{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/6q1sf2mr2m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Eizenstat, Stuart (2009)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2009-11-23 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eStuart Eizenstat interviewed by Sandra Berman on November 23, 2009 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eStuart Eizenstat was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1943.   He moved to Atlanta, Georgia, with his mother when he was eight months old after his father had returned from the Army.  Stuart’s father, Leo, was born and raised in Atlanta.  Stuart’s grandfather, Ezor, immigrated to Atlanta in 1904 from Belarus.  Stuart’s family belonged to Ahavath Achim and Shearith Israel in Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStuart grew up in the Morningside area of Atlanta.  He attended Morningside Grammar School and Grady High School.  He played basketball at Grady and was honorable Mention All American.  He attended Sunday school and was bar mitzvahed at Ahavath Achim.   He attended University of North Carolina and Harvard Law School.   ​\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStuart has held several prominent positions in the Carter and Clinton administrations, as presidential advisor, Under Secretary of State, Under Secretary of Commerce, and Deputy of the Treasury Secretary.  Stuart has been extraordinarily involved in Holocaust work.  He worked extensively with restitutional recovery for victims of the Holocaust and helped create the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.   \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStuart and his wife, Frances, have two children. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eStuart Eizenstat discusses growing up in Atlanta.  He discusses going to public school and playing basketball.  He talks about his father receiving a rich Jewish education.  He reflects on his earliest recollections of his father and studying the Torah with him after Shabbat dinner.  He recalls his father speaking and reading Russian fluently.  He remembers Rabbi Harry Epstein from Achavath Achim.   He talks about his family’s relationship with him and greeting him on his arrival to Atlanta in 1928.  He mentions that Rabbi Epstein had a major impact on his life.  Stuart talks about his memories of his father, grandfather, and cousins. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStuart remembers segregation in Atlanta during the 1950s and 1960s.  He talks about attending the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill during the civil rights era and participating in boycotts.  He reflects on these experiences and his Atlanta upbringing as being seminal moments that have contributed to his public career and with Holocaust remembrance and education.  Stuart discusses his work in the Carter and Clinton Administrations and his work with Holocaust restitution.  Stuart talks about his involvement in the founding of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStuart talks about visiting the graves of his father and grandfather in Israel.  He talks about his family who remained in Lithuania and finding details of them in archives in Lithuania.  He talks about his wife, Fran, and their two sons.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28404"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may bereproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic ormechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system,without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Stuart Eizenstat (personal name)","William Jefferson Clinton (personal name)","Rabbi Tobias Geffen (personal name)","Rabbi Harry Epstein (personal name)","James Earl “Jimmy” Carter Jr. (personal name)","Menachem Begin (personal name)","Rabbi Jacob Rothschild (personal name)","Leo Frank (personal name)","Civil Rights (named event)","United Jewish Appeal (corporate name)","Shabbat (named event)","Jewish Educational Alliance (corporate name)","bar mitzvah (named event)","Aliyah (named event)","Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (named event)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eStuart Eizenstat interviewed by Sandra Berman on November 23, 2009 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStuart Eizenstat was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1943.   He moved to Atlanta, Georgia, with his mother when he was eight months old after his father had returned from the Army.  Stuart’s father, Leo, was born and raised in Atlanta.  Stuart’s grandfather, Ezor, immigrated to Atlanta in 1904 from Belarus.  Stuart’s family belonged to Ahavath Achim and Shearith Israel in Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStuart grew up in the Morningside area of Atlanta.  He attended Morningside Grammar School and Grady High School.  He played basketball at Grady and was honorable Mention All American.  He attended Sunday school and was bar mitzvahed at Ahavath Achim.   He attended University of North Carolina and Harvard Law School.   ​\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStuart has held several prominent positions in the Carter and Clinton administrations, as presidential advisor, Under Secretary of State, Under Secretary of Commerce, and Deputy of the Treasury Secretary.  Stuart has been extraordinarily involved in Holocaust work.  He worked extensively with restitutional recovery for victims of the Holocaust and helped create the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.   \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStuart and his wife, Frances, have two children. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStuart Eizenstat discusses growing up in Atlanta.  He discusses going to public school and playing basketball.  He talks about his father receiving a rich Jewish education.  He reflects on his earliest recollections of his father and studying the Torah with him after Shabbat dinner.  He recalls his father speaking and reading Russian fluently.  He remembers Rabbi Harry Epstein from Achavath Achim.   He talks about his family’s relationship with him and greeting him on his arrival to Atlanta in 1928.  He mentions that Rabbi Epstein had a major impact on his life.  Stuart talks about his memories of his father, grandfather, and cousins. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStuart remembers segregation in Atlanta during the 1950s and 1960s.  He talks about attending the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill during the civil rights era and participating in boycotts.  He reflects on these experiences and his Atlanta upbringing as being seminal moments that have contributed to his public career and with Holocaust remembrance and education.  Stuart discusses his work in the Carter and Clinton Administrations and his work with Holocaust restitution.  Stuart talks about his involvement in the founding of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStuart talks about visiting the graves of his father and grandfather in Israel.  He talks about his family who remained in Lithuania and finding details of them in archives in Lithuania.  He talks about his wife, Fran, and their two sons.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may bereproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic ormechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system,without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/105/307/small/Stuart_Eizenstat.png?1619296995","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Eizenstat_Stuart.mp4"]},"duration":3473.184,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/105/307/small/Stuart_Eizenstat.png?1619296995","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/105/307/original/Eizenstat_Stuart.mp4?1612903715","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3473.184,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Stuart Eizenstat [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \n\nBERMAN: Today is November 23, 2009. I'm with Stuart Eizenstat, who has agreed to\nparticipate in the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project of the William\nBreman Jewish Heritage Museum. I'm Sandy Berman. I'm very grateful that you have\nagreed to come in. I know your schedule is very, very busy. I know you have been\ninterviewed countless number of times. It must be a bore to you. I'm not going\nto concentrate so much on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your political life but more about your life here in\nAtlanta and your roots because that is part of our history and the history we\nwant to get on tape. If you could talk a little bit about when you were born,\nwhere you were born, and how you came to Atlanta at such an early age.\n\nEIZENSTAT: My grandfather, Ezor Eizenstat, was born and raised ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a little\nshtetl in what is now Belarus, called Zakali [sp]. When I was in the [Bill]\nClinton Administration, [as] Under Secretary of State, I was doing Holocaust\nrestitution work, I had an occasion to go to Belarus for my work. I took a side\ntrip and actually found the village. He came to Atlanta in 1904 and lived on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nsoutheast side of town, what would probably now be near second base at the\nAtlanta stadium, in the Capitol Avenue, Washington Avenue near what was then AA\n[Ahavath Achim] synagogue. My father was born and raised in Atlanta. They\nbelonged to the AA synagogue. My father got a remarkably rich Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education.\nHe was tutored by Rabbi [Tobias] Geffen. They also belonged to Shearith Israel.\nRabbi Geffen was really his tutor. Some of my earliest recollections are of my\nfather on Friday night . . .\n\nBERMAN: What is your father's name?\n\nEIZENSTAT: My father was Leo. I'll continue this spot and then double back to\nhow he met my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother. But some of my earliest recollections were on Friday night\nafter Shabbat dinner, going into the den in our hall on Windemere Drive. He\nwould take the parshat of the week and go over it. It was all in Hebrew. No\nEnglish translation [in] his Bible. At the bottom in very tiny script was the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian commentary on that parshat, which he could read fluently and understand\nfluently. That Bible had a particular meaning for me because of the amount of\ntime I spent with him going over the parshat of the week for many years. Every\ntime I was sworn into office as Ambassador to the European Union, as Under\nSecretary of State, as Under Secretary of Commerce, as Deputy of the Treasury\nSecretary, I was sworn in on that Bible. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It had almost fallen apart and had to\ncontinue to be taped. It is something that has stayed with me. He grew up in\nthat area in southeast Atlanta. He went to Boys High School. I later went to\nGrady High School, which was the same school. He worked in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"various shoe stores\nduring summers while he was going to Emory [University]. He was going to Emory\nfor a year or two. Then he was drafted in the [United States] Army. He met my\nmother in the following way. They lived in a duplex home in southeast. I think\nit was on Washington Street. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They lived on the second floor. Mr. and Mrs. Davis\nlived on the first floor. Mr. Davis' daughters included Dorothy, who became\nDorothy Medintz, after Camp Barney Medintz was made, and two other sisters. So\nthe families were obviously very, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very close. My Aunt Dorothy married my Uncle\nBarney, who was my mother's brother. There were four children from that side of\nthe family. My Uncle Barney was the oldest. My mother, Sylvia. My Uncle Coleman.\nThen my Aunt Sarah, after whom I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was named, who died at an early age. They had\ncome from Lithuania. Again, during my Clinton administration years, I was doing\nwork in Lithuania. Lithuania has extraordinary archives. I was able to find the\n1897 census through a professional, who helped us go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through the archives, my\ngreat grandfather, my great grandmother, and all of their children, including my\ngrandfather, Israel Medintz. He was then around 12. He was listed in the census.\nThere were two other daughters of eight children, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who we did not know, because\nthe whole family moved from Lithuania to Chicago [Illinois]. I inquired when I\nwas at a family event who these two additional children were, sisters of my\ngrandfather. One elderly relative remembered that they had come in 1938 on a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boat and had gotten as far as Cuba. One had an eye disease, glaucoma, or some\nsuch problem, and they were sent back. The other sister went with her, and they\nwere killed in the Holocaust. My mother's side and the rest all moved to\nChicago. They had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remarkably close family, a very, very large extended family\nin Chicago. More on Chicago in a minute because that is actually where I was\nborn. There was a club named after my great grandfather from Lithuania. That\nclub met once a month, all the relatives, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until quite recently when most passed\naway. It was really a very, very close family. The Davis family in Atlanta, this\nis where the connection comes. My Aunt Dorothy met my Uncle Barney when he had\nmoved to Atlanta. He was actually born in London. He went from Lithuania to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"London, London to Chicago. He went to Northwestern [University]. [He] was an\nexcellent athlete. [He] came to the old [Jewish Educational] Alliance, the\npredecessor to the JCC [Jewish Community Center], as the athletic director after\ngraduating from Northwestern. He ended up setting up a service uniform company\non Plaza Way. His initial job was the old Alliance. I still remember as a kid\ngoing to basketball games at the old Alliance. There used to be a little balcony\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up at top where they would manually change the score. That was his job. He met\nDorothy Davis. They were married. Aunt Dorothy knew my father and had lived in\nthe same duplex. When my mother, my Uncle Barney's sister, Sylvia, was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming to\nvisit from Chicago, where she had grown up, Uncle Barney and Aunt Dorothy had a\nwhole list of Jewish men for her to meet. As they told the story to me, my\nfather, Leo, was the sixth person on the list. She was each night going on a\ndifferent one. By coincidence, my father had worked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Mr. Davis' store part\ntime as well. Mother had come in to see Aunt Dorothy. They met there, and he\nasked her if she would go out with him that night. She said, \"I am supposed to\nsee you, but I'm supposed to see you as the sixth person.\" He said, \"How about\ntonight?\" She said yes, and they were engaged three weeks later.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh my Gosh. That is a great story.\n\nEIZENSTAT: And married in Atlanta. I was born in Chicago by an accident of the\nwar because my father was drafted at that time. [He] went to Boca Raton\n[Florida], Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and various Army bases. He taught what was\nthen called Morse code, which was the special code that was used in the Army ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for\nsecret messages. My mother moved from Atlanta, where they were living, to\nChicago because he was gone. She wanted to be with her parents when she\ndelivered. I was born at Garfield Park Hospital in Chicago on January 15, 1943.\nMy father was then released from service honorably. He joked that when they\ndrafted him, everybody went out and bought Japanese [unintelligible]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But he was\nreleased honorably. In those days, if you had a child, it was easier to be\nreleased. He moved back to Atlanta. My mother moved to Atlanta with me when I\nwas eight months old. We lived on Boulevard near Georgia Baptist Hospital, just\na block or two from Georgia Baptist Hospital, in an apartment. When I was about\nfive years old, we moved to 1830 Windemere Drive, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is off Rock Spring and\nCheshire Bridge [Roads], where Rhodes Bakery is. That is where I grew up. She\nlived there for some 50 years. Only in 2002, when her health began to fail, did\nwe move her to Washington [D.C.] to be with us. I went to Morningside Grammar\nSchool. Morningside was probably 70 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"percent Jewish. It's hard for people who\ndidn't grow up in Atlanta and don't know Southern Jewry, to imagine a school in\nAtlanta, Georgia, which was 70 percent Jewish, but it was. I went to Grady High\nSchool, which was probably 50 percent Jewish at the time. Virtually all of my\nfriends had come from the Jewish community in the Morningside area and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through a\nvariety of other Jewish activities. It included the following. First, I went to\nJCC summer camp when it was on 10th Street and then the old JCC on Peachtree\nStreet. Morris Benveniste was my counsellor. I still remember Morris taking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half\nof a watermelon and rubbing my face in it. That was part of our initiation, I\nsuppose. I went there a number of summers. I went to Hebrew school on 10th\nStreet at the AA. Mr. Steinberg and Mr. Zelman were teachers, of blessed memory.\nI loved them very much. I went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the way through high school graduation. I\ndidn't stop at my bar mitzvah. I was, actually, bar mitzvahed at the old AA\naround Washington Street. It was an intimidating atmosphere in those days. The\nbimah was in the middle of the congregation. The older men would stand around\n\nEIZENSTAT: waiting for you to make the slightest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slip so they could jump in and\ncorrect you. There were other similar Jewish activities. I want to come back to\nAA synagogue in a minute but to continue this sort of stream. I also went to\nSunday school at the AA in addition to Hebrew school. I had Mr. Alterman and\nothers as teachers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[We] went regularly to the AA. We were very regular\nattendees. Rabbi [Harry] Epstein was the rabbi at that time.\n\nBERMAN: Could you reflect a little bit about Rabbi Epstein and your memories of him?\n\nEIZENSTAT: My mother set up something when we were 12. Our whole group was in\nthe pre-bar mitzveh period, called the Minyonaires. It was a Sunday ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morning\nprogram. She worked with Rabbi Epstein to set that up. We would get our lessons\nand have special tutoring. Then we would have breakfast. Rabbi Epstein was very\nsupportive of that. Rabbi Epstein was a formidable figure. To show you how deep\nour roots are in Atlanta, when Rabbi Epstein first came to Atlanta, we're\ntalking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 1928, my grandfather was among those who met him at the train\nstation. They took him immediately from the train. He had actually been tutored,\nI think, in Poland . . .\n\nBERMAN: Lithuania.\n\nEIZENSTAT: Lithuania. And then went to Chicago, I think, for a short period of\ntime. Then came to Atlanta. At that time, the AA was an Orthodox congregation.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandfather was among those who met him and quizzed him. According to the\nstory my grandfather and father told, he came right off the train, went to the\nbasement of the synagogue, and the most knowledgeable of the men, including my\ngrandfather, quizzed him on every conceivable detail. My father tells the story\nthat when his father, my grandfather, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came home, speaking in Yiddish, of course,\nmy father said to him, \"What do you think of this young rabbi?\" My grandfather\nsaid, \"He is very young, but he knows his pentaluch,\" which means every detail.\nSo our relationship with Rabbi Epstein goes back to my great grandfather. He had\na major impact on my life. He was a wonderful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speaker. I do a lot of public\nspeaking, and I am a shadow of his public speaking. I learned a lot about public\nspeaking from him but a lot about Judaism and the importance of religion. He had\na really formative part in my life. It's important to also reflect back on the\nhome where my father grew up and that whole period because it had some seminal\nimpacts. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember going to my grandfather's home on many occasions on Sundays\nand spending time with him and my grandmother. One connection between then and\nnow, 2009, is that he had an old Russian samovar by the fireplace, which is how\nthey made tea in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia. You put coal inside. It is actually a beautiful piece.\nYou put the teacup on the top to heat. He would drink the tea with a lump of\nsugar. The connection between that, is that my mother passed away in 2007. As we\nwere going through her effects, we saw a box that had that old samovar. Rusty\nand so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forth. We have since moved into a very nice condo in the Washington area,\nand we had that polished. It is in our living room, as we speak. It is one of\nour centerpieces. It is a great piece of work. There were other interesting\nthings about that era. For one thing, when my grandmother died at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around 1953 or\n1954, I would have been around 10 or so, my grandfather announced he was leaving\nAtlanta. [He] told my father, Leo, my Aunt Ida, who married Harry Minsk, the\nwhole Minsk family, Malcom and Donald and their families, and my Uncle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berry\n[Eizenstat], who married Bessie. I have a lecture series at the AA, which we\nhave tonight. I will be speaking for my late father, mother, and Uncle Berry and\nAunt Bessie. He said. \"I'm going to Israel. I'm going to make aliyah.\" He was\nthen in his 80s. They all said, \"You're crazy. At your age. You have no one\nthere. How can you possibly do it?\" He said, \"I want to be buried in the Holy\nLand.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1954 or 1955, he left and went to Israel. He settled in a town called,\nPetah Tikvah, which is near Tel Aviv [Israel]. It was one of the first\nsettlements of the first and second aliyahs in the late nineteen and early\ntwentieth century. My Aunt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ida went to visit him. In those days, you didn't just\nfly. She took a boat to Haifa Harbor. We have relatives in Haifa, who have told\nthis story to me several times, including two weeks ago when my wife, Fran, and\nI were in Israel. He called them up and said, \"My daughter Ida is coming from\nAtlanta to visit me. I'd like to welcome her in a special ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way. Can you hire, in\nHaifa, a brass band to play for her when she comes off the boat?\" They said,\n\"We're people of very limited means. We can't hire a brass band.\" He said,\n\"Well, can you get me a clarinet, and I'll do it?\" This is the Frankel family.\nThey said, \"How do you know how to play the clarinet?\" He said, \"I've played the\nclarinet in Azar's band before I came over to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta.\" When I was first told\nthis story with Tom and Sarah Frankel in Haifa, who we saw just a few weeks ago\nwhen we were there, we went right to the Encyclopedia Britannica and figured the\ndate he would have been born, which would have been around 1873 or 1874. He\nwould have been about 16 years old. One of the reasons for the large aliyahs\nfrom Russia between ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1903 and 1905 was because of the pogroms but also because of\nthe Russo-Japanese War, where the Jews were conscripted to fight on the\nfrontlines. That led to this mass aliyah. He then serenaded her when she came\noff. Fast forward to 1965. I'm at Harvard Law School. I visit him. He is now in\nhis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"90s. I saw him at an old-age home in Petah Tikvah. He was blind in one eye.\nHis English was never very good, but we were able to converse in my sort of\npidgin Yiddish and his pidgin English. It was very memorable. I can see it as it\nwere now. He passed away about six months later. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fast forward again to 1981. I\nfinished my tenure in the [Jimmy] Carter administration. I should say the voters\nfinished it when he lost the 1980 election. My wife and I were invited by Prime\nMinister [Menachem] Begin to come to Israel as his guests to thank me for my\nhelp [unintelligible] during the Carter administration. One of the first places\nwe went was to the cemetery. Malcolm Minsk, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my first cousin, my Aunt Ida's son,\nsaid, \"When you are there, check to see if your great grandfather might be\nburied in that same cemetery with your grandfather from Atlanta.\" She said, \"I\nremember Zeyde saying that he not only wanted to be buried in the Holy Land, he\nwanted to be buried with his father.\" Nobody ever followed up. I went to the\ncemetery with my wife, Fran. I said, \"I want to see the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gravestone of Ezor\nEizenstat. He died sometime around late 1965 or early 1966.\" We didn't have the\nprecise date of death. They had the gravesites chronologically, not\nalphabetically. It took him a couple of minutes. He found it. We walked over. It\nwas unmistakenly his from the time of death. There was an Ezor Eizenstat label.\nMy father was labeled, Leo. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We said a prayer. We put some stones on it. I said,\n\"This was my grandfather. I think there is a possibility that my great\ngrandfather, his father, might be buried here. The only thing I know is his name\nmight be Eizenstat. I have no idea what his first name is. I don't know the\nyear, decade, or century in which he might be buried.\" Without hesitation, he\nsaid, \"I know exactly where it is. It's one row over. Your grandfather wanted to\nbe buried next to him.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There it was, labeled Eizenstat. First name Ezor. Buried\nin 1910 in Petah Tikvah cemetery. We've gone through chevra kadisha records and\nnewspapers to try to find out and piece this together. As best we can determine,\nmy grandfather left in 1904 from Belarus, what was then called White Russia, to\nAtlanta. We have both records of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Robbins [sp] family who signed for them to\ncome in. My great grandfather must have left at roughly the same time. One went\nto Palestine, and one went to Atlanta. So there was that connection. One other\nAtlanta story about my grandfather living in this duplex in the southeast. There\nis a wonderful story that my father tells about a great Atlanta institution.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When my father was a young boy, he said there was a knock on the door one\nevening and a well-dressed man was at the door. My grandfather, who spoke very\nlittle English, welcomed him. He saw the two chatting. My grandfather closed the\ndoor. My father said to him in Yiddish, \"[unintelligible], what was all this\nabout?\" He said, \"He was just a salesman.\" My father said, \"What was he\nselling?\" He said, \"He was selling stock.\" \"What was he selling stock in?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He\nsaid, \"He was selling stock in a company called Coca-Cola for five cents a\nshare.\" My father said to him, \"Why didn't you buy the stock?\" My boys said this\nshould be our epithet if we ever have a family emblem, it should be on there. My\ngrandfather said, \"Because no one will ever drink colored water.\"\n\nBERMAN: That's great.\n\nEIZENSTAT: What would have happened if he purchased just one share from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1920s!\n\nBERMAN: Can I interject for one second and ask you a couple of questions that I\nhave been very curious about? You grew up in the 1950s and 1960s here in\nAtlanta. You had to witness some unbelievable changes in the situation between\nblacks and whites and the Civil Rights era. Do you have any recollections of\nthat? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did that affect you?\n\nEIZENSTAT: Very strong recollections. It actually goes to a very similar story\nin my life. My first recollections are of being a young boy and being raised by\na black maid. I mean, my mother was a wonderful mother, but she was there all of\nthe time. She cooked. I grew up with collards and all the black vegetables, okra\nand so forth. That was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an accepted way of life. They were paid very, very\nlittle. When we were in our bar mitzvah period, I was then on Windemere Drive.\nWe would go to shul still back on Washington Street. During that whole cycle,\nalmost every Saturday, one of us was being bar mitzvahed. So we would go to each\nother's bar mitzvahs. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had a routine. We would go back from that synagogue\nfrom AA [to] downtown. We would have lunch, go to a movie,\n\nand then take the bus back to the Morningside area. One particular Saturday, I\ngot on the bus. I had the last seat in the last row of the white section of the\nbus. I suppose ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two-thirds of the bus was white and a third was black. There was\nan elderly black lady who got on the bus at the same time, a lady with bags. I\nwas sitting on the seat on the end row. I was saying to myself, \"I really should\nget up and let her sit down so she won't have to stand with those heavy bags.\" I\ncan remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"debating in my own mind, \"this is the right thing to do, but it's\nagainst the law of segregation. If I let her sit here, she might get arrested. I\nmight get arrested.\" I kept struggling with this and did not get up. I remember\nit to this day. Other recollections of that time. My mother once took myself and\nseveral of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends to a place called Mooney's Lake to swim. There was a sign\noutside that lake, saying \"Private. No blacks or Jews allowed.\" I also remember\ngoing to Rich's Department Store, which was just below Five Points. There was a\nrestaurant there.\n\nBERMAN: Magnolia Room.\n\nEIZENSTAT: The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Magnolia Room. There were separate white and black drinking\nfountains, so labeled. Separate white and black rest rooms. No blacks were\nallowed in the Magnolia Room. I also remember in my junior year of high school\nat Grady. Governor Vandiver. Ernest Vandiver said he was going to do what\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Governor] George Wallace had done. He was going to close the public schools\nrather than integrate in the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education. My mother was in\na panic because I'm in my senior year, and I couldn't go to Grady. She looked at\nEmory at Oxford, which was a high school program that Emory had sponsored. A\nprivate school. She was prepared to enroll me there before Vandiver conceded.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[unintelligible]. It's very important for people to understand that the Jewish\ncommunity, with a few notable exceptions, like Rabbi [Jacob] Rothschild at The\nTemple, and a few other courageous people, was essentially silent during this\nperiod. Indeed, I have to say, as much as I love my father and my Uncle Berry,\nthey had, themselves, very racist views of the blacks who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked in their store\nwhere I used to work. On Pryor Street, there were Jewish merchants, Shirley's,\nMendel's, and Burl Shoe Company [sp], right next to the Fulton County\nCourthouse. I used to, indeed, go over when I worked in the summers. I would\nlisten to the trials during the break. We had black workers with whom I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked.\nMy uncle and father really had typical Southern views. The important thing is to\nunderstand that Jews did not speak up. If anything, their collective memory was\nof the Leo Frank trial, not of the Holocaust, which later in my adult life [I]\nbecame extraordinarily involved in it in terms of restitutional recovery for\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"victims. They did not want to raise their head. Their own status was not secure\nenough for them to feel that they should. Plus, many, including my beloved\nfather and beloved uncle, simply held traditional, racial views. These people\nwere one rung lower on the ladder than Jews. I learned that it is very easy to\naccept ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an unjust system when you grow up in it and not challenge it and not\nthink about it. I played basketball at Grady. I was an All-City basketball\nplayer. I was second or third Honorable Mention All American in the city. I was\nHonorable Mention All American. It never occurred to me there was something\nwrong with the fact we never played a team with any black players. Or that the\nAtlanta Journal and Constitution the next morning and afternoon about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"game,\nthat there was never any reporting about the black schools. That is to say, you\nsimply grew up in a particular legal context environment and never questioned\nit. This became a sort of important antidote for me during the Clinton\nadministration when I took up the Holocaust issues. I don't mean to compare, and\nit would be inappropriate to compare segregation with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust. The blacks\nwere not being systematically [unintelligible], but the one thread that does\nconnect it, is people say why didn't the German people do more? Obviously, there\nwas a tremendous amount of antisemitism, but it's also because you can accept a\ngiven social structure as long as it doesn't involve you. Very few people have\nthe courage to stand up to it.\n\nBERMAN: What do you think makes the difference, though? What do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think\nseparates the Rothschilds, the Cecil Alexanders, the Joseph Haases, the people\nwho did speak out during that area.\n\nEIZENSTAT: First of all, it's not coincidental that all of them were Reform\nJews. I was, of course, in the Conservative movement. I grew up with the\nConservative movement, remained in the Conservative movement. But the Reform\nmovement, which was based more on the ethical values of religion, I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had\nsuffused that movement with a greater sense of social justice. The Joseph\nHaases, the Rabbi Rothchilds, and others, came out of that movement. There were\npreciously a few people in the Orthodox or Conservative movement in Atlanta who\njoined in those sorts of demonstrations. Of course, we know the bombing of The\nTemple and the Driving Miss Daisy episode. I went to The Temple occasionally if\nI had some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends who were being confirmed. In those days, you didn't wear a\nkippah. You didn't wear a tallit. You didn't have a bar mitzvah. You could count\nthe number of words in a prayer book in Hebrew on the fingers of both hands. But\nthat sense of social justice, was a very, very deep sense. I want to continue,\nif I may, just to conclude this one episode on the Civil Rights issue and my\nAtlanta upbringing. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill,\nwhich was segregated at the time, after graduating from Grady in Atlanta. I\nbelonged to the Jewish fraternity, ZBT [Zeta Beta Tau]. The kitchen closed on\nSundays, so there were no meals. We used to go often to the Howard Johnson's\nbetween Durham and Chapel Hill between Duke [University] and UNC. This\nparticular . . . I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would have been a sophomore. This would have been probably\n1962. We went. One of the fraternity brothers I was with was from New York. We\nparked the car to go in Howard Johnson's [Restaurant]. A group of black students\nfrom North Carolina Central [University] in Durham were sitting in, blocking\naccess. I said to my fraternity brothers, \"Why are they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing that?\" He said,\n\"How can you ask that question? They are doing it to protest that they can't be\nserved here.\" It was like somebody lifted a veil. Here I had grown up in what\nwas then a progressive city in a Jewish community. I simply accepted a given\nsystem without looking at how it related to my own religion, which was preaching\nlove strangers as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"self and the oneness of humanity. When it hit me, it hit me\nvery, very hard. I ended up participating in boycotts of restaurants in downtown\nChapel Hill that had not voluntarily desegregated. Of course, Atlanta did begin\nto do that under Ivan Allen. In the Carter years when I was the Chief Domestic\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Advisor, one of the most difficult decisions we made in the domestic area was an\naffirmative action case brought by a white medical student applicant named\n[Allan] Bakke. B-A-K-K-E. It became a very famous . . . it is still a very\nfamous decision, in which he alleged that he was denied entry to medical school\nin California because he was white. The school had put in an affirmative action\nprogram he said was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cause. The attorney general at the time was Judge\n[Griffin] Bell. He recused himself from this particular case because he had been\na federal judge and had heard similar cases. The Solicitor General, Wade McCree,\nwho was black, was the one who drafted the bill. Griffin brought it over to the\npresident. The president gave it to me to look at. I went over it with Vice\nPresident [Walter] Mondale and Joe Califano, who was Secretary of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Health. I was\nhorrified that we were going to come down against the affirmative action plan\nand in favor of Bakke, effect a reverse discrimination. I said to the president,\n\"We can't do this. We have to be in favor. There are flaws to this program for\nsure, but it should be at least sent back to the lower court. We should come out\nin favor of affirmative action, which is what did happen, and it became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nlandmark case. The Supreme Court [of the United States] followed our decision\nand proposal. I use that as an example that having gone through that process, it\nhad a real impact. While I was at UNC, I attended a lecture. This was before the\n1964 Public Accommodations Act. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The former president of UNC, Frank P. Graham, a\ngreat man, who had become Under Secretary of the U.N. [United Nations], came\nback to the campus to speak. He spoke on a variety of topics, including the\nemerging civil rights issue. One of the students raised his hand and said,\n\"Isn't it true, President Graham, that these demonstrations emanate in Russia,\nin Moscow? That the Russians are stirring this up.\" He said, \"Young man, these\ndemonstrations didn't start in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow. They started in Greensboro [North\nCarolina].\" When [President John F.] Kennedy was assassinated, I remember, as so\nmany of my generation, exactly where I was - outside the Political Science\nBuilding at UNC. There were actually fraternities that were celebrating the\nassassination because he had become very unpopular in the South because of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\ncivil rights issue he was pushing. One last civil rights connection is that I\napplied for and was accepted to a congressional intern program that placed\nstudents selected, of whom I was one of five from UNC, at various Members of\nCongress' offices for the summer. It was summer 1963. We were with our\nprofessor, Professor Dawson, who was in charge of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program. He asked each of\nus with whom we would like to be placed. He said, \"We have almost 100 percent\nsuccess rate placing people because we pick all the costs up, so it is free for\nmembers of congress.\" When it came my turn, \"I would like to be placed with\nClaude Pepper from Miami.\" He said, \"Why?\" I said, \"Well, he had lost the\ninfamous senate race to George Smathers. Smathers called him \"Red Pepper.\" He\nsaid that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his sister was a thespian and that Culpepper had matriculated at\nHarvard, as if those were terrible words. He had lost and then won for the\n[United States] House [of Representatives] and then elected. I said, \"He is\nprobably going to be the only deep South congressman\". . . as it turned out\nCharlie Walker became the other . . . \"who would vote for the Civil Rights Act.\"\nI said, \"This is the summer of '63. There is going to be the big march in\nWashington. I don't want to be with a Southern conservative. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to be with\nsomeone . . .\" He went to his congressional almanac. He said, \"I can accept\neveryone else's recommendations for their member but not Stu's.\" I said, \"What\nis wrong with mine? What's wrong with Pepper?\" He said, \"He's already in his\nearly 60s. He is not going to be around for very long.\" He lasted into his 90s.\nThey ended up placing me with [Congressman] G. Elliot Hagan.\n\nEIZENSTAT: He was from Sylvania [Georgia], who was an arch conservative on the\ncivil rights issues. It was actually an uncomfortable period during those couple\nof months on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the civil rights issue. In that way, the whole civil rights issue\ncame to me as a young person but not when I was in my formative years in Atlanta.\n\nBERMAN: Did you go back and speak about it with your parents, how you had\nchanged and how it had affected you?\n\nEIZENSTAT: I did. My mother was from Chicago. She had grown up in an integrated\nsociety. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think my father did accept it. He accepted the change, but I don't\nthink his basic underlying attitudes really changed. I suspect his attitude was\nsimilar to that of the overwhelming majority of Jews of his era in Atlanta.\n\nBERMAN: Probably very true. Another question I had was, you had mentioned and\nyou kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"touched upon it earlier. You had a couple of family members who,\nunfortunately, perished in the Holocaust. Was the Holocaust discussed in your\nhome? Did you know what was happening to your relatives, to the Jews of Europe,\nas a young man?\n\nEIZENSTAT: The remarkable thing is, although the Holocaust became a central\npreoccupation of my public career, not only in the Clinton era when I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"negotiated\nsome $8 billion compensation from the Swiss, Germans, Austrians, and French. I\ngot thousands pieces of property back from Central Europeans in artwork and\ninsurance policies paid. But when I was President Carter's domestic advisor in\nApril, 1978, I recommended a presidential commission for an appropriate\nHolocaust memorial in Washington chaired by Elie ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wiesel, which became the U.S.\nHolocaust Memorial Museum in Washington. In addition, another example how the\nHolocaust was important later but not, as I'll explain, when I grew up. In 1979,\na revolution we still live with to this very day and will for a very long time,\nunfortunately, the Khomeini radical Islamic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Revolution. When Ayatollah Khomeini\ncame out of exile in Paris, went back to Iran, the Shah [of Iran] had to\nabdicate and leave. The first radical Islamic revolution occurred. Jews had\nlived in Iran from the time of the destruction of the first temple, in peace, as\nan accepted part of the community of what was then the Persian Empire. A number\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Iranians came to me in the White House, who were studying in the U.S., so\nthey were already in the U.S. They said, \"We've got a disastrous situation on\nour hands. Tens of thousands of Iranian Jews are fleeing the Khomeini\nRevolution. They are coming to U.S. consulates and embassies throughout Europe\nto try to get a visa to the United States, and they are being turned down. We\nneed for you to do something. They are being told to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to Iran.\" This\nwould, obviously, be extraordinarily difficult and dangerous for them. This was\nat the height of the revolution when the hostage crisis and radicalism was\nferocious. I remembered an incident that occurred to me in 1968. I worked for a\nyear in the [Lyndon B.] Johnson White House after Harvard Law School. When\nJohnson decided not to run for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"re-election, I worked in the [Hubert] Humphrey\ncampaign for president. I was his research director. One of my staff aids, was a\nfellow named Arthur Morse, M-O-R-S-E, who had just published a famous book,\ncalled While Six Million Died. It was the first exposé of what [President]\nFranklin Roosevelt and his top aides knew about the genocide of the Jews and\nfailed to act on. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was not only eye opening, it was shocking because Roosevelt\nwas an icon in the Jewish community. I used to joke that Jews believed in three\nthings. Di Velt (this world), Yennen Velt (the world to come), and Roosevelt\n[Yiddish expression]. So how could this have happened? Now going back to 1979\nwhen they came to me, is precisely what happened to the Jews in Europe. They\nwere trying to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out, and there was no room for them. We had a difficult time\ndealing with this because there was no visa status for these Jews from Iran.\nThey weren't visitors, where you have to return in 60 days. They didn't have a\ngreen card [Permanent Resident Card] to work. They weren't students. I had my\nstaff and justice department, legal counsel's office at the White House do a lot\nof legal research. We came up with a sort of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fiction that President Carter\nwillingly bought into and put into an Executive Order. It was a special\nvisitor's visa that would not expire until the shah was returned to power. Tens\nof thousands, if you include Christians and Bahai's, 50,000 came in on this\nprogram. I still get, when people like Sam [unintelligible] in Los Angeles\n[California] and the Jewish community in Los Angeles, where many of them moved,\nI still get Jewish New Year ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"greetings and thanks. I've spoken out there. They've\ngiven me awards and so forth. Having said all of that, what is remarkable in\nAtlanta, Georgia, and growing up in the 1950s and 1960s, the Holocaust in my own\nhome amongst my own family, was not an issue. I can't remember. I'm not prepared\nto say there was never a conversation. I don't remember there being a\nconversation. I don't remember meeting a survivor and talking about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. It was\nnot an issue. There were no courses on the Holocaust in high school. There were\nno courses on the Holocaust in college. There were no courses on the Holocaust\nin any university. One of my friends who later became head of the Holocaust\nMuseum, Rabbi [Irving] Greenberg from New York, recounted a story to me that he\nhad, when he was young and getting his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"degree, he spent a year at Yad Vashem.\nThe connection here is an Atlanta connection. In 1973, Fran and I went on a UJA\nAtlanta retreat at Camp Barney Medintz, at which Rabbi Greenberg spoke. He had\njust come from Yad Vashem. That ended up being a very seminal event for us for\ntwo reasons. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First, it was my first really deep exposure beside the Arthur Morse\nbook on the Holocaust but here in a really systematic scholarly way. He told a\nstory that in 1962 when he was joining the faculty at Yeshiva University, he\nwanted to teach a course in the Holocaust. He was told at Yeshiva University it\nwas not an appropriate course for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study. He ended up having to re-title the\ncourse Totalitarian Systems of the Twentieth Century in order to do it. There\nwas another reason that the retreat at the UJA Atlanta that was important to us.\nHe talked about the difficulty of assimilation and the need for day school\neducation as an antidote. Both Fran, who grew up in the Boston area, and myself\nin Morningside and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grady, we were products of the public school. We had every\nintention of sending our kids to public school. That transformed our life. We\nsent our son to The Epstein School at the AA preschool. And when I went with\nPresident Carter in Washington, they went to Jewish day schools. My oldest son,\nfor personal reasons, had to finish that after first grade with special help.\nNow he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is involved with [unintelligible] very Orthodox. Our younger son went to\nCharles E. Smith Jewish Day School from kindergarten to 12th grade. So that\nretreat was very important. Again, the point of the Holocaust, it was not a\ntopic of discussion growing up in Atlanta, Georgia, even though it became a\ncentral feature in my public career.\n\nBERMAN: It's interesting because there was a large Holocaust community here. I\nthink ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were in the shadows. They didn't talk about it either.\n\nEIZENSTAT: There was one person who, I think, was a survivor. Mr. Morse, but it\nwas not something that was conveyed. They didn't talk about it then. The stories\nwere too fresh, too raw, too painful. It is only in later years when this\nevolution . . .\n\nBERMAN: There was no mention of the two sisters who went back?\n\nEIZENSTAT: No mention whatsoever. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact, there turned out to be a third\nsister. We found, as I mentioned, the two additional names who had not moved to\nChicago, who my elderly relatives recounted the story about going in the boat in\n1938. But in further research, done in Lithuania by [name unintelligible] who\nwas the researcher who helped us, she found, remarkably, a 1932 marriage\ninvitation in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the archives in Lithuania from my grandfather Orel Medintz and his\nwife Simcha. The club in Chicago was called the Orel Club, inviting people to\nthe wedding of his daughter, Sonya, in 1932. I said, \"Wait a moment.\" Sonya\ndoesn't appear on this 1897 census. This is a ninth ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child and a third who we\ndon't know about. I said, \"How did this happen?\" It was quite simple. It listed\nher age. She was 30 at the time. She would not have been born. She was 30 or 32.\nShe had not been born in the 1897 census, so she wasn't listed. She was married\nto a fellow named [unintelligible] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Lithuania. So we did research at Yad\nVashem, both for the Medintz sisters in 1938, and for Sonya and\n[unintelligible]. Nothing. We looked at every catalog archive we could find. It\nonly occurred to me, I would say, two or three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years ago when I went to the\nannual dinner in Washington of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, which I\nhelped create, and I later had been its counsel, they honored a remarkable\nCatholic priest named Father Benoit, spelled B-E-N-O-I-T, who had spent years in\nUkraine . . . he is now working in Belarus . . . uncovering mass ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"graves. He had\na camera. Because he was dressed as a priest, which he is, he was able to get\nthe townspeople, the elderly people, to recount stories they wouldn't have if\nthey had come, perhaps, from Jews. The story that they recounted, was Jews were\ntaken out in mass graves and shot. As he recounted, in the concentration ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps,\nthere were names. The people who were killed in these mass graves, of whom of\nthe 6 million, 1.5 million had no identities. I believe that is why we couldn't\nfind these three siblings of my grandfather, my great aunts.\n\nBERMAN: What town was it that they were in in Lithuania?\n\nEIZENSTAT: They were in a town called Ukmergé or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/transcript/23810/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . . it went by its Polish name.\n\nBERMAN: Can you spell that?\n\nEIZENSTAT: It's Vilkomir. Vilkomir was one name. Ukmergé is the other.\n\nBERMAN: Where they closer to Kovna or Vilna?\n\nEIZENSTAT: To Vilna.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3450.0,3480.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Yiddish term for town, ‘shtetl’ commonly refers to small towns or villages in pre–World War II Eastern and Central Europe with a significant Jewish presence that were primarily Yiddish speaking.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHe pronounces the name with a ‘Z’ sound.  There is a town spelled Shakali.  This may be the town he references. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Jefferson Clinton (1946- ) was the 42nd President of the United States.  He served from 1993 to 2001.  He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta-Fulton County Stadium served as the home ballpark for the Atlanta Braves baseball team for 31 seasons from 1966 to 1996.  In 1997, the Braves moved less than one block to Turner Field.  It was built to serve the 1996 Summer Olympics.  The Braves played their final game at Turner Field on October 2, 2016.  In 2016, Georgia State University bought the ballpark and redesigned it for a college football stadium.  The Braves played their first game in 2017 in their new home stadium, SunTrust Park, located in Cobb County, a suburb north of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim was founded in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. The final service in that building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Tobias Geffen (1870-1970) was an Orthodox rabbi and leader of Shearith Israel in Atlanta from 1910-1970. He is widely known for his 1935 decision that certified Coca-Cola as kosher. He also organized the first Hebrew school in Atlanta and standardized regulation of kosher supervision in the Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960’s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary. In 2002, they officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays.  Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe weekly cycle of readings from the Torah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Barney Medintz, is a Jewish camp in Cleveland, Georgia, named in honor of Barney Medintz (1910-1960). He was a Jewish leader both nationally and locally in Atlanta. He was one of the national leaders of the United Jewish Appeal and the Israel Bond Organization. He was also vice-president of the National Community Relations Advisory Council, vice-president of the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds and a former member of the executive committee of the American Jewish Committee. Locally he was president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and past president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council and the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. He was also president of the Southeast Regional Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. Medintz graduated from Northwestern University at Evanston, Illinois, where he was a star basketball player.  He came to Atlanta after he graduated to become a recreation director at the Jewish Educational Alliance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘son of commandment.’  A rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day.  At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes.  He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship.  He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘platform.’ The bimah is a raised structure in the synagogue from which the Torah is read and from which prayers are led.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Epstein (1903-2003) served as the rabbi of Ahavath Achim from 1928 to 1982.  Under his leadership the congregation began to shift to Conservatism, which they adopted in 1952. Rabbi Epstein retired in 1982, becoming Rabbi Emeritus, and Rabbi Arnold Goodman assumed the rabbinic post.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAliyah (Hebrew: ascent) is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to Israel. It is one of the most basic tenets of Zionism. It also means the honor of being called up to the reading of the Torah at religious services\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea. The Japanese, eyeing Manchuria’s fertile farm lands and mineral deposits, attained victory over the Russian forces and occupied Manchuria (which is on the Chinese mainland right across from the Japanese home islands) and renamed it ‘Manchuko.’ After World War II, when the Japanese forces were defeated, China and Russia fought over Manchuria again and today most of it belongs to China.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMenachem Begin (1913-1992) was the sixth Prime Minister of the State of Israel and founder of Likud [the Labor party].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Zeyde’ is Yiddish for “old man” but meant in an affectionate sort of way.  It has come to mean ‘Grandpa.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn organization of Jewish men and women who see to it that the bodies of Jews are prepared for burial according to Jewish tradition.  The task is considered a laudable as the recipient cannot return the gift.  It is referred to as a ‘good deed of truth.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShul is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMooney's Lake was a summer swimming area off of Morosgo Drive in Buckhead that was in business from 1920-58. Today the area is occupied by the I-85/GA 400 interchange.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Corley Wallace, Jr. (1919-1998) was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Alabama, having served two nonconsecutive terms and two consecutive terms as a Democrat: 1963–1967, 1971–1979 and 1983–1987.  During the Civil Rights Era he was noted for his Southern populist and segregationist attitudes.  Wallace’s most remembered utterance was: “In the name of the greatest people that have ever trod this earth, I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny, and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.”  He tried to stop desegregation in schools by physically standing in the way of black students at several universities in 1963.  Federal marshals and the Alabama National Guard under federal command forced him to step aside.  He later renounced these views at the end of his life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka 347 U.S. 483 (1954) was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The ruling paved the way for integration and the civil rights movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Rothschild was rabbi of the city’s oldest Reform congregation, The Temple, in Atlanta, Georgia from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. He forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or ‘Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,’ is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875.  The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902.  The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1,500 families (2015).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Frank (1884-1915) was a Jewish factory superintendent in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1913, he was accused of raping and murdering one of his employees, a 13-year-old girl named Mary Phagan, whose body was found on the premises of the National Pencil Company. Frank was arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced to death for her murder. The trial was the catalyst for a great outburst of antisemitism led by the populist Tom Watson and the center of powerful class and political interests. Frank was sent to Milledgeville State Penitentiary to await his execution.  Governor John M. Slaton, believing there had been a miscarriage of justice, commuted Frank’s sentence to life in prison. This enraged a group of men who styled themselves the “Knights of Mary Phagan.” They drove to the prison, kidnapped Frank from his cell and drove him to Marietta, Georgia where they lynched him. Many years later, the murderer was revealed to be Jim Conley, who had lied in the trial, pinning it on Frank instead. Frank was pardoned on March 11, 1986, although they stopped short of exonerating him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCecil Alexander (1918-2013) was a prominent Atlanta architect and civic leader. As a partner in the architectural firm FABRAP, he was responsible for some of the city's most notable public buildings. During the civil rights movement of the 1960’s and 1970’s, he was a leader in the movement to peacefully desegregate the city's public housing and local businesses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Haas (1911-2000) was a community leader, prominent Atlanta attorney, and graduate of Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia was bombed in the early morning hours of October 12, 1958.  About 50 sticks of dynamite were planted near the building and tore a huge hole in the wall. No one was injured in the bombing as it was during the night. Rabbi Jacob Rothschild was an outspoken advocate of civil rights and integration and friend of Martin Luther King Jr. Five men associated with the National States’ Rights Party, a white separatist group, were tried and acquitted in the bombing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDriving Miss Daisy (1987) is the first in what is known as Alfred Uhry’s ‘Atlanta Trilogy’ of plays which earned him the Pulitzer Prize for Drama.  Uhry adapted it into the screenplay for the 1989 Academy Award winning film of the same name. The film starred Jessica Tandy (Daisy Werthan), Morgan Freeman (Hoke Colburn), and Dan Aykroyd (Boolie Werthan). The story of ‘Miss Daisy,’ a Southern Jewish widow and Hoke, her black chauffeur, is set in Atlanta between 1948 and 1973 as their 25-year friendship reflects the social changes in the American South.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish men cover their heads during prayer with a small skull-cap called a ‘yarmulke’ or ‘kippah.’  Orthodox Jewish men wear it at all times to remind themselves of G-d’s presence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of tallit at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of bar mitzvah age and older.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIvan Allen, Jr. (1911-2003) was an American businessman who served two terms as the 52nd Mayor of Atlanta from 1962 to 1970 during the turbulent civil rights era of the 1960s.  He presided over the city’s peaceful desegregation.  He ended segregation at City Hall, testified before Congress in favor of civil rights laws, and forged friendships with Dr. Martin Luther King.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRegents of the University of California v. Bakke 438 U.S. 265 (1978) was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of the several factors in college admission policy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGriffin Bell (1918-2009) was an American Lawyer. He served as United States Attorney General during the Carter Administration.  He was the 72nd United States Attorney General, serving from 1977 to 1979.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWade H. McCree, Jr. (1920-1987) served as Solicitor General of the United States during the Carter Administration from 1977 to 1981. He was an attorney, judge, public official and law professor. He was the second African American to serve as Solicitor General. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalter Mondale (1928- ) served as 42nd Vice President in the Carter Administration from 1977 to 1981.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Anthony Califano, Jr. (1931-  ) served in the Carter Administration as United States Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare from 1977 to 1979.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTitle II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in places of public accommodation because of race, color, religion, or national origin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn F. Kennedy (1917-1963), commonly known as ‘JFK,’ was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until November 22, 1963 when he was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eClaude Denson Pepper (1900-1989) represented the state of Florida in the United States Senate from 1936 to 1951.  He was in the United States House of Representatives, representing the Miami area, from 1963 to 1989. He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Smathers (1913-2007) represented the state of Florida in the United States Senate from 1951 to 1969.  He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles W. Walker, Sr. (1947-  ) was elected in 1990 to serve as State Senator for the state of Georgia. In 1996, he became Georgia’s first African American Senate Majority Leader. He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Elliott Hagan (1916-1990) served in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1939 to 1944. He resigned from office to join the United States Armey. He returned to office and served from 1946 to 1953. He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElie Wiesel (1928-2016) was a Romanian-born American Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate, and Holocaust survivor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe museum is the United States’ official memorial to the Holocaust.  It was dedicated in 1993 in Washington, D.C.  It provides for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history.  Dedication ceremonies for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington D.C. were held on Thursday, April 22, 1993. At the dedication, speeches were made by United States President William Clinton; Chaim Herzog, President of Israel; Harvey Meyerhoff, Chairman of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council; and Elie Wiesel, professor, author, and Holocaust survivor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini (1902-1989), known in the Western world as Ayatollah Khomeini, was an Iranian Shia Muslim religious leader and politician.  He was the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country’s Supreme Leader, a position created in the constitution of the Islamic Republic, which he held until his death. ‘Ayatollah’ is a high-ranking title given to Shia clerics. Those who carry the title, are experts in Islamic studies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Shah’ is the Persian word for “king” or “sovereign.” Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1919-1980), also known as the Shah of Iran, reigned from 1941 to 1979 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution. He is known for his policies of modernization and secularism. He died in exile in Egypt, whose president, Anwar Sadat, had granted him asylum. He is buried in Al-Rifa’i Mosque in Cairo, Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLyndon Baines Johnson (1908-1973), often called ‘LBJ,’ was the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1968.  He came into the office with the assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963.  He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHubert Humphrey (1911-1978) was the 38th Vice President of the United States under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1965 to 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as ‘FDR,’ he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of the war. He was a Democrat. FDR was an avid horse rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eExecutive Order 12172 – Iranian Aliens.  Delegation of authority with respect to entry of certain aliens into the United States issued November 26, 1979.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Authority, was established in 1953 by an act of the Israeli Knesset. Since its inception, Yad Vashem has become a leading center for documentation, research, education, and commemoration of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/annotation_set/382/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Jewish Appeal (UJA) was a Jewish philanthropic umbrella organization that collected and distributed funds to Jewish organizations in their community and around the country.  UJA existed from 1939 until it was folded into the United Jewish Communities, which was formed from the 1999 merger of United Jewish Appeal (UJA), Council of Jewish Federations and United Israel Appeal, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=3120.0,3150.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Stuart Eizenstat [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coming to Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=45.0,154.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you could talk a little bit about when you were born, where you were born, and how you came to Atlanta at such an early age.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=45.0,154.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Born","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roots","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=45.0,154.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Parshat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=154.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He would take the parshat  of the week and go over it.  ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=154.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bible","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parshat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=154.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=330.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then my Aunt Sarah, after whom I was named, who died at an early age. They had come from Lithuania. Again, during my Clinton administration years, I was doing work in Lithuania. Lithuania has extraordinary archives. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=330.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Archives","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Clinton Administration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=330.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Chicago","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=391.0,699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were two other daughters of eight children, who we did not know, because the whole family moved from Lithuania to Chicago [Illinois].  ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=391.0,699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chicago","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandfather","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"High School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=391.0,699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Atlanta ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=699.0,989.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother moved to Atlanta with me when I was eight months old.  We lived on Boulevard near Georgia Baptist Hospital, just a block or two from Georgia Baptist Hospital, in an apartment.   ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=699.0,989.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=699.0,989.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandfather and Rabbi Epstein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=989.0,1407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandfather was among those who met him and quizzed him.  According to the story my grandfather and father told, he came right off the train, went to the basement of the synagogue, and the most knowledgeable of the men, including my grandfather, quizzed him on every conceivable detail. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=989.0,1407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AA","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aliyah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandfather","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Congragation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Epstein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=989.0,1407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandfather's Death","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1407.0,1666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He passed away about six months later. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1407.0,1666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cemetary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandfather","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Great Grandfather","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1407.0,1666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil Rights Era","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1666.0,2145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You had to witness some unbelievable changes in the situation between blacks and whites and the Civil Rights era.  Do you have any recollections of that?  How did that affect you? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1666.0,2145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Blacks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Changes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil Rights","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whites","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=1666.0,2145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Conservative Movement ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2145.0,2702.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was, of course, in the Conservative movement.  I grew up with the Conservative movement, remained in the Conservative movement. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2145.0,2702.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Affirmative Action","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boycott","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conservative Movement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"North Carolina","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"President Graham","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reform Movement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rothschild","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNC","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2145.0,2702.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2702.0,3473.184"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You had a couple of family members who, unfortunately, perished in the Holocaust.  Was the Holocaust discussed in your home?  ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2702.0,3473.184"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307/index/47744/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust Memorial Museum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Khomeini Revolution","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roosevelt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington, DC","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35983/file/105307#t=2702.0,3473.184"}]}]}]}