{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/736m040t00/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Freedman, Miriam Kaufman"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1986-02-12 (captured)","1986-02-14 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Alpert, Merna (Interviewer)","Freedman, Miriam Kaufman (Interviewee)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMiriam Kaufman Freedman was interviewed by Merna Alpert on February 12, 1986 and February 14, 1986 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eMiriam Kaufman Freedman came from a Reform family in Columbus, Georgia. Once she graduated high school, she attended Agnes Scott College for two years before returning home to work during the Great Depression. She learned the insurance and loan business from her aunt, the first woman to become an insurance agent in the state of Georgia, while working at Campbell Brown Insurance Company. In 1933 she moved to Atlanta, Georgia to work for Frank Acres’ Agency of the Prudential Insurance Company through the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation. When she married her husband, Adalbert Freedman, she was fired from Prudential.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter leaving Prudential, Miriam traveled with her husband while he was on business with the Zionist Organization of America. Together, they became focused on the Zionist community throughout the area and their own activities in The Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (“The Temple”).  Miriam joined the Temple Sisterhood, serving as vice president in 1948, and Hadassah, serving as president from 1942-1943. She also held vice presidency at the National Council for Jewish Women.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMiriam went back to work in 1941 at Mercantile National Bank until the birth of their daughter, Dorothy Freedman, in 1944. Miriam later returned to work at Mercantile National Bank repeatedly as Dorothy grew up, holding titles of both the Vice President and the Secretary of Treasury there. Even after retirement, Miriam continued to manage locations for the bank. She remained an active member of the Atlanta Jewish community until her death in 1997.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe memoirist starts by recounting her own history, discussing her work with insurance and loan businesses in both Columbus and Atlanta, Georgia. Freedman often revisits a theme throughout the interviews regarding her family history and structure, always recalling Columbus and her family there. During this time, she also starts discussing meeting her husband, Adalbert Freedman, and getting involved with Zionist organizations. She repeats throughout the interview her and her husbands’ perspective on Zionism, the schism between their communities, and the desire to revisit Israel. A large part of this discussion focuses on the opinions of rabbis and congregations throughout the Jewish community in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAs the memoirist oscillates through these repeated themes, she touches on parenting and its relation to religious identity, internalized racism, and maintaining tradition. She compares the changes in the local community over the 20th Century, considering topics of intermarriage, financial disparity, and antisemitism. Freedman also discusses the changes that have occurred in public perceptions of women in the workforce and race relations in the American South.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn the second part of the interview, which takes place on another day, Freedman mainly speaks about her family history and involvement in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. She recalls what her family did after the country reunified, detailing the financial situation, business failures, and relocations that occurred before they finally settled to own a tenant farm in Columbus, Georgia. While she still returns to the familial themes previously mentioned, she also presents a family scrapbook of obituaries, newspaper clippings, invites, and pictures while detailing the contents inside before concluding the interview.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Freedman, Miriam Kaufman, 1909-1997 (personal name)","Freedman, Adalbert, 1921-2001 (personal name)","Columbus, Ga. (geographic)","Reform Judaism (topical term)","Seale, Ala. (geographic)","Depression--United States--1929 (named event)","Great Depression and World War II, 1929-1945 (named event)","Home Owners' Loan Corporation (corporate name)","Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945 (personal name)","Zionist Organization of America (corporate name)","Antizionism (topical term)","Zionism (topical term)","American Civil War (1861-1865) (named event)","Sisterhoods (corporate name)","Merchants Mutual Credit Corporation (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","Mercantile National Bank (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","National Bank of Georgia (corporate name)","Insurance agents—Georgia—Atlanta (topical)","Loan associations (topical)","Hebrew Benevolent Congregation “The Temple” (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","Rothschild, Rabbi Jacob Mortimer “Jack”, 1911-1973 (personal name)","Jewish society and culture (topical)","Robert’s Rules of Order (1876) (other)","Congregation Ahavath Achim (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","Marx, Rabbi Dr. David, 1872-1962 (personal name)","Marx Jr., David, 1903-1992 (personal name)","Alsace-Lorraine (Germany) (geographic)","Strasbourg (France) (geographic)","Israel (geographic)","Palestine (geographic)","Fascism (topical)","Shearith Israel Synagogue (Columbus, Ga.) (corporate name)","Congregation Beth Jacob (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","Kibbutz Afikim (Israel) (topical term)","Societal change (topical)","Religious identity (topical)","Language revitalization (topical)","feminism (topical)","antifeminism (topical)","Religious traditions in American culture (topical)","parenting (topical)","Shurgin, Eloise Kaufman, 1916-1973 (personal name)","The Hebrew Academy (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","Women--Religious life (topical)","Atlanta Jewish Community Center (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","Zionist Leadership Academy (corporate name)","World War I, 1914-1918 (named event)","Association of Reform Zionists of America (corporate name)","Egypt (geographic)","Law--Practice (topical)","Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","Internalized racism (topical)","Savannah (Ga.) (geographic)","Frank, Leo Max, 1884-1915 (personal name)","Feldman, Emmanuel, 1927- (personal name)","Sugarman, Rabbi Alvin M., 1938- (personal name)","Holocaust (named event)","Confederate States of America--Armed forces--Military life (topical)","Intermarriage (topical)","Confederate States of America. 3rd Florida Infantry (corporate name)","Army of Tennessee (corporate name)","Anderson, Richard H., 1821-1879 (personal name)","Anderson, Richard H., 1821-1879 Murfreesboro (Tenn.) (geographic)","Bragg, Bragg, Braxton, 1817-1876 (personal name)","Battle of Lookout Mountain (1863) (named event)","Camp Douglas (Ill.)—1860-1870 (corporate name)","YeHirsch, Eliza Miryla Leah Lehman (personal name)","Simons, Charlotte “Lottie” (personal name)","Kaufman, Matilda Straus (personal name)","Women’s rights—19th century (topical)","Prohibition--Georgia--Atlanta--History--19th century (topical)","Tenant farming (topical term)","Hirsch, David (personal name)","Kaufman, Florence Hirsch (personal name)","Scrapbook journaling (topical)","Genealogy (topical)","Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889 (personal name)","Correspondence (topical)","Meridian (Miss.) (geographic)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMiriam Kaufman Freedman was interviewed by Merna Alpert on February 12, 1986 and February 14, 1986 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiriam Kaufman Freedman came from a Reform family in Columbus, Georgia. Once she graduated high school, she attended Agnes Scott College for two years before returning home to work during the Great Depression. She learned the insurance and loan business from her aunt, the first woman to become an insurance agent in the state of Georgia, while working at Campbell Brown Insurance Company. In 1933 she moved to Atlanta, Georgia to work for Frank Acres\u0026rsquo; Agency of the Prudential Insurance Company through the Home Owners\u0026rsquo; Loan Corporation. When she married her husband, Adalbert Freedman, she was fired from Prudential.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter leaving Prudential, Miriam traveled with her husband while he was on business with the Zionist Organization of America. Together, they became focused on the Zionist community throughout the area and their own activities in The Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (\u0026ldquo;The Temple\u0026rdquo;). \u0026nbsp;Miriam joined the Temple Sisterhood, serving as vice president in 1948, and Hadassah, serving as president from 1942-1943. She also held vice presidency at the National Council for Jewish Women.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMiriam went back to work in 1941 at Mercantile National Bank until the birth of their daughter, Dorothy Freedman, in 1944. Miriam later returned to work at Mercantile National Bank repeatedly as Dorothy grew up, holding titles of both the Vice President and the Secretary of Treasury there. Even after retirement, Miriam continued to manage locations for the bank. She remained an active member of the Atlanta Jewish community until her death in 1997.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe memoirist starts by recounting her own history, discussing her work with insurance and loan businesses in both Columbus and Atlanta, Georgia. Freedman often revisits a theme throughout the interviews regarding her family history and structure, always recalling Columbus and her family there. During this time, she also starts discussing meeting her husband, Adalbert Freedman, and getting involved with Zionist organizations. She repeats throughout the interview her and her husbands\u0026rsquo; perspective on Zionism, the schism between their communities, and the desire to revisit Israel. A large part of this discussion focuses on the opinions of rabbis and congregations throughout the Jewish community in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAs the memoirist oscillates through these repeated themes, she touches on parenting and its relation to religious identity, internalized racism, and maintaining tradition. She compares the changes in the local community over the 20th Century, considering topics of intermarriage, financial disparity, and antisemitism. Freedman also discusses the changes that have occurred in public perceptions of women in the workforce and race relations in the American South.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn the second part of the interview, which takes place on another day, Freedman mainly speaks about her family history and involvement in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. She recalls what her family did after the country reunified, detailing the financial situation, business failures, and relocations that occurred before they finally settled to own a tenant farm in Columbus, Georgia. While she still returns to the familial themes previously mentioned, she also presents a family scrapbook of obituaries, newspaper clippings, invites, and pictures while detailing the contents inside before concluding the interview.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Miriam_Freedman.mp3"]},"duration":5603.34367,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/283/713/original/Miriam_Freedman.mp3?1753817666","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":5603.34367,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Freedman_Miriam_Kaufman [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=0.0,5.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: [ . . . February 12,] 1986. This is part of the Oral History Project of the American Jewish Committee and the National Council of Jewish Women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5.0,28.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I'll start with my history. I was born in Columbus, Georgia. My parents . . . My mother was born in Seale, Alabama, a town that doesn't exist anymore, 19 miles out of Columbus. My father was born in Columbus, Georgia. They were quite active in the Jewish community there. They belonged to the Reform temple. My father was . . . We had a social club there, through which they were both active. It was a small community of 100 families at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=28.0,67.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I was taught the insurance and loan business. I had an aunt who was the first woman insurance agent in Georgia, and she taught me this business. I got a job when I was out of college. I went to Agnes Scott [College] for two years, but things got so bad financially I had to go home and go to work. Fortunately, I was able to get a job right away with the Campbell Brown Insurance Company. I learned the loan business there and continued my education in that particular field of insurance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=67.0,110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: During the [Great] Depression, things got terribly bad. My boss could only keep me half a day, which wasn't enough. I was fortunate to get a job with the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation, which [President Franklin D.] Roosevelt had started. I contacted the Prudential Insurance Company here in Atlanta, [Georgia] when I came to Atlanta for that job. In order . . . That I would be back with the Prudential Insurance Company as soon as something would be available. I stayed with the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation for almost a year, and then I went in with the Frank Acres Agency of the Prudential Insurance Company.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=110.0,161.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: From there . . . In those days, if you got married, you were automatically fired. That seems incomprehensible now, but it was true. I met my husband at a symphony concert, and after a couple of years, we decided we'd get married. I didn't tell them at the Prudential that I was getting married, but anyway, they found it out. I couldn't stay there, so I traveled with my husband for a year. My husband was the regional director of the Zionist Organization of America. We traveled the whole [United States] Southeast, and it was a wonderful Jewish experience. Since I was raised with a Reform background, I knew very little, frankly, about the other forms of . . . the Conservative or the Orthodox. Mainly, at that time, the Reform was anti-Zionist. Our main contacts were with the Orthodox. I had some very interesting experiences. I used this year to study and to get some sort of education in the Jewish field.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=161.0,241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: I'd be interested in those experiences, if you want to recall some.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=241.0,247.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Yes. We visited most of the Orthodox rabbis in the Southeast. Shall I tell you one that's just funny?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=247.0,256.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=256.0,256.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: We went to Chattanooga, Tennessee. The rabbi's name I've forgotten there, but he was most cordial. We were there for dinner. We enjoyed our dinner very much. After the dinner . . . There were two young girls. The young girls left the table and went into the back of the house. After a while, the mother called them and said, \"You haven't benched!\" Not knowing what benched meant at the time . . . After everyone quieted down and they went back in another room, I was by myself with my husband . . . I said, \"That was very crude of her, to see if the children had gone to the toilet!\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=256.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: My husband explained to me what benching meant. In this way, I got a very liberal education in the Jewish field.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=309.0,324.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: This was the year 1940. I spent the whole year traveling and enjoying the various rabbis and their families. On this . . . I was invited to a Sisterhood meeting in one of the congregations in Mobile, Alabama. I had never spoken in any place in my life, and they called on me to speak. I was frightened to death! I didn't know what to do, but at least I got up on my feet and I said a few words. Afterwards . . . I never would be able to recount what I said. That was my first speaking appearance. After this first year with my husband, I decided I would go back to work. Again, my loan business came in handy. There was an opening in the Merchants Mutual Credit Corporation. The Merchants Mutual was a credit union started by . . . Jewish wholesalers on Pryor Street. This was in order that they could lend money from this credit union to the small merchants in the South, mainly in Georgia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=324.0,416.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I enjoyed this work very much. The president at the time was Hyman S. Jacobs. Mr. Jacobs was a philanthropist. His job was just a head, and he really didn't participate in the running of it. We had a president a short time. It was Eli Friedman, who is very active today. Eli had to go into the [United States] Army. I believe it was the Army or the [United States] Navy, I've forgotten which one. He had to leave. I had been his secretary, so then I took the chairmanship of the credit union. It became quite a large one. Alfred Garber was really the man behind this organization who oversaw the functioning. He did our accounting and so forth. Very interesting. We had a nice credit committee, and we got to be quite large. I worked with them for some . . . from 1941 until I had a baby, which was in 1944. I went back to work for them again after my child got to kindergarten. I stayed with them until such time as this credit union whipped itself into a bank. The bank was called Mercantile National Bank. I had the title there of Vice President and Secretary of Treasury.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=416.0,538.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I was pretty well ready to retire by then. I had worked a long time. I stayed with it until . . . The bank did very well for a while, and then it seemed to . . . Some hard times came about then. The bank, I presume, made some bad loans. That was perhaps the problem then. We sold it to the National Bank of Georgia. That was the end of my . . . I retired after that. I retired once, and they asked me to come back to manage a branch, which I did. It was a very interesting experience. They were very lovely men I worked with. As far as my activities in the Jewish community . . . This was really an activity in the Jewish community. This was a totally Jewish bank and credit union. After I married, and I spent that year with my husband, we got an apartment here in Atlanta. I was asked right away to join Hadassah. Since I was working there at that time . . . [There] was a business and professional group of Hadassah that met at night. It was quite an active group. Pretty soon I was made an officer, and I was president of that group in 19— . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=538.0,646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: The Hadassah group was about . . . It [had about] 100 members at the time. This was in the year 1942, 1943, when I was president. I became pregnant, and that was the reason I stopped my presidency. My daughter was born in 1944.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=646.0,669.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: While she was little, I became active. Not only with this group, but with the Temple Sisterhood. Also, with the Council of Jewish Women for a few years there. At one time, I was a vice president there, and I . . . had to make a decision whether I would go with the Sisterhood or with the council. My first love was the Sisterhood, so I confined most of my activities to the Sisterhood. I became an officer there. In 1948, I believe it was . . . I was a vice president.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=669.0,725.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: In 1948, I believe it was, I became a vice president of the Temple Sisterhood. They thought enough of me at that time to send me to the National [Federation of Temple Sisterhoods] Convention, which was in Boston, [Massachusetts]. It was a very exciting adventure. I got a lot out of it, and I enjoyed it very much. When I came back, I gave a report to the Sisterhood. Rabbi [Jacob M. “Jack”] Rothschild had asked me if I would repeat it for the Temple, which I did on one Friday night. It was an exciting adventure. I found that, nationally, the Temple Sisterhood was pro-Zionist, whereas locally, our Temple was mostly anti-Zionist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=725.0,784.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: When . . . At the end of this year . . . It became necessary to have a slate of officers for the following year. The nominating committee threw me off the slate on account of this. This was something that aggravated my friends very much. I did have a number of friends in the Sisterhood. They decided . . . They met, Emma Goldwasser—who had been a past president—and a few others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=784.0,828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: My friends decided that since they threw me off the slate as a vice president, they would run me as the president. The president at the time was . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=828.0,851.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Marian Bane Moore. We had a political fight in our Sisterhood. The end result was that I was elected president. This was a very fascinating year. Every meeting—we had them monthly at the time—I had to use Robert's Rules of Order to keep order. We never had such crowds that would come to a Sisterhood meeting. When the election was going on, we had a phone open with the [Ahavath Achim] Sisterhood, who was meeting the same day. They were fascinated. Most of these women were members of Hadassah and they were pro-Zionist. We had a rugged year, but a very interesting one. Each meeting, we had an overflow crowd to see what was going to happen next. Some very ugly things revolved around that. Some of the people were very bitter about it. One woman called me up and said to me, \"What? Who do you think you are to be the president of our Temple Sisterhood?\" I said, \"I don't know, but who are you?\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=851.0,949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: She replied, \"I'm Mary [Hartman] Marx. My husband is David Marx Junior.\" Everyone in the community knew how the Marxes felt about the Zionist Organization, but her conversation really had nothing to do with the Zionist Organization. She said to me, \"You come from the wrong side of the tracks. Your family were East European Jews, and you have no business with the presidency of the Reform Temple.\" I replied to her, \"Not that it makes any difference to me, but since it makes a difference to you: I'll tell you that my grandmother was born in Mobile, Alabama. She came from Alsace-Lorraine. My grandfather came from Germany . . . On both sides, both my father's people and my mother's people. So, I don't know what you're talking about.\" She says, \"Well, maybe it's your husband that came from the wrong side of the tracks.\" I replied, \"Since you've asked, I'll tell you he was born in Strasbourg, France.\" It's France now, [but] at that time, it was German. [I said,] \"Perhaps where were you born?\" She said, \"That doesn't matter.\" I said, \"Well, you didn't come from the South. This I know. Why don't you go back where you belong?\" That was the end of that conversation. At the meetings themselves, it was . . . The people were rough with me. Some of them got up at a meeting and tried to be very insulting. This was a very hard thing to handle because I didn't want to offend people. I stuck with Robert's Rules of Order and tried to hold everything from a business standpoint.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=949.0,1094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: The result of this Sisterhood fight had some good results. I would say that one of them was we removed David Marx, Jr. from the board of The Temple. Not the Sisterhood, of course, but The Temple. David Marx came to Rabbi Rothschild and told him that his wife was very upset. She insisted on being the program chairman for the Sisterhood in order to keep me from bringing all-Zionist programs to the Sisterhood. The arrangement that we worked out was as follows: I will have her as a program chairman if David Marx Jr. will get off the board and stay off permanently. This happened. I made a co-chairman for my programs and Emma Goldwasser was a program co-chairman. The year worked out with the programs very well. After this year, we seem to have an easing of this problem. Things have gone smoothly in the Sisterhood since then. Of course, after the State [of Israel] was established, there was very little anybody could do to keep from talking about it. The rabbi had sermons on Zionism. That letter, somewhere . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1094.0,1191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Mrs. Freedman—just for the record—I know Rabbi Rothschild was Rabbi of The Temple, and so was Rabbi [Dr. David] Marx. I don't know the sequence. Could you give us the sequence before we get to the letter? In general.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1191.0,1206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Rabbi Marx was the rabbi at The Temple for 50 years. The year that Jack Rothschild came as a rabbi . . . I don't recall the year, but it was . . . after Rabbi Marx. Rabbi Rothschild . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1206.0,1229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Could you share that letter with us that was part of it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1229.0,1235.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: My husband, Adalbert Freedman, was the regional director of the Zionist Organization from 1940 . . . after the State [of Israel] was established. The letter is self-explanatory; it was an open letter to members of The Temple. The date: October 11, 1943.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1235.0,1261.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: \"Dear Fellow Member, On the eve of Rosh Hashanah, September the 29th, our Rabbi, Dr. Marx, devoted his sermon to an attack on the democratically elected American Jewish Conference and the Zionist program, which it adopted with respect to Palestine. Seeking, at the same time, to uphold the American Council for Judaism, which organization was roundly condemned by the Conference. While conceding to our Rabbi the freedom of his pulpit, I am not certain as to the propriety of delivering a political address on a most sacred day known for purely spiritual significance. Of this, however, I am certain: that the issue is of sufficient importance to warrant a presentation to the congregation of the other side of the picture. That seems, to me, the democratic way. Anti-Zionism is not the program of Reform Judaism in this country. It is not espoused by the Central Conference of American Rabbis—which voted three-to-one at its recent convention in New York—to ask the American Council for Judaism to disband. It is advocated by only a minority of the Reform rabbinate. It is not a platform of the Union of American Hebrew Congregation, which gives a fair and unbiased portrayal of a Zionist ideal in its Sabbath School textbooks. I do not question the right of anyone to be a [non-Zionist] or anti-Zionist. Loyalty and devotion to American principles demand that we should respect each other's viewpoint. Nevertheless, I must strongly and unequivocally protest against any attempt to brand Zionism as secularistic, yea, even fascistic, and un-American. The fact is that Zionism is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition and American democracy. It has been unanimously endorsed by congressional resolution. It is directly responsible for the settlement of over 500,000 Jews in Palestine, who [indistinct: 23.22] for its political activities would not be there today. In order that you may have a better picture; I invite your examination of the enclosed pamphlet. You should know what Zionism is, not what its opponents claim it is. Especially now that, through action of the American Jewish Conference, it is no longer the program of a certain school of thought, but of the overwhelming majority of American jury. I would appreciate your comments on this letter and enclosure. Sincerely yours, Adalbert Freedman.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1261.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: That is quite a letter! Was there [an] overt response to it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1438.0,1443.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: We had a great deal of response. Some of the letters were very nasty, and some of them were very beautiful. I remember especially Armand May—who most people in Atlanta knew at the time—wrote a very unpleasant letter back. Most of the people that we talked to . . . Maybe they didn't want to tell us anything that wasn't pleasant, but most of the people had a very good feeling about the letter. My husband asked that he be allowed to refute this at a meeting at The Temple. When this was refused . . . The board refused. This is the reason for the letter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1443.0,1498.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: That must have been a very exciting period!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1498.0,1499.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: It was very exciting. When I think back on it, I feel it was really a part of history that I'll never forget. I'm sure some of the people in the community feel the same way. It was very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1499.0,1519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: We haven't really . . . We've talked much about your communal life and the activities. I know you and your husband have been very actively involved in Zionism. In your own home life . . . how would you characterize how you carried out your Jewishness in your own home life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1519.0,1547.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: We had one daughter, who was born in 1944. She went to Temple and The Temple Sunday School. We were anxious that she would have some background in Hebrew. We sent her . . . At the time there was no Hebrew taught at The Temple. We sent her to an Orthodox congregation. Shearith Israel and Beth Jacob had a combined Hebrew school at the time. Remember, this was back in the 1940’s. She went there. She was very crazy about her teacher. She liked him very much. His name was Mr. Roth. She became so interested in her experience that she came home and refused to eat because our house was not kosher. At the time, we decided we'd have an experiment. We koshered everything in our house for her. It was an interesting thing to do because that was also a learning experience. We had a great friend of [Samuel H.] Rosenberg who was the head of the [Atlanta] Bureau of Jewish Education. A wonderful man, wonderful background. He helped me prepare this because Jack Rothschild didn't observe any of the kashrut. He wasn't able to help me. There was practically no one at The Temple to help me, so Sam Rosenberg did this for us. A great man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1547.0,1645.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Have you kept . . . Have you continued to keep kashrut?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1645.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: No, we didn't . . . After that, when she went off to college, she became disinterested, too. We actually don't have any forbidden food in the house, but we do not keep separate dishes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1650.0,1669.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: I was wondering whether she continued in her more traditional kind of kosher-ness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1669.0,1675.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: She is off and own . . . My daughter went to Antioch College. That's a very liberal school. She was all over the world, had wonderful experiences there. As far as Jewishness is concerned, she began the period of rebellion. She didn't believe in God at the time. All this went through in the 1960’s, as you remember. When she married and had a child, she began to think more about it. Since she couldn't have another child, she decided to adopt a child, which she did. In order that the child should be Jewish, she had the child converted in the most Orthodox manner, with all three Orthodox rabbis. They also said, \"Now you must be kosher.\" Then she had to go through this business again. I must tell you . . . The daughter will be 18. The younger one, the adopted one, 14. They don't keep kosher anymore. However, we are very proud with the older daughter. [She] has been in Israel a couple of times. She's going next year . . . She graduates from high school this year and next year she goes to Israel on kibbutz in college. She's going to the Hebrew Union College in Israel. We are real excited about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1675.0,1767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Oh, that's quite a [indistinct: 29.27].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1767.0,1769.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I would like to say one other thing about the home. We observed all the holidays in the house, and we still do. On Friday night, we light the candles, we make the kiddush. We even do the Birkat Hamazon at the end of the meal. We have maintained our ties with The Temple and with other organizations as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1769.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Aside from the schism of anti-Zionist . . . Have you seen changes in the Jewish community since you've lived in Atlanta? In attitudes, practices . . . About other things besides Zionism and anti-Zionism?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1799.0,1825.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I have watched the schism between East Europeans and West Europeans disappear. This was a great feeling. Even in my . . . young days in Columbus, Georgia, our congregations did not have anything together . . . To this day, I'm really embarrassed. When somebody hears I'm from Columbus and they ask me [if] I know somebody who was from Columbus, and I perhaps don't know them, and it's a small town. The congregations were separate, and you did not dare even go with somebody in the other congregation. In Columbus now, I know the two congregations have joint meetings. That makes me happy. Here in Atlanta, I think this is something in the past also. It seems to me that the feeling of division now becomes more or less of the rich and the poor, rather than the West Europeans and the East Europeans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1825.0,1907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: As part of the changes that you've seen, have there been changes within the Reform movement or The Temple in particular?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1907.0,1915.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: The Temple itself was never in the mainstream of the life of Reform. I had been to some of the national conventions, and they weren't . . . It seemed to me that the cities in the South were very slow to be progressive as far as Hebrew and so forth [were] concerned. However, by now, our temple has made great changes. We have a very fine Hebrew school. We have bar mitzvahs and bat mitzvahs. The whole curriculum of the Sunday school has been improved. Although some of the kids resist Sunday school as they did in my day . . . Nevertheless, I have had an opportunity to look through the books. I find them very fine. If they don't get a good Jewish education, it's not the fault of the school, but perhaps the fault [of] some of the parents who seem not to have this as a priority. \n\n[interviewer coughs]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1915.0,1990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: There's something I'd like to go back to. Your early work history . . . When you worked first in the Loan Association and when you were working in the Merchant Mutual Credit Union in the early 1940’s. That was . . . It seems to me there were very few women who had achieved that kind of prominence in insurance, or banking, or other business kinds of things. To what do you attribute your skill, your ability, and how did you feel about it? How did it affect you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1990.0,2036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I thought about it to some degree. Since my aunt had been in business for many years, I felt very comfortable. I grew up in that insurance business with her. I didn't have any feeling particularly about discrimination against women because I have never personally felt it myself. I think that perhaps, on account of my education in the insurance business, I was qualified for the job. The way I got the job with the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation . . . When it was just being organized, I read about it. I told my brother that I was going to write a letter to Senator [Walter F.] George and tell him I'd like a position. In Atlanta, at that. My brother thought that was a wild idea. I did write this letter, and I got a telegram by return mail to come to Atlanta for an interview. I went to Atlanta. They didn't have too many people then. Although there were a lot of women in the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation, which became a very large organization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2036.0,2109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: It just seems to me that you were sort of in the forefront of women in upper echelons and business circles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2109.0,2120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I think the war . . . When the war started, women . . . This was the beginning of women in business . . . Since then, . . . I was in the war period here. There was very little trouble about a woman getting a job at the time. Whether or not . . . There were no women officers in banks at the time, that I know. I don't know of another credit union that had a woman as an executive. I really didn't think about it at the time. That was my job, and I liked what I was doing. I didn't think about it from the standpoint of antifeminism or what have you. My work—career—I enjoyed very much, and I really hated to retire. I didn't want to retire really. I liked my job. I liked what I was doing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2120.0,2172.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: You retired when your child was born . . . for a while.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2172.0,2175.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I retired for just a few years, and then I went right back. After I retired—supposedly permanently—they called me back. I did go back for a couple of years again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2175.0,2187.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Was your husband supportive of your working?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2187.0,2194.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Yes, he never complained about it. I didn't really discuss it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2194.0,2200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: The finances were such that it was important that I worked at the time. I was very happy that I had a job that I could do, more or less, as I pleased. It wasn't something that I hated to hit the clock at every minute. I was very conscientious. I liked it and I worked hard. I enjoyed it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2200.0,2226.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Apparently this was a pattern in your family, if your aunt was also working even before World War II in the insurance business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2226.0,2237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: This is true, but I don't know of anybody else, any other women, in the family. My mother would assist my father in his business some, but she was not working. My mother's sister, she didn't work either. My generation, my two sisters worked . . . My sister, Eloise [Kaufman Shurgin], married a man by the name of Abe Shurgin. She graduated from college at a very young age and became a teacher in the high school in Columbus, of math. She married Abe Shurgin during [World War II], and he went overseas. She continued to work, of course. When he came back, he settled in Atlanta, so she came to Atlanta, too. My sister was the executive secretary at The Temple for many years. She . . . was at the Temple the day she died. The people there at The Temple were crazy about her. She was really the brains of the family. She had a memory that was unbelievable. She knew all the members of The Temple. She could tell you their phone numbers, addresses, family history, and so forth. Very interesting woman. My other sister moved to Washington [D.C.] and got a job with the government. She married there. She married an Italian fellow by the name of Joseph Cutrufelli. He was Catholic, but he didn't believe. They didn't have any religion. They had one child, and the son says he's Jewish. He married a Gentile girl. She converted before the children were born. Their family is Jewish. Unfortunately . . . Eloise had a lovely son [Samuel Kaufman Shurgin], and he had a very wonderful Jewish education. While he was off at college, he got a form of cancer. He died just before he was supposed to graduate in 19— . . . My sister died and my nephew died within a year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2237.0,2389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: That was a tragic thing. If you speak to anybody at The Temple, they will remember her. Anybody there . . . They know her. The Sisterhood made, in her memory, some very beautiful tapestries that are on the wall there. You can see those.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2389.0,2414.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: In one sense, we've covered the waterfront. I'm interested in your thinking . . . For example, about women's involvement in the business world, women's involvement in Judaism. Not only your own experiences, but your thinking about it, that I think is important . . . Let's start with . . . If you were to have a child now, a young child, would you bring them up Jewishly in any different way than you did?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2414.0,2457.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Atlanta's very fortunate today to have The Hebrew Academy. I was sorry that Dorothy [Freedman] didn't have that experience. I think if I had a child today, I would send the child to the Hebrew Academy. I would feel that she or he would have a very firm and solid background in Jewish [indistinct: 41.21]. As far as women are concerned, they are rabbis now. Had I been in this generation, that might have been my goal. I thought about it many times. When I was young, at the Reform temple at home . . . My mother had a nice contralto voice, and she sang in the choir. There were two of the women that sang in choir from the congregation. I used to sit up there with her. That was the only Hebrew that I knew anything about. Just from hearing it, the responses in Hebrew. I knew that much, but nothing else. We had a very poor Sunday school in those days. The books were unattractive. I didn't learn very much. I continue to study to this day. I'm in a Hebrew class at The Temple. We started off with about 10 members. After about . . . This is, I think, our fifth year . . . We are down now to five, but these five are very hard workers. We are studying . . . Reading the Torah today. Not the scroll itself, but with vowels. We find it difficult, but very fascinating. We have a wonderful teacher, Tosia Schneider, who's the head of the Hebrew [class] at The Temple. Wonderful person. We've learned Judaism from her as well as Hebrew. It's a wonderful class.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2457.0,2575.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: That's fascinating. Would you say the opportunity for continuing to learn, whether in Jewishness or other things, is greater now than it was when you were growing up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2575.0,2589.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I'm sure it is . . . Of older people, anyway. I don't remember any classes of elderly people at all in my youth. Even up until the last maybe 10 to 15 years, I didn't know of any. Now Emory [University] has night classes. Emory has day classes, also, for seniors. We have enrichment programs . . . which I participate in at the [Atlanta Jewish Community] Center. It's combined with one of the congregations at the time. I've had some very interesting classes in that. Yes, in the last 15 years I would say. It's improved a great deal. Much attention has been made of the elderly because, perhaps, there's so many elders now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2589.0,2639.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Right and growing!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2639.0,2641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I believe so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2641.0,2648.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: As a Zionist, naturally, I wanted to visit Israel. When my husband was working with the Z.L.A. [Zionist Leadership Academy], we had an opportunity to go on a tour in 1961 with members from all over the United States who were Jewish workers of one sort. Mostly social workers. I think I was the only one along that didn't have either a law degree or a PhD or something. I had . . . It was a marvelous trip. It was a month. We had lectures in Israel and we . . . This was 1961 . . . Many things of interest. We were traveling all around the country. Partition was on. Israel was very small at the time, but Jerusalem was there, Tel Aviv was there. We had many people lecturing in the evenings after we had been. It was a great experience. After this was over, we went to Europe and spent some time traveling around Europe, which was a great experience, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2648.0,2729.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: In Israel when you were there, was it different? Did you feel it was different from your expectations?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2729.0,2738.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I was so thrilled with it. I had read a great deal. It lived beyond my expectations, actually. The first trip to Israel is an experience that everybody should have. It's absolutely just stunning. You can't believe it. You see the Arab plot . . . you see them in the distance, and you realize they're undeveloped. Then here you see this beautiful, flowering country. It's just an experience that everybody should have. My next trip . . . was in 1970. I had . . . This was another tour with the Z.L.A. The first tour . . . When Al was still working with the Z.L.A. his trip was underwritten. That was gravy, that was great. In 1970, we went on our own to this trip. It wasn't a very expensive trip, it was a Z.L.A. trip for two weeks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2738.0,2801.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I went to 1970, and I overlooked the fact that we went back in 1966. That was my second trip. Then my third trip in 1970. My fourth trip was 1980, when we went to the world . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2801.0,2832.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: In 1980, we went on a tour for the World [Union] for Progressive Judaism. This is the international body of Reform Jews, to which our [Association of Reform Zionists of America] belongs. It was held in Jerusalem. Can you imagine the changes that have taken place between 1970 and 1980? It was just a wonderful trip. In addition to that, after the convention was over, we went to Egypt. Finally, Egypt was open to Jewish travelers. It was a very interesting visit that we had there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2832.0,2884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: What kind of changes did you find in Israel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2884.0,2884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I found that everything was more sophisticated. The farmlands had been improved, the housing on the Kibbutzim had been improved, everything was . . . a more finished look to everything. There were many things there that weren't before. For instance, the museums. I think that was the greatest change I saw in the public field in particular.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2884.0,2925.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Can you contrast that trip with what you found in Egypt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2925.0,2932.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: In Egypt, the people were absolutely beggars. They were so poor. There seemed to be a ruling class with very rich, but the rest of the people had nothing. They were absolutely terribly deprived. The cultivation was just on the . . . maybe a quarter of a mile on either side of the river. Other than that, there was desolation, a desert. I don't understand how the people even survived there. These cities were overcrowded, and the beggars were just awful to have to handle. You felt so sorry for the people. Such a change from Israel. You didn't see any begging in Israel at all. To go there . . . I was on the boat, for instance, on the river. When you get on or off the boat there were just herds of young people trying to sell you junk jewelry and whatnot. It was a terribly poor country. I was glad to get back to Israel. My last trip I had was in 1984. We were most fortunate in that and having my daughter and the younger grandchild and my son-in-law. The older one was on a project of her own, a Reform project. She didn't stay with us. We had a great time touring together. We had a wonderful time. We had gone to Europe previous to that, too. My husband had an aunt who was still alive in Europe. We went by to see her. She was in a home. We were so happy that we did because shortly thereafter, she passed away. We were real happy that we had done that. That trip . . . My granddaughter liked it so much that she went back again, and now she's going to college there. We didn't know whether—by osmosis or whatever—that my daughter would pass to the granddaughter, whether or not she would be interested in Israel, but it was more than we could have hoped for. She's so fascinated with it. We're real happy about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2932.0,3084.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: That is lovely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3084.0,3085.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Yes, it's a great . . . for us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3085.0,3094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: I know your granddaughter makes you very proud with her desire to be part of Israel. I have gathered some of your own outside interests and hobbies, including learning. I don't know your husband's.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3094.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: My husband is self-educated as far as Jewish things are concerned. When he grew up in Strasbourg . . . I think his parents were that generation who had felt that religion wasn't important. He lived through World War I in Europe. After World War I, his parents had died. He had to go to Vienna, [Austria], to live with his grandmother and his aunt. He had one uncle in Philadelphia, [Pennsylvania]. He corresponded with his uncle and asked if he would see him over here. Finally, after much struggling, he came to Philadelphia. He went to law school in Philadelphia, passed the bar [examination] in Pennsylvania . . . The way he came to Atlanta is a very roundabout way. He had some friends in Philadelphia, and things were very bad. Incidentally, he was working for a bank at the time, too. The bank was closing . . . You know what happened. They told him, “In the South, you have better opportunities than in Philadelphia.” Some friends of his were moving to Savannah, [Georgia], so he decided he'd go to Savannah. He stayed in Savannah a while. It was a small place, and he didn't think very much of it. These people decided the same thing. They moved to Atlanta, and he moved on up here too. Then he went . . . Since he'd had banking experience, he went to work with the Federal Reserve Bank here in Atlanta. The way I met him . . . I was going with a fellow here and one night at the concert, he said to me, \"See that fellow down there? I've been telling you about him, very interesting man. Would you like to meet him?\" I said, \"Yes!\" We went down and that was the meeting of my husband . . . with my husband. His music, I guess, would be his hobby. He took violin when he was young. We go to all of the Atlanta Symphony [Orchestra] Concerts. This is one of his pleasures. The other pleasures . . . He studies, himself. He taught himself Hebrew and he speaks pretty well. He's a good linguist. He has, naturally, German as his first language. Then he had French because Strasbourg was on the border of France and became France after the World War I. Then he learned Italian. He speaks fluently German, French, fairly good Italian, and Hebrew. He does very well in Hebrew, too. He studies. He gets Hebrew paper. It comes every other week, and he studies that. He used to take, I believe, some of . . . The Jewish Community Center has some classes in Hebrew he took for a while. He said every year they go back to the beginning. He didn't feel like it advanced any, so he studies on his own. He reads. He keeps up with everything. We belong to a temple, [indistinct: 55.19]. This has been in existence a number of years. It's a nice group . . . We enjoy that. He's busy with . . . He does . . . With the house and the yard . . . He, functionally, is able still to mow the lawn and things like that. We have a very pleasant, quiet life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3110.0,3345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: It sounds stimulating too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3345.0,3347.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Yes, we do. You can see. When we moved into this house many years ago in 1948—we've been here that long—the first thing . . . He had to put up the books before I got the kitchen arranged. You can see where his feelings are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3347.0,3365.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: You've lived in Atlanta a long time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3365.0,3369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Since 1933.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3369.0,3374.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Did you experience, either in Atlanta or in Columbus when you were younger, any kind of personal antisemitism or prejudice against Jewish people? If not personal to yourself, in general to the [indistinct: 56.30]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3374.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I only remember one experience when I was a kid. I was walking to school and some little boy—I was walking with another young lady—started hollering at us, \"Jew baby.\" I had never heard that before in my life. I was very angry about it. The young girl that was with me was not Jewish. She said, \"Let's beat him up.\" We pounced on the boy, and he didn't do that anymore, I can assure you. My family had been in Columbus a long time. My grandfather, both grandparents, were there. My mother was active, too, in the community. She sang in several churches there, too. My family was very well known at the time. My father had several brothers and sisters. We had a large clan there. My mother had two sisters there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3390.0,3453.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: In Columbus?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3453.0,3454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: In Columbus, yes. When I came to Atlanta, I didn't feel any antisemitism, really. I had a cousin here. She found me a place to live with a Jewish lady . . . In my work . . . I never felt any antisemitism in work at all. Frankly, personally, that was the only experience I could remember in my whole life that I had any problems. There was one thing that I would always [hear] was, \"You don't look Jewish,\" in thinking they were paying me a compliment. Perhaps, in those days, I accepted it as a compliment when I was a kid. It wasn't . . . That was one experience, I think, that we don't think about today, perhaps. When I was growing up, we would never think of wearing a [indistinct: 58.26]. We would never think of wearing any sort of Jewish insignia. We were more American. We were trying to be Americans. That was the only thing that was important in [those] days. When somebody said to me, \"You don't look Jewish. I don't believe you're Jewish,\" I felt that as a compliment in those days. That is one of the great changes, I think, the State of Israel has brought.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3454.0,3538.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Can you explain that a little bit more?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3538.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I feel that people today can hold their heads and be proud of their Jewishness and brag about it, whereas in those days we were very happy to hide it. I think that's one of the great changes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3540.0,3556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: My family grew up in the days when we felt that you have to be 100%, 101% American to be . . . Your Judaism was just a religion, and that was all. You didn't brag about it. You didn't talk about it . . . Hush-hush type of idea. That was one of the bad things that happened, I think. Could the American community have done more at the Holocaust? It was always, particularly in the South, I think, hush-hush. Don't stir anything, don't start . . . That's one of the terrible things that happened in that period. Perhaps more could have been done, but we didn't . . . If you read The Abandonment of the Jews, if you read those books, there's some very interesting ones there about the Jewish community and its lack of actually doing something concrete. A few people tried. I think the Zionists were the people that were really trying, but everybody else, hush-hush. Don't rock the boat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3556.0,3634.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: You say in Columbus, your father and your mother had . . . sisters, brothers, family. Were there . . . Jewish holiday celebrations within the family? Was there a sense of that, or no?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3634.0,3652.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I think it was more, everything should be American. We weren't interested really in maintaining a very strong Jewish identity, except for the synagogue. Here, I was required to go every Friday night and every Saturday morning. As far as having celebrations and so forth in the home, we did not. As a matter of fact, we never even had a seder. The only holiday I remember was connected with the temple. We had a permanent sukkah in the back of our temple in Columbus. We would help them decorate it every year. We had a Purim play or something with that, but in our home, we didn't. I remember my aunt came up here, we were lighting candles. She says, \"I never knew about that!\" She had a very strong Southern accent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3652.0,3712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I see my mother's . . . they both came from that little town. They had a strong Southern accent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3712.0,3721.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: I think you've seen . . . I've been aware of a number of variations and changes over the years. Did the big . . . I know this happened . . . The whole incident with Leo Frank happened probably before you were born. When you got to Atlanta, or even in Columbus when you were a child, did you hear about it? Was there any reaction to it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3721.0,3757.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Yes, I heard about it. I remember my parents saying that during [that] period the Jews in Atlanta were very frightened. If you had any relatives in Columbus . . . A great many of them came down to Columbus to get out of Atlanta because they thought it might be a riot or something. They didn't know. A lot of people did move down to the Columbus temporarily until this thing was over. The details of it . . . I didn't really understand at the time. It's only later that I read about it, that I know what went on. It was a horrible thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3757.0,3800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Of course. Do you know of any other incidents, not as bad as that, that occurred in Georgia and Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3800.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: You mean antisemitism specifically? No, I don't know of any other that got real publicity. I don't know of anything. Some people said there was prejudice in getting a job. I heard of that a great deal. Personally, I didn't have any experience like that. I didn't feel any antisemitism, nor any antifeminism even, in my career.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3810.0,3836.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: I think you've had a very fortunate and good life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3836.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I've had a very fortunate life; indeed, I have. I've had . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3840.0,3845.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: If you were giving advice or suggestions to young people today about the kind of work they're interested in or how they express their Judaism, what kind of advice or suggestions would you give?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3845.0,3864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: About Judaism, you mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3864.0,3866.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Judaism for one, sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3866.0,3868.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I'm very happy with my granddaughter going to Hebrew Union College. I hope that she will go in for Jewish education or some . . . Jewish field like that. I don't want to advise her, though. I don't want to lead her. I would be happy if she pursued this. I'm real thrilled that she's going. I think it's a good field. It's an interesting field. I would advise people who are really interested to pursue some Jewish studies. There are many opportunities now. You have to have a temperament to be a rabbi. That's a special thing. I certainly wouldn't advise anybody to do that, unless they had an aptitude or interest in it. There are many other things . . . in social work . . . I think Jews have always been in the lead of approaching senior citizens in all social activities. I think we've been very fortunate in having leaders who had actually led the communities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3868.0,3945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: I guess what I was trying to get to . . . What kind of—if you don't like to give advice—what kind of hope do you have for the young people today? College age, a little below, a little above it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3945.0,3967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Advice I wouldn't give.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3967.0,3970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Alright, hope then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3970.0,3970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I hope that they will understand the importance of maintaining their Jewish identity. Some of them do. The picture that many of the historians are painting today is very black. Some people say it would be . . . By 2050, for instance, there'll be 10,000 Jews in this country. I can't go along with it that pessimistic. I have a feeling we've survived so many generations that we will continue to survive. The difficulty, I guess, is when we're in a democratic country and we can be free of prejudice, more or less. People are inclined to do the easiest thing and not pursue their Jewish education the way they should. It's an interesting factor that . . . in the world, we seem to be going to a more Conservative bend and Judaism, perhaps, so too. I'm thinking about Rabbi [Dr. Emanuel] Feldman, who has built a very large following and [is] extremely Orthodox. Perhaps that's the hope of the future. I have a feeling that without Orthodoxy, Reform would have fallen apart. I'll explain that. During . . . The Hebrew Union College, up until the last few years, never received people from the Reform congregations. They were all Orthodox or Conservative people who went to the Hebrew Union College. Now, it's changed a bit, and we do have a few. I think . . . In my younger years, if we hadn't had Orthodoxy, I think the Reform would have gone by the wayside. We wouldn't have had teachers. We wouldn't have had rabbis. Where do you think all of the Reform rabbis came from? We have . . . [Rabbi Alvin Sugarman] is an exception. He came from The Temple here in Atlanta. Most of them, even today, come from . . . were Conservative or Orthodox back then. We wouldn't have had teachers; we wouldn't have had rabbis. The period just before the rise of the Zionist movement . . . It seems to me we were in pretty bad shape. The people were anxious to be Americans. That was my family. Judaism was not something that they were proud of. Now, I think it's changed to some extent. I hope so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3970.0,4166.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: I have heard it said that [Adolf] Hitler and all he represented turned more Jewish people back towards Judaism in that period of time . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4166.0,4178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Yes, this is what I meant by saying that in a democratic country where we are free, we disappear, to a large extent. Take my family, even. There were four of us. Two of us married Jews and two didn't. I was the lucky one, I guess, because I retained my Judaism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4178.0,4201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: You told me that one of your—I've forgotten whether it was a brother or sister—married . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4201.0,4207.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: [My] sister, to a Catholic . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4207.0,4210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Yes . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4210.0,4210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN:  . . . [Their] son is Jewish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4210.0,4211.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT:  . . . And [their son's] wife converted to Judaism . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4211.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4216.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT:  . . . It sort of makes a full circle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4216.0,4217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: My brother didn't have any children. He married a Gentile girl, but he didn't have any children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4217.0,4224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Do you think that this kind of a period in Jewishness has occurred previously?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4224.0,4233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I'm sure. The Greek period, if you go way back, the Hellenistic period . . . I'm sure this period people intermarried. All through Jewish life, people have intermarried. This is nothing new. There always is a saving remnant from somewhere, and I think it will always be. I'm not that pessimistic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4233.0,4257.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: We have been sitting quite a while now. Surprised? I'd like to review the tape . . . with an option, if I think of things that we have omitted, could I call you and we could continue another time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4257.0,4274.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Sure, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4274.0,4274.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: I think we've really come a long way. I want to thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4274.0,4278.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I enjoyed it. It was interesting thinking back. I'm sure I forgot a lot of things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4278.0,4283.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: If you remember them, I'll give you my number. You can call me. I have learned a lot from them!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4283.0,4289.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Is that so? Back in the . . . Early Jews here . . . I have to do something for my family to get some of the things together, too. Both of my grandfathers fought in the [American] Civil War, I forgot to tell you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4289.0,4302.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Oh, my good—oh we're coming—Kevin, would you like us to continue now, or should I come back tomorrow or Friday? It's up to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4302.0,4312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: At the end of our last session, Mrs. Freedman, you mentioned your grandparents fought in the Civil War. We didn't talk much about them before. Can you tell me when your family immigrated from the Alsace? Do you know when?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4312.0,4336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I do not know on my mother's side. My grandmother was born in Covington, Louisiana. She was born on December 25, 1852. She died in Columbus, Georgia [on] May 4, 1916. The date that they came to this country, I don't have. Her husband was Hermann Hirsch. He was born in Hammelburg, Bavaria [on] July 26, 1942.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4336.0,4374.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: 1942?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4374.0,4374.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: 1842, pardon me!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4374.0,4378.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Hard to remember; it was so long ago. He also died in Columbus, Georgia on April 13, 1897. This grandfather went into the Confederate [States] Army.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4378.0,4396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: You wouldn't remember or know when he came to this country, or why . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4396.0,4400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I do not know when he came to this country. The first . . . I knew . . . I have history of him; it was in Florida. That's where he . . . He went into the Army at that time. I don't know the exact date of that either. He was with the 3rd [Florida Infantry] Regiment of the Florida Volunteers [indistinct: 1.13.42] Brigade [Army of Tennessee] in [Richard] Anderson's Division. He enlisted in Monticello, Florida.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4400.0,4428.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Oh, my goodness! What kind of work did he do when he was not in the Army?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4428.0,4434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Before he married . . . I'm not sure what he did. After he married, he bought a large plot of land in Alabama which was very near Columbus, [Georgia]. He farmed. In addition to that, he had a store in Seale, Alabama.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4434.0,4455.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Would you spell Seale?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4455.0,4457.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: S-E-A-L-E. Seale, Alabama.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4457.0,4460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: This is the town that is . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4460.0,4461.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Where my mother was born.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4461.0,4462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4462.0,4468.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: He wrote some letters to my great-grandparents. He was wounded, incidentally, twice in the war. He was . . . One time, he was [in] Murfreesboro, [Tennessee] . . . He was under Braxton Bragg's Division. That's a very important thing. He was wounded and was carried off the battlefield to a hospital in Murfreesboro. Then, he was wounded again in the Battle of Lookout Mountain. He was captured, and he was sent to Chicago, [Illinois] at Fort [Camp] Douglas as a prisoner of war. He was soon exchanged for a Yankee. Afterwards, he was sent to Mobile, Alabama. The hospital was full. He recuperated in my great-grandparent's house there. He fell in love with their daughter, who was Eliza [Miryla Leah Lehman Hirsch]. He later came back. They married and then moved to Seale, Alabama. Why such a small town? I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4468.0,4552.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Did they have a store there in Seale, Alabama?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4552.0,4555.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Yes, he did. He had a store, a regular country store. Many years later, I went over there and talked to . . . some of the elderly people. They told me that he was great. He would go to New York and bring merchandise back to Seale. They were so happy. They bought lace and all the fine materials from him. They were just happy every time he'd go to New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4555.0,4588.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: They moved to Columbus. I think it was . . . He died shortly after that, after they moved to Columbus. It seems to me that they must have gone about 1896. He died in 1897. We had a house, his house, in Columbus, Georgia, where I was born. It was a large house. We had a . . . There was an upstairs and a downstairs. It had a porch across the front. We'd sit out there and rock.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4588.0,4628.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Were they also Reform Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4628.0,4634.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Yes. The Reform Movement started, I think, in Germany. This grandfather was born in Bavaria, which is part of Germany. I have very little record of his parents. I don't know much about them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4634.0,4658.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT:  . . . Do you have a similar kind of history for your mother's, father's family, or for your husband's family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4658.0,4677.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Do you mean my grandparents on my father's side? Is that what you're going to . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4677.0,4681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4681.0,4682.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I don't have details of that. The only thing I know: my grandfather's name was Julius Kaufman. Julius Kaufman was born in Lichtenau, a little German city which is near the Alsatian border. When I was in Europe the last time, we visited that little town. It's a delightful little village. Not far from where my husband was born in Strasbourg; about 25 miles. Julius died in December 2, 1892. I never knew either of my grandfathers. He was in the Army. I have very little history of him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4682.0,4730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Excuse me—in the army—which army?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4730.0,4732.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: The Confederate Army.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4732.0,4734.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: I didn't know in Germany or . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4734.0,4739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: The Confederate Army. Actually, both of my grandfathers moved from Germany to this country to get out of the [German] Army. What happened? They got tied up in it here, too. Julius Kaufman married my grandmother. Her name was Matilda Straus [Kaufman]. Matilda was married in Isadore Straus' home. I don't have a date of that, but she was married there. [She was] distantly related to the Strauses [indistinct: 1.19.29]. She lived to be quite old. She lived until February 29 . . . That was an unusual date, wasn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4739.0,4781.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Yes!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4781.0,4784.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: [February 29,] 1928. As a matter of fact, my mother died before she did. She was quite a cute little lady. I had the pleasure of knowing both of my grandmothers. I enjoy them very much. I would like to say that my grandmother, Eliza Lehman Hirsch, had a brother who was Dr. Mark Lehman. He was one of the first doctors in the Public Health . . . He was very active in the Yellow Fever epidemic, which happened . . . I'm not sure when, but it was a long time ago. When my sister was working in Washington, she found the records of his experience fighting the Yellow Fever epidemic. He lived in Mobile and in New Orleans, [Louisiana]. A very interesting man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4784.0,4846.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: When I was young . . . children . . . I had a very large family. I think so. Now I just have one daughter, so that was a large family. My mother had two sisters and a brother. The brother lived in Memphis, Tennessee. I didn't see him too often. Her two sisters lived in Columbus. One of them was Charlotte [Simons], known as Lottie. She married Louis Simons, and they lived on the next block from us. She had two children, Sarah [Simons] and Max [Simons]. They are now both deceased. Max left no children, and Sarah had two adopted sons. The other sister never married. Her name was Addie. She was the one I told you about, that was an insurance agent. A ‘women's libber,’ I guess, way before the time of ‘women's lib.’ My father was one of 10 or 11, I'm not sure. They all lived in Columbus. It was a large group . . . One of them, I think, is still alive. They were . . . My father was in business with one of his brothers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4846.0,4939.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: What kind of business?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4939.0,4941.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: My father was in the liquor business before Prohibition and made a lot of money then. Prohibition came and he moved around to the places that were still \"wet.\" He moved to Chattanooga and Jacksonville, [Florida]. I was almost born in Chattanooga, but they came home before I was born . . . After prohibition, it was a struggle. He went into the soda water business, which was . . . He made a drink very similar to NuGrape, which was called Topaz. He also went into another business: a manufacturing of hard candies. The businesses went very well for a while, but World War I came. The sugar was hard to get. They gambled in the sugar market buying raw sugar. They lost a fortune!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4941.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Oh dear!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5010.0,5014.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: He never could recoup from that. My father built a beautiful home in Columbus. We lived there from the time I was about eight until I was about 14. Then, we moved back to my grandfather's house. Money went by the wayside, and we couldn't keep the house up. It was a big house. I think that's about the . . . My immediate family. I didn't mention that did I? Have I gone into my immediate family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5014.0,5055.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: About your brothers and sisters, you mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5055.0,5057.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5057.0,5057.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Yes, you did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5057.0,5062.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: There were a lot of people living in my house. My maiden aunt, my mother's sister, lived with us. We had a white housekeeper who also lived with us. There were my mother and father and their four children. It was a big house full.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5062.0,5080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Did . . . Your grandparents and their farming . . . Did they have slaves?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5080.0,5088.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: No. No one in our family had slaves, because . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5088.0,5092.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: I'm sure they had workers helping them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5092.0,5095.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Yes, they did. They had tenant farmers that were working their farm. They actually bought this farm after the war. They were never really married and had . . . any way of having slaves. I noticed, you noticed, we had this white woman who was our housekeeper. She came with us from the time my mother was a baby. She lived with us until she died.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5095.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: That must have been slightly unusual.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5130.0,5134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I think so. I never questioned it. It didn't occur to me. So many questions I could ask now, but that I didn't even think about it. That's the way it was. We accepted it as it was, I don't know why. We did have people doing work. She did the housekeeping and looked after things. We did have black workers. We had one who did the laundry. We had the one that looked after the baby, the children, and we had a mammy that was very good to us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5134.0,5170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: You know what would be, I think, a fascinating way to sort of end this? I notice you have the notebook with the things from way back when. If you'd go through it page by page just saying what is on it? Unfortunately, they won't be able to see it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5170.0,5197.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I've started a scrapbook and promised to go into more detail and bring it . . . All the material that I have together, which I haven't done yet. On the first page here, I have the marriage contract between my grandmother, Eliza . . . Her Hebrew name was Miryla Leah—she was the daughter of Abraham [Lehman] and Miriam Lehman—and Hermann Hirsch. He was the son of David Hirsch. They were married in Mobile in the year 5630—as they said—of the creation of the world, 1869 in the Christian Era. I also have a small picture of Eliza, my grandmother, who was, I think, a very beautiful woman. I have a card here of Hermann Hirsch and Miss—they spell it, M-I . . . The ‘P’ looks like . . . The ‘S’ looks like a ‘P’ . . . I don't know, it's a funny script—Eliza Lehman. It must have been their engagement party. It doesn't say what it was, but just a card. The next page I have is a picture of my mother, her name was Florence Hirsch Kaufman. I have pictures of the grave of my great uncle, who was Dr. Lehman. A picture of his grave and a letter that he wrote to my mother back in . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5197.0,5294.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: On September 4, 1901. It was a gift, a wedding gift, of the plot that they sent to my mother. The next page is one that I treasure very much. It's a letter written by my Grandfather Hirsch, from Mississippi, where he was stationed in the Army. I have two letters. One of them from there, and the other one from Meridian, Mississippi. He would have spent a great deal of time there. Those two letters are very interesting. I have the Constitution of the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith, District Grand Lodge Number 5. Held in . . . It was dated in Baltimore, [Maryland], 1889. I found that quite interesting. This is a letter . . . This is published from The Menorah—which was a Jewish English paper—published about my grandfather when he died . . . This publication was on April 13, 1897. That was the official organ of B'nai B'rith. It was dated June 1897.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5294.0,5387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN:Next, I have a . . . On February 7, 1908, there was a special service at our temple. I have the program of that service. At the time, our rabbi was Frank L. Rosenthal, whom I remember with a great deal of affection. I also have here a letter from [Rabbi Edward Benjamin Morris] E.B.M. Browne. The letter was sent on July 7, 1896. E.B.M. Browne is the great-grandfather of Janice Rothschild [Blumberg]. He wrote and said that he was very concerned. There was scarlet fever in the Hirsch family, and he wanted to find out how he was. He was traveling in Europe at the time . . . I can't read exactly what city it is . . . Anyway, he was coming back. He gave the name of the ship he was coming back on: the [SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse]. As soon as he would get back, he would call to see . . . He was very anxious [to see] how they were. He asked them to drop him a postal card at [the Military District of] Kaschau, Hungary. He came from Hungary, his family did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5387.0,5476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: The next page of the . . . covers something that my great uncle, Dr. Lehman, sent to one of my aunts. It's the badge he wore on December 11, 1889, in memoriam of the death of Jefferson Davis. He was in the parade and behind the coffin. He clipped a piece of the black material off the casket and sent it to my aunt. Also, on this page you can find a number of . . . money of the Confederate states. I found them interesting because most of them was from Richmond, [Virginia]. We have quite a . . . I don't think they'll ever have any monetary value, but they're very interesting historically. I have some more in there that I haven't put in it. Then we have . . . The next page I have is a paper that was called The Critic, published in New Orleans. The issue I have is December 14, 1889, which had the picture on the front of Jefferson Davis. There's a history of his life. Next, I have just interesting pieces of ads out of this same . . . out of one of the papers. I'm not sure which one there. Yes, it also came from The Critic, December 14, 1889.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5476.0,5579.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: Those are fascinating things. I'm sure your family will treasure them also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5579.0,5586.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Yes, I must get the materials together for my daughter and grandchildren someday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5586.0,5594.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/transcript/82007/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALPERT: I think really, we have covered just about everything. Again, I want to thank you. I have learned so much. It's been . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5594.0,5603.34367"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection, housed in the Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum, consists of more than 1,000 interviews that document Jewish life in Georgia and Alabama. The collection originated in the 1970s due to an oral history project conducted by the Atlanta Jewish Federation and the Atlanta chapters of the National Council of Jewish Women.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5.0,28.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Committee (AJC) was founded in 1906 to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews worldwide. It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5.0,28.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Council of Jewish Women is an organization of volunteers and advocates, founded in the 1890s, who turn progressive ideals in advocacy and philanthropy inspired by Jewish values. They strive to improve the quality of life for women, children and families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5.0,28.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbus is a city on the western border of the state of Georgia in Muscogee County resting on the Chattahoochee River directly across from Phenix City, Alabama. Columbus is home to Fort Benning, 100 miles (160 km) southwest of Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=28.0,67.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeale is an unincorporated community in Russell County in southeastern Alabama. It is 17 mi (27 km) southwest of Phenix City, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=28.0,67.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=28.0,67.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAgnes Scott is a private women’s liberal arts college in Decatur, Georgia. It is considered one of the Seven Sisters of the South. Affiliated with the Presbyterian Church, the school was founded in 1889 as Decatur Female Seminary. The name was later changed to Agnes Scott Institute in 1890, and again in 1906 when it became Agnes Scott College.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=67.0,110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta, Georgia is the capital and largest city in the state of Georgia. During the American Civil War, it was a strategically important city for the Confederacy until it was captured in 1864. The city was almost entirely burnt to the ground during General William Sherman’s March to the Sea. After the war, the city rebounded and became a national industrial center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=110.0,161.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of World War II. He was a Democrat. FDR was an avid horseback rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=110.0,161.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) was a government-sponsored corporation created in 1933 under the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation Act as part of the New Deal. It aimed to assist citizens with housing by refinancing home mortgages in default. This helped families by preventing foreclosures and created new opportunities for homeownership. As a part of this process, the Atlanta Home Owners’ Loan Corporation evaluated residential areas for security and risk in lending to homeowners. Bias in these evaluations led to redlining, a term referring to the determination of “red” areas throughout the map of Atlanta that would not have received money. This still presents racial and economic issues seen throughout those areas today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=110.0,161.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries, it started in about 1929, when the American stock market crashed, and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century. The Great Depression is often seen as the major turning point in 20th-century world history. In Europe, World War I had a long-term impact on the economy and financial stability. Postwar inflation spiraled into hyperinflation by the 1920’s and European banks struggled to stay open. Exasperating the situation were skyrocketing unemployment rates. The Great Depression had immediately visible political and social ramifications in Europe, including increased antisemitism and nationalism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=110.0,161.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1897, the Zionist Organization of America is the oldest pro-Israel organization in the United States. It is dedicated to educating the public, elected officials, media, and college/high school students about Israel and to promoting strong United States-Israel relations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=161.0,241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=161.0,241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=161.0,241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, broadly defined in the modern era as the opposition to the ethnonationalist and political movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the establishment of a Jewish states as a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=161.0,241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChattanooga is a city in Hamilton County along the southern border of Tennessee above Georgia that rests along the Tennessee River. Home to many railroads, the city was a hot spot for activity during the American Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=256.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Benching” is an English version of the Yiddish term “bentshn,” which refers to the Birkat hamamzon, a blessing that is said after a meal. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=256.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMerchants Mutual Credit Corporation was organized in 1937 by a group of merchants on Pryor Street for the purpose of assisting small storeowners to borrow funds for the purchase of merchandise. Ely Freedman, the son of Morris Freedman, who became its first President, conceived the idea. Other organizers were: Morris Freedman, Harry Spector, Israel Zion, Louis Aranoff, and Thomas Makover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=324.0,416.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMobile is the oldest city in Alabama, founded in 1702 when it was colonized by the French. It provides port access to a state that is mostly landlocked. The Code Noir prohibited Judaism and other religions from the strictly Catholic French colonies. Mostly Sephardic Jewish families from colonies such as Georgia and the Carolinas were finally permitted to settle in Mobile in 1763. Many remain in the community today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=324.0,416.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Sisterhood is a group of women in a synagogue congregation who join together to offer social, cultural, educational, and volunteer service opportunities. Its male counterpart is called either a \"Brotherhood\" or a \"Men's Club.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=324.0,416.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Army is the primary land service branch of the United States Department of Defense. The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=416.0,538.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Department of Defense. Their main functions are sea control, power projection, deterrence, maritime security, and sealift.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=416.0,538.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlfred E. Garber (1910-1997) was a prominent Atlanta accountant with Young \u0026amp; Garber, an accounting firm, which was sold to Touche-Ross. He was a resident in the Atlanta Hebrew Orphans’ Home. He served a term as president after it was renamed the Jewish Children’s Service.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=416.0,538.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMercantile National Bank was established in 1967 as a Georgia state-regulated certificated bank. In 1970 it became a national chartered bank. Before its merger into National Bank of Georgia in 1976, it had locations both in Downtown Atlanta and Buckhead.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=416.0,538.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNational Bank of Georgia originated when Bank of Georgia was renamed in 1965. The Bank of Georgia was established in 1911. In 1965, when it was renamed National Bank of Georgia, its status changed from a state member bank to a national bank.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=538.0,646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer service organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold. It currently has over 300,000 members and supporters worldwide. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=538.0,646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877, and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2022, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=669.0,725.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple Sisterhood was established in 1912 and is the oldest congregation-sponsored women's organization in Atlanta. It was initiated by Temple Rabbi David Marx, who felt that a women's group could help in the development of the synagogue as both a religious and educational gathering place for members of the congregation. Previously, the responsibility for many of these activities fell to the Atlanta Section of the National Council of Jewish Women, an organization founded by Temple members. Josephine Kaufman was the first Sisterhood president. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=725.0,784.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods (NFTS) is the women’s affiliate of the Union for Reform Judaism. The name was changed to Women of Reform Judaism (WRJ) in 1993. Representing women in Reform congregations worldwide, the group hopes to empower these women to connect, grow, and mobilize collective action.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=725.0,784.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Mortimer \"Jack\" Rothschild (1911-1973) served as rabbi of Atlanta’s oldest Reform congregation, the Temple, from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=725.0,784.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948, and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=725.0,784.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert’s Rules of Order, or Robert’s Rules, is a manual of parliamentary procedure by United States Army officer Henry Martyn Robert that was published in 1876. It was an adaption of the rules and practices of the United States Congress to fit them to non-government groups. The purpose is to streamline and organize group meetings for efficiency, particularly when there are parties that disagree within the group.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=851.0,949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=851.0,949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStrasbourg is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France in the historic region of Alsace. See also: Alsace-Lorraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=949.0,1094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlsace-Lorraine, or the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine, was a territory established in 1871 by the German Empire in what is modern day France. The region was ceded to the German Empire in the Treaty of Frankfurt after occupation by the German Empire during the Franco-Prussian War. Alsace-Lorraine was ceded back to France in 1920 as part of the Treaty of Versailles following Germany’s defeat in World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=949.0,1094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMary Sylvia Hartman Marx (1910-2003) was born to Sylvia and Irvin Hartman on June 20, 1910, in Chicago, Illinois. She attended University of Chicago High School and Goucher College before moving to Atlanta, Georgia in 1929, where she met her husband, David Marx Jr. Together they had two children, Ellen Marx Rappaport and Mary Louise Marx Sherman. While living in Atlanta, Mary spent her time in the Service Guild and The Temple Sisterhood, even serving as president of the Sisterhood for a term.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=949.0,1094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael, a Middle Eastern country on the Mediterranean Sea, is regarded by Jews, Christians, and Muslims as the biblical Holy Land. Its most sacred sites are in Jerusalem. In 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, declared “the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as The State of Israel.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1094.0,1191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Dr. David Marx (1872-1962) was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia. A native of New Orleans, he led the congregation’s move toward the practices of Reform Judaism. He served as rabbi from 1895 to 1946. He staunchly opposed Zionism. When he retired, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild took the pulpit that Rabbi Marx had held for more than half a century. Together, he and his wife, Eleanor “Nelle” Rosenfeld Marx, had one child, David Marx Jr. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1191.0,1206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdalbert Freedman (1921-2001) was a long-time resident of Atlanta and an activist in its Jewish community. Born in Strasbourg, France, Mr. Freedman came to the United States in 1921 to join relatives in Philadelphia. In 1934 he settled in Atlanta, where he was employed by the Federal Reserve Bank. There, he met and married his wife, Miriam Kaufman Freedman. Together they had one child, Dorothy Freedman. Upon formation of the Southeastern Region of the Zionist Organization of America in 1939, he became its first executive director and subsequently Southern Representative of the American Zionist Council. An attorney by profession, he practiced law from 1963 until his retirement in 1981. He was a member of the Temple and the Association of Reform Zionists of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1235.0,1261.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFascism is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement. It can be characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived interest of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. Fascism at the time of this recording is most related to the rise of fascism during World War I in Italy before spreading to other countries, mainly the Axis powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1261.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSecularism is the principle of excluding, removing, or minimizing religious influences in the public sphere.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1261.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew school can be either the Jewish equivalent of Sunday school (an educational regimen separate from secular education, focusing on topics of Jewish history and learning the Hebrew language), or a primary, secondary, or college level educational institution where some or all of the classes are taught in Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1261.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Union for Reform Judaism (URJ), formerly known as the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC), is an organization which supports Reform Jewish congregations in North American. In 1875 they created the Hebrew Union College (HUC) in Cincinnati, Ohio to train rabbis and, later, cantors, and other Jewish professionals.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1261.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Central Conference of American Rabbis, founded in 1889, is the oldest and largest rabbinic organization in North America. It works to enhance and foster unity and excellence among Reform rabbis and the application of Jewish values to contemporary life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1261.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Council for Judaism (ACJ) is an organization of American Jews committed to the proposition that Jews are not a nationality but merely a religious group, adhering to the original stated principles of Reform Judaism. The ACJ was founded in June 1942 by a group of Reform rabbis who opposed the direction of their movement, including, but not limited to, the issue of Zionism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1261.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine, or the State of Palestine, is a country in West Asia. It encompasses the Israeli-occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip, collectively known as the occupied Palestinian territories, within the broader geographic and historical Palestine region.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1261.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Conference is an organization created to unify American Jewry for the purpose of planning their post-World War II policy. It began as an ad hoc organization that first met in Pittsburg in January 1943 and had its first official conference in August 1943. The initial meeting included delegates from thirty-two national Jewish organizations. It was called to decide upon the role that the American Jewish community would play in representing Jewish demands after the war and helping to build Jewish Palestine. The result was the creation of the American Jewish Conference, which consisted of sixty-four Jewish groups, including the American Jewish Committee. Despite its good intentions, the American Jewish Conference did not successfully unify American Jewry or gain the recognition of the US government as the American Jewish authority on rescue, Palestine, or postwar matters. The conference was dissolved in 1949. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1261.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh HaShanah [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1261.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArmand May (1882-1972) was born in Marseilles, France and resided in Atlanta from childhood. As a businessman, he was president of American Mills Company in Atlanta, a cotton mill, and American Associated Companies, a textile firm and exporter. He was appointed to the advisory committee for the Export-Import Bank of Washington in 1934, shortly after President Franklin D. Roosevelt organized it. His service on the board of Atlanta’s Hebrew Orphan’s Home and its successor, the Jewish Children’s Service, spanned 40 years from 1918 to 1958. He was president of both agencies from 1935 to 1958.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1443.0,1498.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Congregation Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002. As of 2022, the current Senior Rabbi of the congregation is Ari Kaiman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1547.0,1645.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. The congregation first met in a rented grocery store on Parkway Drive. It moved to a permanent location on Boulevard when it purchased and renovated a two-story apartment building. In 1956, it converted the Tabernacle Baptist Church on Boulevard to a synagogue. It built its current synagogue building on a five-acre lot on LaVista Road in 1961. Rabbi Joseph Safra was the congregation’s first permanent rabbi in 1951, followed by Rabbi Emanuel Feldman from 1952 to 1991. Rabbi Ilan Feldman has been the congregation’s Senior Rabbi since his father Emanuel’s retirement in 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1547.0,1645.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1547.0,1645.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel H. Rosenberg (1905-1962) was executive director the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education from 1949 to 1962. A native of New York, he was educated at Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, City College of New York, Columbia University, and University of Buffalo.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1547.0,1645.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1945, the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education was created to coordinate Jewish education efforts in the local community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1547.0,1645.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion (HUC-JIR), founded in 1875, is the oldest Jewish seminary in the Americas and the main training seminary for rabbis, cantors, educators, and communal workers in Reform Judaism. It has campuses in Cincinnati, New York, Los Angeles, and Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1675.0,1767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kibbutz (Hebrew: \"gathering,\" \"clustering\"‎) is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The first kibbutz, established in 1909, was Degania. Today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economic branches, including industrial plants and high-tech enterprises. Kibbutzim began as utopian communities, a combination of socialism and Zionism. In recent decades, some kibbutzim have been privatized, and changes have been made in the communal lifestyle. A member of a kibbutz is called a \"kibbutznik.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1675.0,1767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntioch College is a private liberal arts college in Yellow Springs, Ohio. The college has been politically liberal and reformist since its inception, even being the fourth college in the country to desegregate their admissions and attendance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1675.0,1767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWomen traditionally do the lighting of the candles on Friday evening before sundown to usher in the Sabbath. After lighting the candles, the woman waves her hands over them, covers her eyes and recites a blessing: “Blessed are You, Lord, our God, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to light Shabbat candles.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1769.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKiddush is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Shabbat and Jewish holidays. The Torah refers to two requirements concerning Shabbat—to “keep it” [Hebrew: shamor] and to “remember it” [Hebrew: zakhor]. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1769.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBirkat Hamazon [Hebrew: The Blessing of the Food], known in English as the “Grace After Meals,” which is recited seated, at the place where the meal was eaten.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1769.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo “go with someone” in the context of this interview means to go on a date or have a romantic relationship with someone else.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1825.0,1907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: b’nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1915.0,1990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “daughter of commandments.” A rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday. Many girls have their bat mitzvah around age 13, the same as boys who have their bar mitzvah at that age. The bat mitzvah girl is now duty bound to keep the commandments. Synagogue ceremonies are held for bat mitzvah girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the approval of Orthodox rabbis. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=1915.0,1990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalter Franklin George (1878 – 1957) was an American democratic politician from Georgia. Born in Preston, Georgia and a graduate from Mercer University, George held many accolades. These included serving on the Georgian Supreme Court (1917-1922), as Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee (1941-1946), and as Chairman of Senate Foreign Relations Committee (1940-1941, 1955-1957). Most notably, he served as the Democratic United States Senator for Georgia (1922-1957) and President pro tempore of the United States Senate (1955-1957). During his time as Senator, he signed and presented the Declaration of Constitutional Principles, or the Southern Manifesto to the Senate, which criticized integration in public places in the South. Senator George specifically condemned the Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education decision to integrate schools.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2036.0,2109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTelegrams were used for quickly sending a message before the widespread use of telephones. A person would typically go to a telegraph office and have them rapidly send a message to another telegram office to be received by another person, typically on paper. This method was faster than sending a letter in the mail and is still available for use today. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2036.0,2109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntifeminism is the opposition to feminism, the socio-political movement that believes in complete equality between the sexes. Antifeminism ideologically and politically rejects the idea of equality between all sexes, including rights to vote, education, property, finances, and bodily autonomy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2120.0,2172.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2226.0,2237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Kaufman Shurgin (1952-1974) was a Jewish man from Atlanta, Georgia born to Abraham Shurgin and Eloise Kaufman Shurgin on April 6, 1952. He was a music major at Middlebury College in Vermont but fell ill from cancer before graduation. Samuel died in Atlanta at the age of 22 on October 2, 1974, nearly a year after his mother died. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2237.0,2389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGentile, in the modern sense relevant to this interview, means someone who is not Jewish. Generally, it used to refer to outsiders or others who are not members of a certain group, religion, or culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2237.0,2389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington D.C., also referred to as just Washington or D.C., is the capitol of the United States of America. It is not a state, but a Federal District. After changing from multiple cities during the early settlement of the country, Washington D.C. became the capital in1800. It is the country’s political hub and is known for its cultural landmarks such as its national monuments and museums.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2237.0,2389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbraham Shurgin (1915-1998) was a Technical Sergeant in the United States Army during World War II. He lived most of his adult life in Atlanta, Georgia, but moved to South Florida after his wife, the former Eloise Kaufman Shurgin, and son, Samuel Kaufman Shurgin, died within a year of one another in the early 1970s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2237.0,2389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEloise Kaufman Shurgin (1916-1973) was born in Columbus, Georgia on January 5, 1916. She was a mathematics teacher in Columbus High School. She married her husband, Abraham Shurgin, before he left to serve in the United States Army during World War II. Upon his return, they moved near her sister, Miriam Kaufman Freedman, in Atlanta, Georgia. Together, they had a son, Samuel Kaufman Shurgin, in 1952. Eloise served The Temple as executive secretary until she died in 1973, nearly a year before their son died at the age of 22.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2237.0,2389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Katherine and Jacob Greenfield Hebrew Academy (GHA) was the first Jewish day school in Atlanta and was founded in 1953. As of mid-2014 the Greenfield Hebrew Academy (grades pre-K through 8) and Yeshiva High School (grades 9-12) merged into one college preparatory day school now called the Atlanta Jewish Academy. It was the first Jewish day school in the country to be accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2457.0,2575.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first woman in the world to be ordained as a rabbi was Regina Jonas of Germany in 1935. The second woman, and first American, to be ordained by a rabbinical seminary was Sally Priesand in 1972.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2457.0,2575.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA contralto voice is a rarer classical and operatic singing voice—typically achieved by female singers—usually ranging between the F below middle C to the second F above middle C. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2457.0,2575.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTorah [Hebrew: teaching] is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the Talmud and other rabbinical works. “Sefer Torah” refers to the sacred scroll on which the first five books of the Bible (the Pentateuch) are written, but it is often shortened simply to \"Torah\" in casual speech and writing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2457.0,2575.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Torah scroll [Hebrew: Sefer Torah] is the holiest book within Judaism, made up of the five books of Moses. It is hand-written by a pious scribe in the original Hebrew and must meet extremely strict standards of production. Torah scrolls are routinely read aloud in all synagogues and are a core representation of Judaism itself. When not in use in services, it is stored in the holiest spot in a synagogue, the Aron Kodesh (Holy Ark), which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the wall that most closely faced Jerusalem, the direction Jews face when praying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2457.0,2575.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940s it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to the suburb of Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2589.0,2639.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2589.0,2639.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Zionist Leadership Academy (ZLA) is an initiative founded to focus on promoting future Zionist leadership and developing the future generation of donors to the Zionist enterprise around the world. Through partnership between Keren Kayemet L’Israel and the World Zionist Organization, 50 people from the age of 25-35 are selected to participate in programming related to the needs of the State of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2648.0,2729.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1947, the U.N. General Assembly set up the Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP). This committee recommended that the British mandate over Palestine be ended and that the territory be partitioned into two states. On November 29, 1947, the U.N. General Assembly passed the partition plan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2648.0,2729.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the oldest cities in the world and is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Both Israel and Palestine claim Jerusalem as their capital city; Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there, while Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power. Neither claim is widely recognized internationally.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2648.0,2729.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTel Aviv, Israel is located on the Mediterranean coast. It is considered the economic and technological center of Israel. It is the country’s second most populous city after Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2648.0,2729.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe World Union for Progressive Judaism was established in London in 1926 and is an international umbrella organization of the Reform, Liberal, Progressive and Reconstructionist movements, serving 1,200 congregations with 1.8 million members in more than 50 countries. (2016)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2832.0,2884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Association of Reform Zionists of America (ARZA) is the Zionist organization of the Reform Movement in the United States. It was founded in 1978, and its goal is to encourage a connection to Israel in the American Reform Jewish community and promotes Judaism’s Reform Movement in Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=2832.0,2884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Symphony Orchestra (ASO) is an American orchestra based in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. The ASO's main concert venue is Atlanta Symphony Hall in the Woodruff Arts Center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3110.0,3345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Federal Reserve System‍ (‌also known as the Federal Reserve or simply as the “Fed‍”) ‌is the central banking system of the United States. The Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta is one of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks that, together with the Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., make up the Federal Reserve System. The Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank serves the Sixth Federal Reserve District, which consists of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3110.0,3345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSavannah is the oldest city in the state of Georgia. It rests on the eastern coast along the Atlantic seaport and the Savannah River in Chatham County. The Savannah Jewish community has lived in the city since the colony was settled on the ancestral lands of the Tomochichi and Yamacraw in 1733. It is home to the third oldest congregation in the country, Temple Mickve Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3110.0,3345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhiladelphia, or Philly, is located on the traditional lands of the Lenape people along the southeastern border of the state of Pennsylvania. It was settled by Dutch colonizers in 1623 and established as the Province of Pennsylvania, or Pennsylvania Colony, in 1681. Once previously the capital of the United States, Philadelphia is home to many historic landmarks, museums, and events.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3110.0,3345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVienna is the capital and one of nine federal states in Austria, seated at the northeastern foothills of the Alps and along the Danube River.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3110.0,3345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3110.0,3345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3556.0,3634.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust 1941-1945 is 1984 nonfiction book by David S. Wyman widely renowned for its reflection on World War II, the powers involved, and antisemitism in relation to Nazism. Wyman was a Josiah DuBois professor of history at University of Massachusetts Amherst and the chairman of the David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies. The book mainly argues that the Allied Powers’ actions in World War II were not done with the intention of helping European Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3556.0,3634.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeder [Hebrew: order] is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted on the evening of the fifteenth day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar throughout the world. Some communities hold seder on both the first two nights of Passover. The seder incorporates prayers, candle lighting, and traditional foods symbolizing the slavery of the Jews and the exodus from Egypt. It is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3652.0,3712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSukkah or succah [Hebrew: often translated as “booth”] is a temporary hut constructed for use during the week-long Jewish festival of sukkot. It harkens back to when the Jews fled from Egypt and God provided them with shelter in the wilderness.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3652.0,3712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePurim is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people in the ancient Persian Empire from destruction in the wake of a plot by Haman, a story recorded in the Biblical Book of Esther. According to the Book of Esther, Haman planned to kill all the Jews, but Mordecai and his adopted daughter Queen Esther foiled his plans. The day of deliverance became a day of feasting and rejoicing. Some of the customs of Purim include drinking wine, wearing masks and costumes, and public celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3652.0,3712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Max Frank (1884-1915) was a Jewish factory superintendent in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1913, he was accused of raping and murdering one of his employees, a 13-year-old girl named Mary Phagan, whose body was found on the premises of the National Pencil Company. Frank was arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced to death for her murder. The trial was the catalyst for a great outburst of antisemitism led by the populist Tom Watson and the center of powerful class and political interests. Frank was sent to Milledgeville State Penitentiary to await his execution. Governor John M. Slaton, believing there had been a miscarriage of justice, commuted Frank’s sentence to life in prison. This enraged a group of men who styled themselves the “Knights of Mary Phagan.” They drove to the prison, kidnapped Frank from his cell and drove him to Marietta, Georgia where they lynched him. Many years later, the murderer was revealed to be Jim Conley, who had lied in the trial, pinning it on Frank instead. Frank was pardoned on March 11, 1986, although they stopped short of exonerating him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3721.0,3757.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmanuel Feldman (b. 1927) is an Orthodox rabbi and Rabbi Emeritus of Congregation Beth Jacob of Atlanta, Georgia. During his nearly 40 years at Beth Jacob beginning in 1952, he nurtured the growth of Atlanta’s Orthodox community from a city with two small Orthodox synagogues to a community large enough to support Jewish day schools, yeshivas, girls’ schools, and a kollel. He is a past vice-president of the Rabbinical Council of America and former editor of Tradition: The Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought published by the RCA.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3970.0,4166.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Alvin M. Sugarman (b. 1938) is the Rabbi Emeritus of the Temple in Atlanta and currently serves with life tenure. He began his rabbinate at the Temple in 1971 and in 1974 was named senior rabbi. A native of Atlanta, Rabbi Sugarman's family were members of the Temple, where he was also confirmed. He received his BBA from Emory University and was ordained by Hebrew Union College. In 1988 he received his PhD in Theological Studies from Emory University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=3970.0,4166.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler applied for entrance into the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Austria twice and was twice rejected, once in 1907 and again in 1908. For the next five years, Hitler struggled to earn money by selling small paintings, mostly images of buildings and other landmarks in Vienna that he copied from postcards. By 1914, Hitler was serving in World War I and would later enter politics. In his autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf, Hitler claimed that his antisemitic views formed during his time as a struggling artist in Vienna. His frustrated art career became part of the myth making—by Hitler himself and by his followers—that helped drive his fateful rise to power in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4166.0,4178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hellenistic period refers to the time after Alexander the Great’s death (323 B.C.E.) and before the death of Cleopatra VII (30 B.C.E.). This time in Greek and Mediterranean history was preceded by Classical Greece and succeeded by the Roman era. The term “Hellenistic” is different than “Hellenic”—Hellenic refers to Greece only, while Hellenistic refers to territories that were conquered at the start of the period by Alexander the Great and then were under Greek influence thereafter. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4233.0,4257.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarriage between people of different races, castes, or religions. In this case, a marriage between a Jew and a non-Jew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4233.0,4257.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil War, widely known in the United States as the “Civil War” or the “War Between the States,” was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. In January 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often called the “South,” grew to include 11 states, and although they claimed 13 states and additional western territories, the Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by a foreign country. The states that did not declare secession were known as the “Union” or the “North.” The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. After four years of bloody combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and granting civil rights to freed slaves began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4289.0,4302.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHammelburg is a town in Bavaria, Germany that rests on the Franconian Saale River. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4336.0,4374.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCovington is a city on the southeastern border of the state of Louisiana at the fork of the Bogue Falaya River and the Tchefuncte River. During the late 20th Century, Covington saw an increase in population as citizens fled New Orleans in “white flight.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4336.0,4374.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Confederate States Army (CSA) was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4378.0,4396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 3rd Florida Infantry Regiment was formed near Pensacola, Florida, in 1961 for the purpose of supporting the Confederacy in the American Civil War. They fought in battles throughout the South and later consolidated with the other Floridian units to become the Florida Brigade of the Army of Tennessee in 1862. Led by Col. William Scott Dilworth, the brigade surrendered and disbanded on April 9, 1865.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4400.0,4428.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard H. Anderson (1821-1879) was a U.S. Army officer in the Mexican American War and later a Confederate general in the Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia—an army corps involved in the Confederate States Army’s operation in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4400.0,4428.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMonticello, Florida is a city in Jefferson County in the northern mainland of Florida.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4400.0,4428.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Yankee” or \"Yank\" has several meanings, all referring to people from the United States. In Southern American English, “Yankee” refers to a Northerner.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4468.0,4552.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA prisoner of war (P.O.W.) is a person who was captured by an opposing force in a violent conflict, such as a soldier in a war. In this case, the memoirist is discussing a Confederate soldier being captured and kept in a Union Army camp in the American Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4468.0,4552.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Camp Douglas was a soldier training camp and prisoner of war camp built in Chicago, Illinois in 1861, established by the Union Army in the American Civil War. The main purpose of the camp was to imprison Confederate Army personnel until it was demolished in 1865.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4468.0,4552.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChicago is a city in Illinois on Potawatomi ancestral lands founded in 1780. Chicago is a cultural and financial center that sits on Lake Michigan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4468.0,4552.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Lookout Mountain, or the Battle Above the Clouds, was an American Civil War battle fought in Chattanooga, Tennessee, on November 24, 1863. The battle was fought by the Military Division of the Mississippi and the Confederate Army of Tennessee, led by Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Gen. Braxton Bragg, respectively. The Union Army entered the battle with around 12,000 and suffered 671 casualties. The Confederate Army arrived with 8,726 soldiers, losing 1,251 in the end. Out of that number, 1,064 of them were captured or missing. The Confederates withdrew after. Today, the location of the battle is partially preserved by the National Park Service in the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, located in northern Georgia and southeastern Tennessee.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4468.0,4552.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBraxton Bragg (1817-1876) was an American army officer during the Second Seminole War and the Mexican American War before becoming a general for the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, mainly leading his division in the Western Theater.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4468.0,4552.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMurfreesboro is a city in the Nashville metropolitan area of Middle Tennessee, 34 miles (55 km) southeast of downtown Nashville. Geographically in the center of the state of Tennessee, the city saw action during the American Civil War at the Battle of Stones River, or the Battle of Murfreesboro, on December 31, 1862. Considered the bloodiest battle of the war by percentage of casualties, the Union Army of the Cumberland and the Confederate Army of Tennessee together saw 23,515 casualties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4468.0,4552.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLichtenau is a small town in southwestern Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. It is in Rastatt district, in the Upper Rhine River Plains.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4682.0,4730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1820, there was a Yellow Fever epidemic in Savannah, Georgia brought by an infected ship carrying Irish immigrants who were seeking work rebuilding after a fire in the city in 1819. An estimated 700 people died, 23% of which were Irish. Savannah responded by passing an act that stopped immigrant ships from coming. The city saw a resurgence of Yellow Fever epidemics in 1854 and 1876.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4784.0,4846.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew Orleans, or NOLA, is a consolidated city-parish that sits along the Mississippi River in the southeastern part of the state of Louisiana. It serves as a major port in the Southern United States. Standing on ancestral Choctaw land, the area was colonized by the French in 1718, its influence creating the multicultural city it is today. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4784.0,4846.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMemphis, Tennessee, is a Southern city that rests on the Mississippi River. Known for its involvement in the American Civil Rights Movement, as Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated there in 1968, the city is home to the National Civil Rights Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4846.0,4939.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Women's rights movement, also called women's liberation movement, was a social movement that emerged in the 1960s and continued into the 1980s. The movement was largely based in the United States and in the industrialized nations of the Western world. It was a diverse series of campaigns that sought to reform issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, and equal pay. In this context, “libber” was a term used to refer to people who align with these beliefs. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4846.0,4939.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNuGrape is a brand of grape-flavored soft drink founded in Atlanta, Georgia and created in 1906.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4941.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacksonville, Florida is located on the Atlantic coast in northeast Florida, about 25 miles south of the Georgia state line, and about 340 miles (550 kilometers) north of Miami. The city was established in 1822 and is named for Andrew Jackson, who was the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh U.S. President. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4941.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Wet,” in the sense of this interview, refers to an area that did not have prohibitions against the purchase and consumption of alcohol.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4941.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eProhibition is the legal act of prohibiting the manufacture, storage, transportation and sale of alcohol including alcoholic beverages. The first half of the twentieth century saw periods of prohibition of alcoholic beverages in several countries. Nationwide prohibition did not begin in the United States until 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution went into effect. Prohibition became increasingly unpopular during the Great Depression along with a demand for increased employment and tax revenues. The ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment brought an official end to prohibition in the United States in 1933.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=4941.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA tenant farmer, in the context of the American South, is a farmworker who lives on the land owned by the farm owner they work for. Tenant farming has been present in the United States of America since the end of the American Civil War, along with sharecropping, with the intention of keeping freed enslaved peoples within the same social, financial, and class positions they were in before the Civil War. Tenant farms relied on dynamic of a white-landowner and African American tenant farmers, who were typically responsible for providing their own animals and tools. Crops produced on the land were handed over to the landowners, and little or no money was given back in return. Often, the owners had established a cash-less system that racked up debt at local shops; the owners would pay back these debts using the funds made off the crops sold. This prevented the tenant farmers from accumulating any actual wealth and kept them, essentially, in the same system they had been freed from.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5095.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA mammy is a United States historical stereotype depicting black women, usually enslaved, who worked in the home, often nursing children. She is usually depicted as having dark skin and being motherly. This stereotype is based on the history of slavery in the United States of America, and is still seen in modern depictions today, although modernized.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5134.0,5170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnno Mundi [Latin: in the year of the world], abbreviated as A.M., or Year After Creation, is a calendar era based on biblical accounts of the creation of the world. Since the Middle Ages, the Hebrew calendar has been based on rabbinic calculations of the year of creation from the Hebrew Masoretic Text of the Bible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5197.0,5294.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSee: Anno Mundi. The Creation Era of Constantinople was observed by Christian communities within the Eastern Roman Empire as part of the Byzantine Calendar and retained by Eastern Orthodoxy until 1728. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5197.0,5294.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeridian is a city in the East Central Hills region of the state of Mississippi. It is 93 mi (150 km) east of Jackson, Mississippi, and 297 mi (478 km) west of Atlanta, Georgia. Established in 1860 at the junction of Mobile and Ohio Railroad and the Southern Railway of Mississippi, the city was mostly burnt down by General William Tecumseh Sherman during the Battle of Meridian (February 1864) in the American Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5294.0,5387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Independent Order of B’nai B’rith [Hebrew: Children of the Covenant] was founded in 1843 as one of the predecessors of B’nai B’rith International, an American nonprofit Jewish and Zionist service organization. It was formerly a cultural association for German Jewish immigrants to the United States. Originally known as Bundes Bruder, it has been called simply B’nai B’rith since 1930. Today, they state that they are committed to the security and continuity of the Jewish people and the State of Israel and combating antisemitism and other forms of bigotry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5294.0,5387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBaltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland, as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States, with an estimated population of 593,490 in 2019. Founded in 1729, Baltimore has a long history as an important seaport.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5294.0,5387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Edward Benjamin Morris Browne (1845-1929) came to be called “Alphabet” Browne due to the number of letters representing the degrees that followed his name. Between his arrival in the United States during post-Civil War Reconstruction and his death at the onset of the Great Depression, “Alphabet” Browne grabbed headlines as a rabbi, journalist, attorney, and political activist, all in the pursuit of justice. He was known as an authority on the Talmud and acclaimed nationally for his public lectures. Browne served as the rabbi in several cities including Atlanta. He published the South’s first Jewish-interest newspaper; defended an elderly immigrant wrongfully convicted for murder, delivered opening prayers in both houses of Congress, served as an honorary pall bearer for President Ulysses S. Grant, helped Benjamin Harrison win the presidency; and bullied United States Presidents William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft to establish a Jewish chaplaincy for the United States military.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5387.0,5476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJanice Oettinger Rothschild Blumberg (b. 1924), a native of Atlanta, Georgia, is an author of several books on Southern Jewish history. She is the widow of Rabbi Jacob M. Rothschild (1911-1973) and David M. Blumberg (1911-1989), both nationally prominent Jewish figures, and the great-granddaughter of Rabbi E.B.M. \"Alphabet\" Browne, the first rabbi of the Temple in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5387.0,5476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaiser Wilhelm der Grosse (“Emperor William the Great”) was a German transatlantic ocean liner in service from 1897 to 1914.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5387.0,5476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Military District of Kaschau was one of the administrative units of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary from 1850-1860, seated in Kaschau, now Kosice. It stood on the land of present-day Slovakia, Hungary, and Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5387.0,5476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJefferson F. Davis (1808-1889) was an American politician who served as the only president of the Confederate States from 1861-1865. Before the American Civil War, he represented the state of Mississippi in the United States Senate and the Democratic Party in the House of Representatives. He also served as United States Secretary of War from 1853-1857. He also served as first lieutenant, then colonel, then major general throughout the American Indian Wars and the Mexican American War. Later the owner of the Brierfield Cotton Plantation, Davis owned 113 enslaved peoples. After the American Civil War, he was arrested under suspicion of involvement in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln and treason, then imprisoned at Fort Monroe in Hampton, Virginia. Although blamed for the Confederacy’s defeat immediately after the war, the Lost Cause of the Confederacy later revered him as a hero upon his release from prison.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5476.0,5579.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Confederate States dollar, or “Greyback,” was the first paper money made by the Confederacy issued in 1861 before the American Civil War. There were no actual assets to support the notes and were contingent on the success of the Confederacy after the Civil War. As the war turned towards Union success, the Confederacy continued to print more unbacked notes. The dollar was later withdrawn in 1865.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5476.0,5579.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713/annotation_set/1956/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichmond is the capital city of the state of Virginia, at the James River’s fall line, 44 mi (71 km) west of Williamsburg, and 92 mi (148 km) south of Washington, D.C. Richmond has a prominent history in the creation of the country; the city served as a main village in the Powhatan Confederacy and held Revolutionary War activities. It later became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780, then the capital of the Confederate States of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154678/file/283713#t=5476.0,5579.0"}]}]}]}