{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/707wm14239/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Fishkin, Miriam Motyl"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2010-12-08 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (Primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMiriam Fishking interviewed by Sara Ghitis and Ruth Einstein on December 8th and 14th, 2010.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eMiriam Motyl was born on November 10, 1930 in Pruzhany, Poland (now Belarus).  Her mother was Bluma Talmo and her father was Mayer Motyl. He was originally from Gostynin, Poland. Miriam had a twin sister, Riva, and an older sister, Esther. Mayer was an accountant and they had an upper-class lifestyle, with servants.  The family was largely secular although they celebrated the High Holy Days and other Jewish holidays such as Passover. They were Zionists.  Her father had fought for Poland in World War I. Miriam went to a Polish school and had non-Jewish friends. In 1939 Russia took over control of the town as their payment for allowing Germany to invade Poland without living up to its treaty obligations to defend Poland. Her father’s family fled Gostynin, which was occupied by the Germans, and came to live with them until the Russians deported the newer arrivals to Siberia. Miriam continued her education in Russian schools, where she had to join the Komsomol, a Russian Communist youth organization. During the Russian occupation, the family struggled and her father went into hiding.  On June 20, 1941 the Soviets deported Bluma, Esther, Miriam and Riva to Siberia. The KGB gave them only minutes to pack and report to the train.  Fortunately, they took with them their heavy sheepskin coats which proved invaluable in Siberia. Although their deportation was a cruel and devastating experience, the result was ultimately fortunate because the family was already two day’s travel east into the Soviet Union when the Germans invaded eastern Poland and the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.  Thus, they did not suffer the fate of the Jews still in Pruzhany when the Germans arrived.  The journey on the train lasted one month.  The cars had bunks on the side, a toilet facility, no running water and they shared the car with other families.  They did not know it at the time but her father fell into German hands and eventually died of dysentery in Auschwitz-Birkenau. When they arrived in Novosibirsk in Siberia they were dumped off the train and left in a field for two days, after which they were sent to Togur, a little village with a saw mill. While they waited in the field, Esther met her future husband, Yankel, a yeshiva student, who ended up in another location although they kept in communication until after the war when they were married.  In Togur the whole family was lodged in a little hut with another family and worked in the saw mill carrying wood and other heavy labor.  Bluma spoke Russian so she was able to communicate with the local women, with whom she was able to barter for additional food.  They were in Togur for about 2-1/2 years until they were sent to the Caucasus where they worked on Soviet communal farms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn May 1945 the family returned to Poland, to Lodz.  Miriam and Riva worked on a kibbutz for the Mizrachi organization in anticipation of going to Israel.  Esther and her husband went on to Prague in ex-Czechoslovakia, to Paris, France and then were sponsored for entry into the United States.  Miriam prepared to go to Palestine but since was still under the control of Great Britain, Miriam, Riva and Bluma moved to the United States and joined Esther and her husband in New York City. Miriam attended night school to learn English and began work in a factory making children’s clothing.  She socialized at night going to dances, where her sister Riva met her husband.  Miriam also married and she and her husband operated a shoe store. The couple had two children: Sonia and David. She moved to Atlanta in 1996 to escape the northern climate.  Miriam spent many years speaking to school children at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. Miriam Fishkin passed away on December 5, 2019 at the age of 89.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eMiriam discusses her childhood in Pruzhany, Poland until the war started in 1939 and the Russians occupied her town.  She recalls celebrating the Sabbath, Jewish holidays and festivals, especially Passover, which she recalls fondly.  She remembers going to a non-Jewish school and socializing with non-Jewish friends, including a girl whose father was a Russian Orthodox priest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShe recalls how when the war started her family home became filled with family members from in other parts of Poland who fled to what they perceived was a better atmosphere than living under Germany tyranny.  Miriam discusses how her life changed under Soviet control when she had to go to a Russian school, learn the Russian language and show her enthusiasm for Communism by joining a Soviet girls’ organization.  She remembers that there was a scarcity of food.  Miriam recounts how the KGB turned up at her home, and gave the her mother, Miriam and her sisters a few minutes to get ready because they were being sent to the East.  Miriam remembers that when they were two days into the eastern territories the Germans invaded the Soviet Union and Pruzhany fell into German hands and how, in retrospect, the at-the-time terrible experience of deportation ultimately saved their lives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMiriam recalls the month-long journey deep into Siberia where they were finally settled in a little town called Togur, in which there was a saw mill.  There the older members of her family worked.  She recollections the difficulty of the life, the climate, the work, the scarcities and how her mother, who could speak fluent Russian, supplemented their scarce food by bartering for food.   They were there for 2-1/2 years, then they were sent to the Caucusus where they worked on communal farms.  Miriam recalls that they were put to work in the fields, which allowed them to find a little extra food while they worked.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1945, Miriam recalls how she, her mother and sisters returned to Poland, going to Lodz and how Esther married a young yeshiva student she had met in Siberia.   She recounts their travels across Europe, her desire to go to Palestine, but how she and her mother and sisters instead joined Esther and her husband, who had come to New York in the United States.  Miriam recalls her life in the New York: finding work, socializing, meeting and marrying her husband, raising a family, running a business and eventually re-settling in Atlanta nearer her children.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28296"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Accountants (occupation)","Antisemitism—Poland (topical term)","Bielski brothers (personal name)","Brooklyn, New York (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (Death camps: Poland) (topical term)","Caucasus (geographic term)","Czech Republic (ex-Czechoslovakia) (geographic term)","Dablice, (ex-Czechoslovakia) (geographic term)","Death camps: Poland (topical term)","Deportation (topical term)","Embezzlement (topical term)","Fishkin, David (personal name)","Fishkin, Miriam Moytl (personal name)","Flight and hiding (topical term)","Holocaust survivors (topical term)","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) (chronological term)","Immigration (topical term)","Jewish-Christian Relations (topical term)","Jewish brigade (topical term)","Judaism—Fasts and feasts (topical term)","KGB (topical term)","World War, 1939-1945 (named event)","Zionism (topical term)","Strasbourg, France (geographic term)","Togur, Siberia (geographic term)","Soldiers, Jewish (topical term)","Refugees, Jewish (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMiriam Fishking interviewed by Sara Ghitis and Ruth Einstein on December 8th and 14th, 2010.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiriam Motyl was born on November 10, 1930 in Pruzhany, Poland (now Belarus).  Her mother was Bluma Talmo and her father was Mayer Motyl. He was originally from Gostynin, Poland. Miriam had a twin sister, Riva, and an older sister, Esther. Mayer was an accountant and they had an upper-class lifestyle, with servants.  The family was largely secular although they celebrated the High Holy Days and other Jewish holidays such as Passover. They were Zionists.  Her father had fought for Poland in World War I. Miriam went to a Polish school and had non-Jewish friends. In 1939 Russia took over control of the town as their payment for allowing Germany to invade Poland without living up to its treaty obligations to defend Poland. Her father’s family fled Gostynin, which was occupied by the Germans, and came to live with them until the Russians deported the newer arrivals to Siberia. Miriam continued her education in Russian schools, where she had to join the Komsomol, a Russian Communist youth organization. During the Russian occupation, the family struggled and her father went into hiding.  On June 20, 1941 the Soviets deported Bluma, Esther, Miriam and Riva to Siberia. The KGB gave them only minutes to pack and report to the train.  Fortunately, they took with them their heavy sheepskin coats which proved invaluable in Siberia. Although their deportation was a cruel and devastating experience, the result was ultimately fortunate because the family was already two day’s travel east into the Soviet Union when the Germans invaded eastern Poland and the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.  Thus, they did not suffer the fate of the Jews still in Pruzhany when the Germans arrived.  The journey on the train lasted one month.  The cars had bunks on the side, a toilet facility, no running water and they shared the car with other families.  They did not know it at the time but her father fell into German hands and eventually died of dysentery in Auschwitz-Birkenau. When they arrived in Novosibirsk in Siberia they were dumped off the train and left in a field for two days, after which they were sent to Togur, a little village with a saw mill. While they waited in the field, Esther met her future husband, Yankel, a yeshiva student, who ended up in another location although they kept in communication until after the war when they were married.  In Togur the whole family was lodged in a little hut with another family and worked in the saw mill carrying wood and other heavy labor.  Bluma spoke Russian so she was able to communicate with the local women, with whom she was able to barter for additional food.  They were in Togur for about 2-1/2 years until they were sent to the Caucasus where they worked on Soviet communal farms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn May 1945 the family returned to Poland, to Lodz.  Miriam and Riva worked on a kibbutz for the Mizrachi organization in anticipation of going to Israel.  Esther and her husband went on to Prague in ex-Czechoslovakia, to Paris, France and then were sponsored for entry into the United States.  Miriam prepared to go to Palestine but since was still under the control of Great Britain, Miriam, Riva and Bluma moved to the United States and joined Esther and her husband in New York City. Miriam attended night school to learn English and began work in a factory making children’s clothing.  She socialized at night going to dances, where her sister Riva met her husband.  Miriam also married and she and her husband operated a shoe store. The couple had two children: Sonia and David. She moved to Atlanta in 1996 to escape the northern climate.  Miriam spent many years speaking to school children at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. Miriam Fishkin passed away on December 5, 2019 at the age of 89.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiriam discusses her childhood in Pruzhany, Poland until the war started in 1939 and the Russians occupied her town.  She recalls celebrating the Sabbath, Jewish holidays and festivals, especially Passover, which she recalls fondly.  She remembers going to a non-Jewish school and socializing with non-Jewish friends, including a girl whose father was a Russian Orthodox priest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShe recalls how when the war started her family home became filled with family members from in other parts of Poland who fled to what they perceived was a better atmosphere than living under Germany tyranny.  Miriam discusses how her life changed under Soviet control when she had to go to a Russian school, learn the Russian language and show her enthusiasm for Communism by joining a Soviet girls’ organization.  She remembers that there was a scarcity of food.  Miriam recounts how the KGB turned up at her home, and gave the her mother, Miriam and her sisters a few minutes to get ready because they were being sent to the East.  Miriam remembers that when they were two days into the eastern territories the Germans invaded the Soviet Union and Pruzhany fell into German hands and how, in retrospect, the at-the-time terrible experience of deportation ultimately saved their lives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMiriam recalls the month-long journey deep into Siberia where they were finally settled in a little town called Togur, in which there was a saw mill.  There the older members of her family worked.  She recollections the difficulty of the life, the climate, the work, the scarcities and how her mother, who could speak fluent Russian, supplemented their scarce food by bartering for food.   They were there for 2-1/2 years, then they were sent to the Caucusus where they worked on communal farms.  Miriam recalls that they were put to work in the fields, which allowed them to find a little extra food while they worked.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1945, Miriam recalls how she, her mother and sisters returned to Poland, going to Lodz and how Esther married a young yeshiva student she had met in Siberia.   She recounts their travels across Europe, her desire to go to Palestine, but how she and her mother and sisters instead joined Esther and her husband, who had come to New York in the United States.  Miriam recalls her life in the New York: finding work, socializing, meeting and marrying her husband, raising a family, running a business and eventually re-settling in Atlanta nearer her children.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/098/796/small/Miriam_Fishkin.png?1619297518","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Fishkin__Miriam.mp4"]},"duration":10102.868,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/098/796/small/Miriam_Fishkin.png?1619297518","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/098/796/original/Fishkin__Miriam.mp4?1602658706","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":10102.868,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Miriam Fishkin [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: This is the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project of the\nBreman Jewish Heritage Museum. Today is December 8, and we're in Atlanta,\nGeorgia with Miriam Fishkin. [We] thank you very much for allowing us to do the interview.\n\nGHITIS: What year?\n\nEINSTEIN: Two thousand ten. Thank you Sara . . . with Sara Ghitis as the interviewer.\n\nFISHKIN: My name is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miriam Fishkin. I was born November 10, 1930, in the city of Pruzhany.\n\nGHITIS: Could you spell the name of your city please.\n\nFISHKIN: P-R-U-Z-A-N-Y.\n\nGHITIS: Where is Pruzhany?\n\nFISHKIN: Pruzhany is [in] eastern Poland.\n\nGHITIS: Where is it today?\n\nFISHKIN: Today it's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not Poland any longer. Today it's Belarus or White Russia.\n\nGHITIS: What were the names of your parents?\n\nFISHKIN: My mother's name was Bluma; my father's name was Mayer.\n\nGHITIS: Any children in the family aside of you?\n\nFISHKIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have myself . . . I had two sisters . . . we were three sisters:\nEsther, Riva and Miriam . . . it's me.\n\nGHITIS: One of the sisters is a twin?\n\nFISHKIN: Right. Riva is my twin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of city was Pruzhany in the years that you were growing up there?\n\nFISHKIN: Pruzhany was a beautiful town. It was full of culture. There were many\nschools . . . there were Polish schools and Hebrew schools and Yiddish schools\nand newspapers and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"libraries.\n\nGHITIS: What was the Jewish population in Pruzhany?\n\nFISHKIN: I do not remember. I think it was 10,000, but I'm not absolutely sure.\nIn order to really . . . I could . . . if I would research it, maybe I could\n[find] out what the Jewish population was. For whatever reason, I think it was\n10,000. I'm not sure though.\n\nGHITIS: What kind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of work did your father do?\n\nFISHKIN: My father was an accountant. He was an accountant to private companies,\nand he was also an accountant when we lived in Poland . . . which was called\nkasaskarbova [Polish: sp: 3:20], which meant something like the Internal Revenue\n. . . he was . . . we were Jewish and not too many Jews that worked in Polish\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"institutions. But my father was a decorated soldier from World War I. Being\n[that] he was a decorated soldier, therefore he had different privileges.\n\nGHITIS: What standard of living was he able to provide for his family?\n\nFISHKIN: We were upper middle class, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were . . . my mother didn't work. My\nmother had a maid. She had help because we were small children . . . we were\ntwins, my sister and I, and there were . . . my parents went to theater . . .\nwhenever theater came to a small town . . . there were traveling theaters. They\nread books. My father had a short wave radio . . . I'm going back many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years . .\n. then we had . . . I had my grandparents in Pruzhany . . . my grandfather and\nmy grandmother. I had aunts and uncles and cousins.\n\nGHITIS: What was Jewish life like particularly in your family?\n\nFISHKIN: In my family, it was . . . there were variations. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother was more of\na Zionist. My father was a patriot in the country that he lived in. But he was .\n. . my father was secular. He was not a religious man. My mother was more\ntraditional, even though my father came from a very . . . an Orthodox religious\nhome, but he himself was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"secular. But my mother was . . . I remember my\ngrandfather . . . in my grandfather's house there's a big portrait of Dr.\n[Theodor] Herzl. He was a Zionist. Always when I walked in . . . it was a large\nportrait of Dr. Herzl. I vividly remember that.\n\nGHITIS: You said your father was a Polish patriot.\n\nFISHKIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.\n\nGHITIS: What do you mean by that?\n\nFISHKIN: He wasn't a Polish patriot, what I meant . . . he was patriotic, he\nfought for the country . . . World War I. He was drafted, there were no\nvoluntary soldiers . . . I don't think so, not to my knowledge. But he felt\nbecause he loved the country he lived in . . . until 1938 actually, Jews lived\nvery nicely in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland . . . 1938 or maybe 1937 . . . it is with the\ntransformation in Germany, when Hitler came to power. It influenced other\nEuropean countries, and it does influence Poland a lot. It surely and slowly\nbecame more antisemitic, especially when we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Polish leader by the name\nMarshal [Jozef] Pilsudski. I think he died. Don't forget, I was very young. I\nremember when he died though . . . must have been in 1937. I don't want to quote\nyears because I was very young . . . I think 1937 . . . under him Jews really\nhad . . . lived very nicely in Poland. But once he died, German influence . . .\nNazi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"influence came into Poland, things begin changing. You felt antisemitism,\nyou felt bigotry. They were boycotting some of the Jewish stores. They would\nopen . . . I remember they opened in Pruzhany . . . they called [it] a\ncorporativa [Polish: 7:55: sp], which is like a department store of some kind.\nIt was opened by Poles. It was said ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that to boycott all the Jewish stores, not\nbuy there. You begin feeling the oncoming of World War II somehow. I always felt\nit some, as young as I was, that the atmosphere was changing.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of education were you receiving before . . . you were very\nyoung I understand?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes, we went to Polish school until ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939. Then Hitler invaded Poland\nand then came the Hitler and Stalin pact. [As] I lived in Eastern Europe, so my\npart of Poland was occupied by the Soviet forces. Therefore in 1939, it became\n[the] Soviet Union. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were under the occupation. From there, I don't know why,\nbut my parents took us out of the Polish school. We went to a Yiddish school . .\n. that's from 1939 to 1941.\n\nGHITIS: I want to talk a little more about your family life before the war. Do\nyou have memories of Jewish festivals . . .\n\nFISHKIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: . . . Passover?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: How did you celebrate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it?\n\nFISHKIN: With Passover, I remember we got together with my grandparents and my\naunts and uncles. Also, where we lived there was . . . we lived in a house. We\ndidn't own the house, but my parents rented that house. I remember the landlord\n[of] that house, when it came Passover . . . he was Jewish, most of the people\nthere were Jewish . . . he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would make a big Passover seder for all the\nneighbors. What's very memorable to me . . . for years I thought, after they . .\n. who drinks the wine that comes in?\n\nGHITIS: Elijah . . .\n\nFISHKIN:. . . Elijah . . .\n\nGHITIS: Prophet Elijah.\n\nFISHKIN: . . . Prophet Elijah. For years, as a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"girl, I was sure that he\ncame in and drank the wine. It was beautiful.\n\nGHITIS: Did you have occasions when the family assembled for a Jewish . . . ?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes, yes.\n\nGHITIS: . . . who's sitting . . .\n\nFISHKIN: Rosh Ha-Shanah.\n\nGHITIS: . . . who's sitting around the table . . .\n\nFISHKIN: . . . my parents . . .\n\nGHITIS: . . . in your mind's eye?\n\nFISHKIN: My parents, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sisters, my grandparents. My mother was busy cooking and\nbaking. My father was busy working. He worked very hard, he was a busy man.\n\nGHITIS: As secular as he was, did they say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kiddush on Shabbat [Sabbath]?\n\nFISHKIN: For some reason . . . Friday nights, Shabbat . . . my mother would\nlight the . . . bench [Yiddish: light] the candles. She would have a Friday\nnight dinner. I those days, I don't remember my mother going to shul [synagogue]\non Shabbat. European women didn't. But Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kippur,we all went.\n\nGHITIS: What synagogue would this be? What kind of . . . ?\n\nFISHKIN: I don't even know the name. I don't remember.\n\nGHITIS: Do you . . . .\n\nFISHKIN: It's a smaller synagogue.\n\nGHITIS: . . . do you remember the address of your home?\n\nFISHKIN: Ulica Pachivitsa, siedemnaście . . . which means 'Pachivitsa Street,\n17.' [NB: Spelling of street name is phonetic: 12:20]\n\nGHITIS: What was the house ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like?\n\nFISHKIN: It was like a one family house with a very pretty . . . we have a big\nbackyard, a large one. European . . . we had big gates, very tall gates in . . .\nI think most European countries . . . I don't, anyway . . . I can only say what\nwe had and that backyard was so tremendous. We used to play . . . I used to\nplay, my older ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister and her friends . . . Riva and I . . . my twin sister and\nI . . . we used to follow them . . . like little girls . . . follow the bigger\nsister. We used to play volleyball. Then I used to go bicycle riding in the\nbackyard. I remember my father had a man's bicycle, a big one, but I couldn't\nreach the saddle . . . what I used to do, I used to take his bicycle and go\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under that frame and peddle it and ride round and round and round. This is how I\nlearned to ride [a] bicycle.\n\nGHITIS: Did you have non-Jewish friends?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes! When we went to Polish school we had non-Jewish friends. In fact,\nI remember where there was one girl whose father was a Russian Orthodox priest.\nI went to school with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her. I was once invited to visit them. I went to play . .\n. dolls . . . girls played dolls or little games of some kind, like maybe domino\nor things like that.\n\nGHITIS: What is your first memory of things changing?\n\nFISHKIN: My first memory of changing as I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told you before . . . I felt that\nchanging in 1938, with the incoming of antisemitism. I felt that. I felt it in\nschool . . .\n\nGHITIS: What . . .\n\nFISHKIN: . . . in the Polish school.\n\nGHITIS: . . . What happened?\n\nFISHKIN: I remember there was a Polish little boy. I was playing on the street.\nWe had trees on the street. He said to me in Polish, \"You're a Jew.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, you\nsee . . . if I'll tell it to you in Polish, it sounds [derogatory] . . . I told\nhim something derogatory in Polish to get back at him.\n\nGHITIS: What else happened?\n\nFISHKIN: We felt it. Then in 1939 with the incoming of war, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when Hitler invaded\nPoland . . . then . . . my father was born in western Poland, so he had family\nhere. My other set of grandparents lived in western Poland, in the town named Gostynin.\n\nGHITIS: Could you spell the town?\n\nFISHKIN: I'll try, G-O-S-T . . . let me write it down, it'll be easier for me\nwhen I write it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down . . . G-O-S-T-Y-N-I-N. Just write it the way I say it, yes.\nThat town . . . it's a city, it's nice . . . even Pruzhany wasn't a town, it was\na small city. In fact, in Polish it's called, \"Miasto Pruzhany\", which means a\ncity. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'Miasto' is a city. A village is not a miasto. So is Gostynin a city.\nThere's small cities and then there were villages and then . . .\n\nGHITIS: You said your father went to the city Gostynin?\n\nFISHKIN: No, no, he came . . .\n\nGHITIS: . . . he came . . .\n\nFISHKIN: . . . he was born there.\n\nGHITIS: . . . I'm sorry, yes.\n\nFISHKIN: But in 1939, he had two younger brothers . . . he had his parents\nthere, he had family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. They were running away because Gostynin was occupied\nby the Germans in 1939. They were coming to eastern Poland and they came to live\nwith us. They lived a short time with us. Then they were also picked up . . . I\nthink in 1940. They . . . because there they were called [Polish word?: 17:25] .\n. . [it] means they were people that run ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away from bad conditions. What do you\ncall these people?\n\nGHITIS: Fugitives?\n\nEINSTEIN: Refugees.\n\nFISHKIN: No, refugees.\n\nGHITIS: Refugees, not fugitives.\n\nFISHKIN: Refugees. They were refugees from western Poland. What happened once\nPruzhany was under the Russian occupation . . . the Soviet government . . . had\nput on loud speakers that all the people that came from western Poland should\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"register [and] they'll give them passports . . . they'll give them permission to\nstay. But what actually happened, once all these people had registered, then\neventually they had picked them up, just as they picked us up, and they evicted\nthem from wherever they lived. I really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get . . . they took them to Siberia.\nYes. Something I wanted to express, they . . . I won't.\n\nGHITIS: What do you remember about changes in your life as a young girl once the\nSoviets arrived in your . . .\n\nFISHKIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: . . . city, where you . . . ?\n\nFISHKIN: I went to a different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. Then I remember my parents, they had to .\n. . it was a shortage of bread and people had to go stand in line. Certain\nthings couldn't be gotten any more . . . in reference of food or there was\nnothing to buy. Stores were . . . closed. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just could feel the atmosphere of\nwar I always though.\n\nGHITIS: What about language? You spoke Polish?\n\nFISHKIN: I spoke Polish and I spoke . . .\n\nGHITIS: But when the Soviets came . . .\n\nFISHKIN: I didn't speak Russian. My mother spoke fluent Russian.\n\nGHITIS: But in school?\n\nFISHKIN: The school went from Polish to Russian. But we quickly . . . because it\nwas in September when it was time to go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school [and that] is when Hitler\ninvaded Poland, so that [in] September instead of going to the Polish school, we\nwent to the Yiddish school. But that . . . it was under influence of the Soviet\nUnion. I remember we were forced to wear a red tie and white blouse . . . the\nlittle skirt you wear. They were called the Komsomol. They forced you . . . they\nforced the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents to . . . you [were] forced to do it, you had no choice.\n\nGHITIS: Did your parents attempt to explain to you what was going on?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes, but . . .\n\nGHITIS: What did they tell you?\n\nFISHKIN: I, frankly speaking, I don't know why . . . I myself always knew. I'm\nvery intuitive. I must have been born with it. So . . . without their\nexplanation . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could tell what's going on. Actually parents tried not to\ntalk too much to their children. It really lasted from 1939 to 1941. We were\nyoung . . .\n\nGHITIS: Now you say . . .\n\nFISHKIN: She probably communicated more with my older sister . . . [my] mother\nor father. No, they did not discuss the politics or the ideology, whatever it's\ngoing on. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, they did not discuss it with us. But I knew it.\n\nGHITIS: How was their attitude towards the Jews?\n\nFISHKIN: From the Soviets?\n\nGHITIS: Yes.\n\nFISHKIN: The attitude . . . there's one thing . . . officially in the Soviet\nUnion, you are not allowed to discriminate against Jews. Officially you do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not!\nBut Stalin had killed millions of Jews, but also non-Jews. But basically if they\n. . . whoever was antisemitic was antisemitic, whoever was not, wasn't. The\noccupation of the Soviets did not change the local people's attitude. The\nattitude was the same. This is as far as I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can remember.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember specific episodes, anecdotes and things that happened to\nyou during the Soviet occupation?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes . . . basically what they did . . . they had forced their military\n. . . under occupation, you have a lot of military . . . We had a tremendous\nmilitary outpost on the outskirts of Pruzhany, so there must have been tons of\nmilitary ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. What they did . . . they had forced local people . . . we had\ntwo pilots and their wives . . . they took . . . you had to give up one room or\nso or whatever, and they lived in our house. They were basically nice. We were\nlittle girls. They would come over and touch my nose. They called me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"kudnosaya\"\n(sp) which means something like that . . . I can't even explain it to you in\nEnglish what \"kudnosaya\" means.\n\nGHITIS: A \"cute little nose.\"\n\nFISHKIN: A \"cute little nose.\" Especially my sister and I . . . we were the only\ntwins in Pruzhany . . . the only set of twins. In those days, people didn't have\ntoo many twins, twins was a rarity. Of course, triplets was a bigger rarity, but\n. . .\n\nGHITIS: Did you have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to feed the pilots?\n\nFISHKIN: No, no, no, we had no food! No, [we] did have to give up his room,\nthings like that. They were military people . . .\n\nGHITIS: How was your father doing with his profession?\n\nFISHKIN: All right. He had harder times once the Soviets came. He lost ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his job\nbecause he worked for [a] private enterprise. He worked for a large company\nwhich was a slaughterhouse. I don't remember whether the slaughterhouse . . .\nbefore the war was a private enterprise . . . must have been a private\nenterprise . . . but once the Soviets came . . . there was no private enterprise\nany more. They took everything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over. They took over the slaughterhouse. So, of\ncourse, my father lost his job. I remember for little while, my father went work\nfor a building . . . hard work because he couldn't get . . . there was no\nprivate enterprises until . . . it takes under any occupation . . . it probably\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"takes a while until the government sets in, and they settle a little.\n\nThen eventually, in fact, he told me once . . . he enjoyed working very hard . .\n. all his life, he worked mentally, so physical work was good for him. He\nenjoyed it . . . as long as he worked.\n\nGHITIS: We haven't talked about your mother. How did she cope with this situation?\n\nFISHKIN: At the beginning, she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fine. But then my mother really had gotten\nsick. She had sort of a nervous breakdown. She couldn't have the maid anymore.\nShe couldn't have the \"Wasserträger. \" You know what a \"Wasserträger\" is?\nSomeone who . . .\n\nGHITIS: . . . brings . . .\n\nFISHKIN: . . . because we didn't have water in the house . . . you pull on the .\n. .\n\nGHITIS: . . . running . . .\n\nFISHKIN: . . . we didn't have running water in the house. But she had a man that\nused to bring water from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well and all these things. She got sick. It was a\nlittle hard on us. But until then, my father had . . . through sources, he had\ngotten back to the slaughterhouse in accounting . . . because people knew . . .\nhe was very well-known in Pruzhany. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There weren't too many accountants in that\ncity. He was well-known. He worked so we had to eat, went to that school again.\nThen something happened at work. I don't know if it [is] that important . . .\nactually, this was the catalyst of why my mother, my two sisters and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived.\nUnfortunately, my father perished in Auschwitz-[Birkenau]. Where he worked,\nthere was a CEO [Chief Executive Officer] . . . the big shot who ran the\ncompany. He decided to embezzle money and he wanted my father to cover for him.\nMy father said, \"I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will not.\" [The CEO] was a Pole. I remember him: tall, very\nantisemitic on top of it, but he was a Communist. That's why he had gotten that\nposition . . . under the Soviets, if you're a party member, you get all these\nhigher positions. But my father said, \"I'm sorry, I will not cover for you. I'm\nnot stopping you from . . . if you want to steal, you can steal, you want to\nembezzle . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I cannot do it for you. I will not do it. I am an honest man.\nI have honor and integrity. You want to do it, fine.\" But he [the CEO] kept on\ndoing [it] and finally he got caught. As big a Communist as he was . . . in any\ncountry . . . once he was caught embezzling money and stealing, they arrested\nhim. He was on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trial and my father was forced to open the books. Even if he\n[didn't] want to do it, he was forced to do it. He had to appear before the\njudge. I don't know what they did to that man, but at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trial . . . my father\nwas well-known . . . that man knew about my father . . . he said to my father,\n\"You didn't want to help me, so I am going to send you to Siberia.\" [The CEO] is\nthe one that sent the KGB . . . He [my father] was a Polish patriot. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fought\nin World War I. In World War I, the Polish army had kicked the Russians out . .\n. if you know [the] history of World War I. They kicked them out of eastern\nPoland, so therefore, he [my father] became an enemy of the state [under the\nRussians]. The fact that he was a drafted soldier and he had to fight because if\nyou live in a country, you have to fight for it, whether you want to or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not . . .\n\nGHITIS: Because . . .\n\nFISHKIN: . . . and people should.\n\nGHITIS: . . . because you were under the Soviets, right? That's why he became an\nenemy of the state.\n\nFISHKIN: Yes, because . . . we are still under the Soviets.\n\nGHITIS: Yes.\n\nFISHKIN: Yes. At that point, I think he lost his job.\n\nGHITIS: Now your father . . .\n\nFISHKIN: That was already 1940.\n\nGHITIS: . . . your father went into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hiding . . .\n\nFISHKIN: Yes. What happened in 1941 . . . that lasted until 1941 . . . the 20th\nof June in 1941, they came five o'clock in the morning . . . three KGB men came\nto the house about five in the morning. They knocked on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"door . . . my mother\nopened . . . she got better by then . . . she opened the door. They told her,\n\"We have to search your house.\" They searched the house. They found my father's\npicture as a Polish soldier during World War I. Supposedly that was the evidence\n. . . why ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they evicted us, why they . . . not evicted . . .\n\nGHITIS: Deported . . . ?\n\nFISHKIN: . . . deported . . . why they were deporting us. Then they said to my\nmother, \"You pack your belongings with your children.\" I remember Esther started\ncrying and then . . . we packed up. My mother was well, but not that well yet.\nThey put us on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"military trucks. They drove us to a place called Linowo . . .\nthis was a big, central railroad station . . .\n\nGHITIS: Linowo?\n\nFISHKIN: . . . Linowo . . . Oranczyce they called it in Polish. It had two names\n. . . you see that part of Poland was Russia . . . it was Poland, so many things\nhad two names. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too young to realize, but I . . .\n\nGHITIS: How old were you at this time?\n\nFISHKIN: When this happened? Ten years old. In 1939, I was nine years [old]. I\nwas 10-1/2 actually . . .\n\nGHITIS: When you were deported.\n\nFISHKIN: . . . ten-and-a-half in June. I was born in November of 1930.\n\nGHITIS: So they put you on trains . . .\n\nFISHKIN: When we got there, there [was a] long tremendous train waiting. They\nwere called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cattle trains . . . they put us on the train . . . on the train we\nmet another family, a Polish family, in the same car.\n\nGHITIS: What, what was the train . . . the inside like? You call it \"cattle trains.\"\n\nFISHKIN: Yes. The inside [of the] train was like that. There were two tiers of\nbunks on one side, and two tiers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of bunks on the other side. Two families slept\non one bunk . . . a bunk, that's what you call it right? The other family was on\ntop, and two families on the bottom. The same thing over there [on the other\nside]. As far as I can remember . . . there was toilet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"facility right near where\nI slept. Not running water, just a place where you had to go to the bathroom. We\n. . . the four of us, my mother, three sisters . . . and then there was another\nfamily next to us . . . some kind of a person with his family . . .\n\nGHITIS: What about food, were you fed?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes. They would give us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soup and some bread and water. Many of the\nfamilies that came brought some food with them . . . some food. We didn't\nbecause it was very confusing . . . you don't expect something like this to happen.\n\nGHITIS: What were you told? What did they tell you?\n\nFISHKIN: We were told . . . they came in and they said, \"You have to pack\nbecause we are resettling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you. We are resettling you into another city.\" That's it.\n\nGHITIS: What was the trip like? The trip . . . how was it?\n\nFISHKIN: The trip lasted a whole month. That was on the 20th of June . . . by\nthe 21st of June Hitler invaded the Soviet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Union. He made a sneak attack on the\nSoviet Union. As we were traveling already . . . even a little bit away . . . we\nwere in Minsk, I remember . . . there were already German airplanes flying over\nMinsk, which is the capital of White Russia. As we were traveling, war was\nraging already. Twenty-four hours later, my town ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Pruzhany was occupied by the\nGermans. I have to go back a little bit. The reason my father was not home [was]\nbecause that man had warned my father that eventually you will go to Siberia . .\n. so he was aware of it. Then . . . I don't know who, I don't know when, and I\ndon't know how . . . but somebody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had tipped off my father that we will be\n[sent] to Siberia. What he did . . . he decided to go into hiding thinking that\nif he will not be home, they will not touch us. But as destiny wanted it I guess\n. . . in fact, at one point, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember . . . [although] I'm not 100 percent\nsure . . . that they did send one of the KGB men to the headquarters . . .\ntelling them, \"She's not a well woman with three girls, and the man is not\nhome.\" I think he came back and said, \"No, you're being resettled.\" But my\nfather went into hiding and 24 hours ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later, the Germans came into town. They\noccupied Pruzhany. Then somebody told my father . . . I still don't know, this\nis hearsay I know from people . . . that he came back . . . the Germans were not\nthere yet, [and] he surrendered to the Russians. What they used to do . . . they\nused to put them in jail in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pruzhany. So that I assume . . . this is something .\n. . I can picture what happened . . . that if he came let's say eight hours\nlater, and he was in jail . . . then 24 hours . . . whatever hours later . . .\nGermany declared war. They . . . it took the Germans probably one hour to cross\nthe Bug River to reach Pruzhany.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me the name of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the river.\n\nFISHKIN: Bug.\n\nGHITIS: How do you spell it?\n\nFISHKIN: B-O-G. It was near Brest-Litovsk . . . the Polish called it 'Brzesc nad\nBugiem.' I always have to deal with two names.\n\n[recording pauses momentarily, then resumes]\n\nFISHKIN: My father's name was Mayer Motyl . . . Motyl you spell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"M-O-T-Y-L . . .\nMy mother's name was Bluma Talmo. Talmo . . . you spell it T-A-L-M-O.\n\nGHITIS: Miriam, when you were told by the authorities that you had to leave . .\n. to be resettled, what were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those moments like when you had to prepare . . .\nwhat happened?\n\nFISHKIN: I remember that Riva and I went to the yard . . . my older sister and\nmother had . . . I was . . . there're certain things that I'm not absolutely\nsure . . . I remember that I went to the back. We walked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the house . . .\nI remember walking out of the house . . . my older sister did walk . . . but she\nhad asked . . . the KGB man . . . she wants to see her grandmother, her\ngrandparents . . . they sent one KGB man with a rifle [with her] to see my\ngrandparents to say goodbye. Esther, my sister . . . went. She came back and\nthen . . . one of the neighbors came, and Esther was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crying. She said to her,\n\"Don't cry, Esther, you'll never know who'll be better off.\" Because the\natmosphere was . . . we were occupied. Hitler was on the other side of the Bug,\nwhich is the river. That's what she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said to Esther. We didn't know. I remember .\n. . just confusion, really confusion, you just went . . .\n\nGHITIS: What did you take . . . when you packed?\n\nFISHKIN: What I thought of it?\n\nGHITIS: No, what did you take . . . what did you pack? Because it seems to me\nthat . . .\n\nFISHKIN: I'll tell you, that's very important. Shortly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before the war, my father\nwent visiting his parents in western Poland. That was really shortly before the\nwar, it must have been in 1938 or the beginning of 1939 . . . I think the end of\n1938 maybe. It was very fashionable in Poland [in] those days . . . they used to\nmake . . . Poland is a cold country . . . it's cold there so they . . . make\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sheep's coats [sheepskin coats]. They were embroidered sheep's jackets or\nsheep's coats. My father came back from western Poland from visiting his\nparents, and he brought Riva and I two sheep's coats, embroidered, black ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inside\n. . . beautifully embroidered. They were long because we were little . . . we\nwere always little . . . the sleeves were long, and the coats were long. Those\ntwo sheep's coats helped us survive Siberia.\n\nGHITIS: What happened with the coats?\n\nFISHKIN: The coats . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we did bring them to the Caucasus. In Siberia, don't\nforget, there were a lot of bed bugs and lice and these creatures like fur. As\nclean as we tried to be . . . it had nothing to do with cleanliness . . . we\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slept on mattresses made out of straw. Straw attracts . . . bed bugs . . . all\nover Europe was . . . especially in Siberia. When we came to the Caucasus, which\nwas a warmer climate, we hardly needed them. But once, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right when the war ended,\nand we were ready to go back to Poland . . . in the Caucasus [in] 1945, we threw\nthem out. They were ragged already anyway, but as a souvenir we couldn't take\nthem with you . . . they were full of bugs.\n\nGHITIS: Let's go back to your trip going to Siberia.\n\nFISHKIN: Going to Siberia . . . we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were watched by the KGB being that [the]\nSoviets were [at] war with Hitler, they [the soldiers] were much more lenient,\neven the KGB soldiers that would watch us. In my car, there was my oldest sister\nEsther, and there was a family of three girls . . . where the youngest one I\nwent to school [with], but they were Polish, Christian, and two girls, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rema and\nTamara (sp), I remember, they were my older sister's age. They went to gymnasium\ntogether. These two girls . . . the soldiers already . . . once they delivered\nus to Novosibirsk they went back to the front. They knew that they'll never come\nback, most of them were killed. They went to battle, and so they were lenient.\nThey would take my sister and the two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"girls . . . they would give us a little\nbit more soup and . . . a larger piece of bread and water. They would stop . . .\nbecause most of the transports [loaded with soldiers] were going west . . .\ngoing back to Europe . . . to fight, and we were going . . . eastward to Siberia.\n\nGHITIS: Were you ever told why you needed to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resettled?\n\nFISHKIN: No, never.\n\nGHITIS: So you tried . . .\n\nFISHKIN: They just simply said, \"You have to get your belongings because\n[Russian phrase]\" [46:42] which means, \"We're resettling you.\"\n\nGHITIS: You arrived in Novosibirsk . . . what was it like?\n\nFISHKIN: Novosibirsk. We arrived and everybody went down . . . [they] took us\noff the train. A big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plashatka [sp: Polish: 47:00] which means a \"big field\" . .\n. an \"open field\" . . . and whatever belongings everybody [had]. . . Over there\nwe met hundreds of people, not only Jews, [but] non-Jews. I remember sitting\nthere 24 hours. I don't know . . . my older sister remember[ed] differently, but\nshe's gone. About 24 hours I'd say . . . until they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided . . . whom to send\nwhere. So . . . they decided they would send us . . . to what they call a\n\"lesopeelka\" which means a village . . . a \"lumber village,\" where they produced\nlumber. Siberia is big in wood, and they put us on some kind of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boat . . .\nwith other many people . . . because once you [are] in Novosibirsk . . . we were\nnear the Ob . . . River Ob . . . and from Novosibirsk to where we went, you can\nonly go by water. There's no land transportation.\n\nGHITIS: The name of the river is Ob.\n\nFISHKIN: . . . Ob.\n\nGHITIS: . . . Ob.\n\nFISHKIN: If you look at the map, you'll see. Then . . . on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that boat with many\nother people . . . we slept on the . . . we didn't sleep . . . I don't remember\nhow long it [took]. It probably must have taken a few hours, maybe a half a day.\nWe were then . . . there was a city [called] Kolpashevo where . . . did we land\nin Kolpashevo? . . . I'm not too clear about that. But anyway that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day we came\nby boat to Togur. The name of the village was Togur.\n\nGHITIS: T-O- . . . ?\n\nFISHKIN: T-O-G-U-R . . . I suppose . . . Togur. It's a big village and everybody\nwas working at this lumber factory. They produced lumber for airplanes . . .\nlumber for the war to build tanks, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"airplanes. Most of it was labor . . . slave .\n. . forced labor. My sister was forced to work at that lumber factory.\n\nGHITIS: How old was she?\n\nFISHKIN: I was, let's say, 10 and . . . she's five years older, so she must have\nbeen 16, or six years older. There's one thing about my older sister, she\nwouldn't tell you her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"age. She must have been about 16 because she went to\ngymnasium . . . maybe 17 . . . either 16 or 17.\n\nGHITIS: . . . is this city close to a big forest?\n\nFISHKIN: No, it's a big village. The forest . . . you have to walk to the forest\n. . . you walk. It's a city pretty close to another city. It's not really . . .\nthey didn't call it a city, they called it \"poselok,\" [which] means a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"village.\nIt was not a city.\n\nGHITIS: In Russian.\n\nFISHKIN: In Russian. Kolpashevo was a city. I walked there, it was about . . . I\ndon't know, seven kilometers. I used to walk there with my mother. That was a\ncity and this is where the harbor was. I don't remember whether we landed at\nthat harbor and we were driven to Togur or whether we simply landed at Togur,\nbecause Togur was also . . . everything [was] near water. You couldn't go\nanyplace ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there . . . in fact, what my sister did there . . . where produced\nlumber . . . there were big barges parked near that factory. They were loading\nthis lumber on the barges. Then they went to all kind of producing factories all\nover Russia or wherever they went.\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The job your sister did was related to loading?\n\nFISHKIN: . . . loading lumber.\n\nGHITIS: What did you do? What did you and your twin sister . . .\n\nFISHKIN: My twin sister and my mother . . . first of all, they settled us in a\nlittle house where three families lived. One family there was a husband and\nwife, and I think, two sons. [There was] one large ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room, maybe as large as this,\nmaybe a little larger. We shared that room. We slept on one-half of the floor,\nand they slept on the other half of the floor . . . with belongings what we had.\nWe were there for . . . if you had to go . . . even in the winter time if you\nhave to go to the bathroom, you go into the snow. That was the conditions we\nlived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under.\n\nGHITIS: Your older sister was working. What about you?\n\nFISHKIN: We are settling in. We didn't do anything. We came . . . first of all,\nwe came there in July, I think. There was no school. The schools there probably\nstart in September or so.\n\nGHITIS: Your mother?\n\nFISHKIN: My mother meanwhile . . . she wasn't that well yet . . . but she . . .\nbeing with her fluency in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian . . . we simply didn't do anything at the\nbeginning. They gave us a ration [of] bread. My sister went to work immediately.\nWe stayed there for maybe, I don't know, maybe six months or four months. Then\nthey kept moving us for some reason . . . they found another living ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quarters for\nus, which was a long kitchen and a big room, where also three families lived\nthere. Then they moved us to another place again . . . a long kitchen and again\nthree families lived there. As we kept on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moving . . . my mother still wasn't\nthat well . . . Maybe I should tell you that episode. On the third housing where\nthey moved us . . . I don't know what happened, but I was already probably\n10-1/2 . . . maybe close to 11 . . . what happened . . . I suddenly fainted. I\npassed out. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother seeing me passing out, screamed. Until this day, there was\nnothing wrong with me. I don't know why, since then my mother got well . . .\ninteresting phenomena.\n\nGHITIS: Do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember what was in your heart as a little girl going through\nall this trouble . . . these difficulties? How did you feel?\n\nFISHKIN: I felt bad! But you know what I think? I was always a dreamer [and]\nmaybe that helped me under ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conditions that were not so good. I somehow always\ndreamed . . . it's not fun . . . that things may get better. Then once my mother\ngot better, she began . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then they couldn't force my mother to work because\nshe wasn't well. That was to our advantage. Everything in life sometimes has\nadvantages. Being so she was well again, then she went out of the house . . .\nshe used to speak Russian. She met some Russian people . . . there were Polish\npeople also that were sent to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siberia. Everybody was looking for food. Then I\ndon't exactly remember how . . . that idea came to my mind, but she probably\ncame . . . she was smart. The Polish people . . . they used to try to sell a\nblouse or a gold watch or furs . . . to sell . . . there were many Russian women\nthere . . . there were very few men. All the men were gone. They were all gone\nto their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"army, to war. Many of them had good positions. They had access to\nflour, to salt, to sugar . . . again bartering clothes for food. Being . . . the\nRussian women will not trust these Polish women. First of all, their Russian\nwasn't good, [but] they trusted mother. My mother became the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in-between, she\nwould . . . they would ask mother if she knows someone that wants to buy the\nblouse or the watch. Then mother would say, \"How much do you want.\" She would\nsay . . . let's say she wants three pounds of flour. Then that woman wanted the\nwatch and she had access to flour. Mother would say that she wants five pounds\nof flour . . . it was three pounds for the people that wanted . . . this is how\nwe managed to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive.\n\nGHITIS: Where did your mother learn to speak Russian so well?\n\nFISHKIN: Oh! My mother spoke fluent German, she spoke Russian, she spoke Polish\n[and] she spoke Hebrew too. She comes from an intelligent home, she went to\nschool . . . she used to read German books and Russian books . . . she comes\nfrom a home . . . My grandfather was very worldly. He was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also a talmid chacham\n[Hebrew: \"wise student\"]. He read the Gillem Tayre [sp: 58:35] on top of it. He\ncomes from that kind of family.\n\nGHITIS: Where did you go from there?\n\nFISHKIN: From Siberia?\n\nGHITIS: From that city, from that locality?\n\nFISHKIN: That locality . . . we stayed there in that house . . . again they\nmoved us. They moved us twice more. From there they moved us to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place a little\nbit further from the village. That people . . . that part of Siberia had, they\ncalled them . . . these are the natives . . . the natives there, they called\nthem 'Chaldonne.' They were like Eskimos. They looked like Eskimos.\n\nGHITIS: Chaldonne?\n\nFISHKIN: Chaldonne. They looked like Eskimos. They were the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"free people. They\nwere not the people that were sent from other parts of the world to Siberia. The\nRussians had the free . . . the free were the ones that were not punished yet.\nWe were called \"Silný.\" \"Silný\" means . . . help me out with that . . .\n\nGHITIS: Exiled?\n\nFISHKIN: Exiled. There were the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exiled and the free. The Chaldonne, they were\nthe free. Most of the other population in that village were the exiled, even the\nRussians . . . they were exiled let's say 50 years ago [when] we came there . .\n. they were still exiled, they were never free. We wound up living in a little\nspace of room . . . the four of us in that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place. That was already closer to\n2-1/2 years. [In the] meantime what happened . . . once the Russians needed the\nsecond front, evidently the Polish government in absentia which was [in] London\nI think . . . were demanding that they knew that hundreds of thousands of Polish\ncitizens are in the Soviet Union . . . they demanded that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia . . . that was\ntheir condition . . . they fought Hitler together that way . . . that they were\nall . . . given back the Polish citizenship. We were amongst them because we\nwere Polish citizens.\n\nGHITIS: Now at this point you were in what place?\n\nFISHKIN: Still in Togur. Still in Togur. We were there about 2-1/2 years.\nTwo-and-a-half [years] and then 1-1/2 [years] in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Caucasus, which consists of\nfour years. I thought we were there five years, but actually we were altogether\nfour years.\n\nGHITIS: For what reason were you moved to the Caucasus?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes, in the Caucasus . . . already we moved . . . we lived in another\nplace. Horrible place . . . just horrible. A place . . . in America sometimes\nmaybe they have a place like that where the street people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live . . . what do you\ncall these homes?\n\nGHITIS: Slums?\n\nFISHKIN: No, it's like a building, but there are many separate . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Homeless shelters?\n\nFISHKIN:. . . homeless . . . something . . . they're separated with walls.\nEverybody shares one kitchen. Everybody . . . some people . . . we were thrown\nin there. But there were many Russians there and many . . . I don't know what\nbrought them . . . but we were there a short time. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then from there . . .\nChaldonne . . . from these natives . . . I have a cute story for you. My sister\nand I had a good laugh over it. They had a cow [and] they had a little house.\nThey used to . . . on the window . . . that thing in the kitchen window [a sill]\n. . . they used to put milk in glasses. They would make sour milk out of it or\nthey would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make something because it was theirs. We didn't have that. I remember\nmy mother went some place and they weren't home. Riva and I were home. I don't\nremember what time of the year it was. We're looking at that cream . . . we\ndidn't have milk or cream for four years already . . . for 2-1/2 years . . . we\nnever . . . we didn't have it. Riva and I said, \"Before the milk settles, let's\ntake a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spoon.\" We took a spoon . . . but not with the spoon, with the other end.\n\"Let's dunk it.\" Dunk the spoon . . . little spoon that way and lick it. I did\nit with one spoon, and she did it with the other spoon. We had a taste of the\nmilk that we had all our lives before the war. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's my criminal behavior! One\nday . . . so many years after, I said to Riva, \"Do you remember?\" We had such a\nlaugh over it. If I tell you . . . because in order . . . once it sets that you\ncan tell, so before it sets the criminal mind of a child, you dunk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it and you\nlick it. From there we went to another horrible place. Meanwhile, they were\ndemanding all Polish citizens out of Siberia. They put us on . . . I don't\nremember whether they were regular trains or still cattle trains . . . but\ndifferent conditions, [a] different atmosphere. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were long, long trains . .\n. God knows how many cars. We were traveling towards the Caucasus. We used to\nstop the train . . . stop in the field. They allowed everybody to go out and\nmake fires and cook . . . if they had something to cook. At that time, my older\nsister met her husband. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because in that long train . . . we didn't know about it\n. . . there were many Orthodox Jews that were sent to Siberia. Amongst them was\na group--a rosh yeshiva, a big rabbi, and his talmudim. Amongst them was Yankel,\nmy sister's [future] husband. There were many boys. Once my mother sees Jewish\nmen, ones with a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beard . . . she runs over . . . \"Warum komen Yidden?\"\n\nGHITIS: Which means?\n\nFISHKIN: \"Where do you Jews come from?\" She began talking and . . . right away,\nshe came back [and] she says to Esther, \"Come.\" She dragged Esther. She said,\n\"Bocherim\" . . . good looking bocher [Yiddish: boy] . . . bocherim [Yiddish:\nboys] . . . young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men. She introduced herself. Then Riva and I went over, but we\nwere kids. My mother . . . the main thing my mother wanted is for Esther to get\na chassen [Yiddish: husband] . . . to get a boyfriend . . . to get a husband,\nnot a boyfriend. They didn't talk boyfriend in those days. Anyway . . . but that\nguy, Yankel . . . she [Esther] was a very pretty girl. He fell for her . . . he did.\n\nGHITIS: They were on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same train?\n\nFISHKIN: They were on the same train, different cars. They exchanged addresses.\nAt that point, I think, we knew where we're going, but he made sure he knows.\nThey went to a different place . . . who went in the Caucasus . . . will end up\n[in] Communaia Balka [sp]. That was agricultural . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Kohlkoz.\n\nFISHKIN: . . . not a kohlkoz. Sovkhoz. The difference between a kohlkoz and\nsovkhoz ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the kohlkoz you only get paid with what you produce. Sovkhoz, you get\npaid with money.\n\nGHITIS: It's like a cooperative.\n\nFISHKIN: Like a cooperative . . . like a kibbutz or moshav.\n\nGHITIS: How would you spell 'sovkhoz'?\n\nFISHKIN: Kohlkoz?\n\nGHITIS: Sovkhoz.\n\nFISHKIN: Sovkhoz. \"S-O-F-H\" . . . sovkhoz, just spell it the way I say it . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sovkhoz . . . because it has a different spelling in Russian.\n\nGHITIS: So you went . . .\n\nFISHKIN: We came there, and then they put us into little zemlanki. 'Zemlanki'\nmeans \"little huts\" . . . little houses made out of clay, made out of . . . the\nCaucasus did not have lumber, woods. Those were the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"steppes.\n\nGHITIS: . . . steppes.\n\nFISHKIN: . . . steppes. Flat. In fact they grew honeydews . . . watermelons . .\n. red [and] yellow honeydew with . . . they grew . . . but we couldn't eat them.\nWe worked on them though . . . but because we worked on them, we find a little\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"honeydew [Miriam imitates breaking the melon open over her knee] over the knee\nand we ate them! Then we worked with Russian women. We also worked in the\nfields. We planted corn. We harvested the corn barefooted in the field. It got\nto a point that I developed ulcers on my feet . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but what happened there, it\nwas a little easier. The bread there was horrible . . . you couldn't eat the\nbread. But we managed . . . we used to wear something . . . the Russian women .\n. . they always would steal things from the field because they weren't given\nenough . . . if they wouldn't do it, tons and tons of food was left on the\nfield. They didn't have labor. They didn't have [a] labor force. The men were\ngone, so we worked there. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother somehow had produced some kind of a meal . .\n. she got . . . you could feel the sand [in it]. We used to . . . make flour out\nof the corn. We were there a year-and-a-half. Then my mother again there . . .\nshe met some Russian intellectuals. My older sister . . . she's very skillful .\n. . she used to knit and sew. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She would fix things for the Russian women . . .\nalter . . . we would get food for that. This is how we survived for a\nyear-and-a-half. Then [at] the end of the war . . . 1945 in May . . . we were\nallowed to leave Russia. I don't remember . . . it's funny that some things . .\n. just escape me. On which train we went . . . on regular trains I think. From\nthere we went to Poland as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish citizens . . . we went to Lodz.\n\nGHITIS: What did you find in Lodz [Polish: Łódź]?\n\nFISHKIN: In Lodz . . . big city . . . it was an industrial city before the war .\n. . I found many, many, many Jews. There were all these many Jews that came from\nPoland . . . that were in Siberia, in Kazakhstan, or Uzbekistan. They all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came\nby trains to Lodz. They needed housing . . . they gave us temporary housing into\nthe ghetto . . . Lodz ghetto . . . it wasn't . . . it was cleaned up. But they\ndidn't have enough housing to take all these Jews off the train. For a little\nwhile we lived in a little room in the Lodz ghetto. I could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smell . . . you\ncould feel . . . I always had that . . . something I don't know wrong with me or\nright with me . . . but that's what I always did. I remember we went to the KGB\nheadquarters in Siberia, in Kolpashevo, because we were supposed to go . . . we\nalso went to Tomsk. I got so many stories . . . my God . . . anyway we were\nsupposed . . . we went to get permission. My mother and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to the KGB\nheadquarters, and nothing came out of it. Nothing came of it.\n\nGHITIS: Permission for what?\n\nFISHKIN: . . . permission to get out . . . to go from Togur to . . . we were\nsupposed to . . . [the] children . . . we were supposed to go to Iran, Persia. I\ndon't remember . . . some kind of a concoction somebody made up . . . they would\ntake the children out of the Soviet Union and bring them to . . . I don't know\nhow . . . it never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"materialized . . . We did go to a city [called] Tomsk. There\nwas a woman . . . she was in charge of it, so we went on the boat again from\nTogur . . . from Kolpashevo to Tomsk. I slept on the boat . . . I slept on the\nhard floor there. We were there maybe three days. They took us to an orphanage.\nMy mother let us go . . . I don't know why she did it, but she did. We were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safe. We were there for two or three days.\n\nGHITIS: But now you are in Lodz.\n\nFISHKIN: Yes, and then we came to Lodz. This is a side story I'm telling you.\nLodz . . . we were there just a few days or maybe a week. Then my sister,\nEsther, got married. My mother moved in with them. They found a little, tiny\napartment in Lodz. My sister Riva and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to . . . the key to it is to join\norganizations . . . there were especially Zionist organizations. My sister Riva\nand I joined Mizrachi . . . they called it a 'kibbutz.' But there were all kinds\nof organizations: Hashomer Hatzair, Mizrachi . . . you know about it, right? All\nthe [unintelligible: 1:14].\n\nGHITIS: How old are you by this time?\n\nFISHKIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fifteen . . . in 1945, I was 15 going on 16. We were there, and this\nwas all temporary places to live in until . . . evidently with the help of\nAmerican Jews or the UJA [United Jewish Appeal] or other Jewish organizations .\n. . to get Jews out of Poland. Many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people . . . we wanted to go to Israel, but\nIsrael was still under the English mandate. We couldn't get there even though I\nhad an uncle there. My sister, Esther, meanwhile got married, and she left Lodz\nfirst with my mother. She went to Prague, Czechoslovakia. They lived on the\noutskirts of Prague in . . . [a] place called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dablice. Then about a few months\nlater, Mizrachi . . . all the children from the kibbutz . . . they made a\nspecial train, not only from Mizrachi . . . from other places. They put us on .\n. . regular trains. We were going to Czechoslovakia first. We wound up also in\nDablice. This is where we met mother. At that point, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother joined my sister . .\n. my twin sister and I. From Dablice, Esther first went to France, Paris. We\nwere in Dablice, I think, [for] six weeks. Again from Dablice . . . that was the\nplan . . . we went to Strasbourg [now France]. Nice regular trains . . . no more\n[cattle or freight] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trains. [On] the other track of the train you see British\nsoldiers speaking English to you. It sounded to me like they had potatoes in\ntheir mouths. I didn't speak English. They see little girls . . . they wave. We\ncame to Strasbourg. We lived in Strasbourg for a year. In Strasbourg . . . there\nwere again. . . Mizrachi . . . they found housing. The Strasbourg Jewish\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community was great, they helped a lot. They gave . . . in Strasbourg we learned\n[the] Tanakh and we learned . . . I took some little biology courses. We were\nsupposed to go to Israel so maybe [I] learned first aid or something. We used to\ndaven [Hebrew: pray] . . . it was Orthodox, but modern Orthodox. I used to play\nvolleyball there . . . with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boys. For about a year, we stayed there. We were\n. . . if I tell you if I had two dresses [it] was a lot. Impoverished\ncompletely. From there . . .\n\nGHITIS: The last time we talked, you were leaving . . . it was the end of the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war . . .\n\nFISHKIN: . . . and coming back to Poland.\n\nGHITIS: . . . and coming back to Poland. You were traveling to Poland,\n\nFISHKIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: . . . by train.\n\nFISHKIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: . . . you told a story of how you ran into a group of religious . . .\nyoung people.\n\nFISHKIN: . . . that I have to . . .\n\nGHITIS: . . . backtrack?\n\nFISHKIN: . . . backtrack because that was coming from Siberia to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Caucasus.\nAt that point, we were liberated citizens already. We were Polish citizens so we\nwere treated as such. We had the freedom to . . . when the train used to stop\nfrequently because some tracks were taken up with army or with military . . . we\nhad to wait. Everybody would come out of their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"car . . . the train cars. They\nused to . . . stop in an open field usually. In fact, in the one of their . . .\nI remember that open field because going to the Caucasus, we were told . . . we\nwere sort of traveling on the side of Stalingrad. If you look at the map . . .\nthere were raging battles on that field. Where we stopped . . . then everybody\ncame out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of . . . trains . . . people . . . there were a groups of people . . .\nfamilies, and they made fires.\n\nGHITIS: But you said you were in the vicinity of Stalingrad?\n\nFISHKIN: This is only . . . I am not absolutely sure, the only thing I remember\n[is] that on that field . . . you could still see a head with hair . . .\nskeletons. Those were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ravages of war . . . ravages of war. I'm sure there were\nbattles [there] because that part of Caucasus was actually occupied by the\nGermans. But they were there a short time and then they were pushed back. After\nthey were pushed back . . . I don't know how long after . . . maybe a month or\ntwo or three, I have no idea, I have no knowledge of it . . . they made . . . we\nwere able to leave Siberia. It was organized. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who organized it and what [or] how\nit was organized, I have no knowledge again. I was too young. I don't know, but\nI'm sure it was all done with the authorization of the Polish government. [Of]\nthat I'm sure, because at that point, they were fighting side by side . . . even\nthe Israeli brigade . . .\n\nGHITIS: The Jewish . . .\n\nFISHKIN: . . . was fighting . . .\n\nGHITIS: . . . the Jewish Brigade.\n\nFISHKIN: The Jewish brigade . . . at that point, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Brigade from\nPalestine was fighting in Italy side-by-side: Americans and Poles. Italy was the\n. . . I remember because I have an uncle of mine that had survived--my father's\nyoungest brother--he . . . I told you that two brothers came . . . when the war\nin 1939. When Hitler invaded western Poland, they came to eastern Poland. They\nstayed with us, and then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they . . . the Russian government had picked them up\nand exiled them to Siberia. We never met after the war.\n\nGHITIS: What were . . . do you know their names?\n\nFISHKIN: Sure. Shalom Motel and Judah Motyl [sp]. They [are] dead now. Then he\nfought . . . in fact, he was fighting in 1939 with the Polish Army against the\nGermans. Then while he was being in Siberia and the Polish citizens ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\nliberated, he joined the Polish Army. He wound up in Italy . . . fighting in . .\n. they were fighting . . . there was a . . . they were . . . I forgot the name .\n. . maybe I'll remember it later. Anyway he was fighting there.\n\nGHITIS: But let's go back to the story, okay?\n\nFISHKIN: Going back . . . I really go back and forth like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. It's not good.\nAnyway, on the way from Siberia to the Caucasus, everybody was able to go down,\nand they made fires. That group of men--that was a yeshiva [Jewish religious\nschool]. We didn't know it was. After when we met them we find out. The whole\nBialystok yeshiva, they were picked up . . . the Russian government picked them\nup, and they exiled them to Siberia. Then when all the Polish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"citizens were\nliberated, they were liberated and they were all together. It was a group of\nyeshiva bocharim [Yiddish: boys] . . . young men. . . the rosh yeshiva [head of\nthe yeshiva] and his wife and two little girls, I think.\n\nGHITIS: Who approached them?\n\nFISHKIN: My mother. We go down and suddenly my mother sees . . . I don't know\nit's from here to there . . . I don't know the destination . . . a little\nfurther. . . she sees a group of men and amongst them one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bearded Jew sitting .\n. . and young men with kippahs. My mother was excited . . . we didn't see a Jew\n. . . know about it. She ran over to them and she says, \"Where do you come\nfrom?\" \"Waren komen Yidden?\" . . . in Yiddish. There was a group of men . . .\nsee my mother running back. My mother knew she had three daughters . . . Riva\nand I were pipsqueaks. My older ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister . . . my mother . . . in Europe people,\nwomen always thought of a shidech [Yiddish: wedding]. She immediately said, \"My\ngosh!\" She came [back and] she said, \"You'll never know! I met a group of Jews\nthere!\" She grabbed my sister [Esther] by the arm and says, \"Go!\" We went there.\nShe was a very pretty girl, Esther. Mother introduced herself again and Esther .\n. .\n\nGHITIS: How old was your sister ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that time?\n\nFISHKIN: She must have been about 19. I think she was 19.\n\nGHITIS: She grabbed your sister . . .\n\nFISHKIN: She talked, \"Let's go, Esther! Look I met a whole group of Jews there!\"\nMy mother had something in her mind already . . . not Esther. She took Esther by\nthe arm and went . . . she introduced herself . . . \"Where do you come from?\"\nThey wanted to know where we came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from . . . we'll call him Yankel because that\nwas his name . . . they were all impressed, a lot of them. They all liked her.\nThey lived there in Siberia. They never saw a Jewish girl for maybe three or\nfour years. Here they see a Jewish pretty girl. [Yankel] was very aggressive. He\nwent to my mother. He says, \"Where . . . ?\" As we were traveling, we knew that\nwe will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not wind up in the same places. We came to a point . . . I think it was\ncity . . . Blagodarnoye [now in Armenia]. Over there . . . they were sending\neveryone to different places. But this Yankel, he took my mother's name and\nEsther's name. At one point they knew where they're going and where we were\ngoing. Then it started . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"corresponding.\n\nGHITIS: Why was he the one picked? How did this happen that he was . . .\n\nFISHKIN: . . . there was . . . some of them were not . . . a little shy maybe .\n. . he just liked her, . . . he was always a very assertive . . . assertive guy.\nWhen you see there's so many boys, and one Jewish girl . . . there was another\nguy that really fell for my sister too, but [Yankel] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took over. He just took\nover. That's what happens in life.\n\nGHITIS: There was . . . they communicated how?\n\nFISHKIN: They're communicating by mail. Then he said that he maybe can come over\n. . . we were already . . . he made . . . he had a special permission . . . you\nhave to ask for permission to travel in the Soviet Union. He came from where\nthey were, we were in Communaia Balka [sp]. I have no idea where they were. I\nreally don't know.\n\nGHITIS: Where were you?\n\nFISHKIN: Communaia ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Balka. Communaia Balka was the village.\n\nGHITIS: The village was in . . . ?\n\nFISHKIN: The big city was Blagodarnoye.\n\nGHITIS: This is in what country?\n\nFISHKIN: That's the Caucasus.\n\nGHITIS: You know what . . . was it Russia?\n\nFISHKIN: It's Russia!\n\nGHITIS: It's Russia . . . you are still in Russia.\n\nFISHKIN: It's all Russia, everything is Russia ., . .\n\nGHITIS: Inside Russia.\n\nFISHKIN: . . . until 1945. Everything is Russia. Actually the Caucasus are . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Andy [sp: 9:46] was very nice. He took a map . . . the Caucasus are not that far\nfrom Chechnya . . . Chechnya was in the news. That's Russian Georgia.\n\nGHITIS: Today it's Georgia.\n\nFISHKIN: No. That part of Caucasus is not too far from Georgia.\n\nGHITIS: I see, but it's Russian,\n\nFISHKIN: It's in the vicinity someplace . . . if you see on the map.\n\nGHITIS: It's Russia today.\n\nFISHKIN: It's Russia, still Russia. That is still Russia. But if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"someone doesn't\nknow Caucasus, if you tell them that it's in vicinity [of Chechnya] . . . why,\nbecause Chechnya was in the news. Everybody knows about it.\n\nGHITIS: Yes.\n\nFISHKIN: The Russian Georgia . . . everybody knows about it. That gives them an idea.\n\nGHITIS: That's the story of how your sister . . .\n\nFISHKIN: My sister met her husband, right. Then we all traveled to Poland. Then\nwe were all back yet.\n\nGHITIS: How were you . . . how was the trip to Poland?\n\nFISHKIN: It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice. We were liberated . . . it was after the war was over . . .\n\nGHITIS: By train?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes, by train. I think it was a passenger train. It's funny that . . .\ncertain things I can't remember, but I'm sure it was a passenger train. I had\nasked my older sister when she was still living . . . it was exactly a year\ntoday that she died . . . she died last year on Hanukkah. I was visiting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my son\nfor Hanukkah in Maryland. I knew she was sick. It was during the storm last year\nwhen we had no way of flying in and flying out. I was stranded in my son's\nhouse. I couldn't even go to her funeral. She died at Hanukkah. It was the\nunveiling last week. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't go there. I had foot problems.\n\nGHITIS: So, going back to your story . . .\n\nFISHKIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: . . . where did you arrive in Poland . . . what was the first city?\n\nFISHKIN: All right, in Poland . . . then we went . . . this is . . . they met\nthere and already while they were in the Caucasus, he decided that he wants to\nbecome engaged to her. These are Orthodox ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. I think that my sister went to\nwhere he was staying with a group of the rosh yeshiva. There's a woman amongst\nthem . . . \"gemacht a vord\" . . . they call it. They made a sort of agreement .\n. . if you know the Orthodox . . . the first thing they do is they \"machen a\nvord\" . . . you know what that means?\n\nGHITIS: Yes . . . the word . . . a \"vord\" . . . it means a \"word.\"\n\nFISHKIN: A word, yes! They make a . . .\n\nGHITIS: . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"commitment?\n\nFISHKIN: . . . how would you put it in English?\n\nGHITIS: . . . a commitment.\n\nEINSTEIN: . . . engagement?\n\nGHITIS: A commitment.\n\nFISHKIN: A commitment. A \"vord\" is a commitment . . . not engagement yet. After\nthe commitment comes the engagement and after the engagement comes the wedding.\n\nGHITIS: You arrived in Poland.\n\nFISHKIN: We arrived in Poland in Lodz. We were temporary housed in the old\nghetto that was during the war . . . didn't have enough housing. But it was\nclean . . . they cleaned it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up . . . but you could still smell that atmosphere\nof the ghetto. But we didn't stay there too long. We must have stayed there, I\ndon't know, maybe a month, maybe less.\n\nGHITIS: By now, it's what year?\n\nFISHKIN: 1945 . . . May of 1945.\n\nEINSTEIN: Miriam, I'm sorry to interrupt. While you were in Russia, did you hear\nabout what was happening to the Jews of Europe?\n\nFISHKIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. When we were in Russia at the beginning we didn't hear. We knew\nwhat Hitler was doing to the Jews in 1939 when . . . even though we were\noccupied by the Russians, by the Soviet Union . . . we knew what he did in the\nwestern Poland. Then we knew what Hitler did from 1933 and up in Germany because\nthe influence of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jew hating . . . or antisemitism . . . was sort of flowing from\nGermany to Poland. It became more antisemitic, it was much . . . until 1939 . .\n. what Hitler did [was] he played nice with Poland while he was building his war\nmachine, and then he attacked her. In fact, it was in 1938, I think . . . was it\n[Hermann] Goering or one of his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patsies that came hunting to Poland? Poland has\nBialowieza Pushcha [Bialowieza Forest] . . . is a forest and they have these\nstrange animals. He came hunting and the Polish government accepted him. While\nhe did that they were building the war machine to attack Poland. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really\n[unintelligible: 15:11] . . . that's what they did.\n\nGHITIS: Did the thought of going back to Pruzhany cross your mind?\n\nFISHKIN: No. I'll tell you why. Pruzhany was already . . . was not Poland\nanymore. Pruzhany was still under the Soviet Union occupation. Pruzhany is\nBelarus [now] . . . it was under the Russian, under the Soviets. We were going\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of Russia. We wanted to go out of Russia . . . not to stay. There was nobody\nleft we knew in Pruzhany. The main reason [was] because it wasn't Poland.\nPerhaps if that would [have been] Poland . . . maybe we would have go[ne] . . .\nbut no Jews . . . really, very few Jews that were exiled were going back to the\noccupied Russian territories.\n\nGHITIS: When did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find out what happened to your father?\n\nFISHKIN: All right. It's very strange. Shortly before the war ended . . . my\nmother was very good in corresponding . . . she used to write letters. Then . .\n. but I have to tell you this story. Shortly before the war ended, I used to\ndream a lot . . . maybe [in] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"situations like that, many people dream. One day I\nhad a dream. I had a dream that someplace in Pruzhany . . . somebody told me\nthat my papa . . . my father is dead. But, of course, that was a dream. Shortly\n[after], when my mother had gotten a letter from . . . we traveled from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pruzhany\nto Siberia . . . I have to track back a little bit with a family . . . I told\nyou, they were Christians, they were Poles. Their father was a conductor on a\ntrain. We were coming back . . . my mother knew them very well. In fact, the\nyoungest girl of theirs, I went to school with . . . my mother probably wrote a\nletter. She had gotten a letter from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Demski [sp: 17:45] that my father . . .\nthen when we came to Lodz . . . we met some people that survived . . . exactly\nthe timing how . . . I don't remember . . . But when we came to the United\nStates, we met many people from Pruzhany that survived. Amongst them was my\nuncle by marriage who survived. He was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz with my father . . .\nPolonski [sp: 18:19] . . . he was the one that I have on pictures.\n\nGHITIS: He . . .\n\nFISHKIN: He told us. He even told me . . . my father was a very healthy man.\nIt's very funny that very healthy men did not survive. It's a very, very\ninteresting theory about it . . . and the weaker men did survive. I remember my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father eating lemons . . . he was healthy man.\n\nGHITIS: So what . . .\n\nFISHKIN: . . . what happened? He [her uncle] told me that . . . reading\nautobiographies from survivors I know . . . he told me when they got sick with\ndysentery . . . my father had gotten sick with dysentery in those conditions . .\n. what the Germans did . . . they just threw them out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into . . . first, I think\n. . . they managed to take him to a hospital. Many of them tried not to go\nbecause from the hospital they were sent to Treblinka or to the ovens. That's\nwhat happened to my father.\n\nGHITIS: Your father died of dysentery?\n\nFISHKIN: Right, he died because he was . . . he wouldn't have died of dysentery\nprobably . . . but he had gotten sick with dysentery.\n\nGHITIS: Yes.\n\nFISHKIN: But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe . . . I don't know exactly how it went there, but the fact is\nthat he perished in Auschwitz-[Birkenau]. My uncle survived . . . he . . . was a\ntall, good looking man . . . when he saw a touch of blood, he would faint . . .\nand he survived. It's an interesting phenomenon. I don't understand it, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm\nsure . . . people do research and things like that. I did hear that the stronger\nman sometimes did not survive, and the man that wasn't so strong . . . because\nhe wasn't so strong . . . he was sick more times, his immunity was built up. It\nhas something to do with medical science.\n\nGHITIS: Let's go back to Lodz. You were talking about being in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz and where\nyou stayed while you were there.\n\nFISHKIN: Yes, we stayed in those housings a short time. Then we had to . . . we\nwere uprooted, impoverished, and mother went to live with Esther. Esther got\nmarried in Lodz. He [Yankel] immediately made sure that he wanted to marry my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister. They made a small wedding.\n\nGHITIS: How did you support yourselves?\n\nFISHKIN: Riva and I went to a kibbutz . . . Mizrachi.\n\nGHITIS: A kibbutz in . . . ?\n\nFISHKIN: . . . in Lodz.\n\nGHITIS: . . . in Lodz.\n\nFISHKIN: In Lodz. They created organizations, they called it kibbutz . . .\n\nGHITIS: Who founded it? Do you know who founded those?\n\nFISHKIN: I have no idea. I don't know. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"15 going on 16 . . . boys, girls .\n. . it was May . . . summertime . . . we arrived . . . the first of May we\narrived in Poland. We entered the kibbutz. I used to work . . . you had to do\nthings in kibbutz. I worked as a waitress . . . they fed us! I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"volunteered as a\nwaitress . . . with Riva. We were there . . . I think from May until the early\nfall, I think . . . or middle fall.\n\nGHITIS: Did you get any instruction?\n\nFISHKIN: Not in Mizrachi . . . they used to . . . Chumash, Tanakh . . .\nconcentrated on religion. Not that much because more instruction we had in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Strasbourg . . . arriving from Poland to Strasbourg [France].\n\nGHITIS: In this place, in this kibbutz . . .\n\nFISHKIN: Mizrachi.\n\nGHITIS: . . . did you have to observe religious . . .\n\nFISHKIN: Observe religion, yes. Shabbat . . . Friday nights we sang zemirot\n[Hebrew: special songs in honor of the Sabbath] . . . we sang songs.\n\nGHITIS: Were the boys separated from the girls?\n\nFISHKIN: Not in Mizrachi that much. The Orthodox ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organization was . . . I forgot\nthe name of it . . . they were totally separated.\n\nGHITIS: But you say \"Mizrachi.\" Was this a Mizrachi?\n\nFISHKIN: It was really a Mizrachi.\n\nGHITIS: What you called a 'kibbutz'?\n\nFISHKIN: They called it a 'kibbutz.'\n\nGHITIS: But it wasn't [in] Israel.\n\nFISHKIN: In Israel they call it a \"kibbutz.\"\n\nGHITIS: But it was a Mizrachi organization?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes, Mizrachi . . . they called it \"Torah v'avodah\" . . . was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name\nof Mizrachi.\n\nGHITIS: Which means \"Torah--\"?\n\nFISHKIN: \"Work and Study.\"\n\nGHITIS: How long did you stay there?\n\nFISHKIN: Until we went to Czechoslovakia . . . a few months?\n\nGHITIS: What made you go to Czechoslovakia?\n\nFISHKIN: Oh! We wanted to go out of Poland. Every Jew that came after the war .\n. . back from Russia, wanted to get out of Poland. Very few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stayed. I don't know\nanyone, but perhaps there is a few that did. Many of them went to Germany. Many\nof them had to cross the border from Poland to Germany illegally . . . when some\nof them did. You probably know the stories. But we went legally.\n\nGHITIS: How did you manage to leave?\n\nFISHKIN: . . . Poland?\n\nGHITIS: Yes.\n\nFISHKIN: What happened [was] that we stayed . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then my mother and my older\nsister [Esther] and her husband [Yankel] went to Czechoslovakia first. They were\naffiliated with the very Orthodox organizations because my brother-in-law was a\nrabbi and he was an Orthodox man . . . the Agudah . . . you probably know these\nnames, right? Agudah was very Orthodox. The yeshivot . . . there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a rosh\nyeshiva living in Brooklyn . . . came to America shortly before the war . . . he\nwas the one at this big yeshiva in Brooklyn [who] was responsible to bring my\nsister and brother-in-law to America. But at that point . . . you have to leave\nPoland. How do you leave Poland? You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need permission to leave Poland. Therefore\nat that time, even [though] it was Poland, Stalin had a big influence over\nPoland at that time yet. In fact, in Lodz I used to see Russian military walking\non the street. The only way [we] got permission is through organizations. Who\nwas responsible? Many organizations in America were also responsible. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\nsupplying the money, the means to feed and transport all these Jews. Those were\nall survivors. Many of them went to Germany. They had those camps in Germany,\nafter the war. I was never there.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know what organization made it possible for you to go from Poland\nto Czechoslovakia?\n\nFISHKIN: If I know exactly, no. I know that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stayed in Mizrachi. Partly it was\nbetween Israeli Zionists . . . Zionist organizations, [of] that I'm sure.\nBecause the idea was for us to go to Israel. So then they made sure . . . to go\nout of Poland again you have to organize. Everything has to be in an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organized\nfashion. So the entire kibbutz . . . they organized. There were few children\nthat had mothers. My sister [Riva] and I had a mother . . . most of them had no\nmothers, had no fathers. They were [sole] survivors. Many of them were hidden\nchildren. Many of them were hid by Polish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people . . . many of them were hidden\nin various ways. There was a little girl with me. Her name was 'Basha.' [sp:\n27:54] She was petite, like me, maybe a little smaller. She was hidden by a\nPolish family. They used to keep her in a big trunk during the day . . . a dowry\ntrunk [like] they used to have in Poland . . . the big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ones. During the night,\nthey would let her out . . . that's how she survived. So there were many\nchildren [who] survived in many, many, many ways.\n\nGHITIS: So where did you go in Czechoslovakia?\n\nFISHKIN: We came to Czechoslovakia . . . they settled us in a place on the\noutskirts of Prague called Dablice. Just spell it the way I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say. Dablice.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of place was it?\n\nFISHKIN: It was like a . . . they had housing . . . see what they did . . . I\ndon't hardly remember it . . . it was like a village on the outskirts of Prague.\nWherever they can find those organizations . . . my sister and her husband and\nmy mother were there, too . . . from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz. But they went before us . . . they\nmust have went about two, three or four weeks before us. They were there . . .\nthey used to find places to transport all these survivors out of Poland. So that\nwas a chore. So everything was temporary because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Czechoslovakia we went to\nStrasbourg [France]. We must have been there about six weeks or four weeks. My\nmother was there with my older sister and her husband, but they already had\npapers to go to France . . . Paris. Again, who supplied [them], who was behind\nall this? American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organizations. HIAS [Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society]. There\nwere other organizations,\n\nGHITIS: The Joint?\n\nFISHKIN: . . . Joint Distribution and yeshivoh, for the religious people. So\nthey went. Everything was on the way to America or on the way to Israel . . .\nout of Poland, out of Europe.\n\nGHITIS: Did the thought of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to Israel cross your mind?\n\nFISHKIN: I always wanted to go to Israel. My idea was to go . . . I always had\nthat strong feeling . . . because of my grandfather. I remember I told you that.\nBut I had a mother and my older sister and her husband . . . they decided they\ngo to America . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the Russians . . . first of all, we couldn't go to\nIsrael at that time. Palestine was under the English mandate. They wouldn't let\nus in anyway. My mother had a brother in Israel. We would have to wait a number\nof years in France in order to get to Israel. Then in the interim what happened\n. . . Israel had begun working towards its independence, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that took a number\nof years.\n\nGHITIS: How did you get to Strasbourg?\n\nFISHKIN: In Czechoslovakia we stayed . . . my mother joined us in Czechoslovakia\nbecause my sister had left for France. She was with us and then all that\nMizrachi . . . the Kinderheim . . . organizations of the children, they made\nsure that we have to go further. Czechoslovakia was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a temporary state.\n\nGHITIS: A transient place?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes. They put us on beautiful, very lovely passenger trains in\nCzechoslovakia. We went to Prague, I think, that time. I did go to Prague. We\nused to go visit in Prague . . . beautiful city . . . and from there we went to\nStrasbourg. In Strasbourg, they found ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"housing. It's a big house . . . actually\nthey claimed that German military were housed there during the war when they\noccupied Strasbourg. Of course, they were kicked out of there. Strasbourg had a\nbeautiful Jewish community, and they did a lot for these refugees. We were\nrefugees, literally refugees. So they housed us. That was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also called Mizrachi\nKinderheim. That was a Kinderheim [children's home].\n\nGHITIS: Children's home.\n\nFISHKIN: Children's home. In French they called it . . . I gave a picture to the\nBremanwhere I'm there with a few other people. On the back of the picture, I\ndon't know if you saw it there . . . you did? . . . what does it say?\n\nEINSTEIN: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't remember exactly what it says.\n\nFISHKIN: So, they have it there.\n\nGHITIS: Is it \"OSE\"? \"OSE\"? Is that an organization called \"OSE?\n\nEINSTEIN: No. I don't think so.\n\nFISHKIN: No.\n\nGHITIS: It's not \"OSE,\" okay.\n\nFISHKIN: No, no, no. I have a picture . . . they were . . . you see after the\nwar, they were constantly taking pictures of survivors, constantly. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think I\nhad to . . . I was downstairs, I was coming up the stairs . . . I see there's a\nphotographer taking pictures [of] a group of people. Then he said, \"I want you\nhere.\" So I stood . . . I was a kid . . . if you look at the picture you'll see.\nI think I still have the copy of it. I actually gave them the original they\nwanted. I was nice about it. Where was I?\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You were in Strasbourg in this big house,\n\nFISHKIN: In a big house. Over there . . . they gave . . . madrihim . . . people\nthat took care of the younger children . . . most of them were orphans. There\nwas a doctor and wife and two children that were hidden during the war in\nPoland, so he also went. He was the one that I took a few . . . a number of\nbiology classes because they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were getting us ready to teach us first aid.\nEverything was geared going towards Israel. Then we started . . . they taught us\nTanakh . . . Shabbat was . . . Friday night and Chumash and a little Hebrew. So\nwhatever I know, I know from there. Then we used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"play . . . they had\nvolleyball games . . . boys and girls . . . it was a modern atmosphere. We used\nto play volleyball. Cold winter days . . . we used to take cold showers . . .\nthey didn't have hot water there because the military was there supposedly. I\nused to take cold showers in the winter, but when you [are] 16 years old, I\nguess it doesn't mean anything.\n\nGHITIS: How long did that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"last? How long?\n\nFISHKIN: A year. We were a year in Strasbourg . . . we came into Strasbourg,\nthat's was 1945, then it was 1946 until 1947 . . . until October of 1947. We\nmust have come during October . . . I don't know, middle fall or early fall. We\ncame to Poland in May of 1945, the first of May. We came . . . it was around the\nJewish holidays, so it's something like middle fall. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then a few weeks later, we\nwent to Strasbourg, and we were there a year. In the meantime, my older sister\nwent to America with her husband. She was constantly writing mother letters, \"I\nmiss you. Why don't you come?\" We couldn't go to Israel because they wouldn't\nlet us in, so my mother decided that we're going to America. I was very\nrebellious. I was very upset for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while because I wanted to go to Israel, but .\n. . I loved my mother and my twin sister . . . we went to . . . so from\nStrasbourg, we went to, to a place called Chateau Fleury-en-Biere. That was a\nplace on the outskirts of Paris again. They were always housing these refugees .\n. . not in cities, you can't do that in the city . . . they were in the\nhundreds, thousands of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. That place, there were all . . . mostly Orthodox\nyeshiva bocharim, and married young couples mostly. Some mothers that survived .\n. . most of them that survived were young. The reason we had a mother [was]\nbecause we were in Siberia. Here and there a mother survived Auschwitz or so,\nbut most of them were young. So we stayed there a number of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks until October\nof 1947. We . . . my brother-in-law, my older sister's husband . . . made out\npapers for us so we can come to America. In October we went to Marseilles [France].\n\nGHITIS: The two of you?\n\nFISHKIN: No, the three of us! My mother . . .\n\nGHITIS: Your mother was still with you.\n\nFISHKIN: . . . my mother . . . at that point . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Dablice on, my mother\nwas with us. She was with us in the Kinderheim in Strasbourg. She used to help\nin the kitchen . . . all these women did some kind of work. The children were\nstudying . . . we were studying, playing ball, singing. It lasted a year, and\nthen everybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to different places.\n\nGHITIS: So you . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Miriam, when you came to Lodz . . . after you were liberated in Russia\nand [learned] the facts of the Holocaust and what had happened to your people,\nto our people. in Europe became completely known to you, what was your reaction?\n\nFISHKIN: My reaction was . . . first of all, I felt extremely lucky because I\nhad a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother. Most of them had no parents, so there was a time . . . for a\nlongest time, I considered myself . . . I didn't consider myself as a survivor.\nI thought how lucky I was that I didn't go through that hell, even though I went\nthrough a hell, not in the way they did . . . bad times, but not that kind of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hell. So I considered myself extremely lucky. I didn't consider myself 100\npercent lucky because I missed my father. So when I looked at these orphans . .\n. very few had moms, maybe a few had a father that survived, maybe . . . most of\nthem had no one. I was considering myself very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lucky. Knowing . . . it was hard\n. . . we were . . . life was hard . . . extremely hard. But I did consider\nmyself lucky, that I can tell you. There was a time that I would say, \"I cannot\nbe a survivor. I didn't go through that kind of hell.\" My hell wasn't strong\nenough in comparison with their hell.\n\nEINSTEIN: How have your thoughts ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"change about that or have they?\n\nFISHKIN: I began feeling . . . sure, I'm not a concentration camp survivor, but\nI am a\n\nWorld War II survivor. I survived by very sheer lucky chance, so I am a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivor. My grandparents were killed, my aunts and uncles and, most of all, my\nfather was killed. I'm an orphan. I'm half an orphan. I had to go to work at an\nearly age . . . work very hard, struggle. My father was . . . I felt my father,\nI missed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. I didn't have him. I lost him at age 10-1/2. At that, I came to\nthe realization that even though I didn't go to a concentration camp, but I did\ngo through so much. But there's no comparison, so I felt lucky that way.\n\nEINSTEIN: The other question that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had . . . we were just speaking about. . .\nthat you were becoming a teenager and a young woman . . .\n\nFISHKIN: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN:. . . while you were in Russia without . . .\n\nFISHKIN: Yes we came back [to] Lodz. There were boys and there were girls. I\nwas, as I said, a late bloomer so I was aware of a . . . I could have a crush on\na nice young man . . . maybe in a different way, in a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"naïve way . . . I\nwas aware. But it was difficult for me. Then I grew up without a father so it\nwas difficult for me. Growing up with my mother, my two sisters . . . thinking\nof one thing--to survive. Sure I was not in a concentration camp, but actually\nwe were always thinking just to survive . . . so thinking about a boy [and] a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"girl . . . that part was not here yet. But once we came to Lodz . . . it took\nme, as I was a late bloomer, it took me . . . I was a little . . . I was\nintroverted. I was an introvert . . . people don't believe it, but I was. Or\nmaybe you can call it shy. I was not too aggressive yet. Some boys and girls\nrelated differently, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it took me a while. I had high moral values. I had all\nthese things in my head. It's not . . . I don't regret about it, no, I'm proud\nof it . . . but that's the way I was. That's the way I was. I used to like a boy\n. . . . but I was never too aggressive, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no. It's good to be a little aggressive,\nit took me while though . . . it took me a while. But I secretly . . . secretly,\nI would have a crush, A or B or C, but never, never express it. [I was] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a dreamer.\n\nGHITIS: This was while you were still in Europe, before you came . . . you're\ndescribing the person . . .\n\nFISHKIN: . . . in Lodz . . .\n\nGHITIS: . . . you were . . .\n\nFISHKIN: . . . in Lodz. Then . . . that . . . it was even in Strasbourg too. It\npersisted . . . for a while. In Strasbourg . . . I wish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was different,\nthinking back but . . . you can't go back. Then, we came to the United States .\n. . but I was still my own . . . even though I have a lot of people liking me. I\nwas pretty, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cute . . .\n\nGHITIS: So you . . .\n\nFISHKIN: . . . finally, I met my husband. I had . . . really I had a lot of boys\nbefore him . . . bashert . . . everything, these things are bashert [Hebrew:\nfate, destiny]. Now you see Sonia and my son David . . . I have two\ngrandchildren of whom I'm very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"proud . . . David and Sonia. I'm a proud mom and\na proud grandmother.\n\nGHITIS: So let's pick up the story a little earlier. You say you went to\nMarseille, and from there you sailed . . . ?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes, we sailed [in] a boat . . . with . . . in fact, that was a Russian\nboat, called by the name Rucia [sp] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leningrad. That was the last boat that\nreally was sailing [from] Marseille [France] to America. In fact, they claimed\nthat that boat used to be a German boat, but the Russians had captured it. It\nmust have been a military boat. Of course, we didn't have first class. My mother\nand my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister Riva . . . any of these refugees didn't . . . but there were\npassengers that were . . . we met some American passengers that came in 1947 to\nFrance to Paris, and they were sailing back to America. In fact, amongst these\npassengers was a woman from Chicago . . . she happened to be a Jewish woman,\nwhose son had volunteered at age ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"17, when the war was still . . . shortly before\nthe end of the war. They had decided they didn't want him to go. He insisted he\nwanted to go. He went and he was killed at the very end of the war. She was in\nFrance . . . I think it was Normandy maybe . . . anyway she came to see his\ngravesite. So she was going back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America on that boat. She was a very sick\nwoman . . . she got seasick, extremely sick. I didn't get seasick for some reason.\n\nGHITIS: So how were you feeling during this trip?\n\nFISHKIN: Trip? The trip was good. Riva and I . . . everybody was sick, we did\nnot. There was a young boy on the boat . . . we were both on the ship together\nand his father and sister . . . survivors . . . Jewish boy. I sort of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developed\na little crush on him. His name was Benny I remember. A nice boy. But anyway . .\n. there were Russian sailors on the boat. My mother said, \"Don't you dare speak\nRussian there because we'll go back to Siberia.\"\n\nGHITIS: How long was the trip?\n\nFISHKIN: I think it was 10 days or 12 days. Cross[ed] the [Strait of] Gibraltar,\nI remember . . . it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was . . . just a one or few days storm there, but it was\nnice. Many people got very sick. Riva and I, we had fun, yes, young kids. It\nfelt . . .\n\nGHITIS: Did you . . . ?\n\nFISHKIN: What I felt? We felt alone . . . my mother wasn't a strong woman . . .\nshe still wasn't strong. We're going . . . there was . . . I couldn't think of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything. I was young . . . in many ways naïve. I couldn't picture what America\nis all about . . . I couldn't picture. We came to New York harbor. Then my older\nsister and her husband came. They picked us up. I had no vision . . . really. I\ndon't remember having a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vision. The only vision I had [was a] vision of freedom\n. . . that was my vision . . . free. What I'm going to do, how I'm going to do\nit, no vision. But . . . once we came . . . you sort of . . . maybe sometimes\n[when] you're young, you dream a little, but then you go down and come back to\nreality. Reality was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little grim because we were poor. We had nothing,\nabsolutely nothing. We stayed with my older sister. I immediately decided that I\nhad to go to work. My twin sister . . . we stayed a few weeks with my older\nsister . . . then . . . they had two bedrooms and a kitchen.\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where was it? Where were . . . ?\n\nFISHKIN: Borough Park . . . because my brother-in-law was a rabbi. He already\nhad a little pulpit someplace there. Then my mother decided it's time for us to\njust move out . . . so we moved to a one-room apartment. We rented a room on\nOcean Park Way, I remember. From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there . . . we finally . . . it was very\ndifficult after the war to get apartments . . . impossible. You had to really\nshmear. . . you had to give people under the table to help you. If you knew a\njanitor someplace or a superintendent in a housing apartment, you have to give\nhim money so if somebody moves out . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so it was difficult. We . . . finally,\nmy mother . . . she was very good that way . . . she found a little apartment on\nMcDonald [sp] Avenue. It was near the tracks.\n\nGHITIS: How did you deal with the language?\n\nFISHKIN: It was hard. I spoke Yiddish. I didn't know one syllable of English,\nnot even one. I spoke Yiddish. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we went to night school immediately . . .\nevening school at night, learning English. Over there you meet all these Italian\nboys and girls and Jewish boys and girls . . . they were all . . . right at the\nwar . . . there were so many of them . . . young. I remember the Italian boy\nrunning after me and speaking Italian. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"funny . . . when you're young . .\n. even though I had probably two dresses all together and a pair of shoes to\nwear. But slowly . . . and then immediately . . . I have . . . one of the women\ntold me in my sister's house in Borough Park . . . all these women . . . they\nwere in love with President [Franklin] Roosevelt after the war . . . these were\nwomen my age that I am now, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably. She said to me, \"There is a place\" . . .\nthey used to have small little factories in Borough Park. Where does a refugee\ngirl go? In a factory to work. Don't speak English . . . don't have any skill,\ndon't have a trade, don't have a profession. She says, \"There's a place here I\nwant you to go. You tell him that you have experience.\" It was a terrible thing\nfor me to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do. \"Otherwise, he will not hire you.\" But I wanted to make $1, so I\nwent. They were doing sewing on a machine . . . on a Merrow machine. . . special\nmachine . . . [making] children's clothes. I came, he interviewed me, and he\nspoke Yiddish. He said, \"Do you have experience?\" I says, \"Yes.\" She told me to\ndo ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that was lesson number one. I was . . . never thought to do it, but in a\ntime of need, you do sometimes. So he hired me, and he put me on the machine.\nThen he comes over and stays behind me. He says, \"Tell me, you didn't really\nhave experience, did you?\" I said, \"No.\" He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"It's okay.\" I worked there\nfor a little while. They used to . . . it's a special machine . . . it cuts and\nit sews at the same time. So I accidentally cut a little garment, a little baby\ntee shirt, \"My God, what do I do with it now?\"\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember how much they paid ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you?\n\nFISHKIN: Maybe $1.50 an hour.\n\nGHITIS: What about your sister? Did she also go to work?\n\nFISHKIN: She did too . . . my twin sister, yes. She . . . at that time, she went\nto . . . worked at a brassiere factory. So first I worked there, and then . . .\nshe went . . . I don't know how she got there. But from there, what they used to\ndo . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they kept me for a while . . . then they laid me off. When he laid me\noff, they told me to go to collect unemployment.\n\nGHITIS: How old are you by this time?\n\nFISHKIN: Eighteen. No language, shy, so I went to an employment agency. There\nwas a line. I don't remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exactly what I did, but anyway, finally somebody .\n. . gave me another [job] . . . also working on a machine doing brassieres. My\nsister went to Best Form Foundation. I don't know . . . if you were in the\nStates, you would know about it. It was a well-known brand, Best Form\nFoundation. It was actually [owned by] an Orthodox Jew, living in Borough Park .\n. . modern Orthodox . . . he had a big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factory. So finally my sister wound up\nthere. I worked with . . . a smaller guy in Borough Park. I remember when I\nworked for him for three days, I said, \"Don't you want to pay me?\" He said,\n\"Sweetheart\" . . . he said [it] in Yiddish . . . \"You know you have to work a\nweek. Friday is payday.\" I realized . . . I think he did give me something for\nthe three days. I had no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money. Then we went to work for Best Form Foundation.\nMy sister [Riva] married three years earlier than I did. So she . . . about two\nyears . . . then we went to school. We met boys and girls, Europeans, all\nsurvivors. Then they used to make . . . in New York they used to make dances . .\n. a dance, a party ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specially designed for refugees . . . young [people] . . .\nthere were so many of them, young boys and girls.\n\nGHITIS: Were, were these Jewish organizations?\n\nFISHKIN: No, I don't know who did it. I have no idea who did it . . . [the]\ndances. No, I don't think so . . . maybe it was . . . a Jewish guy decided to\nmake money . . . you have to pay when you go . . . they [cost] $1, but you still\nhave to pay. He realized . . . maybe the idea came from the organization . . .\nbeing there's so many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"young girls and boys . . . they have no place to go, no\nplace to meet. They need a social life. Even if you work . . . it came Saturday,\nSunday . . . they wanted them to meet, so they had these dances created.\nActually, at that time, I remember even college boys and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"girls . . . Americans\nused to go to dances, it was very popular. I don't know whether you know about\nit . . . to go to a dance. Today you meet on the Internet. Those days, they\ndidn't meet on the Internet, they went to dances. But where do I . . . go? There\nwere American dances and there were European dances. I once went to an American\ndance, without my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English. There was a guy . . . comes over to me. He speaks to\nme, but I'm a dummy, I don't speak English. Even though they used to like me . .\n. they were nice, they were good. But most of the time we went European dances.\nWe met people from Poland . . . girls, boys . . . this how my sister [Riva] met\nher husband . . . my twin sister . . . he survived Auschwitz. He was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivor\n. . . young, good looking man . . . and they got married. Meanwhile, I was still\nworking at Best Form, but I was . . . I got married. I was slow. I was always\nslower, I told you that. She got married earlier . . . I had time. I guess [if]\nmy mother wouldn't have pushed me a little I would still be single. I was . . .\nnever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rushed for some reason, maybe because I was a little insecure, I don't\nknow. There was so many factors working in that head. I worked it all out,\nfinally, eventually . . . but it took time.\n\nGHITIS: So you got married?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes, and had Sonia. Then I had David.\n\nGHITIS: Before, in those early years in this country, what was your emotional\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"state? How did you feel? Were you . . . I know you said you were a shy, quiet\nperson, but were you optimistic or did you carry something heavy in your heart\nbecause of the experience?\n\nFISHKIN: I had . . . I took care of my mother . . . so I had mom. I helped my\nmother a lot. Then at night school, I met a very nice girl . . . she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had\nsurvived in the partisans with her family. They didn't live too far from us. I\ndeveloped a beautiful social life with them. She had a father [who] was an\naccountant. We had so much in common. Beautiful girl. She had a brother, she had\na married sister. They all survived. They had a tremendous story to tell, but .\n. .\n\nGHITIS: So what kinds of things did you do socially?\n\nFISHKIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Socially . . . we used to come together and laugh and sing and talk.\n[We] used to go to a movie . . . go to a dance, and then go to work! [I] didn't\nhave money to go shopping . . . then had a little money. My mother would go\nshopping with me and buy a pair of shoes, buy a dress. We were poor.\n\nGHITIS: But going back to my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question, how did you feel inside?\n\nFISHKIN: Inside? I wasn't happy.\n\nGHITIS: You were not?\n\nFISHKIN: No.\n\nGHITIS: You said you helped your mother.\n\nFISHKIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: You supported her?\n\nFISHKIN: Go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work . . . work very hard. I always said, \"If Hitler wouldn't\ncome to Poland, this thing wouldn't [have] happen[ed].\" Then I had Sonia. I had\nresponsibilities . . . at that point already, I married my husband, and [we had]\nopened a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business.\n\nGHITIS: In New York.\n\nFISHKIN: In Brooklyn.\n\nGHITIS: In Brooklyn.\n\nFISHKIN: In Brooklyn, yes.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of a business?\n\nFISHKIN: A shoe business. We sold shoes. I went to work. I worked with him. I\nalways worked . . . come home, took care of Sonia, took care of the house,\ncleaned and cooked and worked. At that point, I . . . used to go to the library\nwith Sonia. I read ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"books even before that with Sonia. I always had . . .\nwhenever there's a guy or a woman came selling books, I would buy them. But even\nbefore I was married and my mother . . . they used to sell World [Book]\nEncyclopedia . . . my mother bought it. I used to sit and read it. This is how I\ndeveloped my knowledge of things, by reading, by listening.\n\nGHITIS: When you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became a mother, at what point did you start sharing your story\nwith your children?\n\nFISHKIN: Never.\n\nGHITIS: Why so?\n\nFISHKIN: Nobody did. You speak to most survivors . . . those years . . . nobody\nshared stories.\n\nGHITIS: How do you explain that?\n\nFISHKIN: How do I explain this? I'll tell you. This is the way ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I see it, I can\nonly take it from what . . . I went . . . I know from most of them . . . when we\nused to get together. . . survivors, we used to talk a little bit, not much. The\npeople that I made friends with . . . that was the . . . my best time of my life\n. . . because it was a family. They were nice. They would come to my house . . .\nbut, very seldom . . . actually those people [who] were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the partisans. There\nwas a, a film about the partisans . . . the Bielskis . . .\n\nGHITIS: Yes.\n\nFISHKIN: . . . they were with Bielski . . . that particular family was with\nBielski. I remember once I was there . . . I used to come there very often and\nspend time with them. They said, \"This is Mr. Bielski.\" To me, Mr. Bielski\ndidn't mean anything.\n\nGHITIS: So you met him?\n\nFISHKIN: I saw him for a moment. It didn't mean ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything to me until years\nlater. What we concentrated is [on] now and the future. The past was in the back\nyet. The past . . . when you go through all that most survivors did . . . it is\nbecause of Spielberg, that all this came. Spielberg came quite late. When'd he\ncome, five years ago . . . six years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ago?\n\nGHITIS: More like 10 years ago.\n\nFISHKIN: More like 10?\n\nGHITIS: About.\n\nFISHKIN: All right, the way I know it . . . could be . . . all right, but up to\nthe 10 years ago, nobody talked about it.\n\nGHITIS: So . . .\n\nFISHKIN: Busy, busy . . . don't forget that after the war came another life:\nmarriage, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children. That created other struggles, other situations. Some lives\nwent smoothly . . . not everybody's life went smooth.\n\nGHITIS: Sonia was your first child.\n\nFISHKIN: First.\n\nGHITIS: Then came your son.\n\nFISHKIN: David came eight years later.\n\nEINSTEIN: I'm sorry . . . was your husband American or was he a survivor?\n\nFISHKIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Survivor.\n\nEINSTEIN: Also Polish?\n\nFISHKIN: Eastern Poland.\n\nGHITIS: What were your dreams for your children?\n\nFISHKIN: Education, without my . . . with the little English I knew, I used to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go with Sonia to the library at a very early age. Then [I went] with David . . .\nbuying books, teaching them. They went to school . . . Sonia went to school. I\nused to help her with the little French I knew . . . practically nothing . . .\nbut whatever I knew I did . . . with English, that wasn't . . . was a little\nbetter improving. But she . . . I never . . . I taught my children to learn by\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"themselves. I would listen to her. If she needed something to memorize in\nFrench, she would ask me to . . . so I would . . . as little as I knew . . . I\nknew what she was saying. I knew whether it's right or wrong. I did it the same\nthing with David in Hebrew. Then David I sent to the Yeshiva of Flatbush. I sent\nhim to a private school. But Sonia went to school . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school [was] so\nbeautiful, the public schools. But David was born in 1962, and by the time he\nneeded . . . he had to go to school . . . public schools were not that good any\nmore. I was determined to send him to a private school to get it right. Sonia\nhad a beautiful education. She learned French at an early age. Public schools\nwere good, but not when David had to go to school. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration was to . . .\nI concentrated on educating my children . . . to educate my children.\n\nGHITIS: What about Judaism?\n\nFISHKIN: Me?\n\nGHITIS: For your children. How important was Judaism?\n\nFISHKIN: Absolutely important. Everything was for my children.\n\nGHITIS: You came here in 1947.\n\nFISHKIN: Yes, at the end of 1947.\n\nGHITIS: [In] 1948 Israel gained ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"independence.\n\nFISHKIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: What are your memories of that . . .?\n\nFISHKIN: I was sad. I was happy and sad.\n\nGHITIS: In what way?\n\nFISHKIN: In what way? That I wanted to go there, and I didn't go there . . .\nbecause I wanted to go there the worst way. I was . . . when I came to the\nStates, I was rebellious. I gave my mother a hard time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She wanted to go here\nbut . . . I have no regrets.\n\nGHITIS: Did you go to a celebration?\n\nFISHKIN: When the State . . . oh sure.\n\nGHITIS: Where did you go?\n\nFISHKIN: I don't remember . . . in 1948?\n\nGHITIS: Was there a community event?\n\nFISHKIN: New York is not like Atlanta. First of all, women don't go to the\nsynagogue ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there . . . Yom Kippur, Rosh Ha-Shanah, on Sukkot . . . Jewish\nholidays, we go to the synagogue. But even the Orthodox women didn't go . . .\nthe men . . . so celebration . . . most of the celebrations were in Manhattan.\nWe would go . . . I don't exactly remember. Don't forget, in 1948 I worked. . .\nI was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year in the country. But I was sad . . . the fact that this is where I\nwanted to go . . . I couldn't go because they wouldn't let me in. A year later,\nexactly, that's right.\n\nGHITIS: So you worked in the shoe store . . .?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: . . . for several years . . .\n\nFISHKIN: . . . many years . . .\n\nGHITIS: . . . many years . . .\n\nFISHKIN: . . . many years.\n\nGHITIS: After that, you had another job?\n\nFISHKIN: I always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked. I always worked.\n\nGHITIS: What work did you do after . . . ?\n\nFISHKIN: When I didn't work in the shoe store later on. . . [in] later years?\n\nGHITIS: Yes.\n\nFISHKIN: Always selling . . . I worked for a company called \"Labels for Less\" in\nManhattan. I used to sell lady's wear . . . always in sales. I was good! In\nfact, after that I'm going to show you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something . . . after we'll talk.\n\nGHITIS: You moved to Atlanta . . .\n\nFISHKIN:. . . in 1996.\n\nGHITIS: What made you come to Atlanta?\n\nFISHKIN: Sonia. By the time I . . . had some surgery in New York. I don't want\nto talk about it. I'm a cancer survivor, you know that . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colon. But thank\nGod, that happened in 1990.\n\nGHITIS: So you came . . .\n\nFISHKIN: So I . . . as I said . . . even though we survived, and we had the\n[unintelligible: 1:13:55] . . . but this is another era . . . a different life,\nnice things, bad things, all kinds of things. Another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"struggle, another hopes .\n. . different.\n\nGHITIS: But you worked here also.\n\nFISHKIN: Yes. I worked there for \"Labels for Less.\" I came to Atlanta. What made\nme came . . . it was very cold in New York . . . the winter of 1996 was\nhorrible, snow up to here [Miriam indicates her neck]. I had to shovel snow. I\nhad the house ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I had to go to work . . . travel from Brooklyn to Manhattan. I\ntraveled 1 hour and 15 minutes every day, even in the coldest of winter. I said,\n\"That's enough.\" I would talk to Sonia . . . Andy would come on the phone. He\nsaid, \"Good for you. I told you to come to Atlanta.\" So finally . . . it wasn't\nan easy decision . . . to uproot yourself again. I came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here because of Sonia.\nBy then David was married. David was in Maryland. So what I used to do . . . I\nwould shuttle from Brooklyn on holidays . . . I would go to Sonia, and then I\nwould meet David at the airport. I would come here. One year I would go to David\nand one day I would shuttle here. I was a frequent flyer with Delta. I kept on\nflying. I wanted to see my children. Until the winter of 1996 . . . was brutal.\nI was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting a little older. It was time to move on. I decided to move. Then I\nthought maybe I [would] retire because I had surgery in 1990 . . . then I just\ndid [retire]. So I thought I'd retire . . . so I moved into this house!\n\nGHITIS: Where you are living now.\n\nFISHKIN: I told Sonia, \"I don't drive . . . it's a problem.\"\n\n[Recording temporarily stops, then resumes]\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miriam, for many years, several of us have been trying to record your\nstory. You were not interested or didn't feel like doing it. What took you so long?\n\nFISHKIN: It's not that I wasn't interested. I didn't have an easy life . . .\nafter the war too. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, it's hard . . . it's difficult. I had another heavy\nsurgery here in Atlanta. So it was . . . it simply was difficult. But now that\nI'm always alone . . . I always, I don't sleep good because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's all in my head\n. . . so I decided . . . it's good to get it out a little bit.\n\nGHITIS: You have also started talking at the Breman Museum. What has your\nexperience as a speaker been like?\n\nFISHKIN: As a speaker there?\n\nGHITIS: Yes.\n\nFISHKIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First off . . . I never thought I could speak, that was number one.\nThat was my problem for many, many years. Maybe I lack a little confidence . . .\nthat's what it was. I never thought . . . I didn't like my accent, number one .\n. . I didn't like to hear myself speak because I have that accent. So that maybe\nprevented me many times. I then didn't know I could speak . . . that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can. As I\nrealized that I speak well, so the first time was the hardest one. It's very\nfunny . . . even at the Breman . . . when I first start up . . . it's very hard\nfor me . . . the beginning, to collect my thoughts. So I'm sort of stumble a\nlittle bit, but as I get into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it just flows.\n\nGHITIS: What feelings come with the experience?\n\nFISHKIN: I don't know. I have certain things . . . I used to . . . Sonia said,\n\"Mom, you always . . . every time you speak, you speak differently.\" That's\ntrue. I don't speak from a teleprompter . . . I speak from the heart, from my\nhead, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so it's all accumulated there.\n\nGHITIS: Does it give you satisfaction?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes, it does. In the beginning . . . I shiver a little bit because I'm\n. . . a little \"scaredy cat.\" But once I get into it, I'm fine.\n\nGHITIS: Are there any questions from the students . . . ?\n\nFISHKIN: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: . . . that you remember that . . . ?\n\nFISHKIN: One had asked me, \"Do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you hate the Germans?\" I told them, \"Historically\nand psychologically, hating someone is very bad. It's not good for the hater\nespecially. It destroys the hater, not the one that you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hate. So I do not hate\nthem. I [dis]trust them sometimes, but I don't hate them, no. Hate really . . .\neven historically destroys the people that hate.\" That was my answer to them.\n\nGHITIS: Any other questions you remember?\n\nFISHKIN: One had asked me, \"If you . . .\" . . . that was the last time . . . \"if\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you would wish for someone to come back . . . for anyone to come back from the\nHolocaust . . . people that you lost, who would you wish to come back?\" I told\nher, \"All of them.\"\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you were asked to pick one person?\n\nFISHKIN: . . . the one person would be my father, but really all of them. I lost\nmy grandfather, my grandmother, but my father.\n\nGHITIS: How important is Judaism to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you today . . . being Jewish, or having the\ngenerations that follow you to stay Jewish?\n\nFISHKIN: I'm proud of it. I'm really proud being Jewish . . . with all that, I'm\nvery proud. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always proud. There are good Jews and there are bad Jews and\nthere are all kinds of Jews. But as a whole, it's a beautiful people.\n\nGHITIS: Israel . . . where does Israel fit in your . . . ?\n\nFISHKIN: Israel fits into my mind every time. I went twice to Israel. One in\n1967, after . . . no, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1968, after the 1967 [Yom Kippur] War . . . exactly a\nyear after, [I] went to Israel. I remember when we came . . . when we landed . .\n. I was trembling. I was trembling seeing for the first time in my life a red\nberet soldier, a Jewish policeman, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jew . . . a taxi driver, a Jew . . .\neveryone Jewish. Jews were considered . . . in Poland . . . a Jewish soldier . .\n. Jews were in the Polish army . . . but Jews couldn't defend themselves. Jews,\nif you slap them in one cheek they'll give you the other cheek . . . that wasn't\nanymore. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"proud. I was so proud of the state of Israel.\n\nGHITIS: Miriam, what do you want to tell future generations based on your life\nand your experiences?\n\nFISHKIN: What I want to tell the future generations . . . what my father had\ntold me . . . my father had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrote a letter before the ghetto was liquidated. He\ngave that letter to a Polish [man] . . . by the name Demski. The same family\nthat we were [with] in Siberia . . . in fact I have that letter. In that letter,\nmy father is saying goodbye because . . . he knew that . . . at that point . . .\nthat we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were in Siberia some place. He's saying goodbye and stating finally . .\n. his legacy to me and my twin sister: \"Study hard, work hard, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have dignity,\nhave integrity. Whatever you do . . . you do with total honesty.\" That's what I\nwould tell the young generation to do. Study hard, work hard, have integrity,\nhonesty. Never to lie, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never to cheat, and never to discriminate. That's what I\nwould tell this generation.\n\n[Tape is interrupted, then resumes]\n\nFISHKIN: My descendants, my grandchildren, the same thing . . . exactly the same\nthing as I tell all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children, and all the people.\n\nEINSTEIN: Is there something that you would like the world to understand from\nyour experiences, or the Jewish people more as a whole?\n\nFISHKIN: What I would like the world to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understand [is] that the Jewish people\nare a people like any other people. They want to live, they want to laugh, they\nwant to work, and they want to do as anybody else. They are a good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9870.0,9900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. I\nnever understood why the non-Jewish world doesn't like the Jew. I could never\nunderstand it, never. The Jew brought so much to this world. I remember a Polish\nlittle boy . . . shortly before the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9900.0,9930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war . . . [who] called me, \"You dirty Jew!\nIdą do Palestyny\" . . . it means \"Go to Palestine.\" It must have been in 1938.\nI knew very little. I knew about Palestine, about Dr. Herzl . . . but very\nlittle. I was young. I was eight years old. I need a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tissue.\n\n[tape is interrupted, then resumes]\n\nFISHKIN: I was eight years old! He said, \"Hey, dirty Jew . . . \"Brudni Żyd idą\ndo Palestyny\" . . . go to Palestine.\"\n\nGHITIS: Now?\n\nFISHKIN: Now they want them out of Palestine.\n\nEINSTEIN: Maybe that's the lesson. We can't win.\n\nFISHKIN: No.\n\nEINSTEIN: Is that the lesson? No, it's not the lesson?\n\nFISHKIN: It's unfortunate. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I worked with a girl . . . she said to me . . . not\nJewish . . . she said to me, \"Miriam, you come from good people.\" I told her, \"I know.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: Miriam, is there anything at all that we haven't asked about or any\nmemories that come to your mind or anything else you would like . . . when I was\ngoing to get your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9990.0,10020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tissue, I walked by all these beautiful pictures of your\ngrandchildren and your children . . . what does it mean to you to have survived\n. . . ?\n\nFISHKIN: To see . . . it means a lot to me . . . it means that God meant for me\nto survive and to prosper in my own little way and to bring a generation and\nthat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=10020.0,10050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generation for another generation. I have two generations here in the\nUnited States. I hope to God there'll be more generations.\n\nEINSTEIN: Miriam and Sara, thank you very, very much for agreeing to do this\ninterview. It was a long time coming and totally worth every . . .\n\nFISHKIN: It's not easy. Look, there're so many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/transcript/20014/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stories . . . you can't . . . you\njust can't do everything, you can't. I tried to condense it as much as I can . .\n. you can't actually express everything anyway.\n\nEINSTEIN: Thank you.\n\nFISHKIN: Some things are very private.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=10080.0,10110.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Russian and Belarussian name is Pruzhany. In Polish it is Pruzana. It is the county seat of Polesye District, Poland. After World War II it ended up in Belarus. During the war it was in Reichskommisariat Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the beginning of the war there were about 4,200 Jews in Pruzhany although Jews from the surrounding area and towns were pushed into the ghetto established there, totally about 18,000 at its height.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTheodor Herzl was the father of modern political Zionism. In 1896 he published The Jewish State, in which he advocated the establishment of a Jewish state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJozef Pilsudski was a revered Polish statesman who was the head of Poland from 1926 to 1935. His title was Marshal Pilsudski and many credit him with Poland becoming independent between the wars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was a non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia signed August 23, 1939. Russia, which had a treaty with Poland to defend it if it was attacked, reneged in secret. Russia agreed to stand aside if Germany attacked Poland and not declare war on Germany. In return Russia would get the eastern half of Poland as a gift after the invasion. Hitler, knowing that he wasn’t going to have to fight Russia if he invaded Poland, invaded Poland just one week later.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: Pesach. The anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzot, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday is celebrated. The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “order”. The ritual meal eaten at home on the first and second nights of Passover. The family meal is accompanied by the retelling of the story of the Israelites’ exodus from Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “head of the year’, i.e. New Year festiva). The cycle of High Holidays begins with Rosh Ha-Shanah. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh Ha-Shanah, God sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or Death. These decisions may be revoked by prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: ‘Sanctification.’ A blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Sabbath and Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “Day of Atonement.” The most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25 hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDespite all the spelling the correct spelling is ‘Gostynin'.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Russian Communist youth organization. They had a uniform.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Snub-nosed.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Eastern Europe, there would be a caretaker for each large building. He was the janitor and manager in general for all the residents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Water carrier.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau and Monowitz (Auschwitz III).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe actual date of the invasion was June 22, 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eI think what Miriam is trying to say is that they were deported on June 20th. Her father was in hiding so he did not accompany them. Someone told her father that the Germans had invaded. So believing that the occupation by the Russians would shortly be over, so he came out of hiding. The Russians imprisoned him. If Meyer thought the arrival of the Germans would be his salvation, he was terribly wrong because when they arrived on June 27 his custody was simply continued, but this time for being a Jew, not a capitalist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eActually the Germans invaded the Soviet Union on June 22. They occupied Pruzhany on June 27. So there a few days in between, but not many.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe correct name of the river is River Bug.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Europe in general a gymnasium is advanced secondary education, comparable to advanced high school or college preparatory high schools. In Poland specifically it was a middle school (junior high school) for pupils aged 13 to 16.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis area of Russia is heavily forested. There aren’t a lot of large cities or towns, but dotted all over the landscape are what are essentially villages or factory villages set up around saw mills.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eApparently Miriam is saying that her mother acted as an interpreter and broker between Russian and Polish women for purposes of bartering. For her services, she would get part of the barter, such as part of the flour.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Caucasus is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia and situated between the Black and the Caspian Sea. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains and is separated into northern and southern parts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh yeshiva is the title given to the dean of a Talmudical academy (yeshiva), or Jewish religious school. His students are Talmudim (students of the Talmud).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kohlkoz, and its close cousin, the solhkoz, are large collective farming communes. They began in the Soviet Union after the October Revolution of 1917. In both cases, individual farmers were forced off their land and the state appropriated it. Thereafter they lived in the commune and got paid a share of the farm’s product and profit according to how many days they worked. The peasant could have a garden on about one acre of land to feed him family, although it was inadequate. The rest of the product was sold to the government for very low prices. A sohlkoz is very similar but the workers did get paid a (very low) salary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Israeli cooperative settlement consisting of small separate farms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn ecoregion, usually characterized by grasslands and shrublands. It is not quite wet enough to support a forest but not dry enough to be a desert. The weather fluctuations can be extreme between summer and winter and day and night. In Russia, the area is called the “Great Steppe” and is in the southwest and neighboring countries in Central Asia stretching from Ukraine in the west through Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan to the Altai, Koppet Dag and Tian Shan ranges.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lodz ghetto, the second largest in Poland, was located in the poorest area of the city (renamed Litzmannstadt by the Germans) and was walled in. At its peak it held some 200,000 Jews. The ghetto was liquidated in July 1944 when the last of the Jews, including Chaim Rumkowski, the elder of the Judenrat, and his family were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and murdered in the gas chambers. A few Jews were kept behind to loot the ghetto buildings of any remaining valuables. The Soviets liberated the city of Lodz in January 1945. It makes sense that refugees, Jewish or otherwise, would be put in this area after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNote: Throughout the transcript Miriam refers to the KGB as the KBG. Where ‘KBG’ occurs, it has been changed to ‘KGB.’ However, that is not even right as the KGB did not come into existence until after the war. During the war it was the NKVD. However, the references to the KGB will be left but should be taken as the NKVD by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOverall Mizrachi is a religious Zionist organization founded in 1902 in Vilna by Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Reines. Its youth movement, Bnei Akiva, became an international movement. Mizrachi believes that the Torah should be at the center of Zionism and that Jewish nationalism is a means of achieving religious objectives. Hashomer Hatzair is a similar Zionist youth movement except its political ideology is socialist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMandatory Palestine, officially Palestine, was a geopolitical entity under British administration. It was carved out of Ottoman Syria after World War I. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 to 1948. It was formalized with the League of Nations’ consent in 1923 and contained two administrative areas. The land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British rule until 1948, while the land east of the Jordan was a semi-autonomous region known as Transjordan under the rule of the Hashemite family. It gained independence in 1946 as Jordan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kibbutz is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture, although today they are also based on industrial plants and high-tech enterprises. Kibbutzes in post-war Europe were collection and training places for Jews wishing to move on to then Palestine, later Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Bible. A canonical collection of Jewish texts corresponding closely, but not identically, to the Protestant and Catholic Old Testament.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA military formation of the British Army that served in Europe during World War II. The Brigade was formed in late 1944 and its personnel fought the Germans in Italy. After the war, some of them assisted Holocaust survivors to emigrate illegally to Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish men cover their heads during prayer with a small skull-cap called a yarmulke or kippah. Orthodox Jewish men wear it at all times to remind themselves of God’s presence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eI couldn’t find a Balka anywhere on any map. There is however a Balakan, Azerbaijan just across the border from Armenia. Both are considered to be in the North Caucasus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘dedication.’ An eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. Hanukkah celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rules of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the menorah but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The menorah with its eight branches commemorates this miracle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGoering was one of Hitler’s inner circle. In World War I he was an ace fighter pilot. He became a member of the NSDAP from its early days. He was wounded in 1923 in the failed coup in Munich led by Hitler known as the ‘Beer Hall Putsch.’ In the Nazi administration he was the commander of the Luftwaffe (German air force) in 1935. He held this position until near the end of the war when he was disgraced because of the decimation of the German air force by the Allied forces. He was also responsible for the economy in the buildup to World War II. In 1941 Hitler appointed Goering as his successor, but after his fall from grace, in the last days of the Reich, Hitler selected Admiral Karl Donitz instead. Goering was captured, put on trial in the Nuremberg trials in 1946, convicted, and sentenced to be hung. Goering, however, had managed to smuggle a cyanide capsule into the prison, which he took, committing suicide before he could be hung.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn ancient woodland that straddles the border between Poland and Belarus in the area of Brest and Bialystok. It is one of the last and largest remaining parts of the immense primeval forest that once stretched across Europe. Now it is a wildlife preserve.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNote: Miriam is using the word “Treblinka” as an iconic word for “gas chambers.” Prisoners in Auschwitz did not get sent to the Treblinka death camp if they got sick, they were sent to the gas chambers in Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Chumash is another word for Torah or the Five Books of Moses of the Hebrew Bible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA loose organization of ultra-Orthodox Jews in the United States. The original movement was established in Europe in 1912 by some of the famous Orthodox rabbis of the times. It grew during the 1920’s and 1930s to be the political, communal and cultural voice of most of the ultra-Orthodox Jewish community, including in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA dowry is the money, goods or estate that a woman brings to her husband in marriage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHIAS was founded in 1881. Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFormal name: American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. Commonly called it the “Joint.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman. Children’s homes, protector, or orphanage. There were many of these in post-war Europe to care for orphaned Jewish children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzechoslovakia was established by the Versailles Treaty after World War I. During World War II it was occupied and divided. The Germans split it into Slovakia (an ally of Germany) and the rest was merged into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the Greater German Reich. After the war the area was taken over by the Soviet Union. On January 1, 1993 Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMMF 627.001\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOeuvre de Secours aux Enfant (OSE). A French Jewish humanitarian organization that saved hundreds of Jewish refugee children in Vichy France during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: counselors, those whose guide.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eI think this is what she is referring to. It is on the outskirts of Paris and is technically a community. The only thing there is a huge chateau. I don’t know if the chateau itself was used for temporary lodgingsafter the war (it would be big enough) or it was just the area around the Chateau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNo way to trace this ship name\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarseilles is a major French seaport on the Mediterranean. To get out of the Mediterranean you have to pass through the Straits of Gibraltar which is a narrow passage that separates Spain from Morocco in Africa.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSometimes spelled as ‘Boro Park’ by its residents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish: to smear, grease. In other words, she had to bribe them. In slang it means “a batch of things that go together.” Also spelled ‘shmeer’ or ‘schmear.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as ‘FDR,’ he collapsed and died in his home in in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA manufacturer’s name. The machine was an industrial sewing machine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe film is called Defiance, starring Daniel Craig as Tuvia Bielski. The Bielski brothers—Tuvia, Alexander, Azael (Zus) and Aron—were Jewish partisans who rescued Jews in the area of Novogrodek and Lida in German-occupied Poland. In addition to fighting the Germans as partisans the brothers sheltered and ultimate saved 1,236 Jews by sheltering and protecting them in forest camps during the war. It is not clear which Bielski brother Miriam met as at least two of them lived in the Brooklyn area: Tuvia and Zus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Yeshiva of Flatbush is a modern Orthodox private Jewish day school in Brooklyn.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the Harvest Festivals. It is seven days long and comes after the ingathering of the yearly harvest. It celebrates God’s bounty in nature and God’s protection, symbolized by the fragile booths in which the Israelites dwelt in the wilderness. During Sukkot Jews eat and live in such booths which gives the festival its name and character.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsraeli paratroopers and special forces units wear a red beret.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Yom Kippur War, 1967 (Six-Day War) was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 and involved Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt, Jordan and Syria. Israel launched surprise air strikes against gathering Arab forces. The outcome was swift and decisive. Israel took effective control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. Israel later gave the Sinai back to Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/annotation_set/217/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the war Pruzhany in Poland, now it is in Belarus. About half the town’s population were Jews (4,200). The Soviets occupied Pruzhany in September 1939 and several Jewish families were deported to Siberia. The Germans occupied the town on June 23, 1941 and on August 10, 1941 they were pushed into a ghetto. By September 25 the Jews from the town and other towns in the area had all been relocated to the ghetto—about 18,000 in total. In March 1942 Jews from towns in the area were also pushed into the ghetto. There was a resistance movement in the ghetto and some Jews fled to the forest to fight with the partisans. In a census taken on November 1, 1942 there were nearly 10,000 Jews still alive in the ghetto. On January 28, 1943 the ghetto was liquidated and by the beginning of February all had been sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau in four transports. Only two hundred Jews survived.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9720.0,9750.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Miriam Fishkin [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=75.0,448.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother’s name was Bluma; my father’s name was Mayer.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=75.0,448.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accountant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pruzhany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=75.0,448.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi influence in Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=448.0,572.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But once he died, German influence . . . Nazi influence came into Poland, things begin changing.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=448.0,572.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=448.0,572.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memories of Jewish festivals growing up","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=572.0,1065.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With Passover, I remember we got together with my grandparents and my aunts and uncles.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=572.0,1065.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kiddush","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosh Ha-Shanah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seder","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yom Kippur","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=572.0,1065.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life under Soviet occupation ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1065.0,1863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happened once Pruzhany was under the Russian occupation . . . the Soviet government . . . had put on loud speakers that all the people that came from western Poland should register [and] they’ll give them passports . .","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1065.0,1863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deportation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eviction","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food shortage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1065.0,1863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being deported","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1863.0,2409.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happened in 1941 . . . that lasted until 1941 . . . the 20th of June in 1941, they came five o’clock in the morning . . . three KGB men came to the house about five in the morning.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1863.0,2409.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cattle train","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deportation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KGB","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=1863.0,2409.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Preparing to be resettled","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2409.0,2953.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember that Riva and I went to the yard . . . my older sister and mother had . . . I was . . . there’re certain things that I’m not absolutely sure . . . I remember that I went to the back.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2409.0,2953.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siberia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2409.0,2953.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Resettling in Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2953.0,3563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It’s a big village and everybody was working at this lumber factory. They produced lumber for airplanes . . . lumber for the war to build tanks, airplanes.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2953.0,3563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kolpashevo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lumber factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Togur","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=2953.0,3563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moving again","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3563.0,4087.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chaldonne. They looked like Eskimos. They were the free people.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3563.0,4087.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chaldonne","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exile","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=3563.0,4087.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Resettlement to Caucasus, Russia and then to Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4087.0,4787.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We came there, and then they put us into little zemlanki. ‘Zemlanki’ means “little huts”","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4087.0,4787.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4087.0,4787.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ravages of War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4787.0,5083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am not absolutely sure, the only thing I remember [is] that on that field . . . you could still see a head with hair . . . skeletons. Those were ravages of war . . .","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4787.0,5083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German occupation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish brigade","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=4787.0,5083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meeting a group of young Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5083.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She talked, “Let’s go, Esther! Look I met a whole group of Jews there!” My mother had something in her mind already . . . not Esther.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5083.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler's treatment of Jews in Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5490.0,5644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we were in Russia at the beginning we didn’t hear. We knew what Hitler was doing to the Jews in 1939 when...","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5490.0,5644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5490.0,5644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finding out about the fate of her father","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5644.0,6268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All right. It’s very strange. Shortly before the war ended . . . my mother was very good in corresponding . . . she used to write letters.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5644.0,6268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dysentery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Treblinka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=5644.0,6268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going from Poland to Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6268.0,6625.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I know exactly, no. I know that I stayed in Mizrachi. Partly it was between Israeli Zionists . . . Zionist organizations, [of] that I’m sure.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6268.0,6625.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dablice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"zionist organizations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6268.0,6625.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Strasbourg","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6625.0,7045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and from there we went to Strasbourg. In Strasbourg, they found housing. It’s a big house . . . actually they claimed that German military were housed there during the war when they occupied Strasbourg.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6625.0,7045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewsih community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OSE","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Strasbourg","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=6625.0,7045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miriam's reaction to the treatment of other Jews at the time","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7045.0,7491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My reaction was . . . first of all, I felt extremely lucky because I had a mother.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7045.0,7491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"orphans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7045.0,7491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sailing to America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7491.0,7849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, we sailed [in] a boat . . . with . . . in fact, that was a Russian boat, called by the name Rucia [sp] Leningrad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7491.0,7849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gibraltar","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refugees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7491.0,7849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adapting to America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7849.0,8463.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was hard. I spoke Yiddish. I didn’t know one syllable of English, not even one. I spoke Yiddish. Then we went to night school immediately . . . evening school at night, learning English.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7849.0,8463.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Borough Park","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"language barrier","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=7849.0,8463.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feelings toward life in America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8463.0,9071.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Inside? I wasn’t happy.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8463.0,9071.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brooklyn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"responsibilities","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoe business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=8463.0,9071.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coming to Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9071.0,9447.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sonia. By the time I . . . had some surgery in New York. I don’t want to talk about it. I’m a cancer survivor, you know that . . . colon. But thank God, that happened in 1990.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9071.0,9447.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cancer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Labels for Less","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"winter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9071.0,9447.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miriam's feelings towards the Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9447.0,10102.868"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One had asked me, “Do you hate the Germans?” I told them, “Historically and psychologically, hating someone is very bad.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9447.0,10102.868"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796/index/47308/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hate","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30716/file/98796#t=9447.0,10102.868"}]}]}]}