulate a lot with the people that he ... with Gentile [non-Jewish] people some, with the upper crust of the construction business in town. I don't know. Some people accused me that I sought out that company. Maybe I did and maybe I didn't. It was easier to. I did not have a lot of ... I really circulated. He preferred non-Jewish company and I accommodated him. So, we were very late. We did not ... He's ... To this day, he does not find, you know, this ... I don't know whether this is for publication. I mean, what business do I have to say? Well, he doesn't. He has never circulated with Jews. He doesn't do business with Jews. He's always ... In the construction business in the city, it was always upper crust business in Atlanta. Now, some contractors came in recently that were Jews that made it, but not too much. There was one man. Mickey Steinberg was one person and [my husband,] Max Silver, was another person in construction in Atlanta. So, I don't know what. I forget what the question was when you ask me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7621.0,7731.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Maybe apart from all the Jewish questions, the Holocaust experience itself is quite intense regardless. What was it like after the war to deal with normal people, so to speak, in America and just normal life again?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7731.0,7749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e It wasn't easy. I mean, from the war period. I mean, from the war period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7749.0,7751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e I mean, from the war period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7751.0,7751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e I mean, from the war period. I mean, from the war period. It wasn't easy for me, even though ... You know, you have to understand that I came to Agnes Scott and I went every day, you know, trying to be the same, which I wasn't really, because there was always a difference, but trying to be the same and maybe ... I mean, I'm not blaming myself, trying to be the same. I wasn't making any ... but, you know, that was the surroundings I lived in. He was very Southern and so forth. I don't know what the question was. The Holocaust, I didn't live it. I lived by having children, and having to cook, and having to shop, and having to adjust to life in here. I did it the best I could and I did well. And the Holocaust, as you know, I have never forgotten it--maybe less than or more than other people--because I understand it. I understand what a horrendous part of history that was for the world and I'm very pleased that we persevered. I mean, I don't know if I brought it down, but I was the first one that reviewed \"Judenrat\" and my editor, when I came the next Tuesday--when I came, you know, it ran on Sunday--he said, \"What else could I do for you? I mean, it put bells on it. You had a banner headline on top of the book section. What else do you want?\" I had a lot of wrote a lot of Jewish oriented stories. I stacked ... Actually, I wrote ... Only when I had to, I wrote other things. I mean, when you came ... when you did book reviews. Well, when I did the first freelance thing, I had to go out for an interview somewhere to the outlying section, to an egg farm or something like that, you know, and I did it. But my first interest in writing was only that, and I proved it. You know, I did it. I have. You know, the piece in that book is like a prose description of that escape and all and it's in there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7751.0,7884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, at the end of the war, when all the information came out as to what had happened, you know, really graphically, what was it like for you to realize what you had just narrowly missed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7884.0,7897.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, but then I had my mother and my sister who survived. The others did not. I had an American life. What was that? I mean, it was horrendous. I wasn't ... Really, one of the things that I said in that book review of \"Judenrat\" and that my editor picked up is that, while I was living in Warsaw, we heard about things that were happening, but you heard things by word of mouth. You either believe ... I mean, I heard things in the ghetto that was just ... \"The other night,\" they said--you know, when I came to the cafe that night, just the other night--\"it was a family. They forced the woman to kill her child, to smother her child because the child was crying and they were all ...\" I heard it. What do you do? A person like me doesn't commit suicide. You go on, you know? And I must. I'm pleased with myself that I never took the Holocaust lightly ever. I never said, \"I forgive.\" I stuck with it through my life while doing all those other things, but it never disappeared from my mind. And, you know, there are things that I didn't come up with, but after all, I lost two brothers and one sister and a lot of other relatives. But a lot of relatives survived and life goes on, you know?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7897.0,7998.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e How do you feel about having survived, even if it was largely luck and circumstances?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7998.0,8006.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, that is a ... You know, it's something. How do I feel about that? I don't feel like committing suicide. I don't feel guilty. I don't feel ... I don't feel guilty, but I always think ... Well, for one thing, you must think of what other people think. [They ask,] \"What did she really do?\" But I can't worry about that. Always the same thing. I mean, there was a rumor at Beth Jacob that I had converted to Catholicism, which somebody let out because they knew that I went to a Catholic school, a predominantly Catholic school. Somebody said, \"Oh, she is a ...\" what is it about or something, but I never converted to Catholicism. I never even had the thought. I mean, it wouldn't have helped. So, I don't know what my answer to that question is. It lives with me. It never disappears and it never should because it's not something that ... I don't think people ... People rightly say that they never ... They lose a child and they never ... It lives with them always. And I understand that. You go on, but it's not something that you try to forget or forget.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8006.0,8097.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What are the issues and questions that you think people need to remember when they remember the Holocaust? In addition to images of horrible things and statistics, what should be remembered?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8097.0,8114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, there's nothing that can prevent something like that. And I don't really think that you should live with guilt, to say, you know, \"What happened then? What should people be?\" I think that the people I do respect, the people that ... like a lot of Orthodox ... This is a miracle to me, how Orthodox is coming into its own. I've always admired when ... The old Orthodoxy here in the United States is not, at least in Atlanta, at Beth Jacob or in the other Orthodox ... It's not to be compared with what was in Europe. In Europe, was degrading. It was. It was degrading, really, I mean, if you were Orthodox. I could tell you this. I still have my classmate surviving, you know, in the United States and we always ... I keep on joking with her. I said, \"Well, you remember. Oh, isn't it great of you to have associated with me, the only Hasidic daughter in this whole class?\" And just after 50 years, the other day, she said, \"Oh, no. No, you weren't the only one. Don't you remember? There was another one,\" but she was tall and slender, and I wasn't tall and slender. So, you know, that was ... So, what's happening now is this revival of Judaism and this elegance that some of the people are able to conduct their Judaism. And this truthful, elegant, noble way is very pleasing to me because I think Judaism is the only religion. I mean, I don't want to go into any ... After all, we brought religion to the Western world. I don't know what's going to happen in the Asian religion that have no creator and no cult of a person, of people. I don't know what's going to happen, but I think Judaism is a rational, worthwhile philosophy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8114.0,8248.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Another interesting thing you said before we started was you thought the Holocaust was somehow unique and it could not happen again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8248.0,8257.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e No. Well, not that it couldn't happen again--genocide will happen--but it was unique. People don't understand it because for the ... First, you know, nationalism was a late 19th century idea, 1890 or something. Nationalism was just at the beginning, \"Down with the tyrants, with the rulers. We all going to live under one flag.\" There's a lot of things that I can quote you. I don't want to go into [it], but people understand that. There are some people that say that it had dynamite in it, [the idea of] people living together. Europe was not made like this because of the ... I mean, in my own hometown, the Ukrainians, and the Pravoslavs [Slavic: Orthodox Christians], and the Ukrainians, and the Poles, the Roman Catholics, and Orthodox Catholics, and they were ... Europe wasn't made like this, to live under one flag. They understood the king more than anything else, so it was full of that. That was the first expression of that ideal, of nationalism. It was an ideal. It wasn't born as a German, whatever Nazi, whatever they call it. It wasn't born as ... German nationalism was born as an ideal for people to live under more ... better circumstances and that was the first thing that occurred to it. So, what was the question? I never remember the question. That's why it's unique in the world because it trumped the whole idea of nationalism, that people who were united under one flag will be citizens respected and low and all that. That was trumped right away. That's ... I mean, they, the Jews were citizens of that state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8257.0,8389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, is there anything else you would like to add at this point that you did not get into?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8389.0,8394.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, no, I think ... You know, I'm glad you asked those. Those are vital questions. When you say that, I did say the ... I want to reiterate on this. I said that Holocaust was unique, wars in Europe were a fact of life every single day. But there were enemies that were killing each other, because they wanted their territories or they didn't like their... Mostly it's because they wanted their potatoes, if you really want to know the truth. I mean, you can know wars broke out in August when the potato crop was in, so that was really the Lebensraum and all of those things. That's why I really accentuate it. But the genocide of one race that wasn't an enemy, that was a respected citizen, was unique in the world and more criminal. I mean, one crime is ... Not all crimes are the same. I don't know if there's a reason. I don't want to go into it any further. But this was unique in the world because it was ...It trumped the nationalist ideal, that it's not gonna work at all. But maybe it works here. Go ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8394.0,8478.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Is there anything you would like to ask after all of that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8478.0,8483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEinstein:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you teach your children about your experiences? I mean, as they were growing up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8483.0,8488.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Not really. My husband didn't like to. My husband had this elegant Southern idea that you don't bemoan your fate. You don't tell, you know, bemoan your fate, go around crying and all that, and I didn't. They didn't know. They knew something about me but ... I mean, I didn't hide anything when it came up. I gave not an evasive, an adequate answer, but they don't know how many people. They now ask every once in a while. But they knew my sister. They knew my mother. They knew that they had numbers on their arm, but I didn't go into any details with them. There was no occasion. Now, if they ask a question, they get an answer, but there was no way of my indoctrinating. I mean, really ... You know, I don't know if I was wrong or right, but they had the right to their life, and their life did not include Judaism as one of the most important [things]. It should have. I wish it had, but it didn't. You know, belonging to Temple didn't make them that much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8488.0,8565.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEinstein:\u003c/strong\u003e When they were growing up, how was how was that experience for you? And when, as they got into the age where your life had been getting difficult in Europe and they had freedom here in America, did you, by living through their life ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8565.0,8579.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I never. I said that would be, under Southern terms, would be bemoaning my fate and I really didn't feel like crying on anybody's shoulder because actually, I came out smiling. I mean, you know, with what happened to me. What could I have? Nothing but best of luck. So, no, I really didn't indoctrinate them very much. I don't know exactly what other people did, but some of them, a lot of the second generation knows a lot. Mine are not very Jewish and they're not very ... So, the Holocaust ... I'm sorry about that, but ... I don't know whether ... I mean, I think I answered that question. I could either have gotten a divorce and, you know, had another life, but I really don't know that ... I wasn't that Jewish all through that time. Belonging to the Temple was just a token.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8579.0,8641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e It is interesting that the Holocaust is such an important issue for you and you keep it in mind when you said your own experience was not that severe, that you were very lucky.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8641.0,8654.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8654.0,8656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Also, your Jewishness was not at the time that big a part. So, why is it such an issue for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8656.0,8661.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e I might just take up and brag about me. I think I'm an intelligent person and I can recognize facts, what it is. I mean, I haven't recognized [or] I haven't adopted it as something I should be bemoaning my [fate] every day and every night, but I recognize it as it is important to the world. I know it's important to the world. I see it now, even though it was ... I see it now, and I don't even say it's because we hammered the ... people said ... I think it naturally came up as an important thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8661.0,8706.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEinstein:\u003c/strong\u003e We just both want to thank you so much for ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8706.0,8710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/transcript/77076/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSilver:\u003c/strong\u003e It was a pleasure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8710.0,8713.546"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJozefow [Polish: Józefów] is small town in east-central Poland, about 9 miles (15 kilometers) southeast of Warsaw. Before the Second World War approximately 2,000 Jews, about 60 percent of the total population, lived in the town. The town was occupied by German forces at the end of September 1939. The Reserve Police Battalion 101 arrived in Jozefow on July 13, 1942, and murdered some 1,500 Jews. On November 3, 1942, the 200 to 300 remaining Jews in Jozefow were deported to the Belzec extermination camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=14.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReserve Police Battalion 101 was a unit of the German Order Police [Ordnungspolizei or Orpo] that played a central role in the implementation of the Final Solution against the Jewish people and the repression of the Polish population. The unit was largely comprised of middle-aged working- or middle-class men from Hamburg and was one of 13 police formations put at the disposal of the German army during the invasion of Poland in 1939. During the war, members of the battalion participated in the round-up and expulsion of Jews, Poles and Gypsies, the guarding and liquidation of ghettos, the deportation to concentration camps and the mass shooting of civilians. Battalion 101 operated primarily in the areas around Lublin (Poland). Between July 1942 and November 1943, it is estimated that Battalion 101 was responsible for the shooting deaths of more than 38,000 Jews and the deportation of 45,000 others.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=14.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChristopher Robert Browning is an American historian and Professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Published in 1992, Browning’s book, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and The Final Solution, examined the activities of Reserve Police Battalion 101 of the Ordnungspolizei [German: Order Police]. Browning evaluated a wide range of evidence to understand and explain the actions of “ordinary men” who committed mass atrocities during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=14.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHrubieszow [Polish: Hrubieszów] is located about 50 miles (80 kilometers) southeast of Lublin, Poland. In 1939, there were about 7,500 mostly Hasidic Jews in Hrubieszow, about half the town’s population. Most were merchants, tailors, or shoemakers. The Jewish community had several schools, a savings and loan association, trade unions, two libraries, drama and literature clubs, and a sports team. Various Zionist groups, the Bund and Agudath Israel were active in the town. A Yiddish journal was also published in the town. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=14.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism [also sometimes called Chasidim from Chasid, the Hebrew word for pious] is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith. Hasidic Judaism refers to a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world. Belzer is a Hasidic sect originally located in the town of Belz (Polish: Bełz) in present-day Western Ukraine. Rabbi Shalom Rokeaḥ founded it around 1817.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=14.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBelzec [Polish: Bełżec] is a village in southeastern Poland, about 35 miles (56 kilometers) southwest of Hrubieszow. An extermination camp also known as Belzec was established in the Lublin district of Poland in November 1941 and began operations in February 1942. There had been a small labor camp there as early as 1940 where Germans forced Jews to build fortifications along the Russian border. Belzec was part of the Operation Reinhard program, which also included the death camps of Sobibor and Treblinka. All three camps were pure extermination facilities, that is, the Germans intended that any Jews who went into the camp would never come out again. Some Jewish males were selected to work in the camp supporting the process of death from the ramp to the burial and burning of the bodies, although their deaths were only delayed. All three camps had gas chambers that used diesel engine exhaust to murder the Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=14.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDer Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland [Yiddish: The General Union of Jewish Workers in Lithuania, Poland, and Russia; known simply as the Bund] was a Jewish socialist party founded in 1897. It was opposed to Zionism and instead encouraged a secular Jewish nationalism in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=14.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMatura is a matriculation examination and can be compared to a high school diploma in the United States or the Abitur in Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=409.0,462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Forward, formerly known as The Jewish Daily Forward, is a news media organization for a Jewish-American audience. Founded in 1897 as a Yiddish-language daily socialist newspaper, it is now a weekly English-language newspaper with print and web editions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=409.0,462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=557.0,625.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChaim Potok (1929- 2002) was an American rabbi and author most famous for his first novel, The Chosen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=557.0,625.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine is an area in the eastern Mediterranean region. Today, the region is made up of modern Israel and the Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. From 1920 until the state of Israel was established, Great Britain ruled Palestine under a mandate created by the League of Nations. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=640.0,820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kibbutz [Hebrew: gathering, clustering] is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The first kibbutz was established in 1909. Today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economic branches, including industrial plants and high-tech enterprises. Kibbutzim began as utopian communities, a combination of socialism and Zionism. In recent decades, some kibbutzim have been privatized, and changes have been made in the communal lifestyle. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=640.0,820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. In Poland’s major cities, Jews and Poles spoke each other’s languages and interacted in markets and on the streets. Even smaller towns and villages in Poland were, to some extent, mixed communities. That did not mean that antisemitism did not impact the lives of Polish Jews, however. After World War I (Poland) had become a democratic independent state and increasing Polish nationalism made Poland a hostile place for many Jews. The antisemitic atmosphere increased in Poland during the 1930s. A series of pogroms and discriminatory laws were signs of growing antisemitism, while fewer and fewer opportunities to emigrate were available. A series of pogroms occurred in the 1930s. In Lodz, for example, organized attacks wounded and killed Jews in April 1933, May 1934 and in September 1935. At Polish universities, Jews experienced discrimination and exclusion. Unofficial quotas restricting Jewish enrollment to around 10 percent was introduced at some universities. Jewish students often endured harassment and even physical violence from right-wing students. Most were required to sit in segregated areas of the classroom known as “ghetto benches” [Polish: getto ławkowe]. An economic boycott of Jewish businesses was in full force by 1937. Wealthy Jews were arrested in 1938, and guards were placed outside Jewish shops to prevent non-Jewish customers from entering them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=856.0,949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between the two countries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=856.0,949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the invading German forces advanced east in September of 1939, hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees fled westward. Most fled so suddenly, they took only what they could carry and had no specific destination in mind. Few made contingency plans or took the time to prepare adequately for a long journey. When the Russians then annexed eastern Poland and a German-Russian demarcation line was established, 300,000 Jewish refugees found themselves trapped on the Soviet side of a heavily guarded border. Some of the refugees returned home, while about 40,000 continued their flight fearing arrest and persecution in either German- or Russian-occupied territory.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=950.0,1368.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth the Russian and German armies invaded Poland in September 1939. On September 28, Germany and the Soviet Union reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. A demarcation line for the partition of German- and Russian-occupied Poland was established along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. It is estimated that the number of refugees who crossed from the German-occupied part of Poland to the areas annexed by the Soviet Union totaled about 300,000. The Russians left the border freely open to traffic until the end of October 1939. From then until the end of 1939 a small number of persons still crossed the border. After that, it was completely sealed. Some refugees still attempted to sneak across the heavily guarded border, often at great danger. Those caught trying to cross between occupation zones or trying to flee without papers faced arrest and arbitrary violence at the hands of both Russian and German border guards. The demarcation line would remain in effect until June 22, 1941, when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in a military campaign codenamed Operation “Barbarossa.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=950.0,1368.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrior to World War I, Poland’s territory was divided among the empires of Germany, Russia and Austro-Hungary. Poland’s geographical position between the fighting powers meant that much of the fighting occurred in Poland and its territories existed under different occupation regimes. Occupied land was often exploited for food, raw materials, and compulsory labor. The start of World War I reignited Polish dreams of self-determination. The defeat of Germany and Austro-Hungary, and the collapse of imperial Russia, ended the main barriers to Poland’s independence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=950.0,1368.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Curzon Line was a proposed demarcation line between Poland and Soviet Russia. It was proposed during the Russo-Polish War of 1919–20 as a possible armistice line and, with a few alterations, became the Soviet-Polish border after World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=950.0,1368.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (also known as the Hitler-Stalin Pact and German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact) was a non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia signed August 23, 1939. Russia, which had a treaty with Poland to defend it if it was attacked, reneged in secret. Russia agreed to stand aside if Germany attacked Poland and not declare war on Germany. The pact provided that the two countries would not attack each other, independently or in conjunction with other powers; would not support any third power that might attack the other party to the pact; would remain in consultation with each other with regard to their common interests; would not join any power or group of powers that threatened the other; and would solve all differences between them through negotiation or arbitration. The public pact was accompanied by a secret protocol, reached on the same day, which divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Hitler, knowing that he wasn’t going to have to fight Russia if he invaded Poland, invaded Poland just one week later. The Pact ended on June 22, 1941, when Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=950.0,1368.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman forces occupied Hrubieszow on September 14, 1939, but withdrew three days later, handing the town over to the Red Army according to the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. On October 3, however, the town was handed back to the Germans. Part of the Jewish population, especially young men, retreated with the Red Army. A series of anti-Jewish policies were soon implemented. Much of Jewish property was confiscated, all Jews over the age of 12 had to register and wear a white armband bearing the Star of David. Jews were prohibited from leaving the town.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=950.0,1368.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn November 1939, the Germans established a Judenrat in Hrubieszow consisting of twelve men headed by Joel Rabinowicz and assisted by a Jewish police force. \u003cbr\u003eA Judenrat was a Council of Jewish leaders established on Germans orders in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were given the responsibility of implementing the Nazis' policies regarding the Jews, which included everything from the confiscation of electronics like radios and valuable assets like watches or jewelry to organizing forced labor details and groups for deportations. The Judenrat also administered the affairs of the ghetto, and most tried to protect and support the Jews under their care. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=950.0,1368.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Kehillah [Hebrew: community] is a loose group of people unaffiliated with a synagogue who assemble to do things in the Jewish tradition.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=950.0,1368.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first Aktion in Hrubieszow took place on December 2, 1939. Around 1,000 men from Hrubieszow along with almost 600 Jews that had been marched from Chelm were taken to the demarcation line at the Bug River. Soviet border guards refused to allow the group to cross. Some managed to cross anyway, while many were murdered or drowned. The remaining Jews returned to Hrubieszow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eForced to implement Nazi policy, the Jewish councils remain a controversial and delicate subject. Jewish council chairmen had to decide whether to comply or refuse to comply with German demands to, for example, list names of Jews for deportation. Some Jewish council officials advocated compliance, believing that cooperation would ensure the survival of at least a portion of the population. The members of the Judenrats faced impossible moral dilemmas. Often forgotten in the debates over the culpability of the Jewish councils and the Jewish police are the efforts of many Jewish council members and officials in their employ to provide a variety of social, economic, and cultural services under the brutal and difficult conditions in the ghettos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAktion is the German term used for any non-military campaign to further Nazi ideals of race, but most often referring to the assembly, and deportation of Jews to concentration or death camps. In many cases, the Germans planned deportations and other operations so that they would coincide with the Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring 1940 and 1941, refugees from Western Poland and Germany arrived in \u003cbr\u003eHrubieszow. The Judenrat took on the task of finding shelter and providing support for the refugees, despite increasingly limited resources. By May 1942, the Jewish population had risen to 5,690 as some returned from the labor camps and more refugees and deportees arrived.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the codename Operation “Barbarossa,” Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in the largest German military operation of World War II. Although the Soviet Union had been Germany’s ally in the war against Poland, the destruction of the Soviet Union and conquest of territory in the East had long been one of Hitler’s proclaimed goals. The attack on the Soviet Union marked a turning point in both the history of World War II and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSometime after the summer of 1940, an open ghetto was created in Hrubieszow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEve seems to be referring to Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation, a 1972 book by Isaiah Trunk.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYIVO is the Yiddish acronym for the Institute for Jewish Research. Founded in Vilna, Poland in 1925, it was originally known as the Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut (or Yiddish Scientific Institute). After relocating to New York City, New York in 1940, the organization became the leading institution for scholarship in Yiddish and about the history and culture of East European Jews and their emigrant communities. Although the Nazis looted some of the documents that remained in Vilna, many were later recovered and brought to YIVO’s New York library.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA second Aktion occurred in Hrubieszow on August 13, 1940. Around 600 Jews were deported to labor camps near Belzec, where at least half died from hunger and disease. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween June 1 and June 10, 1942, more than 5,000 Jews from were deported from Hrubieszow to the Sobibor extermination camp. Approximately 2,500 Jews remained in Hrubieszow. They were concentrated in a small ghetto that was established near the cemetery and worked in German factories. Finally, on October 22, 1942, another deportation Aktion sent almost all the Jews to Sobibor. About 200 Jews remained in the town to sort through the belongings left behind and bury those shot during the Aktion. In September 1943, the ghetto was liquidated. Some were shot on the spot and some managed to escape to the forests, but most were sent to the Budzyn labor camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Magen David [Hebrew: Shield of David], or as it is more commonly known, the Star of David, is the symbol most associated with Judaism today. During the Holocaust, the symbol was used by the Nazis to identify and isolate Jews. In September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened, and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to the German occupation, Poles organized one of the largest underground movements in Europe with more than 300 widely supported political and military groups and subgroups. The resistance movement became collectively known as the Polish underground. Hundreds of thousands of Polish people, loyal to the government-in-exile, were involved with various agencies of the underground that actively participated in a variety of activities meant to undermine the German occupation. Activities of different resistance groups inside Poland included setting up underground courts for trying collaborators and others, establishing clandestine schools when the Germans closed educational institutions, and the training of fighters and hoarding of weapons. There were over 1,000 underground publications dedicated to politics, economics, education, and literature. From 1942, the Polish resistance began reporting to the Polish government-in-exile about the Jews in Poland, especially in the Warsaw ghetto and the extermination camps. Microfilm secreted out of Poland offered further evidence of the extermination of European Jews in Poland. During the Warsaw ghetto uprising, the Home Army (Armia Krajowa, or AK) disseminated information and appeals to help the Jews in the ghetto, both in Poland and by way of radio transmissions to the Allies. Polish resistance units attacked some German units near the ghetto walls, provided a limited number of badly needed weapons and ammunitions, and assisted several commanders and fighters in escaping the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKolomyja [Polish: Kołomyea or Kołomyja; also known as Kolomea] is a city in the southeast corner of the historical and geographical region known as Galacia. Today it is known as Kolomyia or Kolomyya and is in western Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish: Kraków; sometimes also “Cracow”] is the second largest city in Poland, situated on the Vistula River. A ghetto was formally established in Krakow on March 3, 1941. Between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews lived within the ghetto boundaries, which were enclosed by barbed-wire fences and, in places, by a stone wall. The ghetto was liquidated in a series of Aktions between June 1942 and March 1943. Only 2,000 Jews from Krakow survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture. The Jewish community in Warsaw was the largest in Poland, composing about 30 percent of the entire population of the city (about 337,000 Jews). Established in November 1940, the Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter, or basic necessities. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. From July 22 until September 12, 1942, about 265,000 Jews were deported from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp while approximately 35,000 Jews inside the ghetto were killed. Then, there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started. When German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries entered the ghetto, they were surprised to be met with organized armed resistance and withdrew. When they returned on April 19, 1943, stiff resistance that continued for three weeks met the Germans. By the time the better-armed Germans ended the operation on May 16, 1943, the ghetto was largely destroyed. At least 7,000 Jews sided during the fighting, another 42,000 survivors were captured and deported, and approximately 10,000 escaped to the Aryan side of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn August 1, 1944, the Armia Krajowa (Polish Home Army) tried to seize control of Warsaw from the Germans in advance of the arrival of the Red Army, which had halted just outside the city. The Germans used tanks, heavy artillery, and tactical bombers to suppress the uprising. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were killed during the Warsaw Polish uprising. About 20,000 civilians were evacuated from Warsaw during a ceasefire from September 8-10. The Soviet army was within sight of Warsaw but did not advance into the city. The Western allies dropped ammunition and supplies but failed to offer enough support. The Polish resistance ultimately capitulated in October. The civilian population was expelled from the city and the Germans systematically razed much of the remaining buildings. The majority of Warsaw was left in ruins.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=1373.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Einsatzgruppen were mobile units that followed the regular German army (Wehrmacht) into the Soviet Union when Germany invaded it in June 1941. The four major groups were identified as “A,” “B,” “C,” and “D,” and were broken up into smaller units (Einsatzkommandos) as they moved into occupied territories. They were responsible for the deaths of a minimum of 1,000,000 Jews in the occupied East as well as anyone they perceived as an enemy of the state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=2926.0,3656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArnold Alois Schwarzenegger (1947-) is an Austrian and American actor, businessman, former politician, and former professional bodybuilder, known for his roles in high-profile action films. He served as the 38th governor of California from 2003 to 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=2926.0,3656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBerchtesgaden is a German town in the Bavarian Alps on the Austrian border. Perched on a mountain summit just outside of town, the Kehlesteinhaus, or Eagles Nest, is a chalet that was built for Adolf Hitler for his fiftieth birthday. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 42nd Infantry Division was created in August 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I. It received the name “Rainbow Division” in 1917 during its organization at Camp Mills, Long Island, New York. The Chief of Staff of the Division at that time was Colonel Douglas MacArthur. As they were discussing the organization of the Division and reviewing the National Guard units from 26 states that would make up the Division, MacArthur commented that \"The 42nd Division stretches like a rainbow from one end of America to the other.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Max Eichhorn (1906-1968) was an American rabbi of Reform Judaism, author, and educator. Eichhorn enlisted as a chaplain in the United States Army and served from 1942-1945. He was assigned to combat units in France and Germany and was the first Jewish chaplain to enter Dachau, conducting the first Sabbath service inside the liberated concentration camp on 30 April 1945. After the war, he was assigned supervisor of Jewish DP activities in the American occupation zone in Austria. After returning to the United States, Eichorn worked for the Committee on Army and Navy Religious Activities and served as president of the Association of Jewish Chaplains of the Armed Forces. He retired from the military with the rank of lieutenant colonel and served as Rabbi to Temple Israel in Merrit Island, Florida. Eichhorn also served as president of the Association of Jewish Chaplains of the Armed Forces and was a Hillel director. He also officiated at Eve and Max Silver’s wedding in New York City, New York on June 20, 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEli Aaron Bohnen (1909–1992) was a Conservative rabbi. Bohnen was born in Toronto, Canada and immigrated to the United States following his graduation from the University of Toronto in 1931. He was ordained at the Jewish Theological Seminary in 1935 and earned a Doctor of Hebrew Letters there in 1953. Bohnen served congregations as rabbi in Philadelphia (1935–39) and Buffalo, New (1939–48) but left his pulpit to serve as a chaplain with the U.S. Army in Europe during World War II. He was with the 42nd “Rainbow” Infantry Division during the liberation of Dachau on April 29, 1945. At the end of the war, Bohnen served work as an advisor to the U.S. military regarding displaced persons. After returning to the United States, Bohnen moved to Providence, Rhode Island to become rabbi of Temple Emanu-El (1948) and eventually president of the Rhode Island Board of Rabbis and an active member of the Rabbinical Assembly's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards. He served as president of the Rabbinical Assembly (1966–68) during the tumultuous times of the Vietnam War and urban race riots. He decried tensions within the American Jewish community and called for greater interdenominational cooperation, insisting that the breach with Orthodoxy was \"of their making, not ours.\" Upon his retirement in 1973, Bohnen served as rabbi emeritus of Temple Emanu-El.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStars and Stripes is a daily American military newspaper first issued in 1891. It reports on matters concerning the members of the United States Armed Forces and their communities, with an emphasis on those serving outside the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945, in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Plaszow camp [Polish: Płaszów; also known as the “Krakau-Plaszow” camp] was initially a labor camp, constructed in a southern suburb of Krakow, Poland on the site of two Jewish cemeteries. Built in late 1942 and further expanded until mid-1944, it was transformed into a full-fledged concentration camp when Jews from the Krakow ghetto were sent there. Mass executions, random violence and beatings were an almost daily feature of life Plaszow. At its peak, an estimated 25,000 prisoners were in the camp and at least 8,000 died there. The approaching front line caused the evacuation of Plaszow and its sub-camps to begin in the summer of 1944. Most inmates were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Mauthausen and Stutthof concentration camps. Only a few hundred prisoners remained alive in the camp when Soviet soldiers liberated it in January 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Budzyn labor camp was one of two camps situated near the town of Krasnik (Poland). Budzyn was located approximately three miles northwest of town. Surviving Jews from Krasnik, the neighboring communities, and from all over Poland were sent to two forced labor camps established in the town. The Budzyn camp became a sub-camp of Majdanek-Lublin and the prisoners worked for the Heinkel factory on aircraft production in military factories, in construction, and in general services. At its peak capacity, an estimated 3,000 prisoners were in Budzyn. Budyzn was evacuated in the late summer of 1944, as the Russian army approached. Many of the camp prisoners were transported to other camps further west.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lublin concentration camp received its more widely known nickname “Majdanek” (“Little Majdan”) due to its proximity to the Majdan Tatarski suburb of Lublin (Poland). Majdanek concentration camp is also often called the “other Auschwitz.” Majdanek was established in July 1941 and served many purposes. It was intended to provide labor for the entire region, which the SS wanted to turn into a German military-industrial-agricultural utopia. It provided a labor pool (mostly Jews) for labor camps in the area. Between 74,000 to 90,000 Jews were deported to Majdanek throughout its life. It also served as a transit camp for Polish and Soviet citizens who were being sent to forced labor in Germany. On November 3-4, 1943, most of the Jewish prisoners were murdered by shooting in the camp in an Aktion called “OperationErntefest” (“Harvest Festival.”) Majdanek had a small gas chamber and crematorium, so it was also an immediate extermination site although not on the scale of Auschwitz-Birkenau. About 500,000 persons passed through the camp over its life of which about 360,000 were murdered in a variety of ways. The camp was evacuated as the Russian army advanced with about half of the prisoners being sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. In July 1944, the Russians liberated the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt (Terezín) \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present-day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. It served as a ghetto, an assembly camp, and a concentration camp. In the course of its existence, approximately 140,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia were sent to Theresienstadt. Roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself due to starvation and disease. Nearly 90,000 Jews were deported from Theresienstadt to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis used propaganda effectively to encourage popular support for National Socialism and its ideas. During the “Final Solution,” propaganda was also useful in securing the acceptance of racially targeted persecution and mass murder. The Nazis did this through a variety of different media, including radio, print (newspapers, magazines, posters, literature), educational materials, popular culture (music, theatre), and film. Films were especially useful in spreading antisemitism as well as maintaining the deception necessary for deporting Jews from Germany and occupied Europe. For example, in 1941, the Nazis had established the Theresienstadt camp-ghetto in what is today the Czech Republic. Theresienstadt served as an explanation for Germans who were puzzled by the deportation of German and Austrian Jews who were elderly, disabled war veterans, or locally known artists and musicians “to the East” for “labor.” In preparation for an inspection from the International Red Cross in 1944, Theresienstadt underwent a “beautification” program. Gardens were planted, houses painted, and barracks renovated. Craftsmen of all types exercised their talents in specially constructed workshops; jazz bands played in cafes and an orchestra played at a park pavilion; there was a post-office, bank, library, and hospital; and a variety of staged social and cultural events for residents to participate in. Once the inspection was over, the Nazis produced a film using ghetto residents as a demonstration of the benevolent treatment the Jewish “residents” of Theresienstadt supposedly enjoyed. When the film was completed, officials deported most of the \"cast\" to the Auschwitz-Birkenau killing center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough the Hungarian Jews were subjected to wide-ranging discrimination and persecution and tens of thousands were killed, the majority lived in relative safety for much of the war. Hungary had initially been resistant to mass deportations of its Jewish population, but after the German occupation in March 1944, Hungarian authorities complied. Under the guidance of German SS officials, Hungarian police, gendarmerie, and local administrators began to systematically roundup and concentrate the Hungarian Jews in ghettos before forcing them onto the deportation trains. In just eight weeks between late April and early July 1944, approximately 440,000 Hungarian Jews were deported in more than 145 trains, around 426,000 of them to Auschwitz-Birkenau. With the deportations from Hungary, the role of Auschwitz-Birkenau as an instrument of the German plan to murder the Jews of Europe achieved its highest effectiveness. The SS sent approximately 320,000 of them directly to the gas chambers in Auschwitz-Birkenau and deployed approximately 110,000 to forced labor in the Auschwitz concentration camp complex. Thousands were also sent to the border with Austria to be deployed at digging fortification trenches. During this period as many as 8,000 Hungarian Jews were murdered daily. The crematoria were unable to keep up and open-air pits were used. The deportations started with Jews in communities outside of Budapest, and in Transylvania and territories taken from Romania. When those towns were Judenrein [German: Jew free], the Germans turned to their final task: emptying Budapest of its Jews. However, on July 7, 1944, Regent Miklos Horthy, the puppet leader of Hungary, called off the deportations before the Budapest Jews could be deported. In all, some 565,000 Hungarian Jews were murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAgnes Scott College is a private women’s liberal arts college in Decatur, Georgia. It was established in 1889 and is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church. It is also considered one of the Seven Sisters of the South, which is the name given to seven colleges located in Georgia, Virginia, and North Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania. Long: A worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. Before World War II, it sent funds to subsidize medical care, schools, vocational training, welfare programs and emigration efforts to beleaguered Jews in Europe. During the Nazi era they tried to get Jewish refugees out to anywhere that would have them including the United States, Palestine, and Latin America. When war broke out they helped thousands of Jews in Poland with shelters and soup kitchens, hospitals, and educational and cultural programs. When the United States entered the war in 1941, the Joint shifted gears since it was not allowed to operate legally in enemy countries. They used international connections to channel aid to Jews in conquered Europe. Wartime headquarters were set up in Lisbon, Portugal from which the Joint mounted rescue operations for desperate refugees including sponsoring a program to get 15,000 Jews from Europe to Shanghai, China. After the war, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors. More than 227 million pounds of food, medicine, clothing and other supplies were shipped to Europe to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrank Garson (1886-1955) was an Atlanta businessman and philanthropist. Garson was active in the United Palestine Appeal, the Jewish National Fund, the Jewish Welfare Board and the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. He and his wife, Gussie, founded the Lovable Company in 1926, manufacturing lingerie and brassieres. He was born Frank Gottesman and later changed his name to Garson. During decades the company was in business, it employed over 3,000 workers around the world. The company was dissolved in 1998.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB'nai B'rith International (Hebrew: “Children of the Covenant”) is the oldest Jewish service organization in the world. B'nai B'rith states that it is committed to the security and continuity of the Jewish people and the State of Israel and combating antisemitism and bigotry. Its mission is to unite persons of the Jewish faith and to enhance Jewish identity through strengthening Jewish family life, to provide broad-based services for the benefit of senior citizens, and to facilitate advocacy and action on behalf of Jews throughout the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnion Station was the smaller of two principal train stations in downtown Atlanta, Georgia. Built in 1930, it replaced two previous Union Stations—an 1851 one burned during the Civil War and a second built in 1871. The station was located between Forsyth and Spring Streets. It was razed in 1972 after passenger trains to Union Station had been discontinued. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDruid Hills is an affluent neighborhood in the city of Atlanta, Georgia, and the only neighborhood lying completely in DeKalb County. The main campus of Emory University and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are located in Druid Hills. Druid Hills was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and was one of his last commissions. A showpiece of the design was the string of parks along Ponce de Leon Avenue, which was designated as Druid Hills Parks and Parkways is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLullwater House is the president’s mansion at Emory University. The Tudor-Gothic revival style mansion was built in 1926 for Walter T. Candler (1885-1967), son Coca-Cola founder Asa Griggs Candler. Candler named the estate Lullwater Farms. In 1958, he sold the house and land to the university. Since 1963, all of Emory’s presidents have lived there. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=3667.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Standard Club is a Jewish social club that started as the “Concordia Association” in 1867 in Downtown Atlanta. In 1905, it was reorganized as the “Standard Club” and moved into the former mansion of William C. Sanders near the site of Center Parc Credit Union Stadium (formerly Turner Field). In the late 1920s the club moved to Ponce de Leon Avenue in Midtown Atlanta. Later, the club moved to what is now the Lenox Park business park and was located there until 1983. In the 1980s, the club moved to its present location in Johns Creek in Atlanta’s northern suburbs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization in Atlanta, Georgia. It was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first the club was located in a rented house until a new club was built on Pryor Street including a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940 the club opened a larger facility at 1050 Techwood Drive in Midtown with three swimming pools, tennis, and softball. In 1976 the club moved north to 1160 Moore’s Mill Road near Interstate 75. The property was eventually sold to the YMCA as the club faced financial challenges. The Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead, which stands on the former site of the Progressive Club, opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEve is referring to Buckhead, an area located northwest of Downtown Atlanta with gracious homes, elegant hotels, shopping centers, restaurants, and high-rise condominium and office buildings. It is a major commercial and financial center of the Southeast, and it is the third-largest business district in Atlanta, behind Downtown and Midtown.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhipps Plaza is an upscale shopping mall on Peachtree Road in Atlanta’s Buckhead neighborhood. In 1969, Phipps Plaza opened as the first multi-level mall in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eE.L. Thompson Associates is a commercial contractor based out of Atlanta. The company specializes in drywall. Types of projects include educational facilities, entertainment centers and health clinics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Vietnam War occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from November 1, 1955 to the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. This war fought between North Vietnam—supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies—and the government of South Vietnam—supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Smith-Hughes Vocational School was established in downtown Atlanta, Georgia and first enrolled adults in vocational education in 1945 following World War II. The school underwent multiple name changes before it became Atlanta Technical College in 2000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgia State University is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia. It was founded in 1913 and today has seven campuses around the Atlanta metro area. It is part of the University System of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Journal-Constitution (AJC) is a major daily newspaper in the metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia. The newspaper is the result of the merger between The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution. Separate publication of the morning Constitution and afternoon Journal ended in 2001. The Constitution, as it was originally known, was first published in 1868. Its name changed to The Atlanta Constitution in 1869. The Atlanta Journal began in 1883.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Southern Israelite, now The Atlanta Jewish Times, is a newspaper with the mission to create a sense of community throughout the geographically dispersed Jewish people of greater Atlanta through the timely dissemination of local and national news; support of local synagogue, nonprofit, and cultural endeavors and events; thought-provoking dialogue and debate on current issues and Jewish ideas; and the strengthening of the bonds and understanding of Jewish culture, tradition, and family.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Slavic and East European Collection is a collection of over 588,500 volumes on Russia and the countries of the former Soviet Union. It is housed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The collection is the largest in Illinois and the Midwest, and at any state-supported U.S. university. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDoris Duke (1912-1993) was an American billionaire tobacco heiress, philanthropist, and socialite.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArthur Koestler (1905-1983) was an Austro-Hungarian-born author and journalist most famous for his political novel, Darkness at Noon. His 1976 book, The Thirteenth Tribe, advocated the Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry, the thesis that Ashkenazi Jews are not descended from the historical Judeans and Israelites of antiquity, but from Khazars, a Turkic people who allegedly mass-converted to Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaraite Judaism or Karaism is a Jewish religious movement that believes only in the written Bible, the Tanakh, and not additional interpretations, such as the Talmud. Karaite Judaism emerged in the ninth century in the Islamic Middle East. Around 30,000 Karaites live in Israel today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple University is a public state-related research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1884 by the Baptist minister Russell Conwell and his congregation at the Grace Baptist Church of Philadelphia, then called Baptist Temple.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommentary is a monthly magazine founded by the American Jewish Committee in 1945. It focuses on religion, Judaism, Israel and politics, as well as social and cultural issues. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Franklin Dykes High School opened in 1960. Located on Powers Ferry Road in the Buckhead neighborhood, it was a combined Junior High and Middle School for eight through 12th grade students. In 1974, it closed and became Willis A. Sutton Middle School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNorthside High School opened as a Fulton County, Georgia school in 1950. It became part of the Atlanta Public Schools (APS) when the property was annexed into the city of Atlanta. In 1991, the Atlanta Board of Education formed North Atlanta High School by combining North Fulton High School and Northside High School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam “Billy” Payne (b. 1947) is the former chairman of the Augusta National Golf Club, former Vice Chairman of WebMD, and former Vice Chairman of Bank of America. He was born in Athens, Georgia, and attended the University of Georgia where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree and Juris Doctor degree. He is known for being a leading advocate for bringing the Olympic Games to Atlanta, in 1996 Atlanta hosted the Olympics and he was named president and chief executive officer of the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArthur M. Blank (b. 1942) is an American businessman and a co-founder of the Home Depot. Today he is known for his philanthropy and his ownership of the Atlanta Falcons. Blank is a signatory of the Giving Pledge committing himself to give away at least 50 percent of his wealth to charitable causes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKhazars were a semi-nomadic Turkic tribe who lived in the Caucasus and southeastern Russia. At one point, it was believed that Ashkenazi Jews were primarily descended from Khazar converts to Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=4373.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmanuel Feldman (b. 1927) is an Orthodox rabbi and Rabbi Emeritus of Congregation Beth Jacob of Atlanta, Georgia. During his nearly 40 years at Beth Jacob beginning in 1952, he nurtured the growth of Atlanta’s Orthodox community from a city with two small Orthodox synagogues to a community large enough to support Jewish day schools, yeshivas, girls’ schools, and a kollel. He is a past vice-president of the Rabbinical Council of America and former editor of Tradition: The Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought published by the RCA.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6350.0,6493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) is a Jewish American non-profit that provides assistance to refugees. Founded in 1881, its original purpose was the help the flow of Jewish immigrants from Russia in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. In 1975, the US State Department asked the organization to assist the incoming Vietnam refugees. Today, the organization continues to provide support to refugees and immigrates of all nationalities, ethnicities, and religions. The organization also works with people whose lives and freedom are believed to be at risk due to war, persecution, or violence. HIAS has offices in the United States and across Latin America, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Since its inception, HIAS has helped resettle more than 4.5 million people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6586.0,7002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\").\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6586.0,7002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6586.0,7002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6586.0,7002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6586.0,7002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Mortimer \"Jack\" Rothschild (1911-1973) served as rabbi of Atlanta’s oldest Reform congregation, the Temple, from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6586.0,7002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6586.0,7002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. The congregation first met in a rented grocery store on Parkway Drive. It moved to a permanent location on Boulevard when it purchased and renovated a two-story apartment building. In 1956, it converted the Tabernacle Baptist Church on Boulevard to a synagogue. It built its current synagogue building on a five-acre lot on LaVista Road in 1961. Rabbi Joseph Safra was the congregation’s first permanent rabbi in 1951, followed by Rabbi Emanuel Feldman from 1952 to 1991. Rabbi Ilan Feldman has been the congregation’s Senior Rabbi since his father Emanuel’s retirement in 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6586.0,7002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWomen traditionally do the lighting of the candles on Friday evening before sundown to usher in the Sabbath. After lighting the candles, the woman waves her hands over them, covers her eyes and recites a blessing: “Blessed are You, Lord, our G-d, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to light Shabbat candles.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6586.0,7002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA mezuzah [Hebrew: doorpost] is a parchment scroll often contained in a decorative case that is fixed on the right side of doorpost of a home. The parchment scroll made by a scribe contains the handwritten text of the first two paragraphs of the Shema.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6586.0,7002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrandeis University is a private research college located in Waltham, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1948, as a non-sectarian, co-ed university sponsored by the Jewish community. The university was named for Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish United States Supreme Court Justice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=6586.0,7002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos/Shabbes (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7029.0,7078.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDrang nach Osten [German: Drive to the East] was the name for a \u003cbr\u003e19th-century German nationalist intent to expand Germany into Slavic territories of Central and Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7029.0,7078.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLebensraum [German: living space] was a term first used by German geographer Friedrich Ratzel in 1901 to describe the need for German expansionism. Ratzel and others believed Germany needed to expand its territories and acquire more resources in order to build a strong society. Lebensraum was as a critical component in the Nazi worldview that drove both its military conquests and racial policy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7078.0,7209.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7078.0,7209.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStanley “Mickey” Steinberg (1933-) is an architect from Augusta, Georgia. He attended served in the 82nd Airborne Division and graduated from Georgia Tech and MIT. In the 1960s, he was hired by John Portman and Associates in Atlanta, which constructed the Merchandise Mart, Hyatt Regency, Westin Peachtree, and the Marriott Marquis in Atlanta. After twenty years, he went to the Disney Company and led the Imagineering Division and later worked with the Sony Corporation, developed theaters and retail centers. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=7621.0,7731.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865/annotation_set/1852/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHrubieszów had many Ukrainians living there as it is only 3 miles (5 kilometers) from the present-day border of Ukraine. According to the Polish census, in 1931, most of the population of the county in which Hrubieszów is located identified as Roman Catholic (49 percent) or Eastern Orthodox (38 percent), while Jews were the minority (12 percent).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/144393/file/266865#t=8257.0,8389.0"}]}]}]}