{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/6h4cn6zm21/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Goodfriend, Betty Grossman (2003)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2003-06-09 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection Savannah Jewish Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBetty Grossman Goodfriend was the seventh of nine children born to Beile and Mortel Grossman in Vilkija, Lithuania, on February 18, 1927. When she was a baby, her family moved to Klaipeda, Lithuania. When the area around Klaipeda was ceded to Germany in 1939, the family returned to Vilkija.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVilkija fell under Soviet occupation in 1940. Betty was sent to the city of Kovno to attend school. She lived with an older brother, sister-in-law, and an older sister. When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Betty and her siblings tried to flee to the Soviet Union but were quickly overrun by the rapidly advancing German troops. The siblings returned to Kovno and were soon confined to the ghetto. The siblings survived a series of actions in the Kovno ghetto, but quickly learned the rest of their family had been killed in Vilkija. In 1943, Betty was sent to a labor camp in nearby Keidainiai [Lithuanian: Kėdainiai; Yiddish: Keidan]. While there, she managed to smuggle guns brought in by the wounded soldiers to Partisan fighters in the nearby forests. In the summer of 1944, Betty was sent to the Stuthoff Concentration Camp. As Allied forces advanced in the January 1945, Betty was sent with other prisoners on a death march toward Germany. During one of the stops along the way, 17-year-old Betty and a handful of other prisoners slipped away and found refuge with a Polish farmer. Betty survived the last few weeks of the war by falling in with the advancing Russian army, where she worked in a field hospital. When the war ended in 1945, she found herself in Berlin where she met and married a Polish survivor, Isaac Goodfriend. In Germany, Betty was reunited with an older sister who had survived and learned an older brother was also still alive in Lithuania. After spending time in Germany and in Paris with another older sister who had survived, Betty and Isaac eventually immigrated to Montreal, Canada. After a few years, the couple came to the United States. They lived in Cleveland, Ohio for many years before coming to Atlanta, Georgia, where Isaac served as cantor at the Ahavath Achim synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBetty and Isaac had three sons. Betty died in 2008 and Isaac died in 2009.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eBetty recalls her childhood and where she was during the war. She describes her experiences with the Russian Army at the end of the war. Betty explains how she came to Berlin and met her husband. She reflects on the Jewish way of life that was lost during the Holocaust. She talks about reuniting with an older sister and marrying Isaac Goodfriend. Betty shares the difficulty she had in learning to readjust to life without her family. She mentions how she got to Paris, France with the help of the Brichah. Betty tells a story about a survivor friend’s struggle to readjust to life. She laments the loss of Yiddish culture. She remembers her wedding day and the kindness of Parisians. Betty explains how they immigrated to Canada. She recalls fitting into the Montreal Jewish community and raising her children. Betty explains how they came to the United States and settled in Cleveland, Ohio. She talks about her affinity for the Yiddish language. Betty remembers the clergy and friends she made in the congregation. Betty discusses her activities in the Jewish community, fundraising for different organizations, teaching children, and working with senior citizens. She remembers coming to the South. Betty reflects on how the Atlanta Jewish community has changed. She talks about life after her husband’s retirement. Betty shares her concerns about current events. Betty reads a poem she wrote about the Holocaust. She expands on the history of the Yiddish language and culture that developed around it. Betty reads a story by Sholem Aleichem in Yiddish.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28783"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBetty Grossman Goodfriend was the seventh of nine children born to Beile and Mortel Grossman in Vilkija, Lithuania, on February 18, 1927. When she was a baby, her family moved to Klaipeda, Lithuania. When the area around Klaipeda was ceded to Germany in 1939, the family returned to Vilkija.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVilkija fell under Soviet occupation in 1940. Betty was sent to the city of Kovno to attend school. She lived with an older brother, sister-in-law, and an older sister. When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Betty and her siblings tried to flee to the Soviet Union but were quickly overrun by the rapidly advancing German troops. The siblings returned to Kovno and were soon confined to the ghetto. The siblings survived a series of actions in the Kovno ghetto, but quickly learned the rest of their family had been killed in Vilkija. In 1943, Betty was sent to a labor camp in nearby Keidainiai [Lithuanian: Kėdainiai; Yiddish: Keidan]. While there, she managed to smuggle guns brought in by the wounded soldiers to Partisan fighters in the nearby forests. In the summer of 1944, Betty was sent to the Stuthoff Concentration Camp. As Allied forces advanced in the January 1945, Betty was sent with other prisoners on a death march toward Germany. During one of the stops along the way, 17-year-old Betty and a handful of other prisoners slipped away and found refuge with a Polish farmer. Betty survived the last few weeks of the war by falling in with the advancing Russian army, where she worked in a field hospital. When the war ended in 1945, she found herself in Berlin where she met and married a Polish survivor, Isaac Goodfriend. In Germany, Betty was reunited with an older sister who had survived and learned an older brother was also still alive in Lithuania. After spending time in Germany and in Paris with another older sister who had survived, Betty and Isaac eventually immigrated to Montreal, Canada. After a few years, the couple came to the United States. They lived in Cleveland, Ohio for many years before coming to Atlanta, Georgia, where Isaac served as cantor at the Ahavath Achim synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBetty and Isaac had three sons. Betty died in 2008 and Isaac died in 2009.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBetty recalls her childhood and where she was during the war. She describes her experiences with the Russian Army at the end of the war. Betty explains how she came to Berlin and met her husband. She reflects on the Jewish way of life that was lost during the Holocaust. She talks about reuniting with an older sister and marrying Isaac Goodfriend. Betty shares the difficulty she had in learning to readjust to life without her family. She mentions how she got to Paris, France with the help of the Brichah. Betty tells a story about a survivor friend’s struggle to readjust to life. She laments the loss of Yiddish culture. She remembers her wedding day and the kindness of Parisians. Betty explains how they immigrated to Canada. She recalls fitting into the Montreal Jewish community and raising her children. Betty explains how they came to the United States and settled in Cleveland, Ohio. She talks about her affinity for the Yiddish language. Betty remembers the clergy and friends she made in the congregation. Betty discusses her activities in the Jewish community, fundraising for different organizations, teaching children, and working with senior citizens. She remembers coming to the South. Betty reflects on how the Atlanta Jewish community has changed. She talks about life after her husband’s retirement. Betty shares her concerns about current events. Betty reads a poem she wrote about the Holocaust. She expands on the history of the Yiddish language and culture that developed around it. Betty reads a story by Sholem Aleichem in Yiddish.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/126/244/small/Goodfriend_Betty.mp4_1635710756.jpg?1635696357","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Goodfriend_Betty.mp4"]},"duration":16444.929,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/126/244/small/Goodfriend_Betty.mp4_1635710756.jpg?1635696357","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/126/244/original/Goodfriend_Betty.mp4?1635696333","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":16444.929,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Betty Goodfriend [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Today is June 9, 2003. We are interviewing Mrs. Betty Goodfriend at\nher home in Atlanta [Georgia]. For the record, could you please state your name?\n\nGOODFRIEND: My born name is Brunya Grossman Goodfriend. My maiden ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name was Kovno\nas we called it, and the name was Vileyka. In Yiddish, we called it 'Vilki'. At\nthe age of three or four months, my family moved to Klaipeda-Memel at the German\nborder, at the Baltic Sea and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the German and Lithuanian border. There, I stayed\nuntil 1939. When the Nazis took over, we went back to the shtetl [Yiddish] or\nsmall town where we lived until the Russians came in in 1940. Then in 1941, the\nwar broke out. At that point I was in Kovno, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaunas. That's where I entered the ghetto.\n\nGHITIS: What were your names of your parents?\n\nGOODFRIEND: My father's name was . . . It's a little hard. My father's name was\nMortel or Mordechai Grossman. My mother's name was Beile [nee Mischelevitz]\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grossman. I am one of nine children. I am the last one left. I was the seventh\nchild in the family.\n\nGHITIS: What is your Hebrew name?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Bina Grossman Goodfriend.\n\n[interview pauses; then resumes]\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember what your address was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the town you were living in?\n\nGOODFRIEND: In the small town? Sure. In the shtetl, the street--of course, in\nLithuanian language--[was] 36 Crayvoya Gatve [Lithuanain: Gatvé]. Gatve means\nstreet in Lithuanian. In Memel, it was--I don't remember exactly the number--but\nit was in German. All the streets were in German. Now, of course, they're ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all in\nLithuanian. It was called Friedrich Wilhelm Strasse. That was the two addresses.\nIn the ghetto, I lived on Varo Gatve.\n\nGHITIS: You said there were nine children in the family?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: How many of them survived?\n\nGOODFRIEND: We were three of us together in the ghetto--another sister and a\nbrother--and I had one sister in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France. She survived in Paris.\n\nGHITIS: Where were you when you were liberated?\n\nGOODFRIEND: I was in . . . The concentration camp where I was was near Gdansk,\nor Danzig. When I was liberated, I was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland, [at the] Polish-German border\naround Danzig. It was called Nowogrodek, Neustadt. I don't really remember\nanymore the name of the farm, where I ran away from the death march. I don't\nremember the name. I don't even know if it had a name. It was just a house in a field.\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where did you go from there?\n\nGOODFRIEND: I always call this the question of my life. Here I am, seventeen,\nand you're standing and you say to yourself, \"Where do I go? What do I do now?\nWho am I? I don't have anybody.\" What do you do? You have to go back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"look for\nwhere life begins. On the farm, there's no future. I started to walk and about\nsix kilometers [3.7 miles] from where we were, I came to a town where there were\nalready a lot of Russian soldiers. I was liberated by the Russian Army. It was a\nGerman speaking town. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On one of the buildings, I saw a big sign where it said,\n\"This is the zbioropunkt [Polish]\"--in other words, the gathering point--\"for\nRussian citizens.\" Being that a Lithuanian was considered at that point a\nRussian citizen--besides I didn't have anywhere else to go--I walked in there\nand registered. I found ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many more survivors, mostly from Ukraine [and]\nnon-Jewish girls and some Jewish girls from Lithuania. We stuck together.\n\nI knew one thing. I am not going back to Russia. I knew my family was all killed\nat that point. They were all killed in 1941, shortly after the takeover from the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis, [by] the Germans, with the help of the Lithuanians. They started to give\nus all kinds of lectures and they covered . . . the Russian secret police . . .\nand so typical dictatorship communism ways, which we knew because they were a\nyear in Lithuania. We were trained real fast to answer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"questions. Being that I\ndecided not to go back, I was looking around to see what's going on. Then, some\nofficers came in and they said they needed some people to work in the front line\nhospital. I said, \"That's for me.\" What should we do? We should do the laundry\nbecause the hospital needed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clean linens for the sick. To tell you the way the\nhospital ran, this is a book by itself. You have to understand you are two [or]\nthree miles from the front line. You have to find a way to make a wounded\nperson, a half dying person comfortable. Then, how to organize ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a laundry room or\nhow to wash laundry in the middle of a field, which all around you is snow?\nBecause I was liberated in February 18, 1945. In Poland, [it] was still winter\nfor quite a while. As we were gathering, we were five girls, all from Lithuania.\nWe were all in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same ghetto and in the same concentration camp. We bonded\nvery fast. We became like what we call a Lagershwester [German], which means a\ncamp sister, being that none of us had family. We started to organize. We found\nbig pots. We took snow, put in the pot, found some wood, tried to make a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fire.\nSnow will melt and we had hot water. To go through [it] fast, as the front line\nmoved on, we moved ahead with them. We came to the first city. I want to point\nthat out because it's historically right. The first German city that capitulated\nto the Russians Army ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was Stettin in German and Szczecin, I think, in Polish.\nThis how they pronounced it. This was the first city we walked in where I found\nGermans hanging themselves from the windows--which was a good sight--being that\nthey were afraid of the Russians, who will take revenge. To emphasize, I must\ngive the Red Army, or the Russians, the real ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"credit, because they were the ones\nwho really who knew how to take revenge. Also, another point of information [is]\nthat they were informed what to do when they marched in in a concentration camp.\nThey knew what to expect. They knew the camps existed because when they started\nback from the occupation of Leningrad [Russia]--or Saint Petersburg ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now\nagain--they found so many mass graves and so many half dead people among their\nown and through the Ukraine. By the time they came past Gdansk, they had already\nliberated in Poland all the other concentration camps. They were informed. They\nknew what to do. They helped a lot of the survivors from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps. Anyway, we\nmoved on. After Stettin, there came--not that they helped before--a new law from\nRussia proper, from the government that if you are the victorious army on the\nenemy territory, you have to provide for yourselves from the enemies ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what they\nhave, like we needed linens and medication, if you can't find, and food. At that\npoint, instead of working with the laundry or in the hospital at night, many\ntimes, we had to go out and find the necessities for the hospital. To make sure\nit sure, I was chosen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be the one to go in with the Russians soldier and ask\nfrom the farmers, \"This and this is what we need, and we will come in, and we'll\ntake it.\" I explained, being that I spoke fluent Russian and fluent German,\nbecause where I lived as a child--we spoke Yiddish at home--German was the\nlanguage of the street and of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city. Everything was in German. I grew up with\nboth languages together. When I speak German, I spoke like a German. Being that\nwe had been a year in school with the Russians and then being exposed to the\nlanguage in the army there, in the hospital, I spoke Russian very fluently. I\ngot a horse, and buggy, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian uniform, and a gun. I had to learn how to\nshoot that gun. At the ripe age of seventeen and a half, I became a big hero. I\nwould walk in to a German farm. I would tell them to come out, let me see how\nmany chickens they have and if they have a cow. I would tell them that, \"We will\nbe back this afternoon or the evening and we will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need so many and so many of\nthe eggs and so much and so much for the milk.\" We needed that for the soldiers.\nWe would take it back and we would have at the hospital to feed them and\neverything else that we could find, like vegetables, and so on. We knew exactly\nhow they would keep it because we came from that background, where we would put\naway for the winter potatoes, and carrots, and stuff like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. We were able to\nfind it there on the farms, too. I came with them, with this hospital until the\nwar was over with Germany. Then, we still had many wounded people. At the end, I\nwas just put in one of the rooms in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house that we turned into a hospital\nbecause as the front line moved on, we moved on. We would take a house and just\nturn it into a hospital. You have to understand that a field hospital has a very\nunbelievable, unknowledgeable for the main population how they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"operate. Many\ntimes, I used to think it's better they don't know. Can you imagine a surgery\nthat has to be done on boards put outside and so on? But they tried to save\ntheir people. I would be at night put many times to sit in the room where they\nwould put the dying soldiers, to see after they died, to straighten them out,\nthat they should not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"die with their arms . . . Coming from hell of the\nconcentration camps, it was quite normal to sit next to a person who died by\nhimself without being killed. It wasn't like scary, or icky, or anything like\nthat, because when you live with death for five ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years, it becomes very,\nunfortunately, quite natural to react properly when it happens. We have an old\nsaying, \"You shouldn't be tested what you can get used to.\" It's amazing what a\nhuman being can get used to, and can survive, and go on living ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to call more or\nless a normal life. This is just what I'm telling you [about] a minute of that\nlifetime at that point. By that time, we came 100 kilometers [62 miles] to\nLudwigslust, which was 100 kilometers from Berlin, or 200 [124 miles], or\nsomething like that. This was the point where I saw the first Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man\nliberated from a small concentration camp. There were a dozen about or so Jewish\nsurvivors from that concentration camp. Many of them were still in the hospital.\nWe became friends. We found each other through another group of Jewish girls in\nanother part of the Russian Army. In the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"short time they were there--eventually\nthey had to run away because of certain happenings to them with the Russian\nsoldiers--they went to Berlin. This was the time when we started to receive\nletters from them [saying], \"Get out. Come to Berlin. This is a place where most\nof the survivors are coming to look for family. Maybe you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will find somebody\nwho's still alive.\" Here you are, with the Russian uniform. Where do you go?\nWhat do you do? They sent us the first matzah, because it was before the High\nHoly Days. They sent us the first Yiddish newspaper from America. At that point,\nthey used to have the Tog-Morgn Zshurnal [Yiddish: Day-Morning Journal], which\nis no more because we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't have enough Yiddish readers anymore. In that paper,\nthere was a list of surviving Jews in Lithuania. I found a name of my brother,\nthat he was alive. It's unbelievable how life and how things work. You cannot\nexplain that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we found out that there is a train, that we could just go on\na train and get to Berlin, we did. We got together, three girls--my two friends\nthat we became very strong friends, my [camp] sisters--and being that we had to\ngive a good excuse, we told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them--and one of the ladies, from an officer's wife,\na Russian--we said we are going to look, we are going to get ladies clothes, and\nwe will see Berlin where the Russians took over. We all went to Berlin. Sure\nenough, they waited for us--two of the men that we met--waited for us at the\ntrain station. There they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"set us up in a room. We had a party and we were\narrested again by the Russians why we made noise. That's a whole book by itself.\nAnyway, we got out of it. We went back. We stayed three days. We went back to\nthe army, packed up our clothes, put on civilian clothes, and we went back to\nBerlin. At that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point, I had met my husband already by the men that we met after\nthe concentration camp. He was a friend with them. They were all Polish Jews\nfrom Poland. At that point, I met my husband in the three days that we were\nthere. We went back. The three of us came, packed up our clothes, and hushed,\nstill ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't talk about it. [We] just got on the train and we went to Berlin.\n\nGHITIS: Could you tell me how it was that you met your husband?\n\nGOODFRIEND: It's interesting that the room where they put us up was rented by my\nhusband, which we didn't know. They said, \"We have a room for you where to stay\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overnight.\" That's all that mattered because in 1945, nobody who ever did not\nsee a war and a war for such a long time in a city like Berlin or any big city\ncannot understand there was barely one sidewalk that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not bombed out or one\nbuilding in that neighborhood that wasn't bombed out. I always think and I say,\n\"Thank G-d, the American boys, the Russians, they did a good job. They bombed it\nout but good.\" There was hardly a place to stay. There were no homes, no houses.\nBut as a survivor, you could go in, and if a German was there, you could just\nthrow him out and with the Russians . . . We started in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian zone.\nFifty-one percent of Berlin belonged to the Russians. It was divided. Berlin was\ndivided. It was the British zone, the American zone, and fifty-one percent of it\nwas the Russian zone. That was the room where we stayed. Then, the next day,\nthey came to pick us up, these two gentlemen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, they're both dead. One\nmarried my girlfriend and the other one . . . They were all very religious Jews\nfrom Hasidic backgrounds. We said the next day we are going to go and look to\nfind food. In a bombed out city in October 1945, find in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"restaurant food. We\nwent from restaurant to restaurant. As we walked, or in one of the restaurants,\nmy husband was there. They introduced us girls to each other. We went in. We\nlooked. I think in one place we found some potatoes or something, whatever. We\nstarted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk. From all the other two young men, when I talked to my husband,\nI found that we had more in common. He knew Hebrew quite well. He remembered\nHebrew poetry. The only hard part I had with him was to understand his Yiddish\ndialect. We speak Yiddish with a different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dialect in Lithuania. I used to tell\nhim, \"Young man, I know what you want, but I don't understand what you are saying.\"\n\nGHITIS: Can you give an example?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, I'll give you an example. I'll say, \"We are going to look for\nmeat.\" In Yiddish, we'll say, \"Ich geh zum tu ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kaffen fleysh.\" In the Pale, from\nPoland, they would say, \"Guy zum fleishig.\" It's quite different. We were always\nvery snobbish about it, that ours' was the literary Yiddish. I am sure that many\npeople know that the Yiddish language that was developed in Eastern Europe . . .\nWe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"built a culture, a literature, developed a language, a Yiddish theater. Can\nyou imagine [plays by William] Shakespeare translated into Yiddish and being\nplayed in New York [City] on Second Avenue by Maurice Schwartz, the great Jewish\nactor? Yiddish was the language that we lived with and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talked. We never talked\ngoyish [Yiddish], or non-Jewish, at home. There was one group of Lithuanian Jews\nwho came originally probably from Russia, who ran away during the Russian\nRevolution. they used to speak Russian among themselves. Many of the so-called .\n. . 'intelligentsia', they used to speak Russian, but most of us, we spoke three\n[or] four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"languages by the age we were six or eight. I spoke Yiddish at home,\nand German in the street, and Hebrew at school, and Lithuanian, because we had\nto speak Lithuanian because it was Lithuania. By the time I was ten years old, I\nspoke four languages very easily, just like that. Then the Russians came in, we\nhad to learn Russian. We were very proud of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"culture that we developed. This\nis what hurts me many times when I think what we lost. We lost the neshama\n[Yiddish], the soul, of our people with the knowledge that was killed. I call it\nthe destruction of the Eastern European Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"civilization. We developed a\ncivilization. We had our own way. We didn't have to copy anybody. The stronghold\nof religion and religious ways were mostly in the small towns. In the bigger\ncities, there was more temptation to young people, but we had such great\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yeshivot, schools of high learning--not just the religious yeshivas; but also, a\ngymnasium, which was a high school, Hebrew high schools, on a very high level.\nEven though you went to high school, you also learned Talmud because it was part\nof being Jewish. The boys learned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talmud. I learned together [and] I sat\ntogether with boys in school until we finished eighth grade. We all sat\ntogether. We learned the same thing. The emphasis was very much on knowledge. We\nwere very devout Zionists, even though we very Orthodox, knowledgeable ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox.\nWe went on with everyday life. We would go to the beach. We would believe . . .\nWe would support whenever possible Israel [Palestine]. A Jewish National Fund\nwas very popular. And ORT we knew, which is separate, but ORT also was in a very\nhigh level. I'm mixing in a few different eras together.\n\nGHITIS: These days, many of the Orthodox ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would not do the things you are describing.\n\nGOODFRIEND: But you are talking about Hasidim. We were not Hasidim. We were\nMisnagdam. Misnagdam means the opposition. We followed the way from the Volozhin\nYeshiva, the way from the Vilna Gaon, Hayyim of Vilna, or the sage of Vilna. He\ndid not approve of Hasidism. I never saw a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hasid until after the war. We knew\nthey existed. We learned about people who wear payess and, of course, a beard.\nJewish people wore a beard. My grandfathers wore a beard. My mother, aleha\nhashalom [Hebrew: peace be upon her], did not have a sheitel, but she covered\nher hair [and] never walked with short dresses or short sleeves, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like Orthodox.\nWe didn't have a rebbes. We had a rov. We had Talmudic machalim [Hebrew],\nscholars. Then, what we called a [unintelligible Yiddish; 30:45]. He was a very\nscholarly person in the Talmud, and all that, and in the Torah. He did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not have\nthe title rabbi because this was not his way of life. He was the person who you\nwould go and ask to explain to you if you had a kashir, if you had some kind of\na problem, but mainly you went to the rabbi, the rov from the shtetl. We did\nthings ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to what the dayanim [Hebrew: rabbinical judges], the law said.\nThere was no question about [being] shomer Shabbos or shomer mitzvot as much as possible.\n\nGHITIS: Let us go back to your story.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, going to go back to my story. I got to Berlin and I met my\nhusband. I looked around and met more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, [but] almost nobody from\nLithuania. We were . . . You have to understand that Poland had the most, the\nlargest Jewish community outside of Communist Russia. They were 3.5 million\nJews. In Lithuania, as far as I can remember what I was taught, every tenth\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person was a Jewish person. Lithuania had 3,000,000 people, so about 300,000\nJews approximately. In the ghetto where I was in Kovno . . . There were three\nghettos, by the way, in Lithuania: one in Shavli [Yiddish], Siauliai in\nLithuanian; in Kovno, Kaunas; and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one in Vilnius, in Vilna. They were the three.\nIn the small towns, they killed right then and there, mostly their own\nLithuanian neighbors. When I came to Berlin and I couldn't find anybody . . .\nwhich didn't surprise me because so few of us survived from Lithuania, but it\ndidn't matter. We were all people who suffered. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin was organized. There was\na group of German Jews who survived. They organized the Judisches Gemeinde\n[German: Jewish community], in other words, the Jewish committee where you could\ngo, and register, and hang around, and get something to eat sometimes. They were\nin the American zone already, so there was a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help from the American\nsoldiers. Some of them would drop off food. If you had money, you were able to\nbuy on the black market from the American soldiers who were smart to get stuff\nfrom PX and sell it to the civilian population--not just the survivors; but\nalso, to the Germans. One day--I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to bring that in because G-d's ways, the\nway things happen--I was walking from that Judisches Gemeinde. I was going out\nof there. There came over a man. The man came over and looked, and looked, and\nlooked at me. He said to me in Yiddish, \"Do you have a brother whose name is\nShalom ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nachum Grossman?\" I said, \"Yeah. How do you know him?\" He said, \"We were\nfriends.\" My brother was at least 18 or 19 years older than I was, so I didn't\nreally know his friends because he was married already before the war. He said,\n\"Do you know that your sister is alive?\" I said, \"How? How do you know?\" He\nsaid, \"I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come from Munich [Germany] now. Near Munich, there were many [displaced\npersons] camps and your sister is in Feldafing. She found her husband and they\nare alive.\" Can you imagine? Here you are, you walk on the street in the middle\nof Berlin, somebody comes over. I said, \"How did you recognize me?\" He said,\n\"You look a lot like your brother. You have very similar features.\" Of course,\nin those days, I weighed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"97 pounds, so my cheekbones were probably higher.\n[laughs] Somehow, he recognized me.\n\nIt was like etzba elochim [Hebrew], the finger of G-d. Why am I saying that?\nBecause, when after my husband proposed to me . . . It wasn't just a proposal.\nBut we had a friend who was a distant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relative, one of the men who [got] us out\nfrom the Russians was a distant relative to my husband's family. He said like\nthis, \"No, the two of you are going around for three weeks already. There's\nnobody to watch you, and nobody to take care of you, and you might do wrong\nthings, and [unintelligible Yiddish; 36:54]. It's not nice for Jewish kids to do\nthat. You must shreyb t'noyim [Yiddish: write the engagement contract]. You have\nto get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"engaged. You have to, or stop seeing each other, because you're always\ntogether.\" What we did, we got together this group of friends that we made and\nwe did t'noyim. We became engaged. My husband gave me a locket, I think--which I\nlost in Paris, but that's beside the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point. We got engaged. I said in the\nengagement, in the t'noyim that we signed that I don't want to get married, to\nwait at least six months, maybe I will find somebody from my family who is still\nalive. My husband approved even though he knew his family was already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone. He\nwas the only survivor of his family.\n\nWhen this man told me that my sister is alive, I ran to find Isaac and tell him\nthat we have . . . [The man] said he's going back. He's going to tell my sister.\nI told him where I lived and everything. Sure enough, my brother-in-law came. He\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"I came to take you with me.\" I was barely eighteen. He said, \"I'm going\nto take you with me. What are you going to do here by yourself?\" I told him, \"I\nam engaged to be married and you'll meet the young man. If you don't approve,\nI'll go with you,\" because this is the way we were brought up. He was now the\neldest of the family. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to give me his approval. He met Isaac. He said, \"He\nis a nice, quiet young man.\" Isaac was quiet, had very fine manners. I never\nliked people who were loud. He approved of him and he went back and brought my\nsister. We got married three months ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later instead of waiting six months, being\nthat my sister was there. We got married in 1946 in January. I knew my husband\nthree months. That was fifty-seven years ago.\n\nGHITIS: How do you call him? You say Isaac.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I call him Yitzhak. When I met him, they called him Itcha. I\ncouldn't get used to Itcha ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because, in Lithuania, if somebody was Yitzhak, you\ncalled him Yitzik. Being that nobody called him Yitzik, I said to myself, \"His\ngiven name is close.\" I call him Yitzhak. This is how I refer to him. It's\neasier this way. After we were married, we were in Berlin.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell us about seeing your sister the first time.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can I describe that? It took us a few days to get to . . . She\nwas with me in the ghetto. We were in the same camp, except that I ran away from\nthe death march and she continued. That's how we lost each other. I didn't know\nif she survived because I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find anybody alive from my camp where I was\nwith the group that I was [with] in the camps. I don't have to tell you that it\nis indescribable. At that point, I told her that our brother is alive. It's\nsomething that is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard to describe. [My sister] lived in Feldafing, which was a\nDP camp. My brother-in-law was very educated from before the war. He was an\nengineer, a civil . . . an architect really. He spoke English because he took\nEnglish in college in Kovno. He spoke English, so he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked with UNRAA [United\nNations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration], with the American soldiers\nbecause they needed somebody who spoke English and Yiddish. He was able to\ncommunicate with the people in Feldafing. The first place I saw Greek Jews was\nin Feldafing, by the way. [There were] a mixture of survivors from Greece. After\nthey left, they went back after the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wedding. My sister kept on telling me, \"Come\nto be with us. Maybe we can immigrate to America.\" In the meantime, I couldn't\nstand anymore to hear the German language around me. I had a very hard time\ncoping with . . . You can't get away from what you lived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with and what is\nimpressed upon you after such horrible happenings to you, to your mind, to your\nbody, to your soul. Every time I would go down to the subway, the untergrundbahn\n[German] and they used to say, \"Achtung!\" [German: Attention!] I used to jump.\nIt took me hours to come down ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again. I said to my husband, \"Look, the Russians\nare almost surrounding Berlin. Let's get away from here. Let's get away.\" We\nstarted . . . We thought maybe we would go to Israel. We left Berlin and we went\nto Zeilsheim. Near Frankfurt am Main, was another DP camp, where we had very\nclose friends from Berlin who moved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. We went there. My husband found a\ncousin there. We thought we would go to Israel. On the bus, when we started to\ngo, I saw that only the stronger ones can push themselves and get what they\nwant. I said to my husband, \"I don't think I'm strong enough to undertake such a\ntrip in a place to be where the strong ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ones, those who push and those who yell,\nwill take over.\" It felt very much like in the ghetto. If you were able to push\nupon somebody else and step on somebody else, you came out ahead for a while. I\ncouldn't handle that. We decided to stay in Zeilsheim. From there, we went to be\nwith my sister in Feldafing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As we were in the DP camp, Isaac went to an ORT\nschool. I just learned how to keep house, which was nothing to talk about.\n[laughs] I want to tell this story. Most of the survivors were between the age\nof 16 and 25. Somebody over 30 was already the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"older people. Some were 40 even,\nbut most of us were between that age group [of 16-25]. The older ones couldn't\nreally survive. The young ones probably, most of us who survived, still had some\nkind of strength that youth gives to the person to be able to withstand such\nhorror, and terrible times, and hunger, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all that. In Feldafing, we had a\ntheater place. We had a Jewish library already. We had a local paper so often.\nThey brought in some Jewish movies. They organized a Yiddish theater and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put on\nsome shows for the people. There were 3,000 survivors there from all over\nEurope. We became active in these groups. Isaac was learning how to became a\nwatchmaker. Every time he took apart a watch, he had a few pieces profit,\n[laughs] left over. I always laugh about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. He never could get put back\ntogether. He gave of that job. He sang in the choir. They had a choir there. It\nwas always with his music. It was before Rosh Ha-Shanah. There was a German\nbaker. He said he will give one day the ovens to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivors who want to bake\nchallah for Yontif, because we tried to explain . . . Who had money to buy?\nAnyway, we went. We got . . . We used to get rations what was sent in from\nAmerica. We got some flour and yeast. My husband and I said, \"We are going to\nmake challah.\" We were married a little more than a year at that point. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said,\n\"Do you know how?\" I said, \"No, but I remember mother, aleha hashalom, used to\nput this in and this in.\" He said, \"And my mother put in this and this.\" The two\nof us took all these articles what we thought we needed. We put it with the\nflour and we started to mix. Somehow it didn't become a dough. It became like\npieces, but we mixed it anyway. We took a big bowl with the all the flour, and\nthe yeast, whatever we put in there, and we went up to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"baker. There was a\nlady who survived with her daughter. She was married already before the war, so\nshe knew something. I walked around and I looked around at everybody else. I saw\nthat her daughter's bowl had the dough the way it should look. I said to her,\n\"Could you please help me? I don't think that I made the dough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"properly. I don't\nknow if I can make challah from that.\" She came over, and took a look, and she\nstarted to cry. Then she said, \"Dear, G-d, kinder [Yiddish: children] don't know\nanything, how to go on with life.\" She took some hot water and she started to\nknit the dough. We got a terrific challah, but we didn't know how to do it. This\nis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the sad parts, the readjustment to Jewish life. There was nobody to\nhelp us and tell us which is right and which wrong, and what to do, and how to\ndo it, mostly how to do it. What to do, we remembered, but we didn't know how,\nand there as nobody to ask. I told it to somebody the other day, a rabbi, I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"I must tell you certain things that nobody talks about what happened to\nus after the war. There was nobody to turn to and nobody to say, 'This is what\nyou do and this is how you cook.' There was nobody to teach us how to cook\nsomething, how to do something.\" One day, one of the girls walked around with a\nchicken neck in her hand, asking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody, \"How do you, after you . . . You\nwant to kashrut the chicken. How do you pull out the vein? Where is the vein in\nthe neck?\" We all told her, those of us who were around her, \"You cut it on one\nside and you pull out the vein.\" She said, \"I cut. I cannot find the vein.\"\nNobody knew how to do it. We knew that it had to be done and if you don't do it,\nit's not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kosher. We didn't know where to find the vein. There was nobody to ask.\nThose are memories of readjustment to Jewish life, to our way of life, how a\nJewish person has to live, and what kosher chicken should be like and prepared.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those are moments that nobody thinks about. How did we readjust to life? To say\n'with difficulty' isn't the expression. You come out from nowhere and you have\nto find your way of who you were. It's very easy to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the wind, blow\nanywhere, be anybody, but you have to be you. There is something in us that we\ninherited from where we came from. These were some of the happenings that I\nthought it would be good and then, this was important to remember: that people,\nwith all that they went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through, still believed that you have to live as a Jew,\nas religious as possible. Not all of us lost our faith and our fate. We asked\nquestions, yes. How come nobody helped? How come this? And how come . . . I came\nto the conclusion at a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very early age that not every question has an answer.\nIt's no use to ask. You can find your way and say, 'Where was G-d,' and live\nyour own life without the belief that there is a G-d, but this depends on the\nperson. This wasn't my way of life. This wasn't the way I was brought up and\nthis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't the way of continuation of our people. I didn't want to have\nchildren because it's a normal reaction of a person who was near a crematorium,\nwhere you saw what happens to Jewish children. I didn't want to add any more\nJews to be put in the oven, which is a normal reaction of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people [that went\nthrough] what I went through. Then, my husband felt that that was wrong. So did\nmy sister. My sister never had children because she came out very sick from the\ncamps. She died quite young, too. I was the one to continue our people. There\nwere even questions [like], 'Why should our people continue?' ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, you\nphilosophize, you read, you question, you study more about the depth of our\npeople, what we added to this world, what we gave this world. They didn't want\nto accept it. It's not easy to accept for a murder that \"Thou shall not kill.' I\ncame to the conclusion, in my own way and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"philosophy, that the Jewish people are\na sign that there is still a G-d, that there is a G-d. That's why we are still\nhere. So many people wanted to kill us. We were, throughout history, murdered,\nenslaved, burned, chopped to pieces, everything, but we are still here and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not\njust are we still here, when it says kehmeh kumt aroys ha torah [Yiddish], that\nknowledge and wisdom will come out from Jerusalem means what Jewish people\ncontributed to the world in knowledge, in science, in medicine, in everything.\nThis is what I believe. I never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"questioned what happened to us. There is no\nanswer from the horror that human beings can think up to do, but there are also\nhuman beings who do a lot of good. Forgive? I don't forgive. I can't forgive.\nNobody came to tell me that they feel guilty, that I should forgive them, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even\nthough I couldn't. What my eyes saw could not be forgiven. When my child came in\nand said, \"Mom, how come everybody has a grandmother and I don't,\" what do you\nsay? [Do you say,] \"The Nazis killed her\"? We had a non-Jewish lady, a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice\nlady, a neighbor. He called her 'Grandmother.' My children didn't have cousins,\nthey didn't have aunts and uncles. How can I forgive? I can't forgive. I hope\nthat the third generation now in Germany, who have those murderers' blood in\nthem . . . Because to kill a person is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not the way they killed. To kill a person\nand just let him die is one way, but to torture him, and not kill him ,and let\nhim die, that cannot be forgiven ever. This is what we call rishes [Yiddish:\nwickedness]. This is something that a human being shouldn't have in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. I think\nthat many Germans still inherited that blood of that rishes, of that horror, how\nto kill people without blinking an eye. From there, we went from Feldafing when\nwe found my sister, we went to Paris. It wasn't just easy to say, \"We went to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris.\" My husband went to Paris and my sister wouldn't let him go back. She\nsaid, \"If you'll stay here, she'll come too.\" I had a hard time. In 1946, from\nMunich to get to Paris, it's not like you go in and you ask for a visa. It\nwasn't that way, but there was a way. When the Haganah--the Israeli soldiers who\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came to organize survivors, young people to go to Israel . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: The Brichah?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, from the Brichah they came. It wasn't Haganah yet. You are\nright. They came to organize. Then, with a bus--really a truck--we went. In\nthose days, France had a camp--I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think it was near Marseilles--where the young\npeople, the volunteers to smuggle into Israel, were training and waited for a\nship, to be able to get in, to smuggle into Israel.\n\n[interview pauses; then resumes]\n\nGOODFRIEND: I want to tell you a story from a dear ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friend. Unfortunately, she's\ngone. She died in her fifties. What stays with the people who survived the camps\nand how deep Yiddishkeit--when I say 'Yiddishkeit', I mean religion--was\nimbedded in us. It was such a great part of our lives. I have . . . The couple .\n. . Ruth was her name. We met in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin in 1945 because her husband was a very\nclose friend of my husband. They came from the same place in Poland and they\nworked during the war together. He came to Berlin and he opened a restaurant and\nthey did well. When I came to Berlin, one day I walked into her apartment. I see\nshe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has a board, and on the board, there is a piece of pork--the belly, like the\nflat part of pork. I think that's what you call it, the belly. She was putting\nsalt on it. I said, \"Ruth! Darling!\" I started to laugh. I said, \"Biztu meshuga?\n[Yiddish: Are you crazy?] What are you doing? You are making, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kashering a piece\nof pork? Azs khazer! [Yiddish: That's pork!]\" She said, \"I can't eat meat if\nit's not soaked and salted.\" I said, \"But this is khazer.\" She said, \"It doesn't\nmatter.\" Can you imagine? She absolutely . . . Until this very day, I say, 'No\nwonder we cannot be destroyed. Look how deep it is in us.' Even if it was a\npiece of khazer, she couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eat it. She had to soak it and salt it. One day,\nwe go shopping. That was in Montreal [Canada]--I am skipping--with that same\nfriend. She survived Birkenau. She was in Birkenau. I came grocery shopping\n[with her], so when we came home, I helped her to take out things. She said to\nme in the store, \"Oh, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"please, Betty, don't forget to remind me to buy\nsalt.\" I said, \"Okay.\" I went over. I got her the salt. I come home. I helped\nher unpack and take out her groceries. I go into the pantry. There's a whole\nshelf of salt. I said, \"[unintelligible Yiddish, 1:02:50] You have so much\nsalt!\" She said, \"Oy vey [Yiddish expression of exasperation] is me!\" She said,\n\"I was so hungry for something to taste with salt during the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war that every\ntime, I think I don't have salt.\" After so many years, she still was afraid that\nmaybe she doesn't have enough salt. That stays with people. She had fifteen\npounds of salt, but she was still afraid.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you have any stories like that?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Not from myself. The only thing that stayed with me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that if I go\nout of the house, I have to know where I'm going to end up or I don't go out. If\nI have to go somewhere, I have to know absolutely how to get there. If not, I\ndon't even start. Don't forget, from the age of twelve . . . When you start to\nbe dragged around from one place to the other, from one camp to another, from\none ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horror [or] hell to another, this stayed with me. When we lived in Paris, we\nhad got a group of friends. We were the only married couple. All our friends\nwere still single. They would come to my little apartment and sit down on the\nbed. They would say, \"Make a plan where we are going, what we are going to see.\"\nThat's how we were going, when we got to Paris. I used to stand near the door.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd say, \"Where are we going to end up?\" They used to say, \"What's the\ndifference?\" I said, \"No. I'm not going. I have to know where I'm going to end\nup.\" This stayed with me to this very day. I'm not going to get in the car and\njust drive, [thinking] maybe I'll find it. I have to know how I'm getting there.\nThis stayed with me. Everybody has something. And then, of course, I always buy\nmore food. I'm always afraid maybe tomorrow we couldn't get out or couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find\nany. I do it subconsciously. I probably don't think about it.\n\nGHITIS: How about in raising your children?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Don't forget, children have their own ways, especially boys. First\nof all, they saw when I started to tell them a little bit . . . If there was\nsomething on television about the concentration camps, or the Nazis, or\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything, I would start to cry, so they stopped asking me. It's not that they\nweren't good listeners. I think that they didn't want to bring back bad memories\nto me. In a way, I was sorry because I did try to tell them. One day, my oldest\nson had to write something in college. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He called me and asked me to give him a\nlist from my sisters, my brothers, the names, and so on. Now, I would mark down\nall the names and leave for my children that they should know their names, and\nhow they died, and where, and all that. I had a terrible time. He asked Isaac\nthe same thing. We couldn't sit in the same room to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. He did it separate.\nWe marked it all down. We made a tape. I made a tape for him. I tried to talk to\nthem. They saw how much it hurts, so they stopped asking. Being that they went\nto the Hebrew Academy and to yeshivas, I had hoped . . . Maybe in the Hebrew\nAcademy they did teach them some. I don't think they taught them about the\nHolocaust in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yeshivas because of the questions the children would ask. Now,\nI understand--Rabbi [Hyman] Friedman told us--that now they have a young rabbi\n[who] came up with a way to teach the Holocaust--which I don't call it the\nHolocaust. I call it the Third Destruction [or] Hurban Shelishi [Hebrew]. We had\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two Hurbanim. The one that destroyed the First Temple [and] the Second Temple. I\ncall this the Hurban de Europa, the destruction of the European Jewry. I call it\nthe Third Hurban, the Third Destruction because Jewish life will never be the\nsame as it was before in Eastern Europe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially. Life was never the same\nafter the destruction of the Second Temple to the Jewish people, never. The\nTemple was destroyed. Everything else, the way of life that was the Jewish way\nof life when the Temple was still there was finished. The same thing was the\ndestruction of a thousand years of Jewish civilization ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Eastern Europe. We\ndeveloped a language. [The] Hasidic movement was born there. The greatest\nscholars, the greatest yeshivas, everything is destroyed. The language of\nYiddish, its culture and our way of life will never, nowhere be the same, not in\nAmerica, not in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel, and for sure not in Europe, because the roots of that\ncivilization was erased, unfortunately, by many Christians in the cities in the\ncountries where we lived and by the German people. This is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Hurban Shelishi,\nthe Third Destruction. Whatever else you will call it, I just hope that the\nyounger generations of other peoples and our people . . . I pray to G-d that our\npeople, the young generation, should find pride and hope in G-d and stay Jewish,\nbecause the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"times we live in is not giving much encouragement to many of the\nyoung people to really be who they should be, the Jewish young people. That\nworries me a lot. But we have to hope that nobody can ever destroy us\ncompletely. The question that you had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about my wedding. The wedding, of course,\nwas in Berlin in one of the night clubs, which wasn't really a night club at\nthat point. It was a nice hall. If I'm not mistaken, it belonged to a German\nJew. I couldn't find a white dress, so I wore a light blue dress. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was over\nemotional to a point where I couldn't . . . The day before, I was very sick, but\nI think it was more emotional than a cold. We had representatives of all the\narmies who were there, including a group of Red Cross people from Sweden. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Near\nour table, right next to us at the head table, was a French Colonel. Too bad in\nthose days I didn't speak French yet. [He was] a very handsome gentleman. I have\nhim in the pictures. We had a big group of American soldiers. Most of them were\nJewish. Some of them spoke Yiddish. A few of them were from Brooklyn [New York\nCity, New York], so they still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spoke Yiddish. We were able to communicate with\nthem because I didn't speak English either. I always make a joke of it. When I\ncame to America, I knew two English words: Coca-Cola and Pal Mal. That I learned\nfrom the American soldiers. We bought the liquor and most of the boxes of mixing\nthe cakes from PX ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldiers. They helped us out. I want to emphasize the\nimportance of one great persona, whom we met in Berlin, who was wonderful to the\nsurvivors. That was a Reform rabbi, a chaplain in the army, Rabbi [Joseph]\nShubow, from Boston [Massachusetts]. I think his son is a rabbi or his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandson,\nstill in Boston. He was wonderful to us. He helped us. We had our last Sheva\nBrachot in his house. He provided the food. It was the first time I saw gefilte\nfish in a can. We never saw that in Europe before. When we were really hungry\nand couldn't find any food, we would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to Rabbi Shubow. He would give us food.\nHe was very good. There was a little boy, a survivor. He was maybe twelve years\nold. [Rabbi Shubow] even saw that he should get a little American uniform. He\ntook care of him. We had a little girl in Berlin also with us, who stayed with a\nfriend of mine. She must have been eight or nine years old. We took care of her,\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group. This boy, Rabbi Shubow brought him to America, I think. He saw that\nhe should have an education. He helped us a lot. My sister was there for my\nwedding, and my brother-in-law, and all the new friends. A representative of the\nmayor and his entourage, the Germans, came to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wedding. There were maybe 250\npeople. There was a Russian soldier, a reporter. There were a few, but this one\nwe were close with. He was brought up probably by a Zionist organization. He had\na good background in Yiddishkeit, which was unusual among Russian soldiers. He\nmust have been a man in his thirties, late thirties ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe. He came to our wedding.\n\nGHITIS: Who married you?\n\nGOODFRIEND: A rabbi, a rov. He was from Poland, from Lida. He was a survivor. He\nlooked like a rov should. He had a beard. He was nicely dressed.\n\nThe ketubah . . . Being that can you cannot find [unintelligible; 1:15:26] in\nGermany in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1946, my girlfriend, who lives now in Sarasota [Florida], her\nfather was a rov. She wrote on a piece of paper from a notebook. She knew how to\nwrite the ketubah. I think I still have it somewhere. We had a chuppah. It was\ntraditional., everything We couldn't make an all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kosher dinner the way we would\nhave wanted, but we had a kosher table. We had a representation from the\ncommunity, from the Judisches Gemeinde. Everybody, almost all the survivors, the\nGerman Jews, were there. All the survivors that we knew were there. [There were]\nmaybe 250, 300 people. Then, we had a happening. I don't know if Yitzhak\nmentioned that. Maybe he might have mentioned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. We had a very interesting\nhappening. Being that there were also British soldiers and . . . They called\nthemselves the 'Jewish Brigade' in the British Army. One of them got up. I\ndidn't understand English. He made a speech ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably talking about the horror of\nour people, and the terrible thing the British are doing to the survivors, that\nthey catch them and put them in camps in Cyprus, who knows what. Somebody, one\nof the British soldiers jumped up on that little stage and they started to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fight. They took them apart. I wanted to know--of course, we all wanted to\nknow--what's happening. Then, the orchestra started to play. My sister, aleha\nhashalom, had a beautiful voice. She got up and she sang a Hebrew song. She was\nin a very famous choir in Lithuania. This was one of very many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happenings. I\nstill have--I see it in front of me--the picture of all the American soldiers\ngetting together for a picture.\n\nGHITIS: Who paid for the wedding?\n\nGOODFRIEND: We did.\n\nGHITIS: Why was the wedding such an important event that all the representatives came?\n\nGOODFRIEND: It was the first Jewish wedding [of] survivors. It was something to\ngo to a party, to be happy. Everybody had had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it with the war. Everybody wanted\nto be somewhere where it's joyous and to see new things happening that are more\nor less normal, so that was a big happening for everybody. I wasn't all the time\n. . . There were many times I would walk out of the hall because it was so sad\nfor me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's how it goes. You readjust. You say, \"I had friends there. And at\nleast I was lucky I had one sister.\" My husband had nobody. Most of my friends\nwho got married also had nobody. One girlfriend, the one who came afterwards to\nsettle in Montreal and I'm still very close to her children, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when she got\nmarried two months later, she had a white dress. Then the other girls who were\nmarried after her, they all borrowed that dress. It didn't matter. It's\ninteresting that the people didn't divorce. We came from different backgrounds,\nsurvived an era that hell isn't the word for it, and we stayed together. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't\nremember anybody from my friends who were divorced after the war. Another point\n[is that] many . . . It's hard to explain. Probably psychologists [or]\npsychiatrists might explain that many Jewish men married German women, shicksas.\nJewish girls, I didn't know of any case or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anybody who should marry a German\nman. But many Jewish men married German shicksas.\n\nYou also have to remember that many of us . . . I was lucky because I stayed . .\n. Right away after the camps, I was with the army and there wasn't so much with\nthe food, and action, and all that. I didn't bloat. I didn't get fat. As a\nmatter of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact, it took me a long time to be able to stand up straight and walk\non both feet, not on all four. Many of the women who survived the concentration\ncamps and started to eat, they were bloated and their hair started to grow in.\nProbably to a man, a tall, blonde, long-legged German girl looked more\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attractive. I don't know how to explain it. I was looking for a 'why', but it happened.\n\nEINSTEIN: You have not mentioned meeting up with your brother. You started the\nstory about finding out your . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: No, I knew where my brother was. He was in Lithuania. This man . . .\nOnce we got together with my sister in Feldafing, we knew where my brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was,\nbut we couldn't communicate with him. We didn't have an address. It was very\nhard. Then, we found my sister in Paris. That was a great happening and that's\nhow we got to Paris. I went with the Israeli group, the Brichah. They brought me\nto the German-French border in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mulhouse, which is a French border there. I\ndressed like one of those people who go hiking, with boots and a knapsack. I was\nso young. I tied my hair. I went. I bought a ticket to Paris on the train. I\ndidn't talk to anybody because I couldn't. Those who spoke German, I spoke to\nthem ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German. In Europe, nobody will bother you. If you don't walk to talk to\nanybody, nobody's going to talk to you. I sat there. Overnight, I got to Paris.\nI don't think Isaac came to pick me up at the train, but I had the address on a\npiece of paper. I showed him the paper. I knew some words. I took a few private\nlessons in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany. Then, when I was a child, I took Latin. We had to take Latin\nin school, so I understood enough. I showed him the address and he took me to my\nsister in Paris. I rang the bell, and my husband came down or my brother-in-law\ncame down, and they paid him. That's how I arrived in Paris in the winter of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1946, at the end of 1946. It was very hard in the beginning. I lived with my\nsister, and her husband, and her son. Her son is now in North Carolina. He is in\nthe Triangle. He works. I'm very proud of him. He has a PhD in chemistry. He\nmade something out of himself. This is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child who was hidden in the convent in\nFrance during the war. He's only about ten years my junior. We used to play\ntogether when we were in Paris. We used to jump, go to the movies together. Once\nwe got work and settled in, we met some people. We met a man ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially from\nPoland, who was older, but he had a good education. He was one of those people,\na historian. He loved history and he knew all the French history. Every Sunday\nmorning, we would all get together and go to a different important place in\nParis. We went from the famous cemetery, Père Lachaise, to the catacombs, to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Versailles, to Bois de Boulogne, all the wonderful places. We had a very good\ntime. I always call it . . . When I got to Paris, I was so young. I learned a\nlanguage. I couldn't wait. I was like a sponge getting in the life of normal\npeople, culture all around you, theatres, opera, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movies. Isaac never really saw\nmovies before the war because Hasidim don't go to movies. We developed--how\nshould I say it?--culturally.\n\nThe people were very kind. They had suffered during the war. And the freedom,\nthe feeling of freedom . . . I always used to say, \"You can walk on your head\nand nobody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cares.\" It was wonderful. The [French] people were gentle. I walked\nin in the subway and there were seats that it said on top, \"These seats are for\npregnant women only.\" [They were] privileged seats or for people who can't walk\n. . . cripples. I found it so civilized. I thought this was so thoughtful.\n\nSomething else that I noticed in Paris was when we used to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down to the\nsubway, it was a swinging door. You never let go of the door until the next\nperson came in. Everybody held the door for everybody else. I found it so\ncultured and civilized. I was touched by it, very touched. Of course, the\nelevators, forget it. The houses there are a thousand years old. When you moved\ninto an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apartment on the fourth or fifth floor, if you heard somebody come down,\nyou didn't start to go up in order not to disturb the person who's coming down.\nI thought that that was so civilized.\n\nEINSTEIN: Betty, can you talk a little more about coming out of the camp\nsituation, where I am guessing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that people were not civilized, and then that\ntransformation to being part of society again?\n\nGOODFRIEND: First of all, our contact with the regular world around us . . . The\nmeshugas [Yiddish: crazy people] or things from our own people, we knew. We\nunderstood it if somebody was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bitter, or loud, or cheating . . . Most of us were\nquite naïve, the younger people, because we didn't have the school to learn\ntrickery. Some people did. We were not too much in contact, when I think about\nit. [We] didn't trust the Germans, so you didn't deal with them anyway. They\ncouldn't become your friend. The German Jews in Berlin were very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice. They were\npolite. To me, it was a normal way of communicating with them because they were\nvery much with the Jews that I grew up with, that I went to school with when I\nlived in Memel, on the German border. They were very nice. I couldn't say\nanything bad. When my husband became cantor, they were always very respectful.\nThey didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk down to you. The only thing we felt as Ostjuden [German:\neastern Jews], as Eastern European Jews, I knew they were meshugas. To them,\ncertain things . . . They were still German, but I couldn't complain. As far as\nthe outside world, the non-Jewish and the Germans, we weren't in touch with\nthem. We stayed among our own. We didn't have any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business . . . The only place\nwhere we started to have close interactions was in France, because there, they\nworked with the people together. We shopped with them together. We went to the\nsame places. Our lives were interacted because, if it was a national holiday,\nyou lived in France, you went to that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holiday. The same thing like your French\nneighbors. They were very kind. As a matter of fact, my oldest son was born in\nParis. I was pregnant. It was a hot day. Of course, I didn't have the money to\ngo to a private doctor, so I went to the open clinic to the doctor. It was such\na hot day and I couldn't walk very much anymore. I found somewhere, like on the\nedge of a stairway or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever. I sat down. A woman went by. She was carrying\nher bag with the fruit that she bought. She came over and she talked to me. She\nsaid, \"Oh, mon cheri [French: my dear]. Oh, my dear one. You don't feel so good?\nPlease, take some of my grapes.\" I was very touched by the kindness of the\npeople. They didn't care if I was a foreigner. They didn't know if I was a\nforeigner or not. They didn't care if I was a foreigner. I looked like one of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them with the dark hair and skinny, in those days. I weigh more now that what I\nweighed when I was pregnant with my son. They were very nice. We had a hard\ntime, couldn't make a living, and I didn't have what to feed my son. When I went\nout to the concierge, the one who ran and took care of the buildings and the\napartments, she would give me food. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't have any complaints as far as the\nFrench people, nothing. I'm very upset what's happening now because I think it's\nthe influence of the new citizens. France has over five million Arabs, and the\npropaganda, and business . . . But I give a lot of credit for my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"development\nafter the war into a . . . That little bit of knowledge and culture that I\ngained, started there. It continued. I always had an open mind. I always wanted\nto know. My husband says, \"Why do you say why?\" I said, \"Because you have to\nask. If you don't find out, you won't know.\" It's very simple. People tell me,\n\"The children are driving me crazy. They always ask 'why'.\" I say, \"You are\nlucky. You have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smart child. If he won't ask, he won't find out. He won't\ndevelop his mind.\" It's very simple. I felt very comfortable there. That was the\nonly place where we were in touch after the camps with people outside our own.\nMost of the time, we dealt and we were with our own. Look, there are kind\npeople; there are unkind people. There are swindlers. There are people who will\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take advantage of you. We had our portion of that, but this is done. We put\ntogether our life. We grew mentally and physically into the situations, the\ncities, the places, the culture where we were. From there, we had to go back to\nBerlin because we couldn't make a living. I had hard times. There were times I\ndidn't have what to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eat in Paris. There were times in Berlin I didn't have what\nto eat. I always tried to find and everybody else did the same thing. Our\nfriends--the same friends who helped me to get away from the Russians--they\nstayed in Berlin. They did well for themselves. They opened a store with\nantiquities, with this and that, and that they did well. They told us, \"Come\nback.\" At one point, my girlfriend--the one from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montreal--sent me some money.\nIsaac went back by himself. Then, I went. He came and picked me up with our son.\nWe went back and we stayed with our friends. Then, Isaac became . . . He started\nto train his voice and he became the cantor in Berlin. We got an apartment and\nit . . . Berlin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was almost built up at that point, almost five years later. I\ncouldn't . . . In Yiddish, we have an expression: nisht far guten [Yiddish: not\nfor good]. I couldn't stand it that they developed so much. They had so many\nriches now, and so many business, and so much forgiveness. This was the thing\nthat bothered me most. [There was] so much forgiveness from the other peoples.\nThey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developed the big hotels. They developed La Maison de France and all these\nbeautiful places that you find now in Berlin. We stayed with our same group of\nfriends. We applied to go to America, but on the Polish quota--my husband being\nfrom Poland--they wouldn't let you in. America had enough Jews. They didn't want\nanymore, very simple. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They said that we missed the deadline ,which was January\n1947, or December 1947, or something stupid like that. They let in at that time,\nin 1948 [and] 1949, they let in 100,000 or 200,000 survivors, Eastern Europeans.\nMore than half were probably those who cooperated with the Nazis--they let them\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in--[the ones] who came here. I think over 100,000 Jews in the time of\n[President Harry] Truman came in to America [in] 1947, 1948, something like\nthat, and 1949. But for the amount, like the 200,000 that they said that they\nlet in to America, I think, most of them were not Jewish. I don't think so. But\n100,000 Jews did come in. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We signed up with HAIS, the organization that helped.\nOne day, being that we knew everybody in the community--we were always part of\neverything that went on in the Jewish community when my husband was the chazzan\n[Hebrew: cantor]--one of the leaders from HAIS told my husband that they are\nregistering people to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Canada. The Canadian Jewish Congress undersigned for 50\nfamilies to come to Canada, so we went and we signed up. I wrote to my sister.\nMy sister, by the way, was already in America. She came to Boston, because, when\nwe were in Paris, she signed up for America and she went to America. We had\nmishpocha [Yiddish: family] in America. We had family on my mother's side.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unfortunately, like so many other survivors will tell you, the family didn't\nwant anything to do with us. For sure, they weren't there to help or to even\nstretch out a warm hand, not understanding that we don't have anybody as far as\nfamily. There was no response from them.\n\nGHITIS: I am sorry. You said that the family did not reach out to you?\n\nGOODFRIEND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.\n\nGHITIS: And the community?\n\nGOODFRIEND: The community didn't either, that's for sure.\n\nEINSTEIN: In Canada?\n\nGOODFRIEND: In Canada, I'll tell you. I was in a different situation. Being that\nwhen we came to Canada . . . We applied to Canada--we made it--50 families, four\nJewish families and the rest intermarried families. Those were the 50 families.\nThey let in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intermarried families before they let in the Jewish families.\nAnyway, we came. It was very hard. The language . . . In a way, Canada was\neasier for us than in America because you go down in 1952, on Main Street in\nMontreal, which is Saint Lauren . . . The Jewish people used to call it 'Saint\nLawrence', Avenue Saint ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lauren. We would go down and the butcher, and the baker,\nand the candlestick maker, everybody spoke Yiddish, so, I was at home. I went\nshopping in Yiddish. There was a shochet. You went down, you picked out the\nchicken, and he would tell me, \"Costs a quarter to pluck the chicken.\" Who had a\nquarter to pluck it? I plucked it myself. Afterall, I knew how to do that, and\nhow to open it, how to make it kosher. When we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came, the Canadian Jewish\nCongress, gave us thirty-five dollars a month and they paid for the rent of the\nroom that they gave us. We were three people, so you learn how to economize and\nhow to live. If I should tell you that you can take a chicken and have meat a\nwhole week, you wouldn't believe me, but I knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how to do it. I took off the\nskin and stuffed it. [I] made a stuffing from bread and some onions. I left the\nwings on and the drumstick, so I had a chicken. We couldn't finish it, the three\nof us, the whole thing, so we had it for three whole meals. Then, I had the\nbreast and the back of the chicken. We had it for the rest of the week. You see?\nYou can have it. Then, when we had to go shopping ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the five-and-ten, or in the\ndepartment store, whatever, everybody spoke French, so we were at home. The only\nproblem I had after Isaac became cantor . . . It was a big synagogue. We were\nlucky in two ways. First of all, that he got the job and second of all, the\nrabbi was a wonderful man. He came here [and] the Rebbetzin [Yiddish: rabbi's\nwife] came from Lithuanian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents. Lithuanian Jews speak Yiddish at home. They\nboth spoke Yiddish and, of course, they spoke Hebrew. She spoke French. He was a\nHarvard graduate, a tall, handsome man with long fingers. When I saw him one day\na few years ago, I said, \"Rabbi, I'm so sorry that I didn't understand your\nsermons.\" He said, \"Did you want me to tell it you in Yiddish? Why didn't you\nsay so?\" He had such a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful vocabulary that students from McGill University\nused to come to listen to him speak. They used to say, \"He's the Abba Eben in\nEnglish.\" We were very lucky. He was wonderful to us. The Rebbetzin guided me in\nmany ways. The first time she took me to the Sisterhood meeting, a luncheon, I\nhad a hat from Paris. I was very slim, maybe a size ten or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"twelve. I had a\nbeautiful blue dress. In Europe, you don't go in to the store every day and buy\na dress. You don't have money for that. You go twice a year. You make yourself a\nnice dress. You have a suit, and a dress, and you have it. I put on one of those\nblue dresses that had something--I don't remember--ruffled around [the torso]. I\ncame in and she introduced me. Afterward, she said [they all said], \"I can't\nbelieve ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she is a Europefeisher [Yiddish: European], that she is from Europe. My\nmother or my bubbe [Yiddish: grandmother] didn't come looking like that.\" They\ncompared me with her bubbe who didn't know what a tomato was or came from G-d\nknows what kind of a village. They didn't realize I lived in Paris, I lived in\nBerlin, I lived in Munich. They didn't realize that. I had a hard time with them\nbecause of the language. I used to speak to them in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish. I was already a\nmeyvn [Yiddish: an expert] that they are Englishers with an accent. They used to\nsay, \"Speak in English.\" Speak in English? I said, \"Ken nicht redn in English.\nRedn tsu mir in Yiddish?\" [Yiddish: I cannot speak English. Can you speak to me\nin Yiddish?] No, they didn't want to. Iz nicht [Yiddish: It's not] okay.\nEventually, I learned a few words. I joined a Hebrew history class, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"literature.\nIt was an Israeli who was a teacher, who lived many years there. [He was] a very\nintelligent, knowledgeable man. I used to go and take lectures from him to\nimprove just knowledge. Then one day, I went over to the Sisterhood's\nVice-President in Programming. I said to her, \"You know, it's hard for me to do\nanything in English. Can I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help with some kind of a program in the Sisterhood in\nYiddish? I know that we have old people who came here before the war, who spoke\nYiddish and still speak Yiddish, I'm sure.\" She said, \"Wait, Betty, I have\nsomething for you. Once or twice a month, the senior citizens get together for\nlunch and we have a program.\" She said, \"I'll talk to the chairlady from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that\nprogram.\" I said, \"Okay, if I'll be able to do something, just to talk to them\nin Yiddish, at least I'll feel that I am needed.\" At that point, my son was\ngoing . . . No, he was not in kindergarten yet, but Isaac would watch him. I\nneeded time to get out. I went. She took me downstairs and she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"introduced me.\nShe said to me, \"You're on your own.\" I understood that much. I came in and--I\nwas in my early twenties at that point--I said, \"Shalom aleichem, freunds. Ich\nkum fun Lite und ich ben geleben leben frum di ale leben.\" [Yiddish: Peace be\nupon you, friends. I come from Lithuania and I lived the old life.] The people\njust jumped ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up and they started . . . They heard Yiddish. They jumped up and\nthey were so inquisitive. [They asked] \"Vanen bist du? Do you know this shtetl?\nDo you know that? What happened to this?\" I should tell them what happened. I\nsaid to them, \"I will tell you everything. Just, how much time do I have?\" \"Redn\nvi fil vi du vilst [Yiddish] Talk as much as you want,\" they said. I started to\nthem a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little of the background, not much of the concentration camps, and I told\nthem what happened to Eastern Europe. [I said] that they should forget it, there\nis no more. I said to them, \"I'll tell you a mayse [Yiddish: story] of Khelem.\"\nKhelem was the city of the fools. I told them a funny story. They were in\nseventh ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heaven. Afterwards, they were so excited. They came all around me. They\nwent to the chairlady. The chairlady told the Vice-President. She told me\nafterwards, \"I don't know what you did to them, but the people were not so\nexcited in a long time.\" After that, I did it for a long time. I would go down.\nI would read to them, Sholem Aleichem. I would tell them Yiddish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jokes. I would\ntell them about life in the shtetl, how we lived, what we learned, answer their\nquestions. I became close with them. Even though they could have been my\ngrandmother, they would come and tell me their sorrows to live with their\ndaughter-in-law or even a son-in-law. In those days, you didn't throw your\ngrandparents or your parents into an old age home. You kept them in the house.\nWe became very close. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"added a lot for me because it was the first time I was\nactually surrounded by older Jewish people. For years, I didn't see older Jewish\npeople. Think about it. It was a treasure for me. It was wonderful. I would\nlisten to them and I would learn from their wisdom. Being old isn't a shame.\nIt's only a difficulty to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take it. Like Rabbi Epstein, of blessed memory, who\nused to say, \"Old age is not for sissies.\" [laughs] It isn't. You have to be\nstrong. They would talk to me and they would tell me. They needed somebody to\nlisten to them. Here I was, a kid, to compare with them. On the other hand, I\nlearned and I probably came out with more sensitivity. If you were to ask me,\nwhat did I learn or what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stayed with me from all this horror, I would say\nsensitivity to somebody else's hard times or problems, or human beings. I'm very\nsensitive to my surroundings. You develop a sensitivity to protect yourself. You\nalso develop a compassion to people who suffer around you. That stayed with me.\nI developed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that.\n\nI always have compassion. People always say, \"You always have rakhmones\n[Yiddish: compassion]. You always have pity.\" It's not just pity; it's\ncompassion, because a human being is not an island. Everybody needs somebody and\nsomebody needs a shoulder. Because I needed one and I couldn't find one, to me,\nI value I found ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one, so it's no big deal to help somebody or listen to\nsomebody--and especially old people. This is one of the things. To adjust to\nlife in Canada, before we got the job, I had a hard time. We lived in that\nlittle room with people [who were] also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivors, but from a very . . . How\nshould I put it not to hurt or smudge their name? They were not nice people. She\nwouldn't let me give my son a bath more than once a week. She would stand there,\nnear the heater and touch how much hot water I used up. This is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how you start.\nThen, you say to yourself, \"I'll survive that, too.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: Can I ask you a quick question? Your son, Mark, was born in Paris?\n\nGOODFRIEND: In Paris, yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did you feel about having your own family?\n\nGOODFRIEND: I cannot answer that. It was my family. It was my son. It was my\nchild. We named him after both our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fathers. He has a French name. One day, he\ncame in . . . We called him in France 'Serge Marcel' after my husband's father,\nSzaul, Shoel, and my father, Mordechai. In Hebrew, his name is Shaul Mordechai\nand Serge Marcel. When we came to Germany, they couldn't pronounce his name\nright, so we called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him 'Max'. The German workers who used to work with my\nfather used to call him 'Max,' so we called him 'Max'. One day, he comes in--he\nwas maybe in kindergarten, five years old--and he says, \"Mommy, what's my name?\nShaul Mordechai? Serge Marcel? Max? What's my name?\" I said, \"Your name? What do\nyou want to be your name?\" He said, \"Mark.\" I said, \"Okay,\" so he's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mark now.\n\nGHITIS: What about your name? When did you become Betty?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Since I was a little girl, because like in Germany or like here in\nAmerica, people Americanized or Germanized the name. My German teacher used to\ncall me 'Betty.' I found pictures with my sister in Paris from 1936 or 1937.\nIt's interesting. On ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the pictures from my family, I found different\nlanguages: Hebrew, and German, and Yiddish. There, I have in Hebrew, I wrote,\n\"This is your sister so-and-so, Betty.\" I signed already then my name [as Betty]\nbecause I remember my mother called me 'Brunya'. My girlfriends in school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called\nme 'Betty,' so that's how it stays.\n\nGHITIS: How does Isaac call you?\n\nGOODFRIEND: He calls me 'Brunya.' Yes, this never changed. That's how I left it.\nIn Russian, I was Broniaslava, but that's something that I dropped altogether.\nIf not, I would have had to ask the same thing as my son, 'Which is my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name?'\nBroniaslava is a very long, dragged out name, so I left it like that. I am named\nafter my grandfather. The rov in the shtetl said, \"You cannot give her right\naway a Hebrew name because she's named after a man.\" He wasn't in favor to name\na woman after a man. [My grandfather's] name was Bentzion. In our day and age,\nit would have been Bentziana. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's okay. What's in a name? The person, that's\nwhat's in a name.\n\nWe worked with the people in Montreal. I belonged to Mizrachi. I signed up with\na group of Mizrachi women because there was a Rebbetzin . . . As a matter of\nfact, her son is a rabbi. Her husband was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"great rabbi. She organized a\nMizrachi group of only kler veyber [Yiddish], only clergy wives. They approached\nme because I was friends with another lady whose husband was chazzan in one of\nthe synagogues. He was from Germany. There, in the Mizrachi group, I found\npeople some spoke Yiddish, some spoke Hebrew, which was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"easy. I had to learn the\nEnglish language anyway. The only way is through communication. I tried with\nreading and, forget it. The English language doesn't have any vowels. The vowels\nare crazy. An 'a' is not an 'a'. An 'o' is not an . . . Anyway, I realized you\nhave to learn first how to talk and then you'll learn how to read. This, to me,\nwas one . . . I spoke five or six ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"languages when I came to the English language.\nThe English language was the hardest because . . . It's easy in grammar because,\nlike in Spanish or in Hebrew, everything is all feminine or masculine. In\nEnglish, everything is all 'the,' no feminine, no masculine, no plural, no\nnothing. Everything goes together. Everybody is 'you'. All that was good and\neasy, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but all languages you learn from reading. English you can't learn from\nreading. You have to learn how to speak, in my opinion.\n\nEINSTEIN: Everybody is 'you' until you get to Georgia. Then, they become 'y'all.'\n\nGOODFRIEND: Y'all, yes. But that's good. Then, you become y'all. That's a\ndialect. I had a hard time learning. I was very frustrated, but being that I\nknew all these other languages, it was easy to communicate with the people\naround me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The survivors organized a society. We used to have social affairs.\nThen, of course, we were all very young. In those days, you entertained at home.\nLike, a few couples would get together. We all had children. We couldn't do . .\n. have money for babysitters. We would get together. We would have dinners\ntogether, or a party together, or Yontif together, or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something. We had a\nwonderful group of friends with those that came from Europe. We came to the same\ncity. We stayed together, so we were not so alone. Our children became friends,\nlike here now, with Saba Silverman. They are all like brothers and sisters\nbecause this is the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family. The same thing happened in Montreal. We adjusted to\nlife. Once my husband had this job, he did well. He won a scholarship in the\nconservatory, the Province de Quebec. He was the first Jew probably who ever got\na scholarship. We grew up together. We developed his profession together because\nyou have to have a patient ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wife to have a husband developing his voice and\nkeeping it going. It's like every artist. One time, he wanted to go into the\nOpera. I manipulated with his teacher not to let him. I really didn't want [him]\nto because I felt there was no security. I mingled with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his . . . Many times, we\nwere invited to these parties at the conservatory. With all these French\n[speaking] people, we felt very comfortable among them. They spoke the language\nwe did. Of course, they didn't speak as beautiful French as we did, because, in\nCanada, they use the [Quebecois]. It's a little bit different, the French. Those\nwho were educated spoke better well. It was an interesting group. [It was] the\nfirst time I found myself ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among bohemians and I started to understand artists a\nlittle bit. Then, I was afraid always of security now that I have a child. I\nbecame pregnant with my second child in Canada. My David was born in Montreal.\nWe are an international family. Everybody was born somewhere else . . .\nwandering Jew. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I saw that one [of Isaac's peers] has a family that has farms.\nThe other one is there from what I call in Hebrew [unintelligible; 2:00:11].\nThey came 500 years ago. How do I compare with them? They don't have to worry\nwhen they become opera singers if they have once a month or every five months a\njob. They'll have somebody to support them. What am I going to do? I have a baby\nand another baby on the way. Whose ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to give me something? But if he'll work\nin the synagogue, every month, he'll get a check. It's a little bit of money,\nbut it's something that I can count on. See, I was always very practical. I was afraid.\n\n[Interview pauses; then resumes]\n\nGHITIS: What about you, and Isaac, and music? What is the relationship between\nthe three?\n\nGOODFRIEND: The relationship is very simple. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What makes him happy and makes him\ncomplete, makes me happy. Without studying his music, he wouldn't have gotten\nwhere he is at. We started out from the ground together as two children. We came\nto a height where he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became cantor in Montreal at one of the largest\ncongregations in Canada, if not the second largest. In America, the same thing.\nAhavath Achim was the second largest, but this is from before. We knew that we .\n. . I personally felt that this was what I call 'etzba elochim,' the finger of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"G-d [unintelligible; 2:02:05], the privilege of the family he came from that the\nlord gave him such a voice and such a mind that we can make a living at it. We\ndidn't have a trade. He wasn't good in business. I didn't think so. He was too\nkind. People would cheat him. I felt that this was G-d's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gift, a gift from G-d\n[unintelligible; 2:02:35] because he comes from such an outstanding family of\nreligious and scholarly people. I felt that we worked towards our goal, to reach\nour goal, so nothing was too hard, nothing. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problems with everything was on\nmy shoulders with the house, with the children, with everything in the house. He\nhad to have a clear mind because of the singing and not have aggravation. It\nwill hurt the voice. It doesn't matter how much it costs. You need somebody to\ncontrol your voice. It's important because that's what you make a living from. I\nwas very proud of him that he achieved what he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"set out to achieve. I respect\npeople who work towards a goal in an honest way and reach a height. Until this\nvery day, I respect people in their education and [who] make an honest living.\nMoney alone is not enough. It's the position in life. [If] you achieve what you\nset out to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"achieve, [it is] something good. As far as music, I love music and I\nalways enjoyed music. But the main thing to us was, how are we going to go on in\nlife? How are we going to make a living? This is the practical part of life. G-d\ngave him such a beautiful voice, and such a good personality to mingle with\npeople, and so much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kindness, and understanding, and patience in his heart. Many\ntimes, he was very funny. Many times he was very tragic. He comes to Montreal.\nWhen he got the job, the president calls him in and says, \"How tall are you?\"\nWhen he came home and he told me that, I laughed. I said, \"Why does he? He looks\nat you. What does he mean how tall are you?\" He told him, \"You have to wear for\nShabbat a charcoal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grey jacket and striped pants.\" I said, \"Americana meshugas.\nWho cares?\" But, you know what? After a while, I realized it's dignity for the\nservice. The president would come with a high hat. There used to be a corner\nthere with flowers. I always used to wait that the flowers should fall down on\nthe hat. [laughs] I was so young with all these meshugas! ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I was very proud\nof him [Isaac]. When we were in Montreal--I'm sure he told you in his story--he\nwas asked to sing old, classic French songs for La Societe de Bon Francaise\n[French], The High Society of the Beauty of the French Language. There were\npriests, and ministers, and G-d knows who, but high ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"society of the French. I was\nvery proud of that. I used to go with him. I used to sit there and say to\nmyself, \"Look at us, from where we came from. We fit in and we feel comfortable\nwith these people.\" That by itself was a gift. Whatever had to be done to\ndevelop his voice and to the good of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his persona in general that he should be\nhappy, I was there to give him comfort, understanding, and work towards the goal\nof our family. This is normal, what a wife should do. I never felt . . .\n\nGHITIS: Did he ask for your advice?\n\nGOODFRIEND: What we used to do is this . . . Men don't take criticism very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"easily. [laughs] Many times, before a concert, he would say, \"Come in. Sit down.\nThis is what I'm going to sing.\" I would tell him, \"Maybe you should start with\nthis,\" or, \"Why do you start with that? Maybe you should change this for that.\"\nEvery so often, yes. If he didn't like what I said, he would say, in other\nwords, \"What do you know about music, about the concert?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, most of it, we\nused to talk over. I used to go with him to most of the concerts, except out of\ntown. I was very proud and grateful that we were able to achieve what we did. I\nalways said that I am leaving for my children not millions, but something that\nis worth more than millions. We leave them a good name. We came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of nowhere.\nThank G-d we were lucky that people are always so nice. We always feel so\ncomfortable among our people. We always had honest thoughts and honest wishes to\nthe people around us. You have to understand that once we got in to the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregation, we didn't have any family. The people became our family. I felt\nvery close and I was very pleased [unintelligible; 2:08:40] If what comes out\nhonestly from your heart will enter your heart. We were lucky that we had that\ntruth. People said, \"Betty, you didn't ever have a fight with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anybody,\" here in\nthe shul. I said, \"No. Why?\" One day, I looked around at the members. Everything\nwas different, their language, their manners. I said to myself--I talk to myself\na lot. I am my best psychologist and my best psychiatrist--\"You were not put on\nthis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"earth to change these people. Take them as they are and you will live\nhappily ever after.\" You know what? This pill helped. I talked to myself about\nit that, \"This is what they are, and who they are, and that's how you'll treat\nthem. You will not change them and your talk does not inspire them because they\ndon't understand what you are trying to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say.\" Not because they are not smart,\nbut you can't understand until you walked in the same shoes. This is, again,\nunderstanding, compassion. Not that you mind your own business, no. I don't\nbelieve in people minding their own business all the time, because when a person\nfalls down on the street, and breaks his leg, and you go by, you should help\nhim, not mind your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own business. It's compassion and understanding. That's why I\ngot along with everybody so well. They were wonderful.\n\nGHITIS: Until when did you stay in Montreal?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Until 1956, I think. The end of 1956, I think. I missed it. I loved\nthe Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community there. They were wonderful. It had a Yiddish neshama\n[Yiddish: soul]. I became very active in the Mizrachi organization. We organized\nbazaars. I would go and shnorrer [Yiddish: beg] for clothes to the main people\nwho I met in the synagogue, who had factories. I would go and they wouldn't\nrefuse me. They'd give me men's pants, and shirts, and this. People would say,\n\"Betty, how are you doing it?\" I'd ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, \"Very simple, I ask them for people who\nhave less. If they tell me they don't have, I say there is no such thing in\nJewish law. It's you should give something because there are people who have\nless than you have.\" They used to laugh and they used to give me. They would\ngive me a few shirts, a few blouses, but new. I used to go to the factories.\nJewish people are very nice. Jewish people really are very charitable. We used\nto make bazaars. I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my philosophy class, which I enjoyed. I worked with the\nold people. I enjoyed that very much. They named me 'le conteur de [French: the\nstoryteller of] Sholem Aleichem.\" I used to read them Sholem Aleichem stories. I\nused to take it apart. People would say, \"I remember that from my shtetl. We\nused to do or live that way.\" Many times, when I read Sholem ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aleichem--in\noriginal, of course, [because] if not [unintelligible; 2:12:30], it's like\nkissing through sheets--I don't see a story. I see Jewish history because, when\nI think back, that's how we lived. The characters that he describes, I see them,\neven though I was a short time in the shtetl. I was always very inquisitive, I\ntold you, and it stayed with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. I treasure. Now, when you read Sholem Aleichem,\nit's like history. When I think back, being with old people, when I read it to\nthem, we used to take certain stories apart. We used to take it apart and they\nwould say, \"I remember this and this, and I remember this and that, and that's a\nfact.\" Because that's how we lived, so that was double for them. I was very\nhappy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. Isaac had a wonderful position in the community. We were mingling\nwith everything that had to do with Jewish life as much as we were able to. We\nhad a wonderful group of friends. Those from Germany we had and new friends\nthere. We were invited to many homes and places. I finally learned enough\nEnglish to be able to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"converse with the people. I had one friend. She still\nlives in Montreal. She is a survivor of Bergen-Belsen. She survived with her\nmother. She was about sixteen when she came to Canada. She's from Lodz [Poland].\nShe had a chance to finish high school, go into college, and became a\nbookkeeper. When I tried to build sentences or say something, if I didn't know\nhow, I would call her. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She'd say, \"This is how you pronounce it. This is how you\nmake this sentence. This word comes first and this comes later.\" This is how I\nlearned. They would teach me. I told them and I told my Rebbetzin, \"If I don't\nsay it right, please correct me.\" I was not insulted. I would tell people that I\nfelt close with. I had one friend. Do you remember Rabbi Albach [sp]? Rabbi\nAlbach's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"great-grandmother, and his aunt, and his mother used to speak Russian\namong themselves because his grandmother was from Russia. I made friends with\nthem. They belonged to the synagogue. I used to speak Russian to them. Then, I\ntold her she should correct me if I say something wrong. That's how I learned\nEnglish. And I listened a lot from the radio. My accent, of course, I cannot\nchange it. You cannot tell where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is from. Between Hebrew, and Yiddish, and\nFrench, and German, and English, and Lithuanian, and Russian, the accent gets\nfarmisht [Yiddish], mixed up. These were the people who helped me. I found that\nit was easier. I used to tell them, \"Don't tell me to look it up because what\nthey write and what it sounds like are two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different things.\"Life was good in\nMontreal. Isaac sang in the opera and on television--La Violetta. He gave many\nconcerts with the conservatory, and private, and so on. My children . . . When\nmy David was born, he was a very cute boy. We had a good life. Mark ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started\nkindergarten. I remember the first time he came and he said, \"Momma, ich kann\n[German: I can (speak)] English.\" The minute we left Germany, I started to speak\nYiddish to him. We spoke Yiddish at home all the time. To all my children, I\nspeak Yiddish. At home, we speak in Yiddish. They used to answer in English, but\nthey know Yiddish and they know how to read [Yiddish]. Shabbos afternoon, when\nwe went to lie down and rest up for Shabbos, we would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take the children to bed,\nand give them the Yiddish paper. They would read to us the Yiddish paper. From\nthe Hebrew, I used to explain to them, so they know Yiddish. When we got to\nMontreal, we started to speak to Mark in Yiddish. In Germany, he spoke German.\nOne day, he comes and says, \"Momma, ikh hab gelernt [Yiddish: I learned]\nEnglish.\" [I asked,] Vos kanst du [Yiddish: what can you (say)] in English? [He\nsaid,] Ikh kann [Yiddish: I can (speak)] English. I learned English.\" \"He said,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Momma, the chicken hat sheyn fligl [Yiddish].\" The chicken has beautiful wings.\nThat was his English. We laugh till this very day. He thought he learned\nEnglish. In English, when you told me 'chicken' and 'kitchen', [they seem to]\nsound the same thing until you learn how to differentiate. In Atlanta, when I\ncame, I had other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problems.\n\nEINSTEIN: We will talk about it . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: Next time, yes.\n\n[interview pauses; then resumes]\n\nGOODFRIEND: Let's leave Montreal. Then, one of the young men, who became a rabbi\nfrom that congregation, became a rabbi in Boston. He came one year and the\ncongregation was upset that my husband sang on the radio. He used to sing German\nlieder and French lieder. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They used to ask him to come and sing on the radio he\nhad such a beautiful baritone voice. Many of the congregants, the leaders were\nnot for it, so when this young rabbi came and said, \"Cantor Goodfriend, would\nyou consider moving to Boston to be the cantor in my congregation?\" Being that\nmy sister lived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boston, we decided to go. We go. The congregation there, they\nset up, they went to the Senator, the Kennedys. They went to the senator, they\nwent to this, they went to I don't know. In two weeks, we had a visa to come to\nAmerica because there was not a run on jobs as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cantor. As a Hebrew teacher, a\nrabbi, or a cantor, you didn't have to be under quota. We got to Boston, which\nis one of the black pages of my coming to America. The nine months we lived in\nBoston, I used to call it the 'bad pregnancy,' of giving birth to America, to\n[Christopher] Columbus' medina [Hebrew: state, sovereign land]. But, you survive\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything. It teaches you something. From there, we went to Cleveland, Ohio.\nCleveland I liked. You want to stop here? Okay.\n\nGHITIS: We were talking about your departure from Boston. What happened there?\n\nGOODFRIEND: This was our first arrival to America from Canada. It was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"great\nreadjustment because the Jewish population in Montreal were so outstanding and\nwonderful, first of all. [It was] very large, much warmer than the Jewish\npopulation in Boston. The people, I found them--Jews and non-Jews--quite aloof.\nI had a hard time to adjust as my philosophical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought about a person being\naloof and snobby is so worthless that it bothered me to live among them. I made\nsome friends. It was the first time that I stepped into an American Conservative\ncongregation, where I found my husband on Yom Kippur turned around with the face\ntoward the congregation. I never saw that. I never even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew that it existed. I\nthought that maybe he forgot to turn around to face the Ark. This became an\nadjustment. You accept new adjustments because you have to make a living. There\nwere a few problems with my adjustments to the American way of life, but\neventually, we caught on. A big problem was that my husband ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was terribly\nunderpaid. We could barely manage. Being that my older son went already to\nschool, we signed him up at the Maimonides Hebrew Day School in Boston, which is\na very fine school. Between the rent and food, we couldn't make a living. When\nhe went to the president or the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbi to see that we should get a raise, there\nwas no cooperation on their part. We were very depressed. One day, the\nvice-president said to my husband, \"I remember when I was a little boy and I\nwent with my father to the synagogue, nobody had anything and the cantor was\nstarving.\" That hit us very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard being that we came out from an era of five\nyears of starvation. To come to America, to hear from another Jew such a\nstatement really depressed us. We knew that we have to get away from there. When\nmy husband told me that, we both cried. We felt that the neshama, the Yiddish\nsoul to show warmth and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understanding to somebody else's problems left the\nJewish people of America.\n\nMy sister lived in Boston. This is [the one] who survived with me. I called her\nup and told her. She was crying, too. She said, \"Resign. Move out of your\napartment. You will come and we will live ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together until your husband will find\na job. Whatever we'll have, we will share.\" We were used to doing that. My\nhusband went and he resigned from the congregation. We started to pack up. In\nthe meantime, there was a Cantors' Convention. My husband went to the convention\nat Grossinger's in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"upstate New York. He told . . . There was another cantor,\nCantor [Michal] Hammerman, alav hashalom [Hebrew: peace be upon him]. Michal\nHammerman died very young. [He] was a very fine, a young cantor in Boston. We\nbecame very close with him. He knew that Isaac lost his job. Somebody came over\nas they were sitting and talking at the convention, [and said] that in Cleveland\nthey are looking for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cantor. The cantor who came over [was] Saul Meisels, [who\nis] also very famous from Cleveland. Two weeks later, my husband had the job in\nCleveland, Ohio. We moved away from Boston, came to Cleveland. We found a\nwonderful Jewish community in Cleveland. There were a lot of first-generation\nand still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigrant Jewish people. It was, I think, in 1956 or 1957, something\nlike that. I'm not sure. I think it was the end of 1956. We found a wonderful\nrabbi. He was still a bachelor, [a] very handsome, very wonderful man, a\nfirst-generation American man, and very warm. My children loved him. My middle\nson, who was born in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montreal, he really loved him. He was a bachelor. Whenever\nhe came in, he was like an older brother to us. In Cleveland, we adjusted very\nnicely. I made friends with a lady who was at least twenty years older than I\nwas because she had already a married son. I was still in my twenties. She spoke\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish. Her father used to be a Yiddish teacher in Chicago [Illinois]. She and\nher husband were both from Chicago. They came to me from the Sisterhood. They\nsaid, \"We have to get together money for the rabbinical seminary in New York.\nEvery Conservative congregation has to give a certain amount. The Sisterhood has\nto give for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Torah Fund,\" in other words, for the education of the future\nrabbis and teachers. She said, \"We can't make it. Being that we don't have a\nrabbi's wife, you are it. You have to take the chairmanship to become the Torah\nFund Chairman.\" My English was half-Shakespearean, in other words, quite broken.\nI was not able in English to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"express my thoughts or make a speech the way I\ncould in a few other languages. There came my girlfriend, Estelle Kroll [sp].\nShe was a past president of the Sisterhood and the past president of the\nregional Sisterhoods of that area, of the Ohio-Kentucky branch, which we used to\ncall the 'O.K. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"branch' of the Conservative movement. She said, \"Betty, I will\nhelp you.\" I said, \"How?\" She said, \"Very simple. You will say it to me in\nYiddish. I will mark it down in English. And we are going to practice it. And\ndon't worry about mispronouncing the words. People will understand you.\" I\nreally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't realize what they wanted from me because it was such a new idea\naltogether, except I knew the bottom line: we have to gather money. Money was\nnot an easy thing to gather. Besides, the congregation was not what I would call\na wealthy congregation. We had . . . I always used to joke about it. I don't\nknow if we had two doctors. I know we had a lot of pharmacists, but mostly we\nhad middle class and even lower middle class, but good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. We were very\nhappy with the congregation. Most of the people were very nice and\nunderstanding, except for a few and I'll bring that it. [It is] interesting how\npeople think. I became Torah Fund chairman. Then we had our Torah Fund luncheon.\nThere's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always a function for that particular purpose. At the luncheon, I have\nto get up and speak. I take my speech. I said to her, \"Unless you write the way\nI said it, I'm not going to say it,\" so she did. She was very smart and very\nunderstanding. I got up and I told them that I had the privilege and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"honor\nto be able to gather money for the purpose of learning Torah, of learning, of\ngiving our children the opportunity to become leaders, rabbinim and rabbis, and\nteachers, and Torah readers for our congregations. The ashes from the\nconcentration ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps cannot come to teach your children. They are all gone. In\nthe early days, when you needed a rabbi, or a teacher, a Melamed [Hebrew:\nreligious instructor], they would write to a shtetl, to a yeshiva in Europe, and\nthey would send a scholar, a rabbi, a shochet, a mohel, all this that we need in\nour religion. Now, American Jewry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has to provide for itself. In order to\nprovide, we always used to help yeshivas. We have to help the seminary to give\nus this type of leaders in our Jewish life and religion. I had the reaction and\nthe questionnaires, \"Why should I give money to educate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody else's son?\" I\njust told this lady, who stood up and gave me a whole speech. I said, \"Do you\nwant your son to be bar mitzvahed?\" She said, \"Of course I'll make bar mitzvah!\"\nI said, \"So who is going to teach him if we don't have a teacher? You want your\ndaughter to get married?\" [She said,] \"Yeah.\" [I asked,] \"Would you marry them\nby a rabbi or just anybody on the street?\" She said, \"Of course by a rabbi and\nin this synagogue.\" I said, \"For that, you'll need a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbi and money. By the\ntime your daughter is ready to get married, we will need a rabbi.\"\n\nWe raised enough money that year. Some of them didn't agree with me, but it\ndidn't matter as long as we raised our quota. I was very satisfied and very\ncomplimented that . . . They did not like to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hear examples from the Holocaust,\nbut they realized this is me and that's how I talk, and because they realized\nthat I'm also truthful. I believe that. They realized that it's a fact that\nAmerican Jewry has to face. They have to produce their own scholars. From there,\nfor two years, I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that job as a Torah Fund Chairman. I attended all the\nsynagogue functions, and the Sisterhood, and I started to teach afternoon Hebrew\nclasses, mostly the children to teach them how to daven, how to pray, and why we\nsay that, and when we say the prayer. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But mostly, the [unintelligible; 2:34],\nthe pronunciation and reading of the Hebrew prayers. [I came] in to one class,\nin the afternoon, I was a substitute teacher at that point. I didn't know that\nthe previous teacher had a system with these children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how to keep their\nattention and learn how to read. Every teacher has his way. Okay, I come in. I\napologize that I will not remember everybody's name right away, so I will point\nwith a finger. I apologize that I don't like to point at people, but I won't\nhave a choice. You will help me out. [They said,] \"Yes, Mrs. Goodfriend. We'll\nhelp you.\" Okay, we are all set. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They sit down in two sides . . . I am in the\nmiddle. I point to one of the boys and I tell him he should start to read. He\nstarts to read and he makes three, four mistakes, and somebody from the other\nside starts to scream, \"He's out! He's out! He made three mistakes!\" I said,\n\"Could you please tell me what you are talking about?\" He said, \"What do you\nmean? We are playing it like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"baseball.\" I don't have any idea about baseball\ngames. I don't know how to judge it. Then I realized. My children, my husband,\neverybody laughed at me because I came home, I told my husband, \"I don't know if\nI should go back to that class because the children see that I don't understand\nwhat they are talking about. He has three strikes, he's out?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I called up the\nteacher who used to teach there and he explained this is how he set it up in\norder that the boys--they were boys because they were getting ready already to\nread for their haftorah . . . He told me. I said, \"Forget it. The only thing\nthat you'll tell me that I understand is, if you make three mistakes, you are\nout. Three strikes, you are out. And you have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a partner.\" At the good\nend, I learned how to teach Hebrew in America according to baseball. We were\nvery successful.\n\nGHITIS: For the record, what was the name of the synagogue?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Our synagogue in Cleveland, Ohio was called the Community Temple in\nEnglish. It was Beth am. The name of our wonderful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbi was Rabbi Herman. We\nhad between 600 and 800 families. Now, it moved away from the area where we had\nit and it merged with another congregation. Our Atlanta Rabbi [Stephen] Weiss is\nnow the head of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these two congregations that melted into one, because like many\nplaces in America, many Jewish people moved from the areas where they moved into\nnew neighborhoods, new suburbs. Our synagogue, Beth Am, merged together with\nanother congregation. It's a small world. Rabbi Weiss is the rabbi there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From\nthere, I became very active in the community, mainly in Jewish National Fund. I\nused to go and speak to groups, sometimes in Yiddish, sometimes in German, and\nmost of the time in English. I found groups from Mizrachi, from Hadassah, all\nthe people who would make ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aprons, sell them, and give the money to Jewish\nNational Fund. I became very close with the president, Mr. Julius Amber, alav\nhashalom. He was the president of the Jewish National Fund overall. The Jewish\nNational Fund worked as an umbrella over the other Zionist organizations. I had\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cooperation of many groups. We all worked together. At that point, I became\nvery interested in [it], being that Jewish National Fund was very familiar to me\nfrom the old country--the pushke. We always put money in the pushke before we\nlight candles. If you got a good turn, you always used to give tzedakah, or in\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"box for a yeshiva, or in the Jewish National Fund box. With that, I became\nvice-president of the Jewish National Fund Women's Division and eventually also\npresident. We were the umbrella organization. Once a year, we would have a box\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drive, which meant that the ladies from Hadassah, Mizrachi, and a few other\nwomen's organizations would go out to collect money from the boxes. We were very\nsuccessful. The people were very generous. Sometimes we would bring in as much\nas $20,000 a year from all over. Then, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the idea of planting a tree, the children\nwould bring like a quarter and get together to plant a tree in Israel. The\nteachers cooperated with us. A happening that . . . I am going to tell you this\nhappening because it happened in the synagogue, in the temple of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very famous\nRabbi Abba Hillel Silver of the famous Reform congregation of Cleveland, Ohio.\nHim as a personality, Rabbi Hillel Silver, who got up to speak on behalf of\nIsrael in the United Nations before they voted Israel as an independent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country.\nHe is a historic persona or personality in the American Jewish community. We go\nthere. I send my women there that they should give us. They were sometimes $100.\nMost of the time, that's what they got together for the trees for Israel. They\nsaid to us at that time--I can't forget ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it; it hurt--\"Oh, we are planting a\ngarden in the memory of Abba Hillel Silver. We call it the Silver Park in back\nof the synagogue.\" They wouldn't give us the money. Foolish people, as people\nwill be. The area changed completely. It was very close to downtown. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish\npeople stopped going there and you'd take your life in your hands if you go\nthere because the neighborhoods around changed so. They have their Silver garden\nand we have ours in Israel. Foolishness of human behavior. I also became very\nactive in the Jewish community. Yiddish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a very popular language. We still\nhad enough people to speak Yiddish. We had a survivor who was a very devoted\nWorkmen's Circle person. He was a survivor from Vilna [Vilno, Poland], Sander\nWeissman [sp], alav hashalom. He and his wife, Mindel Weissman [sp], who lives\nin Florida now, opened or organized . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had enough support to open a\nPeretz shula [which was named for the] the great writer--and a Yiddish school, a\nYiddisheshul. They taught Yiddish, but they also taught religion. They used to\nhave once a year what they called a drita seder, a third seder. [They read] the\nwhole Haggadah in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish. My husband had the privilege of performing the third\nseder service, which used to take place [during] the in between days of Pesach.\nIt was quite an experience to hear the choir sing in Yiddish from the Haggadah.\nIt was very impressive. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being that we had people who sent their children to that\nschool, and also families who supported it, we had a good base of Yiddish\nspeaking and understanding community, especially among the older ones in the\nJewish Community Center. I started to go out and read to them Shalom Aleichem\nmayse, all in the original. I used to work in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dialogues or monologues that they\nshould be able to listen to and understand and they shouldn't be so long because\nsome of the Yiddishemaiseh [Yiddish stories] are really long mayse, stories. I\nbecame the raconteur of Shalom Aleichem and I really enjoyed it. I really\nenjoyed doing that. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9870.0,9900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so happy that there were people who still loved the\nYiddish language and culture the way I did. I had a very devoted following. We\nhave here one of my friends who used to work in the Jewish Community Center, was\nthe chairman of that department with the seniors, the older members of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9900.0,9930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nJewish community. He lives here now, Doctor [Howard Victor] Epstein.\n\n[tape stops; then restarts]\n\nGOODFRIEND: Then came in Khelem stories from the fools of the shtetl of Khelem.\nIt was wonderful to see, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to a group of people. I was so grateful that I\nwas able to do something to change their daily routine and to give them a little\nbit of joy and laughter. We had discussions. Many of them who were still from\nthe old country were always so pleased to see somebody who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could still remember\nthe same things as they did. As we all know, it's always a good, warm feeling to\nshare memories because those memories are the treasures of our lives. At the\ngood end, what we really have are memories. We always wish each other we should\nhave good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9990.0,10020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"memories as we get older. This was our life in Cleveland. We made many\nfriends. I cannot complain. We had dinners for the Jewish National Fund. I'll\nmention that because we had a few famous rabbis. [Have] you heard about the new\nperson who took over the New York ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10020.0,10050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Times by the name of [Joseph] Lelyveld? Mister\nLelyveld is the son of a rabbi, Rabbi Arthur Lelyveld, who was in Atlanta with a\nvery huge congregation, one who marched with Martin Luther King, Jr. together.\n[He was] a very wonderful, great person, a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"educated, knowledgeable\n[person]. His mother, Missus Lelyveld, used to have a show on television. If I'm\nnot mistaken, it was about English literature, so you can see what this Mister\nLelyveld is coming from. I was president for the Jewish National Fund. Once a\nyear, we used to honor an outstanding ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10080.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"citizen, or plant a forest, or grove, or\nsomething in Israel. Doctor Lelyveld was honored. We had a speaker. I still have\npictures of it with Pierre Salinger, who came to speak at the dinner, and many\nother personalities I had the privilege of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meeting. Life was good. Then, my\nhusband thought that he should take on bigger challenges and that brought us to\nAtlanta. Atlanta was again a new door that opened into a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10140.0,10170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vista that I had very\nlittle knowledge about, except of the fact that it's in the Deep South, and it\nhad the Civil War, and they had a lot of farms with slaves. This was from my\nreading about the Deep South. Being that I was so busy with so many things--a\nhousehold, children, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10170.0,10200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregation, a community--that this was where my\ninterest was, in my reading. I come to the South and I didn't realize that there\nis a different accent in the English language. On top of my own accent, I had\nquite a time to understand and to sit down with a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10200.0,10230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group of beautiful Jewish\nladies who spoke in English that I had to listen very carefully in order to\nunderstand. When they said, \"Pass the brey-ed [bread],\" I was just looking,\n[wondering,] 'What do they want?' [They said,] \"Pass the salt, and the\n[unintelligible; 2:50:50].\" I said to myself, \"You better learn to understand\nthem because they're really very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10230.0,10260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sweet people.\" And they were. They all used to\nsay, \"Y'all come to see us sometime.\" They never called, but that's beside the point.\n\nGHITIS: Who were some of those ladies?\n\nGOODFRIEND: We had wonderful ladies. I became very close and she was\noutstanding. She and her husband, such kindness. First of all, we had a\nwonderful rabbi, alav hashalom, Harry Epstein and Mrs. Reva ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10260.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Epstein. I used to\ncall her the 'grande dame' [French], the great lady, which she was, very\nlearned, very much so a Rebbetzin of such a congregation and the wife of such a\nscholar as Rabbi Epstein. I was very pleased with that. That my husband can\nshare the pulpit with such a great ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10290.0,10320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scholar, to me it meant something. Coming\nfrom my background at home in Lithuania, we always respected our Talmudic\nmachalim, our scholars. Being that I came across so few from such assimilation .\n. . With the assimilation, came a lot of ignorance. It hurt me a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10320.0,10350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot. It still\ndoes, but I said to myself, \"The good lord didn't put you down on this earth to\nchange his people, so you take them as they are and you will live happily ever\nafter.\" And you know what? I thank G-d that he gave me that wisdom for that\nidea. I took the people of our huge ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10350.0,10380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregation--2,200 families--with open\narms. I was grateful that I am part of them. After a year or so, I understood a\nlot of their sayings. Eventually, I melted into the community. The people who\nhelped us most, I can't stop ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10380.0,10410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thinking all the time about Alice Kaplan and Sidney\nKaplan. They were very active in the congregation. We became very close with our\nassistant rabbi, Rabbi Raphael and Naomi Gold. He was the assistant rabbi at the\nAhavath Achim [and] also the educational director. At that time, we had a big\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10410.0,10440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afternoon school a few days a week, Hebrew school, and Junior Congregation. I\nwas very impressed with the discipline and the organization of the synagogue. I\nalways respect discipline, people [who] know what they are doing, and where they\nare going, and why. To me, this was always a very big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10440.0,10470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question of, in order to\nensure my security, that I know where I am going, which is normal for a person\nwho goes through what I did during the Holocaust years, to be sure that this was\nthe right decision. You hope and you pray to G-d that it was. I found that this\nwas a destiny to come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. We became very active in the community. I still gave\nsome Yiddish readings. We still had a few groups. We had an outstanding lady who\nkept the Mizrachi organization going. That was Mrs. Robkin. Mrs. Robkin is\nJackie Hirsch's mother. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10500.0,10530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was a knowledgeable, religious, intelligent woman,\nwho kept the organization of Mizrachi going. I got involved in that\norganization, too. Many times, I used to give readings or just talk. I started\nto talk after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10530.0,10560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they accepted me with my accent and after the people stopped\nworrying that they used to be ashamed of their mothers and grandmothers who\nspoke with accents. They accepted me. I guess they got to know me, that I call a\nspade 'a spade'. What we say in Yiddish [is], \"ikh ton nit geyn mit der rekhter\nhant tsum linkn oyer,\" which means I don't go with the right hand to the left\near. What I have to say, I say. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10560.0,10590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was very impressed with the Sisterhood, the\nway our Sisterhood was running things. They were very devoted and they always\nsaw that there should be money to pay the teachers for the afternoon school. I\nrespected that. I made many friends among them. I was very proud to be part of\nthat congregation. I loved the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10590.0,10620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decorum in the synagogue during the services. Yom\nKippur or Rosh HaShanah, you could feel the awe of the moment, of the holiday. I\nlearned a lot from the speeches of service. Rabbi Epstein used to talk, or\nspeak, explain the Torah reading. It was like sitting in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10620.0,10650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lecture hall and\nlistening to an outstanding, magnificent lecturer. You got the feeling that what\nhe tells you, what he explains to you is very sincere, that this is actually the\nway he himself believed. The old saying of our sages [is,] 'What comes out from\nthe depth of your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10650.0,10680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heart will reach another heart.' I was tuned in to his way of\nthinking. I was so grateful that I was close to such a person with all that\nknowledge, and sincerity to our religion, and his devotion to the congregation.\nI asked him once, \"Why did we have to start ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10680.0,10710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so early?\" He said to me, \"Betty,\nthis is what the family wanted,\" so there was no questioning. If this was what\nthe member wanted, this was holy to him. You don't question it. I respected that.\n\nGHITIS: When you say \"start so early,\" are you talking about the services?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No, I'm talking about a function. I think it was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10710.0,10740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"funeral. It was\nvery early. I think it was maybe nine-thirty in the morning. I found that very\nearly. I am one of those people who always questioned. If I won't question, how\nwill I find out? People tell me, \"Oh, I have a daughter is driving me crazy with\nall her questions.\" I tell them, \"Thank G-d you have a daughter who wants to\nfind out why.\" I believe that.\n\n[Interview pauses; then resumes]\n\nGHITIS: You were saying that you are the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10740.0,10770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"type of person who calls a spade, 'a\nspade.' Did that ever get you into trouble?\n\nGOODFRIEND: [laughs] I think it did. Something not too drastic or maybe many\ntimes they didn't want to face me with what I said. Once, I remember I spoke up\nat the Sisterhood meeting and one of the ladies--which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10770.0,10800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be nameless now,\nwhich was a great person, a wonderful person--said to me, \"Betty, it's really\nnot your place to talk about this project because it has to do with money.\"\n[With] her words, I was put in my place. [laughs] I was not insulted when I\nrealized what she was trying to tell me. She could have said it in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10800.0,10830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much\ndifferent way, but she put me in my place. After that, I was very careful when I\nspoke up at the Sisterhood meeting. I didn't when it came to collect money. I\nbecame involved in the Sisterhood with workshops for Yontif, teaching Sunday\nmorning the children how to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10830.0,10860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make Hanukkah cookies, or tell them about Jewish\nfoods. I had a class that I taught Yiddish on Sunday morning [to] teenagers. G-d\nhelp me, teenagers coming in Sunday morning. I can still see it, shlepping in\nwith those pants I used to call 'elephant ears', the bellbottoms. They would\ndrag ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10860.0,10890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. Don't forget, I'm talking in the late 1960s, early 1970s, when the\nyoung people were half here, half there. G-d knows what they took, or how they\nslept, where they slept. You have a sixteen or seventeen old that you start to\nteach him a language that sounds Chinese, that his grandparents kept him away\nfrom it [and] his parents wouldn't let him hear it [because,] G-d ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10890.0,10920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forbid, he'll\nlose his American accent. I had to deal with them. Being that I attended most of\ntheir bar mitzvahs and bat mitzvahs, they all knew me, and I knew them and their\nfamilies. I really loved them. They were good kids.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember some of their names?\n\nGOODFRIEND: I would not give out their names. [laughs] They were young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teenagers\nin that time, in that era. I would try to teach them some Yiddish words. Some of\nthe children caught on. Some of the children did really quite well. The Kalotkin\n[sp] young lady I remember . . . Mrs. Kalotkin's daughter, which she still has a\ngrandmother . . . She was a serious student. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10950.0,10980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You always find some serious\nstudents and you always find some who come there because their mommy told them\nthat if they do not go, they cannot go to Saks Fifth Avenue. Or, if not, they're\nnot going to get the car when they are sixteen or seventeen, and other things\nlike that, unfortunately. But, those are children. What can you do? Some of them\nlearned. I explained to them, whatever they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"caught was so much more than\nwhatever they started with. It was at Pesach. I said to myself, \"Maybe then they\nwill lend an ear.\" I taught them ma Nishtana [Hebrew: the fours\nquestion traditionally asked at the start of the Passover seder] in Yiddish,\nthe four questions in Yiddish. Believe it or not, miracle of miracles, a few\ngrandparents and one father came over to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me on Pesach and told me, \"Oh, Mrs.\nGoodfriend!\" One grandfather was so choking, Mr. Kaplan's father, the old Mr.\nKaplan. He said, \"I would never believe that I will hear my granddaughter say\nsomething in Yiddish. And she asked the four questions.\" She was always a good\nstudent, a wonderful girl. She asked the four questions in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11040.0,11070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish. They were\nvery pleased, very impressed, and they loved it. We also had Pesach cooking\nclasses. We also had groups of our Sisterhood and synagogue ladies come to\nlectures [titled] \"What is Pesach?\" [or] \"What is Yontif?\" on a mature level,\nnot what they learned in Sunday ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11070.0,11100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. I went around a lot to speak to groups.\nAt that time, they had Workman Circle groups. They had many Hadassah chapters\neven though we had a much smaller community then. When I came here, I think we\nhad 18,000 or 19,000 Jews. We had a stronger Hadassah because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11100.0,11130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women's\n[liberation movement] changed it. If your mother was in Hadassah, you grew up,\nyou got married, you were in Hadassah. Around the dinner table, what she did\ntoday, to what meeting she went, so it was normal for you to join the Hadassah\nladies. That started to shrink after the ladies became not Yiddishe Mommas, but\nYiddishe career ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11130.0,11160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women. That's how the world turns. I used to go and speak to\nmany groups. Interestingly enough, our Sisterhood never asked to speak about\nlife in the shtetl. I spoke to many groups here about it. They wanted to know. I\ntalked to them [about] what was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11160.0,11190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish theater, what was our life like before\nthe war, about our Jewish way of life. I had very good reactions. The people\nasked questions. I was very pleased that I had people who were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11190.0,11220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interested to\nfind out where their grandparents came from. I talked to many groups about\nJewish history. I had, I think a Hadassah class, that I followed. It was set up\nlike every few months and so on. I would go and talk to them about Jewish\nhistory, which is such an important part. I find that the lack of knowledge of\nAmerican ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11220.0,11250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"educated Jews . . . They are so educated and so ignorant in their own\nhistory. I'm not talking religion alone. I'm talking our history. I was glad to\nfind groups who were interested in that. I even had a Hadassah group that I\nstudied with them, Pirkei Avot, the Ethics of Our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11250.0,11280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fathers, in English. I would\nread it out in Hebrew sometimes and explain to them word by word, and the\nmeaning, and so on. That was very satisfactory to me. Don't forget, we were very\nbusy. With such a large congregation, we had many weddings, we had many bar\nmitzvahs, we had many birthdays, we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11280.0,11310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many graduations, confirmations . . .\nCan you imagine? When we came here, we used to have confirmations and Shavouts,\na hundred and twenty young people becoming confirmed. That was a new idea to me,\nwhich it took me a long time to digest. I still wonder why, but then I came to\nthe conclusion that it doesn't hurt them to study a few more years. What do you\nmean ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11310.0,11340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"confirmed? You are born a Jew. You had a brit milah. What are you being\nconfirmed about? You are Jewish. Your father is Jewish. Your mother is Jewish.\nYou had a bar mitzvah, you had a bris. Of course, you are Jewish! Then, I\nstarted to think about it. They studied a few more years about our religion and\nthey came to shul [Yiddish: synagogue]. I decided it was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11340.0,11370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very clever idea so\nit keeps them coming to shul and learn a little bit more. Those are things that\nare new . . . for sure developed here in America. It was a good idea. If it's a\ngood idea, it's good for the Jews. If it's good for the Jews, it's good for me.\n\nGHITIS: Betty, how did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11370.0,11400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"juggle? How did you manage? You had three children\nthat you were raising, an active social life, community work. What was the secret?\n\nGOODFRIEND: The secret was very simple: steady, hard work. I used to work very\nhard in the house. On top of that, don't forget I entertained. I love to\nentertain. I like to be with people. I always used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11400.0,11430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say that it's the same old\nstory. When you give, it helps you more personally that the person who receives\nit. I was so grateful to be part of such a wonderful Jewish community and such a\nwonderful congregation. I loved my people in the congregation. After Kaddish, I\nused to make a point to go and say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11430.0,11460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hello to the older ladies who I knew were\nwidows, many who lived alone. It was to me . . . An older Jewish person is such\na symbol to me because we lost so many. They were all very dear to me. Even now,\nI don't know what I did. It wasn't hard to do. It came natural to me. It was a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11460.0,11490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personal satisfaction. I didn't do it to gain anything. Just to give a person a\nhug and say, \"Good Shabbos,\" is such a wonderful Jewish way of being together on Shabbos.\n\nThank G-d the people felt the way I did it that I meant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11490.0,11520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. They were very nice,\nand very respectful, and very kind to me. I loved them. I was always very happy\nwhen a mother would come and tell me, \"My daughter is engaged.\" I would get so\nexcited and say, \"Mazel tov\" [Hebrew: congratulations; good luck], and, \"I just\nhope he deserves her and he'll be kind to her,\" and all that. Many times, they'd\nsay, \"You know, Betty, you talk like my grandmother would have said that,\"\nbecause she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11520.0,11550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a similar background that I did. We don't take things for\ngranted. We thank G-d and we pray that our children, when they chose a bashert\n[Yiddish: destiny; soulmate], a person to share their lives with, they should be\nkind to them, should be supportive. He should deserve her, or she should deserve\nhim, and they should be happy. It was good. Now, when I meet the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11550.0,11580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people and I\nlook at them. This is very . . . I don't know why I felt that way. Maybe because\nI felt so close to them. I look at a person and I see her father, her\ngrandfather, maybe sometimes her great-grandfather in back of them. The people\nare gone already, but now this is the fourth generation that I can identify\nwith. Do you understand what I am ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11580.0,11610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saying? It's a very . . . I don't know. I\ncannot explain it, but I feel so close to that person.\n\nA few weeks ago, we went to a baby naming. I remember the\ngreat-great-grandfather. It was Mr. and Mrs. Arnovitz. Then, was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11610.0,11640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Morris Arnovitz\nand Pearl. Now, the daughter is Susan Plasker, whose daughter, Shana, had a baby\nand we named the baby. My husband . . . We were at the wedding of Mr. and Mrs.\nPlasker. Susan used to be an Arnovitz. Then, my husband named ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11640.0,11670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shauna when she\nwas born. Now, he named Shauna's baby. Here you have one family with the\ncontact, with the ties of five generations. It's such a good feeling to us. They\nare lovely people, beautiful people. My husband taught their girls how to bat\nmitzvah, taught Shana how to read from the Torah. There is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11670.0,11700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"connection. One\nyoung man came over the other day and I had to look twice at him because I can't\nremember him. He grew up. He hugged me and he said, \"It's so good to see you,\nMrs. Goodfriend. It's so wonderful.\" When he told me his name, I knew who he\nwas. He said, \"You touched so many lives. You don't realize that.\" I said, \"I\nnever thought about it that way. It was natural and normal to me to be happy\namong our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11700.0,11730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people and love y'all.\" I can even say 'y'all,' you see. You know what\nelse when I came here used to confuse me? Chattanooga [Tennessee] and\nChattahoochee [River]. I said to myself, \"Boy, oh, boy, what is it?\" I never\nknew which is Chattanooga and which is Chattahoochee. It took me a while after\nmy older son put me down. He said, \"Momma, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11730.0,11760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chattahoochee is a river and\nChattanooga, remember there is a song. The Chattanooga Choo-Choo.\" I said, \"I\nthough Chattanooga was part of the choo-choo.\" He said, \"No, it's a city.\" Do\nyou remember there was a song? Chattanooga Choo-Choo. These are things that you\nfind different. Also, with the Paces. Paces ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11760.0,11790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ferry and Paces this . . . I got\nfarmished among the Paces. You know what I did? Paces Ferry I used to call the\n[unintelligible; 3:16:42]. I knew how to drive there. When somebody told me, \"Go\nto the Paces Ferry,\" I knew already how to get there. After a while, it all grew\nin. I was also active here in the Jewish Community ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11790.0,11820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Center. In the 1970s, I was\non the Cultural Board, I think they called it, when they used to have exhibits\nfrom paintings, and pottery, and interesting things. I forget the name. The\nyoung lady is still here. I forget her name now. She was the one in charge of\nthat department at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11820.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community Center on Peachtree [Street]. I met a\nlot of young people there that I enjoyed being with. I used to go twice or three\ntimes a week to exercise there, believe it or not. We enjoyed that. Alice Kaplan\nwould pick me up and we'd go together. I learned how to drive here. When I came\nto Atlanta, I didn't know how to drive. In Cleveland, I didn't need it. I would\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11850.0,11880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walk around the corner and I had the kosher butcher, baker, and candlestick\nmaker, literally. In Cleveland, we had the kosher baker and next to it--listen\nto that small world--was a kosher delicatessen, the father of Rabbi [Stanley]\nDavids from the Temple Emanu-El. I remember Rabbi Davids when he was a teenager.\nHe has now a congregation. I think the cantor bar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11880.0,11910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mitzvhed him.\n\nIt's a small world. That's it. When you move around . . . You are looking at a\nwandering Jew. If I should start to tell you how many cities I lived in, it's\nreally the wandering Jew. We found life very good here. We organized in my\nliving room the Jewish National Fund in Atlanta, which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11910.0,11940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"functioned very well for\na long time. We had a poor position from Hadassah and other organizations, which\nis understandable. At that time, Hadassah was so great. Eventually, we did it.\nWe organized like a dinner without . . . I suggested no speeches. We just had a\nsocial evening. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11940.0,11970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'the' evening of the year. We used to get\nsometimes--without exaggeration--800 to 900 people. It used to be downtown in a\nbig hotel. We would bring in very great entertainers. We had King . . . I forget\nhis first name, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11970.0,12000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comedian . . . and Michael . . . I should have marked down\nthe names. Isaac would remember them, I'm sure. We used to have very elegant . .\n. It used to be a black tie evening. We used to have a beautiful orchestra and a\nbig dinner and no solicitations. It used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12000.0,12030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be 'the' evening of the year. It\nbecame very successful. Now, I don't know what happened. The people stopped\nbeing involved. There is still a JNF office in the community, but at this point,\nwe are not involved. We find out every so often from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12030.0,12060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"literature. Without\nbragging, G-d forbid, we were recognized by many organizations in the community,\n[at] almost all the Hebrew day schools, and the Yeshiva High School, the Epstein\nSchool. JNF developed a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12060.0,12090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"playground in the bicentennial park in the mountains of\nYerushalayim [Hebrew: Jerusalem]. If you would go to the bicentennial park, you\nwould find the Betty and Yitzhak Goodfriend playground.\n\nEINSTEIN: Have you been to Israel?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, sure. I don't know if my husband told you, we organized groups\nevery summer to take them to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12090.0,12120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel with stopovers in Europe. We used to have as\nmany as 40 people, just the two of us together. Then, we went with a few bar\nmitzvah tours from the Federation. We used to combine it together, the last few\nones. When my husband, after 25 years, he got a six month sabbatical, we rented\nan ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12120.0,12150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apartment in Yerushalayim in Jerusalem. We lived there for four months. We\nwere very comfortable in the surroundings, and the language, and so many new\nthings. I always say [and] people always quote me saying, 'I am happiest among\nmy own people.' I'm always happy when I am among my own people. I don't\ncriticize ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12150.0,12180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. I know that there are good and bad, but they are mine, and when\nit's yours, it's good. They are not going to kill me. They are not going to stab\nme and they're not going to call me 'dirty Jew.' I'm always very happy among my\nown people. When I see that so much and so many of our Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12180.0,12210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people are\nbreaking off or falling away, it hurts. The fact that we did not replenish the\n6,000,000 that we lost . . . In this country, we lost even more by a bloodless\nHolocaust, Jews who ran away from who they are. We are not multiplying. We are\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12210.0,12240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not progressing. Only in one way. We have more Hebrew day schools in America,\nwhich also has a lot of questions. How come we have so many ignorant Jews?\nAtlanta Jewish life developed beyond anybody's way of dreaming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12240.0,12270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or thinking that\nit will ever be. When we came here, we had only the Hebrew Academy. When I went\nthere to see . . . As a matter of fact, my husband was called here to try out\nfor the part--because you have to try out for the synagogue--we both said that\nunless there is a Hebrew day school, we are not coming, because I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12270.0,12300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know.\nIt was so far. Everybody scared us so to come to the Deep South. But Rabbi\nEpstein said, \"Yes, there is a Hebrew day school.\" When I came here and they\ntook me to show me the school that had just opened on North Druid Hills, the\nHebrew Academy. Now they've built a whole shtetl of houses there. They had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12300.0,12330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about\n125 children and they were so proud--the people who took me--that, \"It's a new\nbuilding.\" I looked around. Coming from Cleveland--my children went to the\nHebrew Academy there--they had over 500 students. Cleveland had at that time\n100,000 Jews and many of them very traditional, and also, the influence of the\nTelshe Yeshiva. Cleveland has the Telshe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12330.0,12360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeshiva, so I guess that influenced.\n\nI came home and I said to my husband . . . He asked, \"So what did you see? How\ndoes the building look?\" I said this was a building without bitachon [Hebrew:\noptimism, faith]. They built a little school without any hope to grow. But, then\n[unintelligible; 3:26:30] has his own ways. G-d has his own ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12360.0,12390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ways. They started\nto bus in children from other parts of the city. The Jewish mommas and papas\nstarted to look around where to give their children a better education. The only\nway they could go . . . That's how the Epstein School was born downstairs in the\nAhavath Achim synagogue. The Jewish population started to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12390.0,12420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grow. In 1973, 1978,\nsomething like that, when many offices opened up here and they needed brain\npower, they needed young people who knew about computers and high tech and all\nthat, so a lot of [unintelligible; 3:27:25] came in and we suddenly had 10,000\nsingle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12420.0,12450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish people in Atlanta. Since then, the community grew and the rest is\nhistory. I understand we have, kein ayin hara [Yiddish: knock on wood], over\n100,000 Jews. Chabad helped a lot. Chabad came in, I don't know, 20 years or\nsomethings like that. They did well and they opened up more and more. The\nKollel, the young rabbis, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12450.0,12480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attracted many.\n\nWhen we came here, we had five synagogues. We had Ahavath Achim, and we had Beth\nJacob, and we had Shearith Israel, and the Or VeShalom was here. It was in a\ndifferent area. Rabbi Cohen, alav hashalom, was the rabbi. He was originally, I\nthink, from Turkey, a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12480.0,12510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lovely man, and a wonderful person. And we had that\nlittle synagogue, the Anshi S'fard. Then the Epstein School opened and then the\nYeshiva High School. There were many people who were afraid that the yeshiva is\ngoing to make them too Jewish. But it grew and it's a wonderful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12510.0,12540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. Now, we\nhave the Hebrew High school and so many other synagogues. What do we have?\nThirty synagogues? Something like that. That's good. It's good. I hope it will\ngrow. At this point, after my husband retired . . .\n\nGHITIS: After how many years?\n\nGOODFRIEND: He was there 31 years almost. We are 38 years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12540.0,12570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now in Atlanta. I\nremember I came here July fourth to be looked over. They wouldn't hire the\ncantor unless they met his wife. I met a community, who was always very nice and\npolite, but you always wondered did they mean it or not. Then, you don't worry\nabout ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12570.0,12600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I had a good life here. I met many people and personalities. I used to\nteach the children. I used to speak to grownups. I had adult education Yiddish\nclasses. Whenever I came among a group of Atlanta Jews, especially old Atlanta,\nit always gives me a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12600.0,12630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"warm feeling.\n\nGHITIS: You and your husband are probably among the most beloved members in our community.\n\nGOODFRIEND: It makes me feel very humble. I don't know why.\n\nGHITIS: How do you . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: I cannot explain that.\n\nGHITIS: What do you have to say with regards to that?\n\nGOODFRIEND: I just feel that this is a special blessing, of which I am very\ngrateful, because a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12630.0,12660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shem tov mi'shemen tov [Yiddish], to have a good name is\nbetter than to have good oil--in other words, to have riches. If you live to\nhave it, to get it from the people around you, it makes me feel very humble and\nvery grateful. I don't know why. I really didn't do anything outstanding. I just\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12660.0,12690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"felt very lucky that I came to a place where I can say, \"I have my roots here,\"\nand to have my grandchildren live here, and my son, and his wife. I am very\nproud to be a part of such a community. The only other way, what I can say is,\nwhen we came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12690.0,12720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here, we were very much alone. I had many hours of explanations to\nmy children how come they don't have uncles, and cousins, and aunts, and a\nbubbe, and a zeyde [Yiddish: grandfather]. The people from the congregation were\nso nice, they became my family literally. I shared simchas [Hebrew: joys] with\nthem and I shared ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12720.0,12750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sadness with them, mine and theirs. I needed something, I\nwould call up somebody in the congregation. If they needed somebody or something\nthat we could do, they knew that our door was always opened. I never worshiped\npeople who gave more or had more, just the person. If you respect a human ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12750.0,12780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being,\nhe will respect you back. I was blessed that it came very easy to me, maybe\nbecause I was so degraded in my young years that it left such an imprint, and in\nour religion, we don't take a human being for granted, and kindness, and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12780.0,12810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understanding, and no envious feelings towards people. I never had that. I was\nbrought up against all this.\n\nLike I told you in the beginning, the first order my mother gave us when we\nstarted to understand, a mensh zol men zayn [Yiddish: how men should be]. That\ntakes in so much. The fact that I love my people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12810.0,12840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I had the opportunity and\nthe mazel [Yiddish: luck] . . . I believe in mazel and I don't believe in mazel.\nA lot of times, you create your own mazel to end up in a congregation of that\ncaliber. When we came here, I think we were the second largest Conservative\ncongregation in America. We had 2,200 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12840.0,12870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"families. We had four, five, and six\ngenerations in the synagogue. There was a time, I think Simchat Torah, when the\nrabbi would call up people with four, five generations. People would go up with\ntheir children, and grandchildren, and great-grandchildren on the pulpit. I\ndidn't take it for granted because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12870.0,12900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I came in into a very warm surrounding of my people.\n\nGHITIS: At this time in your life, you have moved to another neighborhood. Could\nyou tell us about your life now?\n\nGOODFRIEND: First of all, with age you cannot do things like before. In other\nwords, you cannot run ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12900.0,12930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around, be here, and there, and everywhere, so our life is\nmuch quieter. We moved away for a few reasons. First of all, we are across the\nstreet from our son and his children and we wanted that. Then, it was time to\nget out of the very big house and come to a smaller big house.\n\nAlso, now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12930.0,12960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are lucky we live close to a small congregation [Congregation\nAriel], mostly very young people, probably in their 30s up to their mid-50s. We\njoined that congregation because it's right next door to us. We are very\nimpressed and very respectful to the rabbi, a very knowledgeable, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12960.0,12990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sincere man.\nRabbi Friedman and his wife, Dena, who work very hard for their congregation.\nThey earn the respect and the love from this very small congregation. I don't\nknow if we have 100 or 110 members, but it doesn't matter. On Shabbat service,\nwe have a mechitza, a separation with curtains. I don't mind. I grew up with a\nveyber shul [Yiddish], a woman's synagogue ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12990.0,13020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"upstairs where we used to sit. To me,\nit's like going back into what I was and grew up with. My husband, for sure,\nbecause he comes from a Hasidic family. He enjoys it and goes to the lectures.\nThey have a [unintelligible; 3:37:24], study hour. I enjoy and I'm happy to see\nlovely, pretty, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13020.0,13050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intelligent young women being Orthodox, knowing about their\nreligion. Most of them daven beautifully. What's so pleasant is [that] you go in\nand you hear people daven. They pray out loud with proper pronunciation. The\nchildren run around and they are beautiful. I love that. I feel very comfortable\namong them. Our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13050.0,13080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life is much slower than it was. People want to invite me.\nPeople want me to attend classes. On Shabbos afternoon, the ladies get together\nand they always have some kind of a speaker, or classes, or explanations. But\nit's too far for me to walk, even if it's only a mile. This comes with age. We\nare very much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13080.0,13110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved with the congregation. The people are very nice, always\ninvite us. Our latest picture [points off camera] was taken at a bar mitzvah two\nweeks ago. We enjoy them very much. We are very happy with them, and my husband\nespecially, because he has quite a few Talmudic scholars and young rabbis who\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13110.0,13140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study with him together. He gets up very early in the morning. Many times, they\nhave study groups before they start the morning service, the Shacharit [Hebrew:\nmorning prayer] service. There is a mixture among the congregants. [It is]\ninteresting what's happening. People from Persia, from Iran, Jews from South\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13140.0,13170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa, Jews from Israel, and Russia, and American Jews, and I think a few of\nthe survivors, maybe one or two besides us. Any questions?\n\nEINSTEIN: I just wanted to ask you--we are 60 years now after Holocaust--whether\nyour thoughts about it have changed over the years. Now that you are back in a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13170.0,13200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community that's a little closer to where you came from, how has that\ntransition, that whole lifetime of process affected you?\n\nGOODFRIEND: The difference is very great because in the sviva [Yiddish:\nenvironment, surroundings, group], the circle where I live, the Jewish way of\nlife, even going to an Orthodox synagogue here, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13200.0,13230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"circle, the surroundings are\nnot the same. Sixty years later, you still don't change your way of thinking. On\nthe contrary, I am very worried about the Jewish world outside of America. I\npersonally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13230.0,13260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel that the nations who helped destroy our people, kill our people,\nare even bigger antisemites now in 2003 because of world politics. [They] are\nmore antisemitic than they were in 1937, 1938, and 1939. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13260.0,13290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many of European\ncountries, whose population . . . An influx of new populations came in, brought\nin a different culture. People in France were highly cultured. People in\nBelgium, Sweden . . . Nobody could compare with Swedish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13290.0,13320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understanding of\nliberty, and freedom, and the freedom of the word, and the freedom of your way\nof life. Now, it's changed drastically that they do not give permission for a\nshochet to kill kosher. Switzerland, that was supposedly independent although\nthey were the right hand of the Nazis, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13320.0,13350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"financing the Nazi war, are now in the\nsame position. There is a lot of do-nots for Jewish people and dangerous.\nFrance, as we hear on the news, because of the influx of the new population. I\nam worried. I hope it will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13350.0,13380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"change. G-d should guide the leaders of the world not\nto destroy itself. As far as changing mentally, what you go through in your life\nfrom your first birthday that you remember to the first death in your family,\nyou never forget that. A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13380.0,13410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mind, to compare it with a computer, with a computer,\nyou get to a button to turn it off. A mind, you cannot turn off. If you have a\nsleepless night, guess what gets into work very hard? Your mind. And somehow it\nnever digs up something pleasant. [It is] usually something that is always\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13410.0,13440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. Those of us who survived, probably until our last step, will in our minds\nwill be always part of that era, of that destruction. To me, the Holocaust--I\ndon't know if I said it before--is the third Hurban, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13440.0,13470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hurban of the Jews of\nEurope. I am grateful for our achievements. I am grateful of being here and I\njust hope and pray. I am worried about Israel, that somehow, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13470.0,13500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhere should\ncome a light to the leaders of the world not to want to run down our last hope,\nIsrael, because Jewish people never walked so proud in this country. You are\nstill young, both of you. Who would remember when Jewish people had it so free\nin this country and were able to walk with their heads ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13500.0,13530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high since Israel became\na state? With wisdom, none compare. With wars that they won, the Jews in America\nfelt very proud. The people surround us, took off the signs \"No Jews and dogs\nallowed.\" This happened ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13530.0,13560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. I pray for Israel. I am glad that we had people\nwho came up with this idea. The remnants of the remnants should have a chance to\nspeak up how we took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13560.0,13590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life and were able to go on, bring up a family. We,\nourselves, behaved and lived more or less normal, not knowing what is really\nnormal. I give great credit to all our survivors. A few years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13590.0,13620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ago, we went to a\nconvention in Florida from the survivors. They came with their children and\ngrandchildren. There were young married couples--their children. I looked\naround. There were probably 1,000 people. We had great speakers. [One was] Elie\nWiesel, who is a personal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13620.0,13650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friend. I looked around and I said, \"Dear G-d, we must\nbe [unintelligible; 3:47:43]. We must be chosen. We are quite unique. Look at\nthese people who came out of hell. Look at them, how they look, how their\nchildren look: beautiful, elegant, intelligent, educated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13650.0,13680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"young people coming\nfrom parents who came from nothing, from nowhere, without a helping hand, just\nthemselves.\" Those of us who believed in our G-d, look what we made of\nourselves: a proud community for those who are smart enough to take an example.\nMy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13680.0,13710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"motto [is] don't give up and don't give in. You carry on with dignity, and\nhope, and with trust in G-d. This is my message. Don't ever be ashamed who you\nare. Always be proud. We have a heritage of nobody to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13710.0,13740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compare, and we are still\nhere, and we will be. I thank you, young ladies. You were wonderful. You're both\nvery smart, very intelligent, and very patient.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I want to end [with] this poem of the story of my life that you just\nviewed. It is a poem I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13740.0,13770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrote in memory of my parents, and my sisters, and\nbrothers, who died in the Shoah [Hebrew: catastrophe], in the third destruction\nof our people, known to most of you as the Holocaust.\n\nEINSTEIN: Where did you write the poem?\n\nGOODFRIEND: This poem I wrote here in Atlanta in 1982. I would like to dedicate\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13770.0,13800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it to my family, to my shtetl. I am from Vilki, Lithuania. I am probably the\nlast survivor from that shtetl. It's called . . . I will give you the English\ntranslation more or less, but I wrote it in my beloved language, the Yiddish\nlanguage. Being that I am probably from the last ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13800.0,13830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generation who communicated in\nYiddish, I am happy that this will be here after I am gone. It's called \"A Plea\nto G-d\".\n\nAs I huddle in the snow, in agony and pain, I say my final prayer to you, oh G-d.\n\nMaster of the universe, you chose us from among ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13830.0,13860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all nations.\n\nNow, you have forgotten us.\n\nYou shame us. You burn us.\n\nWe are made in your image and we are destroyed.\n\nAs many as the grains of sand on the shores, we will be.\n\nSo you vowed to our forefathers.\n\nAs many as the stars in the sky and we will glow in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13860.0,13890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the light of your glory.\n\nAnd now we are like sand.\n\nWe are ashes and dust piled along the crematorias.\n\nNow we are like the stars.\n\nOur teeth and our bones are scattered about in Treblinka.\n\nWe cry no more. We have no tears left.\n\nAll we have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13890.0,13920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is one more plea, one final prayer.\n\nSave at least some to bear witness to our annihilation.\n\nSomeone must remain to speak of it, to tell it all.\n\nIn a blur, the years go quickly by, like the passing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13920.0,13950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"landscape from inside of\nthe railroad car.\n\nWe have new generations, proud Jews, strong and resolute.\n\nRemember our enemy.\n\nRemember our malek [Yiddish: king].\n\nRemember the spilled blood of millions of your brothers.\n\nTo the new generation, remember you are Jews.\n\nYou are the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13950.0,13980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guardians of Jewish honor and pride.\n\nRemember and hold strongly to our faith.\n\nWe will go on forever.\n\nWe, the nation of Israel, lives.\n\nBut don't forget.\n\n Remember.\n\nNow, this is the Yiddish part, which is the same thing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13980.0,14010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[reads the poem in Yiddish]\n\n[Interview pauses; then resumes]\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14010.0,14040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Betty, I was just saying that it sounds so different. The sense of\nemotion is so different in Yiddish. Can you talk a little bit about that?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes. First of all, a translation never comes out the way you really\nfeel. Something gets lost in the translation even though the message is there\nwhat I want to say. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14040.0,14070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the feeling and the prayed to G-d in Yiddish, is\nstronger, different, expressive that you cannot put into words when you\ntranslate [the Yiddish to] 'Heavenly father.' It's a good literary translation,\nbut it's not the same message. The [unintelligible; 3:57:40] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14070.0,14100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will shine over us.\nIn English, you'll watch over us. It's not the same.\n\nEINSTEIN: Is it also that when you say these words they resonate in you?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, because this was really a big part of what I experienced right\nafter the war. I was liberated in February, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14100.0,14130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so there was snow all around. The\nvoice and to see the people who came out of the camps. [unintelligible; 3:58:22]\nHow do you translate that into English? Living dead people? This is the literary\ntranslation, but in Yiddish. It gives you the message, because Abraham, our\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14130.0,14160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ancestor, [unintelligible; 3:58:33], came out of the burning oven alive. This is\nwhat I saw in these people who marched out from the concentration camps. They\nwere half dead they just came out alive from the burning ovens. [unintelligible;\n3:58:59] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14160.0,14190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The message is there, but the feeling, when you say it in the original\nlanguage is different.\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you maybe talk just a little about Yiddish as the language that\nyou grew up with?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes. As I said before, Yiddish, my beloved language. I am very proud\nof it. I'm very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14190.0,14220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sad that it died together with the people who developed the\nlanguage and lived in it and developed that magnificent culture, and literature,\nand theaters, and poetry, and songs. It is almost 600 years old by a people who\nlived in Eastern Europe almost 1,000 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14220.0,14250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. To us, Yiddish, was what we called\nmamalochen [Yiddish: mother tongue], the first word from our mothers and at\nhome. Yiddish was developed, really started from German Jews who were expelled\nfrom Germany, through Alsace-Loraine and were let in into the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14250.0,14280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eastern European\ncountries like Czechoslovakia, Poland, Lithuania, Yugoslavia, and Romania and\nHungary--part of Hungary, anyway. That language started with German, but being\nthat they started business, they needed a few extra words to communicate outside\nthe German language. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14280.0,14310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who came in to shop, they needed their own\nlingo. What did they add? The language they knew, which was words from the\nTorah. In other words, the Hebrew from the Bible. That's why Yiddish has a great\npercentage of Hebrew words in it. Then, the next generation didn't speak such\nfluent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14310.0,14340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German, so it came down a little bit. For example, if you say in German\n'butter', we say 'putter'. Instead of a 'B' for butter, we used a 'P,' putter.\nMany words are the same. Like, sugar [is] zucker in German and tzuker in\nYiddish. It's the same thing. Ir geh in Yiddish [is] I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14340.0,14370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going and Ich gehe in\nGerman. [It is] very similar and so on and so forth. First of all, I want to say\nthere is really no pure language. Everybody uses every language. You will find\nwords from Latin, and international words, and so on and forth. To go into that\nwould be a long lecture.\n\nYiddish, especially in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14370.0,14400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania, was always the language we spoke among\nourselves, even though we were taught many other languages. This was the\nlanguage at home, with each other, on the trains, in business, except when you\ndealt with the natives of the country who were Lithuanians, or Polish people, or\nRussian people, or Ukrainians. You spoke ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14400.0,14430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their language. But our language in\nstories, books, literature, theater, everything was in Yiddish. It was developed\non a very high level in my time. We were very careful to use the language\ngrammatically properly--which isn't an easy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14430.0,14460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grammar, by the way--and also to\npronounce the words properly. But, like everywhere else, in every country, there\nwere different areas, where people who used a different dialect, different\npronunciation. Yiddish was spoken in Poland with a Polish dialect. Especially in\nRomania, they had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14460.0,14490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their dialect, but we were able to understand each other. Once\nwe caught on that they changed an 'ou' to an 'e', we knew what they were saying.\nBefore the war, believe it or not, Yiddish was an international language. It\nbecame international because wherever you went you could find a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14490.0,14520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jew who speaks\nYiddish. Polish Jews settled in many parts of the world, and so did Lithuanian\nJews, and so did Romanian Jews. Wherever you went--from South Africa, to\nAlgeria, to Egypt--you found Jews who spoke Yiddish. In Paris, there was a very\nstrong Yiddish speaking community. They had their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14520.0,14550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own theater, too. Even after\nthe war, when we came to Paris, we found a Yiddish newspaper--I think two of\nthem. We even found a Yiddish theater. We went to a nightclub. We heard this\nsong for a cha-cha all in Yiddish. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14550.0,14580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was something that I treasure. I am proud\nthat even though there were others, they asked for our language, even though\nthere were Latino and probably others.The Yiddish language developed a great\nliterature. We had outstanding writers, which one I will read you a story ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14580.0,14610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from\nSholem Aleichem. Fiddler on the Roof was written by Sholem Aleichem in the\noriginal Yiddish. Then Broadway, they translated that into English. Also, movies\nwere made in Yiddish in Hollywood with actors from the Yiddish stage. One of the\nmost developed, and progressive, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14610.0,14640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"impressive, and great theaters in Yiddish\nwas right here in New York on Second Avenue with outstanding actors. Quite a few\nof them became Hollywood actors. Paul Muni was one of them that I can think of.\n\nGHITIS: Molly Picon.\n\nGOODFRIEND: And Molly Picon, of course, and George . . . I forget the names but\nquite a few of them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14640.0,14670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became . . . Herschel Bernardi . . . Quite a few of them\ncame off of the Yiddish stage. We had very talented . . . and [Michael] Burstyn.\nMichael Burstyn's parents were very known and respected and great Yiddish\nactors. Until this very day, there is still a small group of people who are\ntrying to keep that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14670.0,14700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little flame alive of Yiddish theater. Unfortunately, the\nresponse of the people is not as good as it should be. If not, they would have\nbeen more successful and we would have had truly a great theater like we used to\nhave. Now, the Yiddish theater is a different chapter. It was born ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14700.0,14730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Romania,\nin the city of Iasi by Abraham Goldfaden. We call him the father of the Yiddish\ntheater. By the time the war broke out, we had many Yiddish schools and high\nschools, even though we had more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14730.0,14760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew schools and high schools, almost all of\nthem. In Kovno, in Kaunas, we had one high school, which was called the Sholem\nAleichem Gymnasium, high school. That's the one that the Russians did not close.\nIt was still there in 1941 when the war broke out before the Nazis came in. This\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14760.0,14790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is in a nutshell a little bit about Yiddish. It had a tremendous amount of\nhumor. It had very deep, intelligent philosophy. By those philosophies, most of\nour people survived because of their hope, of their religion, as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14790.0,14820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their way of\nlife as Jews. Their hope was that it will get real great and we did. We did\nbecome great. We developed a language that we can very proud of. It cannot be\ncopied. It cannot be destroyed, to the point where there are now young people\nwho are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14820.0,14850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interested to learn Yiddish. There are many colleges who would give you\na PhD in the language of Yiddish. I hope it will come to pass that also here in\nAtlanta at the Emory University, we will be able to develop a chair of Yiddish\nin the university ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14850.0,14880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"curricula. We must have it because almost all the songs from\nthe ghettos were written in Yiddish. All this wonderful literature from [Isaac\nLeib] Peretz, and Mendele [Mokher Sforim], and from [Chaim Nachman]\nBialik--Bialik didn't write just in Hebrew; he started in Yiddish--and Sholem\nAleichem. We need people to be able to translate those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14880.0,14910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"books and those stories.\n\nThe stories and the writings from Sholem Aleichem and also Peretz, it's not\nstories to me. It is the way we lived. This is the history of millions of Jews,\nthe way we lived before the war, very dedicated to our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14910.0,14940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religion. Most of them\nwere very knowledgeable about it. Very great scholars came out. The translation\nin the yeshivas, and the Talmud, and the Bible was Yiddish. There are still a\nfew in America in the yeshivas that they translate into Yiddish. I don't know if\nit's literary Yiddish, but it's Yiddish. This is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14940.0,14970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approximately the information I\ncan give you at this point.\n\nI am going to finish this tape with a story from Sholem Aleichem, who wrote\nabout a man who came from Kasrilevke. [That is] one of Sholem Aleichem's\nimaginary cities. He didn't want to tell the real name of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14970.0,15000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shtetl. This man\nwent to America, lived here for quite a few years. Then, he comes back to\nKasrilevke and tells the people how America looks, how they live, how they\nspeak, what they do. It is beyond comprehension of the people in the shtetl to\nthink about a building like a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=15000.0,15030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"skyscraper, which is called in Yiddish very\nsimple, a 'valkenkrats.' Valken in Yiddish means a cloud and krats is to\nscratch, so he scratches the clouds. That is a valkenkrats. He describes to them\nall this, the way of life in America. It is very humorous and it is very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=15030.0,15060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"informative. The man is, by nature, a person who is known as an exaggerated\npersona. He exaggerates everything. If somebody used to talk a lot, like . . .\nWhat do they say in English? A 'fish story?' Someone that tells a fish tale, an\nexaggeration. They would say, \"Oh, he's a [unintelligible; 4:14:01],\" like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=15060.0,15090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this\nman, Isaac. This is the story I am going to read for you in the original, even\nthough I have it in English. It's quite a good translation, but I felt I want to\nleave this as a memory of the Yiddish language. Many of you who might watch this\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=15090.0,15120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tape, who never heard Yiddish, will hear the language. Maybe some of you will\neven know a few words. This is the story.\n\n[Interview pauses; then resumes]\n\nGOODFRIEND: This is one of the stories. [flips through a book off camera] Where\ndo I have it? Okay, Beryl Isaac. I want to tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=15120.0,15150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you when it was written. This\nwas written in 1915. Okay, I am ready. This story was written by Sholem Aleichem\nin the year of 1915. This is a story about the great ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=15150.0,15180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"miracles of the American\nway of life. It's called by the man whose telling it, who came from America,\nBeryl Isaac. He starts, \"America . . .\" [Betty reads Beryl Isaac and the Wonders\nof America in Yiddish from 4:15:45 through 4:33:20] I hope you will understand\nat least part of it. How true now that I live in America. I see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=15180.0,15210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/transcript/34381/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so much of it is\nstill the same way as it was in 1915 when he wrote it. Thank you. Gut gezunt\n[Yiddish: good health] . It is a week before Rosh Hashanah in the year 2003.\n[speaks unintelligible Yiddish and Hebrew phrase]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=15210.0,15240.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaunas, Kovno is the second-largest city in Lithuania, generally known in English as Kovno, the traditional Slavicized form of its name. The city is currently part of Lithuania. Other names for Kovno are Kowno (Polish), Kowna (Belarusian), Kovne (Yiddish), Kaunas, and Kauen (German). Kovno is located at the confluence of the two largest Lithuanian rivers, the Nemunas and the Neris, and near the Kaunas Reservoir, the largest body of water in Lithuania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVileyka or Vilkija [Yiddish: Vileika or Vilki] is a town on the banks of the River Viliya, about 100 kilometers (62 miles) northwest of Minsk and 25 kilometers (16 miles) northwest of Kovno. Originally, the town was part of the Russian Empire. After World War I, the town was part of Poland and known as Wilejka. In 1939, it was annexed back to the Soviet Union during the Soviet invasion of Poland as part of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. From June 1941 until 1944, it was occupied by Germany. Today, Vileyka is in Belarus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the term “Yiddish” is sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKlaipeda [Lithuanian: Klaipėda], historically also known as Memel [German], is a city in Lithuania on the Baltic Sea coast. It is the third largest city in Lithuania. It is located to the north of the Neman [German: Memel] River, close to the border of Poland. It is approximately 220 kilometers (136 miles) northwest of Kovno.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLithuania is the southernmost of the Baltic States. It was an independent country from the end of World War I until 1940. On January 16, 1939, Lithuania and Germany signed a nonaggression pact. Nevertheless, on March 20, 1939, after years of increased tensions between the Lithuania and Germany, Germany issued an ultimatum demanding Lithuania give up the Klaipeda region. Also known as the Memel territory, the region had been detached from Germany following World War I, but an ethnic German majority remained in the region. The demand came just five days after Germany had occupied Czechoslovakia. With no support from other nations and under the threat of German invasion, Lithuania complied with the demand. On March 23, 1939, German warships arrived in the port of the city of Klaipeda, where Adolf Hitler gave a speech to a cheering crowd.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II started on September 1, 1939, the city of Kovno, Lithuania was annexed by the Russians, who then turned it back over to Lithuania. The Soviet Union occupied Lithuania in June 1940 and annexed the country in August 1940. They remained in Lithuania until June 24, 1941 when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Germany attacked western Europe on May 10, 1940. On April 9, 1940, Denmark was occupied by Germany. Belgium and the Netherlands surrendered in May and France signed an armistice agreement on June 22, 1940. Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn July 1941, German authorities ordered the Jews in Kovno to relocate to a designated area in the northern part of the city by August 15. A poorer section of the city known as Slobodka in Yiddish or Vilijampolė in Lithuanian that had previously housed only 8,000 people would now house approximately 35,000. For the first two months, the ghetto consisted of two separate areas: a “large” ghetto along the Neris River and a “small” ghetto to the west, connected by a wooden footbridge.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetty’s three oldest siblings survived: her sister Ida Grossman Kochavi (1916-1993), who lived in Paris with her husband; her brother, Shalom Nachum Grossman (1917-1978), who survived and stayed in Lithuania; and her sister Paula Grossman Wuillens (1919-1976), who later immigrated to Boston, Massachusetts with her husband.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStutthof was established in 1939 near Danzig (present-day Gdansk, Poland), on the Baltic Sea. There were a series of sub-camps attached to the main camp, which acted as a reserve for slave labor for the others. Conditions in the camp were brutal and more than 60,000 people died there. Throughout the summer and fall of 1944, Stutthof received wave after wave of prisoners evacuated from other camps in the East that were about to be overrun by the Russians. Some 25,000 Jews from the final liquidation of the Kovno, Vilna, and Riga work camps, and some Hungarian Jews arrived in waves. Some were dumped there while others were sent on to other camps, usually by ship. Those who remained lived in tents and were essentially abandoned, without food or water, during the last days of the war. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNowogrodek [Polish; Russian: Novogrudok) Belarusian: Navahrudak; Yiddish: Navarakok] is a town in western Belarus. The name of the city means “new city” or Neustadt in German. It is 295 miles east of Gdansk, Poland and 75 miles west of Minsk, Belarus.  Until the third partition of Poland in 1795, it was within Poland-Lithuania. It was in Poland between the two World Wars, but passed to the Soviet Union in 1939. On the eve of the war, about half the population of Nowogrodek, or 6,500 people, were Jewish. Germans occupied the city in July 1941 and the Jews were put into a ghetto until they were all killed series of operations between July 1941 and May 1943. The city was liberated by the Soviet Army on July 8-9, 1944. By then, Betty had already been sent to Stutthof.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStutthof itself was evacuated as the Russians neared in the fall of 1944. The evacuation of the nearly 50,000 prisoners from the Stutthof camp system began in January 1945. The evacuations took place in a blinding snowstorm and frigid temperatures. It has been estimated that over 25,000 prisoners, one in two, died during the evacuation from Stutthof and its sub-camps. About 5,000 prisoners from Stutthof sub-camps were marched to the Baltic Sea coast, forced into the water, and machine-gunned. The rest of the prisoners were marched in the direction of Lauenburg in eastern Germany. Advancing Soviet forces cut them off. The Germans forced the surviving prisoners back to Stutthof. Marching in severe winter conditions and treated brutally by SS guards, thousands died during the march. Of the 11,000 prisoners driven out on the death march, nearly 7,000 died on the way.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish population in Vileyka in 1940 was about 500. When the Germans occupied the town in June 1941, the Jews were pushed into a ghetto and put to forced labor. On August 28, 1941 all of Vileyka’s Jews were taken to the Pakarkle forest and shot. In addition to her parents, five of Betty’s siblings were killed: Abraham Isaac Grossman (1921-1941); Yudel Grossman (1923-1941); Sheva Frieda Grossman (1924-1941); Moshe Faivel Grossman (1929-1941); and Chaya Yehuduth Grossman (1935-1941).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany people in German-occupied areas collaborated with German authorities. In some cases, antisemitism, greed, or resentment of alleged cooperation with the Russians motivated the behavior. In others, coercion was the motivating factor. In territories they occupied (particularly in the east), the Germans depended on indigenous auxiliary units (civilian, military, and police) to carry out the annihilation of the Jewish population. Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, and ethnic German collaborators played a significant role in killing Jews throughout eastern and southeastern Europe. Such collaboration was a critical element in implementing the Final Solution and the mass murder of other groups whom the Nazi regime targeted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrior to the German invasion, Soviet occupation (1940-1941) had brought traumatic changes to Lithuania, which fueled later violence by nationalists. As the Soviets took control of the country, they began targeting people declared to be enemies of communism. Politicians, intellectuals, and community leaders were purged and executed in an atmosphere of lawlessness and extreme violence. The Soviets also began to nationalize farms, factories, and mines, transferring both people and equipment inland as part of their economic strategy. The Soviets sent tens of thousands of Lithuanians to Siberia for internment in labor camps (gulags). Although some Jews supported a version of socialism or communism, the majority did not. This fact did not prevent Lithuanian nationalists and others from claiming that Jews were collaborating with the Soviet occupiers. Others openly accepted the claims of Nazi antisemitic propaganda. These factors set the stage for a brutal display of hostility and vengeance toward the Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSzczecin [German: Stettin] is a city on the Oder River in northwest Poland. The Russian army captured the city on April 26, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “Holocaust by bullets” was popularized by Father Patrick Desbois in his 2008 book, The Holocaust by Bullets: A Priest’s Journey to Uncover the Truth behind the Murder of 1.5 Million Jews. The term refers to the execution of more than two million civilians, primarily by shooting, following the brutal invasion of the Soviet Union between 1941 and 1944. In the summer of 1941, special forces called Einsatzgruppen (battalion-sized mobile units of the Reich Security Main Office) moved with speed on the heels of the advancing German army. With the help of German police forces, German military units, and locally recruited collaborators, the Einsatzgruppen carried out mass shooting operations of Jews, Roman and other civilians perceived to be enemies of Nazi Germany. There are an estimated 2,500 mass graves throughout the Soviet Union, particularly throughout Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Republic of Macedonia and Moldova, and Romania. It is estimated that at least one and a half million Jews were killed just in the Ukraine, which was home to the largest Jewish population in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSoviet forces were the first to encounter a concentration camp when they liberated the Majdanek extermination camp outside Lublin, Poland in July 1944. Polish and Soviet researchers immediately began documenting what they had found and published a report in September that helped inform the response of the Allies as they liberated other extermination and concentration camps over the next ten months.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLudwigslust is a town approximately 100 kilometers (62 miles) southeast of Hamburg, Germany and 170 kilometers (105 miles) northwest of Berlin. The city was initially captured by British and American troops but turned over to the Soviets after a few months.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMatzo, or matzah, is an unleavened flatbread that is part of Jewish cuisine and forms an integral element of the Passover festival.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are Rosh HaShanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Tog-Morgn Zshurnal [Yiddish: Day-Morning Journal] was a Yiddish daily published in New York from 1953 until 1971. It was formed through the merger of Der Tog [Yiddish: The Day] and the Morgn Zshurnal [Yiddish: Morning Journal]. Der Tog was a Yiddish daily was founded in 1914 by a group of New York intellectuals and businessmen. Its peak circulation was 81,000 in 1916. The Morgn Zshurnal l was a Yiddish daily founded in New York in 1901 by the Orthodox publisher Jacob Saperstein. Its peak circulation was 111,000 in 1916. As was the case with most Yiddish newspapers, readership steadily declined after World War I and by 1970, the merged papers had a circulation of only 50,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy the spring of 1945, many of Germany’s cities, including Nazi’s Germany’s capital, Berlin, lay in ruins from Allied bombing campaigns. Berlin was subject to over 300 bombing raids during the Second World War. British bombers began bombing the city in 1940. Regular air raids on Berlin by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) started in 1944, with almost daily bombardments in February and March 1945. Berlin was also attacked by Soviet aircraft, especially in the spring of 1945 as Soviet forces closed on the city. By the time the war ended in May 1945, much of Berlin was nothing but rubble.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of the Second World War, U.S., British, and Soviet military forces divided and occupied Germany. Berlin was located far inside Soviet-controlled eastern Germany. The United States, United Kingdom, and France controlled western portions of the city, while Soviet troops controlled the eastern sector.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism (also sometimes called Chasidim; from the Hebrew word \"Chasid\" meaning \"pious”) is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pale of Settlement was a term given to a region of Imperial Russia, in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish permanent residency was generally prohibited. Originally formed in 1791, it extended from the eastern pale, or demarcation line, to the western Russian border with the Kingdom of Prussia (later the German Empire) and with Austria-Hungary. It covered about 20 percent of the territory of tsarist Russia and roughly corresponded with present-day Lithuania, Belarus (Poland), Moldova, Ukraine and parts of Western Russia. At the end of the nineteenth century, close to 95 percent of the 5.3 million Jews in the Russian Empire lived in the Pale of Settlement. In early 1917, the Pale of Settlement was abolished, permitting Jews to live where they wished in the former Russian Empire, but the region continued to be a center of Jewish communal life until World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaurice Schwartz (1890 - 1960), born Avram Moishe Schwartz in Ukraine, was an American stage and film actor. He founded the Yiddish Art Theater and its associated school in 1918 in New York City, which became the training ground of a generation of Yiddish actors. In addition to serving as the theater’s producer and director, Schwartz also worked in Hollywood as an actor, director, producer, and screenwriter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Russian Revolution refers to two periods of political unrest in the beginning of the 20th century. The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, was a wave of mass political and social unrest. It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. It coincided with a series of violent pogroms that saw many Jews emigrated from the Russian Empire. The First Russian Revolution did not overthrow the Tsarist autocracy or eliminate the restrictions placed on the Jewish population of the Pale of Settlement, but it did give rise to Russia's first democratically elected parliament and resulted in some improved opportunities for Jews within the Russian Empire. During the final phase of World War I, in 1917, another revolution took place, which replaced Russia's traditional monarchy with the world's first communist state. Although the new communist government replaced the centuries-old official antisemitism of the Tzars, deeply ingrained antisemitic attitudes made Jews suspects of potential opposition. Communist ideology asked Jews to assimilate and not to identify as anything but loyal to the state and religious leaders were jailed and executed as political enemies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIntelligentsia is a term that came into use in Russia in the last half of the 19th century. It broadly refers to a social group of intellectuals and highly educated people interested in changing or improving political, social and cultural systems.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva [Hebrew: sitting] is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a Talmudic college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Talmud [Hebrew: study] is the legal code spanning 1,000 years. Based on the teachings of the Bible, the Talmud interprets biblical laws and commandments. It also contains a rich store of historic facts and traditions. It has two divisions: the Mishnah and the Gemara. The Mishnah is the interpretation of Biblical law. The Gemara is a commentary on the Mishnah by a group of later scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement that supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890’s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish National Fund (JNF) is a non-profit organization founded in 1901 to purchase land for Jewish settlements. Since its founding, JNF has evolved into a global environmental organization by planting more than 250,000,000 trees, building over 240 reservoirs and dams, developing over 250,000 acres of land, creating more than 2,000 parks, providing the infrastructure for over 1,000 communities, and connecting children and young adults to Israel and their heritage. (2015)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eORT (Association for the Promotion of Skilled Trades) is a non-profit global Jewish organization that promotes education and training in communities worldwide. It was founded at the end of the eighteenth century in 1880 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Active in over 100 countries, today, ORT is the world’s largest Jewish education and vocational training NGO (Non-Governmental Organization). After World War II, ORT was very active in the DP camps, opening schools with rehabilitation programs in 78 camps. The purpose of the schools was to train and prepare DPs (displaced persons) for resettlement in industrialized countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia as well as Israel, which had a significant need for highly trained manpower. Some 85,000 Jews were trained in new profession and provided with the tools they needed to rebuild their lives. In 2003 Israel was the area of ORT's largest operation, with 90,000 students educated or trained at ORT’s 159 schools, colleges and institutions, educating 25 percent of Israel’s hi-tech workforce. In 2006 ORT Israel withdrew from World ORT. World ORT continues to work in Israel under the name of Kadima Mada (Educating for Life). In December 1946, the first ORT trade school in Austria was opened in Vienna. By the end of 1947, additional schools were open in Ebelsberg, Steyr, Wels, Salzburg, Hofgastein, Hallein, Linz, and Bindermilch. The schools conducted programs in 50 trades ranging from dressmaking to technical chemistry, optics and building trades. English and Hebrew language courses were also held. ORT’s Central School in Salzburg was the first post-war vocational training establishment in Austria. It opened in February 1947 and had 350 students by mid-1947. An annex to the main ORT school in Salzburg opened in 1948 in the Beth Bialik transit camp in Salzburg and another school was located in the Riedenburg camp. As emigration progressed, ORT schools in Austria began closing down. The Salzburg school was transferred to Hallein, a DP camp twenty miles from Salzburg, in 1947. It remained open until 1954.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Orthodox opponent of Hasidism, Misnagdim or Mitnagdim is a Hebrew word meaning “opponents.” It is the plural of “misnaged” or “mitnaged.” Most prominent among the Misnagdim was Rabbi Elijah (Eliyaju) ben Shlomo Zalman (1720-1797), who came to be known as the “Vilna Gaon.” The term “Misnagdim” gained a common usage among European Jews as the term that referred to Ashkenazi Jews who opposed the rise and spread of early Hasidic Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Chaim (Hayyim) of Volozhin (1749-1821, also known as Chaim ben Yitzchok of Volozhin or Chaim Ickovits) was an Orthodox Lithuanian rabbi. A disciple of the Vilna Gaon, he founded the Volozhin yeshiva in 1803, which became the classic model of Lithuanian yeshiva.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVilna Gaon refers to Elijah ben Shlomo Zalman (1720-1797) who was considered the central figure of Lithuanian Jewry. He was a Torah scholar, kabbalist, and communal leader. He encouraged his students to study secular sciences, and even translated geometry books to Yiddish and Hebrew, chief among them Sefer HaEuclid. When Hasidic Judaism became influential in Vilna, the Vilna Gaon, joining the rabbis and heads of the Polish communities, took steps to check the Hasidic influence. In 1777, one of the first excommunications by the Mitnagdim was launched in Vilna against the Hasidim, while a letter was also addressed to all of the large communities, exhorting them to deal with the Hasidim following the example of Vilna, and to watch them until they had recanted. The letter was acted upon by several communities; and in Brody, during the trade fair, the cherem (ban of excommunication) was pronounced against the Hasidim. In 1781, when the Hasidim renewed their proselytizing work under the leadership of their Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the Gaon excommunicated them again, declaring them to be heretics with whom no pious Jew might intermarry. However, the excommunications did not stop the tide of Hasidism. The Gaon of Vilna was known also by the acronym \"Gra,\" for \" Gaon Rabbi Eliyahu.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMen and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community traditionally cover their heads as a sign of humility before G-d. Some also wear long beards and payess [Hebrew: sidelocks or sidecurls] based on a Biblical injunction against shaving the “corners” of one’s head or beard.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA sheitel is the Yiddish word for a wig worn by some Orthodox Jewish married women in order to conform with the requirement of Jewish Law to cover their hair. In many traditional Orthodox Jewish communities, women wear head coverings such as hats, scarves and wigs after marriage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA rov (from the Hebrew word “rav” meaning large or great) and rebbe (from the Hebrew word “rabi” for teacher or master) are both Yiddish terms that designate a rabbi. In common parlance, “rabbi” is a catch-all term for anyone who has semichah, rabbinical ordination. However, in Eastern Europe, the terms indicated very different positions within the Jewish community. A rebbe was the spiritual leader of a Hasidic congregation and “reb” was a title of respect given to Jews of higher status in the community. A rov, on the other hand, referred to someone who was a leader in a mitnagdic or non-Hasidic community. A rov often had more extensive training and was appointed by the community to provide guidance related to Jewish law.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe word shomer is Hebrew for “to guard, watch, or preserve.” Someone who is shomer Shabbat or shomer mitzvot is a person who observes commandments [mitzvot] for the Jewish Sabbath from sundown Friday evening until sundown Saturday evening. This includes refraining from work activities and driving, as well as many other prohibitions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. On the eve of the German occupation of Poland in 1939, 3.3 million Jews lived there—more than any other country in Europe. Their percentage among the general population—about ten percent—was also the highest in Europe. Only approximately ten percent of Jews in Poland survived the Holocaust. In all, approximately 3,000,000 of a pre-war Jewish population of around 3,300,000 were murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, the Jewish population of Lithuania was 160,000, about 7 percent of the total population. By 1941, the Jewish population of Lithuania swelled by an influx of refugees from German-occupied Poland to reach about 250,000, or 10 percent of the population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn June and July 1941, the Germans occupied Lithuania. Detachments of German Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units), together with Lithuanian auxiliaries, immediately began murdering the Jews of Lithuania. By the end of August 1941, most Jews in rural Lithuania had been shot. By November 1941, the Germans also massacred most of the Jews who had been concentrated in ghettos in the larger cities. The surviving 40,000 Jews were concentrated in the Vilna, Kovno, Siauliai, and Svencionys ghettos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1943, the Vilna and Svencionys ghettos were destroyed and the Kovno and Siauliai ghettos were converted into concentration camps. Some 15,000 Lithuanian Jews were deported to labor camps in Latvia and Estonia and about 5,000 were deported to extermination camps in Poland. Shortly before their withdrawal from Lithuania in the fall of 1944, the Germans deported another 10,000 to concentration camps in Germany. By the time Lithuania was liberated, about 90 percent of Lithuanian Jews had been murdered—one of the highest victim rates in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA black market is economic activity that takes place outside government-sanctioned channels. Black market transactions usually occur “under the table” to let participants avoid government price controls or taxes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA post exchange (PX) is a type of retail store found on U. S. Army military installations. It is a place for military personnel and their dependents to buy food, supplies and other needed items.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP Camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Feldafing was the first all-Jewish displaced persons camp, and hosted a large and important community of survivors. It was originally a summer camp for Hitler Youth, and was located 20 miles southwest of Munich, Germany in the American zone of occupation. The camp was originally opened on May 1, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA t’noyim or tnai’im is an agreement that is customarily signed when two parties commit to marrying each other. The document typically specifies the date and time a marriage will take place and outlines who will be responsible for wedding expenses. It may also outline the anticipated startup costs of the new household and details such as a groom’s gifts to his bride. The contract is usually executed at an engagement party with two other witnesses, who also sign the t’noyim.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans defeated the Greek Army in the spring of 1941 and occupied Greece until October 1944. Even though deportations did not start until March 1943, Greece lost at least 81 percent of its Jewish population during the Holocaust. Between 60,000 and 70,000 Greek Jews perished, most of them at Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the wartime alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union ended and relations turned hostile, the question of whether the western occupation zones in Berlin would remain under Western Allied control or whether the city would be absorbed into Soviet-controlled eastern Germany led to the first Berlin crisis of the Cold War. The crisis started on June 24, 1948, when Soviet forces blockaded rail, road, and water access to Allied-controlled areas of Berlin. The United States and United Kingdom responded by airlifting food and fuel to Berlin from Allied airbases in western Germany. The crisis ended on May 12, 1949, when Soviet forces lifted the blockade on land access to western Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZeilsheim was a DP camp that was opened in 1945 about 12 miles west of Frankfurt in the American-occupied zone. It was originally set up in what had been a camp for Russian forced laborers. By October 1946, approximately 3,570 Jews lived in the camp. The camp closed on November 15, 1948, after Israel had become a state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah [Hebrew: head of the year; i.e., New Year festival] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh Ha-Shanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChallah is special Jewish braided bread eaten on Sabbath and Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYontif is the Yiddish word; in Hebrew it is ‘yom tov.’ It is a generic word for Jewish holidays. It includes all but the High Holy Days of Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. According to kosher rules, meat must be ritually slaughtered and the fat, veins, and sinews removed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Haganah [Hebrew: defense] was a Jewish paramilitary organization that operated in the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948. Later, most of its members became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). After the 1920 and 1921 Arab riots, the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British had no desire to confront the Arabs who were attacking Jews. Haganah was originally created to protect Jewish farms and kibbutzim and to actively confront the Arabs. In the wake of the 1929 Arab riots the group grew and got more organized, acquiring military equipment and skills that turned them into a capable underground army. After the war, the Haganah carried out anti­British operations in Palestine such as the liberation of interned immigrants from the Atlit detainee camp, and attacking British installations. They also organized underground immigration into Palestine. Two weeks after Israel became a state, the Israel Defense Forces were created to succeed Haganah. All other paramilitary organizations were outlawed. This led to conflicts between the prime minister and the Haganah leadership.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II, the Brichah [Hebrew: “escape” or “flight”] was an underground effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape to what was then the British Mandate of Palestine in violation of the White Paper of 1939. Officers of the Jewish Brigade of the British army, along with operatives from the Haganah (the Jewish clandestine army in Palestine) helped to smuggled as many displaced Jewish persons as possible into Palestine through Italy. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee funded them. After the Kielce pogrom of 1946, the flight of Jews accelerated and Brichah helped about 250,000 survivors in Eastern Europe (under the Russians) get into Austria, Germany and Italy and then on to Palestine through elaborate smuggling networks. Brichah ended when Israel became independent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarseille is a port city in southern France. Many ships filled with Jewish refugees set sail for Palestine from Marseille, including the Exodus in 1947, which became a symbol of Aliyah Bet or illegal immigration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddishkeit literally means \"Jewishness\", i.e., “a Jewish way of life” in the Yiddish language.  In a more general sense, it has come to mean the \"Jewishness\" or \"Jewish essence\" of Ashkenazi Jews in general and the traditional Yiddish-speaking Jews of Eastern and Central Europe in particular. From a more secular perspective it is associated with the popular culture or folk practices of Yiddish-speaking Jews, such as popular religious traditions, Eastern European Jewish food, Yiddish humor, and klezmer music, among other things.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, had the largest total prisoner population. It was divided into more than a dozen sections separated by electronic barbed wire fences, and was patrolled by SS guards. The camp included sections for women, men, a family camp for Roma, and a family camp for Jewish families deported from the Theresienstadt ghetto. It also contained the facilities for a killing center. It played a central role in the German plan to kill the Jews of Europe. Near Birkenau, the SS initially converted two farmhouses for use as gas chambers. “Provisional” gas chamber I went into operation in January 1942 and was later dismantled. “Provisional” gas chamber II operated from June 1942 through the fall of 1944. The SS judged these facilities to be inadequate for the scale of gassing they planned at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Four large crematorium buildings were constructed between March and June 1943. Each had three components: a disrobing area, a large gas chamber and crematorium ovens. The SS continued gassing operations at Auschwitz-Birkenau until November 1944. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew Academy of Atlanta was established in 1953 as the first all-day Jewish day school in Atlanta, with Alex E. Milt chairing its organization committee. It was renamed the Katherine and Jacob Greenfield Hebrew Academy. In 2014, the Greenfield Hebrew Academy (grades pre-K through 8) and Yeshiva High School (grades 9-12) merged into one college preparatory day school that was renamed the Atlanta Jewish Academy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Hyman R. (Chaim Raphael) Friedman (1913-2000) was associate rabbi for Congregation Shearith Israel in Atlanta, Georgia from 1943 to 1952, and the head of the Atlanta Hebrew School at Congregation Shearith Israel. He was a native of Bronx, New York who graduated from Yeshiva College with smicha from the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary. He was remembered for initiating Junior Congregation services on Saturday mornings for Shearith Israel’s bar mitzvah students. After leaving Atlanta, he served as rabbi at Congregation Tifereth Israel in Winthrop, Massachusetts until his retirement, when he relocated to Silver Spring, Maryland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the Temple of Solomon (the First Temple) was destroyed in 586 BCE, the Second Temple was erected on Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Construction began around 538 BCE and was completed in 515 BCE. Around 20 BCE, Herod the Great renovated and expanded the temple. In 66 CE, the Jewish population rebelled against the Roman Empire, which resulted in a siege that destroyed the Second Temple and much of Jerusalem in 70 CE.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. At the end of World War II, the Red Cross worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected by the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Shalom Shubow (1899-1969) was a Conservative American rabbi who was both a leader of the American Zionist movement and the Boston Jewish community. Born in Lithuania, he came to the U.S. with his family and attended Harvard University and then the Jewish Institute of Religion. In 1933, he was ordained and became the first rabbi of Temple B’nai Moshe in Brighton, MA. In 1943, Shubow enlisted in the U.S. Army and served as a chaplain in Europe with the 9th Army through 1946. In March 1945, having accompanied troops across the Rhine into Germany, he led a Passover seder in Goebbel’s castle, which became front-page news worldwide. After the war, he played a major role in reuniting Jewish families in DP camps and in Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA traditional part of the Jewish wedding ceremony is the chanting of Sheva B’rachot, or Seven Blessings. Taken from the pages of the Talmud, the blessings begin with the kiddush over wine and increase in intensity. It is no accident that there are seven blessings, given there are seven days of creation. It is a common custom for the blessings to be chanted by a chazzan or rabbi, if they preside over the wedding ceremony. During the week following the wedding, it has become common to have festive get-togethers in honor of the couple every day of that first week. Each of these events—usually an elegant dinner—is called a Sheva Brachot, referring to the seven blessings. Traditionally, family and close friends divvy up the honors of hosting them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGefilte fish is a dish similar to a meatloaf, made out of ground fish, onions, starch and eggs. It is traditionally enjoyed by Ashkenazi Jews on Shabbat and Jewish holidays. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChildren were especially vulnerable to Nazi persecution. When World War II began in September 1939, there were approximately 1.6 million Jewish children living in the territories that the German armies or their allies would occupy. When the war in Europe ended in May 1945, more than 1 million and perhaps as many as 1.5 million Jewish children were dead and tens of thousands of Romani children, 5,000-7,000 German children with physical or mental disabilities living in institutions, as well as many Polish children and children residing in German-occupied Soviet Union. Jewish and non-Jewish adolescents (13-18 years old) had a better chance of survival, as they could be used for forced labor. Many of the younger children who survived the Holocaust did so in hiding. After the surrender of Nazi Germany, thousands of orphaned children and juveniles found themselves in displaced persons camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLida is a city 168 kilometers (104 miles) west of Minsk in western Belarus in Grodno Region, which has a complicated historical and political past. It was part of Poland from 1920 until 1939 and part of the Russian Empire prior to the first World War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA ketubah is a Jewish marriage contract that is signed just prior to the wedding ceremony. The ketubah outlines the rights and responsibilities of the groom, in relation to the bride.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA chuppah [Hebrew: canopy] is the canopy under which a Jewish wedding takes place.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish battalions from the British Mandate of Palestine began fighting with the British Army as early as 1940, but it wasn’t until September 1944 that the Jewish Brigade Group (also known as the “Jewish Brigade” or “Israeli Brigade”) was formally established. The Jewish Brigade fought under the Zionist flag and served in Italy in 1945. After the war, Brigade members helped establish displaced persons camps in Europe and became active in organizing the emigration of Holocaust survivors to Palestine. The Jewish Brigade was disbanded in the summer of 1946. Many Brigade members joined the Haganah, a paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs part of its efforts to stem the rising tide of illegal immigrants flooding into Palestine after the Holocaust, the British government established internment camps along the Mediterranean coast and on the island of Cyprus. Between August 1946 and May 1948, more than 50,000 survivors were intercepted trying to reach Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShicksa or shikse is a derogatory Yiddish term that refers to a non-Jewish girl, or a Jewish girl who fails to live up to traditional Jewish standards. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovering from years of malnutrition and starvation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMulhouse is a city in eastern France, near the Swiss and German borders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Research Triangle, or simply The Triangle, are both common nicknames for a metropolitan area in the Piedmont region of North Carolina in the United States, anchored by three major research universities: Duke, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University. The universities are in the three cities of Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill, which, if connected by an imaginary line on a map would form a Triangle. The area is also a hub for technology and biotech companies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePère Lachaise Cemetery is the largest cemetery in Paris, France. It was the first garden cemetery, as well as the first municipal cemetery in Paris\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Catacombs of Paris are underground ossuaries in Paris, France, which hold the remains of more than six million people in a small part of a tunnel network built to consolidate Paris' ancient stone quarries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Palace of Versailles is a former royal residence located in Versailles, about 12 miles [19 kilometers] west of Paris, France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Bois de Boulogne is a large public park located along the western edge of the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe chazzan (cantor) is the official in charge of music or chants and leads liturgical prayer and chanting in the synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Maison de France opened in 1950 on Kurferstendamm, one of Berlin, Germany’s most famous and popular shopping areas. It is a cultural center that hosts theatre performances, exhibitions, films, and numerous cultural events. It also houses a French language school, the Institut Francais, the Cinema Paris, and the Brasserie Le Paris.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] The 1924 Johnson-Reed Act had cut immigration quotas to admit fewer than 6,000 Polish immigrants into the United States per year. From 1939 to 1945, the quota for Polish immigrants admitted into the U.S. had increased to 15,000 per year. Immigration restrictions were still in effect at the end of the war until President Harry S. Truman issued an executive order, the \"Truman Directive,\" on December 22, 1945. It required that existing immigration quotas be designated for displaced persons (DPs). While overall immigration into the United States did not increase, more DPs were admitted than before. About 22,950 DPs, of whom two-thirds were Jewish, entered the United States between December 22, 1945 and 1947 under provisions of the Truman Directive. The Polish quota between 1945 and 1948 was 17,000 a year. Congressional action to increase immigration quotas did not come until 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Johnson-Reed Act had cut immigration quotas to admit fewer than 6,000 Polish immigrants into the United States per year. From 1939 to 1945, the quota for Polish immigrants admitted into the U.S. had increased to 15,000 per year. Immigration restrictions were still in effect at the end of the war until President Harry S. Truman issued an executive order, the \"Truman Directive,\" on December 22, 1945. It required that existing immigration quotas be designated for displaced persons (DPs). While overall immigration into the United States did not increase, more DPs were admitted than before. About 22,950 DPs, of whom two-thirds were Jewish, entered the United States between December 22, 1945 and 1947 under provisions of the Truman Directive. The Polish quota between 1945 and 1948 was 17,000 a year. Congressional action to increase immigration quotas did not come until 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOf the 40,000 visas issued under the Truman Directive, only about 28,000 went to Jews and between 1946 and 1948, only 16,000 Jewish refugees entered the United States. In 1948, Congress passed legislation to admit more DPs to the United States. The 1948 Displaced Persons Act authorized the entry of 202,000 displaced persons over the next two years but within the quota system. When the act was extended for two more years in 1950, it increased displaced-person admissions to 415,000, but Jewish DPs only received 80,000 of these visas, making them only 16 percent of the immigrants admitted. The law stipulated that only DPs who had been in camps by the end of 1945 were eligible and gave preference to relatives of American citizens who could be guaranteed housing and employment. Finally, in 1952, Congress revised the Immigration Act. However, the 1952 Act really only revised the 1924 system to allow for national quotas at a rate of one-sixth of one percent of each nationality’s population in the United States in 1920. By 1952, only 137,450 Jewish refugees (including close to 100,000 DPs) had settled in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany former members of the Nazi party came to the United States as part of the flood of immigrants fleeing Europe after World War II. Some immigrated by misrepresenting their pasts while others were allowed to immigrate despite their pasts. By the 1970s, it was well-known that American immigration and intelligence authorities knew of dozens of former Nazis—some implicated in serious war crimes—who were living in the United States. More than 1,600 Nazi German scientists, engineers and technicians had also been specifically recruited and brought to the U.S. as part of Operation Paperclip, a controversial top-secret U.S. intelligence program between 1945 and 1959 with the goal of harnessing their brain power for Cold War initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881. Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrior to World War II, Canadian immigration policies used a quota system that was based on race and frequently denied sponsorship requests to nearly all Jewish applicants. Extra qualifications such as agricultural skills or proof of $15,000 in investment capital further made immigration to Canada nearly impossible for Jews trying to escape Europe. It was not until after World War II that public opinion and restrictions began to ease. Canada’s booming post-war economy needed skilled, cheap labor. In 1947, immigration policies were amended to allow Canadians to sponsor European Jewish refugees under “close relative” and “labor” schemes. From 1946-1951, 19,873 Jews immigrated to Canada. From 1951-1956, 20,193 Jews immigrated to Canada. Many of these individuals were survivors that settled in Montreal. Following the Second World War, Montreal became home to one of the world’s largest communities of Holocaust survivors and persons displaced by the war. The Canadian Jewish Congress, along with the Jewish Immigrant Aid Society (JIAS), aided approximately 11,000 displaced European Jews from 1946-1951. By 1955, Canadian Jewish individuals and organizations sponsored and resettled approximately 35,000 Holocaust survivors and their families. It was not until 1962 that the Canadian government ended racial discrimination as a part of the immigration system.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1919, The Canadian Jewish Congress is the main advocacy group for the Jewish community in Canada. At the end of World War II, it was deeply involved in arranging for homes and jobs for the more than 35,000 survivors who arrived to Canada over the next 10 years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaint Laurent Boulevard also known as Saint Lawrence Boulevard is a major street in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. A commercial artery and cultural heritage site, the street runs north-south through the five boroughs in the center of the city and is nicknamed “The Main,” an abbreviation for \"Main Street\" A Jewish quarter developed on Saint Laurent Boulevard in the 19th century. By the early 20th century, the area had become a center of Yiddish language and culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shochet is an adult male Jew who is trained and accredited by a rabbinic authority in the Jewish dietary laws. Specifically, a shochet slaughters animals in a way prescribed by Jewish dietary laws to avoid pain to the animal as much as possible, and to safeguard the health of the consumer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Maurice Cohen (1920-2012) was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard University and the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York. He served as the rabbi of the Shaare Zion Congregation in Montreal, Canada for over 50 years and authored several books. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished in 1636, Harvard is the oldest institution of higher education in the United States. Originally named Harvard, as a college, it was recognized as a university in 1780. Harvard is based in Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e McGill University is a prestigious public research university founded in 1821 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbba Solomon Meir Eban (born Aubrey Solomon Meir Eban, 1915-2002) was a South African-born Israeli diplomat and politician, and a scholar of the Arabic and Hebrew languages. His career included roles as Israeli Deputy Prime Minister, ambassador to the US and UN, and Vice President of the UN General Assembly. His exceptional oratorical gifts in the service of Israel won him the widespread admiration of diplomats and politicians and increased support for Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSisterhood refers to a group of women in a synagogue congregation who join together to offer social, cultural, educational, and volunteer service opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn East European Jewish folklore, the Polish city of Chelm [Yiddish: Khelem] functions as an imaginary city of fools, where “wise men” are a common ironic feature.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShalom Aleichem [Yiddish: peace be with you] was the pen name of author and playwright Solomon Naumovich Rabinovich, born in Russia in 1859 (d. 1916). Shalom Aleichem wrote in Russian and Hebrew at first but only in Yiddish after 1883, which earned him a place as a prominent Yiddish author by 1890. As pogroms raged through Russia in 1905, Aleichem immigrated to New York City, New York, but later joined his family in Geneva, Switzerland. The family moved to the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York in 1914. Shalom Aleichem died of tuberculosis and diabetes in 1916. The musical Fiddler on the Roof was based on his stories about “Tevye the Milkman.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMizrachi is a religious Zionist organization founded in 1902 in Vilna, Lithuania by Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Reines. Its youth movement, Bnei Akiva, became an international movement. Mizrachi believes that the Torah should be at the center of Zionism and that Jewish nationalism is a means of achieving religious objectives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaba Silverman is the daughter of two Holocaust survivors from Lithuania, Sam and Ida Wise, who immigrated to Atlanta, Georgia and opened a grocery store. Sam’s testimony is housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal is music conservatory in Montreal, Canada that opened its doors in 1943.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Canada, the most prevalent form of French spoken is referred to as Québécois, or Quebec French.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Congregation (often referred to as “AA”) was organized in 1886 by Orthodox Jews of Eastern European descent as Congregation Ahawas Achim (Brotherly Love). It is Atlanta’s second oldest Jewish congregation. By 1952, Ahavath Achim joined the Conservative Movement and today it is the largest Conservative congregation in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp in what is today Lower Saxony in northern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as a prisoner of war camp, in 1943, parts of it became a concentration camp. Initially this was an \"exchange camp\", where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas. The camp was later expanded to accommodate Jews from other concentration camps. From 1941 to 1945, almost 20,000 Soviet prisoners of war and a further 50,000 inmates died there. Overcrowding, lack of food and poor sanitary conditions caused outbreaks of typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and dysentery, leading to the deaths of more than 35,000 people in the first few months of 1945, shortly before and after the liberation. The camp was liberated on April 15, 1945, by the British 11th Armoured Division. The soldiers discovered approximately 60,000 prisoners inside, most of them half-starved and seriously ill, and another 13,000 corpses lying around the camp unburied. The horrors of the camp, documented on film and in pictures, made the name \"Belsen\" emblematic of Nazi crimes in general for public opinion in many countries in the immediate post-1945 period. Today, there is a memorial with an exhibition hall at the site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLa Traviata is an opera by Giuseppe Verdi set to an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave. It is based on La Dame aux camélias, a play adapted from the 1848 novel by Alexandre Dumas. The opera was originally titled La Violetta, after the main character.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLied [plural: lieder] is a German term that describes songs written by German-speaking composers, which are set poetry to classical music to create a piece of polyphonic music. Sometimes called “art songs,” lieder are written for piano and a solo singer. Some of the most famous composers of Lieder were Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kennedy family is an American political family that has long been prominent in American politics. The patriarch of the Irish-American family was Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. (1888-1969), who, among other appointments, served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938 until 1940. Among his nine children, there were three Massachusetts senators, an attorney general and a President. At the time Betty and Isaac came to the United States, future President John F. Kennedy was serving as Senator of Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChristopher Columbus (anglicized from the Italian Cristoforo Colombo, 1451-1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, sponsored by the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabela, opening the way for European exploration and colonization of the Americas. Columbus was widely venerated in the centuries after his death, but public perception has fractured in recent decades as scholars give greater attention to the harm committed under his governance, particularly the near-extermination of Hispaniola's indigenous Taíno population from mistreatment and European diseases, as well as their enslavement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Aron Kodesh [Hebrew: Holy Ark; also, sometimes called the “Ark” or the “Torah Ark”] is the holiest place in the synagogue and where the Torah scrolls are kept when not in use. The Aron Kodesh is situated in the front of the synagogue and is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the wall that most closely faced Jerusalem, the direction Jews face when praying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaimonides School is a coeducational, Modern Orthodox, Jewish day school located in Brookline, Massachusetts. Founded in 1937, it is named after Rabbi Moses Maimonides.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cantors Assembly of America is the international association of chazzanim (cantors) affiliated with Conservative Judaism. Cantors Assembly was founded in 1947 to professionalize the Cantorate. Based in Fairlawn, Ohio, it provides professional development and job placement services to cantors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cantors Assembly of America and the Department of Music of the United Synagogue of America held their ninth annual conference and convention at The Grossinger Hotel and Country Club from May 21-24, 1956. Grossinger's was a resort in the Catskill Mountains in the Town of Liberty, near the village of Liberty, New York, It was a kosher establishment that catered primarily to Jewish clients from New York City. Grossinger’s started as a small family-run hotel in 1919 owned by Austrian immigrants and grew into one of the largest Borscht Belt resorts. By the 1950s, it had expanded to include 35 buildings and included an indoor swimming pool, golf course, ski slope, nightclub and its own airstrip. The popular luxury resort is most widely recognized as the Catskill resort that inspired \"Kellerman's Mountain Resort\" in the 1987 film Dirty Dancing. By the 1970s, it could no longer attract younger guests and began to decline. The resort was closed in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMichal Hammerman (1919-1979) served as cantor at Congregation Kehilat Israel in Brookline, Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaul Meisels (1908-1990) served as cantor at the Astoria Center of Israel in Queens before joining Temple on the Heights B'nai Jeshurun in Cleveland, Ohio in 1942, where he sang until his retirement in 1979. Acknowledged as one of the nation's outstanding cantors, he performed Yiddish, Hebrew and Hasidic songs in concert in cities across the United States and Canada. Meisels helped found the Cantors Assembly of America in 1947 and served as its president from 1961 to 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Maurice Cohen (1920-2012) was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard University and the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York. He served as the rabbi of the Shaare Zion Congregation in Montreal, Canada for over 50 years and authored several books. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Torah Fund is a campaign that began in 1942 as a scholarship fund in support of the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York, New York. Today, the fund supports scholarships and programs in Conservative/Masorti institutes of higher Jewish learning in New York and Los Angeles, as well as in Argentina, Germany, and Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA mohel is a Jewish person trained in the practice of brit milah¸ the covenant of circumcision. He performs the religious ceremony as well as the actual circumcision when Jewish boys are eight days old.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavening is the act of reciting Jewish liturgical prayers during which the prayer sways or rocks lightly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe haftarah is a series of selections from the books of Nevi'im (“Prophets”) of the Hebrew Bible (Tanach) that is publicly read in synagogue as part of Jewish religious practice. The haftorah reading follows the Torah reading on each Sabbath and on Jewish festivals and fast days. On Sabbath days, the haftarah is selected because it relates to the day’s Torah portion. On holidays and special Sabbaths, the haftarah is selected to coincide with the calendar.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Am Congregation was a Conservative Jewish congregation in Cleveland Heights, Ohio. It was founded in 1933 as the Community Temple by Rabbi Abraham Nowak and a group who belonged to B'nai Jeshurun Congregation (then known as Temple on the Heights). The founders wanted their new synagogue to be more welcoming to all Jews, regardless of their wealth or status. By the 1940s, the congregation had grown and was in need of a permanent building. In 1947, Beth Am purchased the Trinity Congregational Church at 3557 Washington Boulevard. The new rabbi, Jack J. Herman, was named the same year. The congregation continued to grow, and by 1956 had 600 families with 500 students in the religious school. Rabbi Herman served the congregation until his death in 1969. Rabbi Michael Hecht was installed late in 1970. In 1971, the congregation dedicated a new religious school named for Rabbi Herman, constructed on land adjacent to the synagogue. Unable to sustain financial deficits and thanks to declining membership from the 1970s onward, the congregation sold its building in 1999 and merged with B'nai Jeshurun Congregation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Stephen Weiss (1971-) was born in Chicago, Illinois, grew up in Los Angeles, California and was ordained by the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York in 1990. Weiss served as rabbi for eleven years in Atlanta, Georgia and Southfield, Michigan before coming to B'nai Jeshurun Congregation in Pepper Pike, Ohio in 2001.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold, with more than 300,000 members and supporters worldwide. It supports health care and medical research, education and youth programs in Israel, and advocacy, education, and leadership development in the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulius Amber (1907-1979) was a Polish Jew who immigrated to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1920 and became a lawyer. He was also active in Jewish and Zionist organizations, and was secretary and president of the Jewish National Fund Council of Cleveland and honorary national chairman of the Jewish National Fund of the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA pushke [Yiddish, from the Polish word ‘puszka,’ which means ‘tin can’] is a box in the home or the synagogue used to collect money for donation to the poor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTzedakah [Hebrew: philanthropy and charity] is an ethical obligation that the Torah mandates, also known as a mitzvah. Many Jews give tzedakah before Shabbat and festivals (such as Purim and Shavuot). Its intention is to show the Jewish people's determination to improve the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbba Hillel Silver was an American Rabbi and Zionist leader, who immigrated from Lithuania as a child. He was a key figure in the mobilization of American support for the founding of the State of Israel. For 46 years he served as rabbi of The Temple - Tifereth Israel in Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Tifereth-Israel is a Reform Jewish synagogue in Beachwood, Ohio, a Cleveland suburb. It was founded in 1850 and moved into a new synagogue in 1924. In 1969, Tifereth Israel also opened a branch in Beachwood, which would later become its primary home. Today, the 1924 synagogue is part of the campus of Case Western Reserve University located on the edge of the Hough and University Circle neighborhoods at Silver Park in Cleveland, Ohio. In 2010 Case Western Reserve University partnered with the Temple to form the Milton and Tamar Maltz Performing Arts Center in the historic structure, which serves as the main performance venue of the Case Western Reserve music department and holds campus special events. Silver Hall is still used by the local Jewish congregation for yearly religious and special events.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Worker’s Circle (formerly Workmen's Circle) or Arbeiter Ring is a Yiddish language-oriented American-Jewish organization committed to social justice, Jewish community, and Ashkenazi culture. It provides old age homes for its aging members, as well as schools, camps, affordable health insurance and programs of concerts, lectures and holiday celebrations. It was founded in 1900 and was strongly socialist politically. It has moved more to the right on the American political spectrum in modern times. Founded in 1904, the Workmen's Circle of Cleveland is a secular Jewish fraternal organization formed to perpetuate Yiddish language and culture, support and promote a liberal political agenda, offer both health and death benefits, and provide a meeting place for fellowship. Its Yiddish cultural programming includes lectures, readings, concerts, third Passover Seders, and the I.L. Peretz Workmen's Circle School, a supplementary program for children. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe I. L. Peretz Workmen's Circle School first opened in 1918 in Cleveland, Ohio. With the exception of one semester in 1952, it has been in continuous operation. The school was originally established to educate Workmen's Circle members' children, but later became a center for adult Yiddish classes and Yiddish cultural programming. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday is celebrated.  The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life. The driter seder [Yiddish: third seder] is a cultural tradition that began among Eastern European Yiddish-speaking immigrants in the 1920s and 1930s and was popularized in New York by the Workman’s Circle. Unlike the traditional seders held on the first two nights of Passover, the driter seder it is held during the intermediate days, which are called Chol Hamoed or Hol ha-Moed, and are less strictly observed than the two days at the beginning and end of the eight-day holiday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Haggadah is a Jewish text that sets forth the order of the Passover seder. Reading the H 10 at the seder table is a fulfillment of the scriptural commandment to each Jew to “tell your son” of the Jewish liberation from slavery in Egypt as described in the Book of Exodus in the Torah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzah, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHoward Victor Epstein (1932-2015) was born to Eastern European immigrants in Logan, Ohio. He earned a degree in journalism form Ohio State University and a Master’s degree in social administration from Case Western University. While living in Cleveland, Ohio, he served as Director of the Senior Adult Program at the Cleveland Jewish Community Center. He later moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he earned a PhD in Education Administration and retired as an Associate Professor Emeritus from the University System of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Lelyveld is a Pulitzer Prize winning journalist, the former executive editor of the New York Times, and author of a memoir.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArthur Joseph Lelyveld (1913-1996) was an American Reform rabbi in Cleveland, Ohio. He was a passionate Zionist who met with President Harry S. Truman to garner his support for Israeli statehood. He was also and outspoke advocate for social justice and civil rights, who went to Mississippi to help register black voters during the turbulent “Freedom Summer” of 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) is best known for his role as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous \"I Have a Dream\" speech. On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many United States’ cities. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a United States federal holiday in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eToby Anita Bookholtz was an actress and scholar of Shakespeare. She received her doctorate in English literature from Columbia University in 1951 and taught at multiple universities. In the 1960's and 1970's, she edited program notes for the Theater Recording Society, Caedmon Records and Spoken Arts Recordings. She and her husband, Rabbi Arthur J. Lelyveld had three sons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10080.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePierre Emil George Salinger (1925-2004) was an American journalist, author and politician. Salinger was born to a Jewish-American father and Catholic-French mother. He served as the ninth press secretary for United States Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Salinger served as a United States Senator in 1964 and as campaign manager for the 1968 Robert F. Kennedy presidential campaign. After leaving politics, Salinger became known for his work as an ABC News correspondent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDeep South” is a descriptive category of the cultural and geographic sub-regions in the American South. Today, the Deep South is generally considered to be Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia and South Carolina. Some people add parts of Florida and Texas as well.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10170.0,10200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil War, widely known in the United States as the ‘Civil War’ or the ‘War Between the States,’ was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. In January 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often called the ‘South,’ grew to include 11 states, and although they claimed 13 states and additional western territories, no foreign countries ever diplomatically recognized the Confederacy. The states that did not declare secession were known as the ‘Union’ or the ‘North.’ The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. After four years of bloody combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and granting civil rights to freed slaves began\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10170.0,10200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Hyman Epstein (1903-2003) served as rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982, when he became rabbi emeritus. Under Rabbi Epstein, the formerly Orthodox congregation began to shift to Conservative Judaism, and officially joined the United Synagogue of America (now the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism), in 1952.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10260.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReva (Rebecca) Chashesman Epstein (1905-2001) was the well-educated daughter of an Orthodox rabbi. Her family immigrated to Chicago, Illinois from Poland after World War I. In 1929, she married Rabbi Harry Epstein. Reva served as an Atlanta Hadassah chapter president.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10260.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSidney J. Kaplan (2007) was an Atlanta native. After serving in World War II, he became a successful real estate developer. He was President of Ahavath Achim 1986-1988 and an active board member for more than 36 years, as well as President of the Greenfield Hebrew Academy. Sidney also served as Vice President of the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education and served on the Board of the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, the Jewish National Fund and Israel Bonds. He and his wife, Alice Orenstein Kaplan, married in 1948 had four children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10410.0,10440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Raphael Gold (1927-2013) was born in Savannah, Georgia. Gold was ordained in 1952 after graduating from the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York. He served several congregations as rabbi in Washington, D.C., Alabama, Savannah and Atlanta, including Ahavath Achim in Atlanta, and two Jewish schools as Director of Jewish Education. Raphael and his wife, Naomi (1930-2012), who was also born in Savannah, had two sons, Rabbi Hillel Gold and Dr. Sam Gold.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10410.0,10440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHannah Teles Robkin (1911-1981) was active in the Atlanta Jewish community, a member of Hadassah and Mizrachi married to Harry Robkin (1899-1977), a violinist with the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10500.0,10530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacqueline (Robkin) Hirsch (1937-) is the daughter of Harry and Hannah Robkin. In 1959, she married German-born Holocaust survivor and award-winning architect, Benjamin Hirsch.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10500.0,10530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHanukkah or Chanukah [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. Hanukkah celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rulers of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the menorah (ritual candelabra) but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The Hanukkah menorah, or hanukiah, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, with the ninth candle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10860.0,10890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bat mitzvah [Hebrew: daughter of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday. Many girls have their bat mitzvah around age 13, the same as boys who have their bar mitzvah at that age. She is now duty bound to keep the commandments. Synagogue ceremonies are held for bat mitzvah girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the universal approval of Orthodox rabbis. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaks Fifth Avenue is an American department store chain. Its main flagship store is located on Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Four Questions [Yiddish: Fir Kashes; Hebrew: Ma Nishtana] are part of the Passover seder. These questions provide the impetus for telling why this night is different from all other nights. They are traditionally asked by the youngest child (who is able to speak) and are: (introductory question) Why is this night different than all other nights? 1. Why is it that on all other nights we eat either bread or matzah, and on this night we eat only matzah? 2. Why is it that on all other nights we eat all kinds of vegetables, but on this night we only eat bitter herbs? 3. Why is it on all other nights we do not dip our vegetables even once, but on this night we dip them twice? 4. Why is it on all other nights we eat either sitting or reclining, but on this night we only eat in a reclining position?\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy the end of World War II, there were 9,630 Jews in Atlanta. The Jewish population of Atlanta grew significantly throughout the rest of the twentieth century. By 1984, the Jewish population of Atlanta had grown to 59,084. By 2018, it was 119,800.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11100.0,11130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Women's rights movement, also called women's liberation movement, was a social movement that emerged in the 1960s and continued into the 1980s. The movement was largely based in the United States and in the industrialized nations of the Western world. It was a diverse series of campaigns that sought to reform issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, and equal pay.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11130.0,11160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePirkei Avot is a Hebrew term that literally translates to “Chapters of the Fathers,” but is generally translated as “Ethics of Our Fathers.” It is a section of the Mishnah that details the Torah's views on ethics and interpersonal relationships.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11250.0,11280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConfirmation marks the culmination of a special year in the life of Jewish students between ages 16 and 18; a period of religious study beyond bar or bat mitzvah. In some Conservative synagogues the confirmation concept has been adopted as a way to continue a child’s Jewish education and involvement for a few more years. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11310.0,11340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShavuot is the Hebrew word for “weeks” and refers to the Jewish festival marking the giving of the Torah by G-d at Mount Sinai. It occurs at the completion of the seven-week counting period between Passover and Shavuot.  Shavuot, like many other Jewish holidays, began as an ancient agricultural festival that marked the end of the spring barley harvest and the beginning of the summer wheat harvest. In ancient times, Shavuot was a pilgrimage festival during which Israelites brought crop offerings to the Temple in Jerusalem. Today, it is a celebration of Torah, education, and actively choosing to participate in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11310.0,11340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bris, formally known as the ‘brit milah’ [Hebrew: Covenant of Circumcision] involves surgically removing the foreskin of the penis.  Circumcision is performed only on males on the eighth day of the child's life. The brit milah is usually followed by a celebratory meal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11340.0,11370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaddish [Hebrew: holy] is a hymn of praises to God found in the Jewish prayer service that is recited aloud while standing. The central theme of the Kaddish is the magnification and sanctification of God's name. Along with the Shema and Amidah, the Kaddish is one of the most important and central elements in the Jewish liturgy. Mourner's Kaddish is said at all prayer services and certain other occasions. Following the death of a parent, child, spouse, or sibling it is customary to recite the Mourner's Kaddish in the presence of a congregation daily for 30 days, or 11 months in the case of a parent, and then at every anniversary of the death. It is important to note that the Mourner's Kaddish does not mention death at all, but instead praises God.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11430.0,11460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish babies are given Hebrew names shortly after they are born. A brief ceremony is performed, which often includes friends and family members of the new baby. Ashkenazi Jews often select a name that commemorates a deceased relative of the baby in order to honor that person’s memory. Sephardic Jews often following the custom of naming their children after living relatives. Blessings are recited for the baby’s well-being. The traditional wish is offered—that this child may grow into a life of study of Torah, of loving relationships, and the performance of good deeds. Boys are usually named at the same time as they are circumcised. Girls can be named any time in the first few weeks.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11610.0,11640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta native Morris Arnovitz (1916-1988) and Polish-born Pearl Feldman Arnovitz (1923-1977) founded M\u0026amp;P Shopping Centers in 1959. Today, the company includes over 25 retail properties throughout the Southeast and continues to be run by their son, Eliot Arnovitz. The Arnovitzs were members of Ahavith Achim synagogue and the Standard Club. Pearl was active in the Sisterhood and Hadassah. The couple also had two daughter, Ellen Faye Arnovitz (1950-2006) and Susan Plasker (later Saltz; 1953-2015), who had three daughters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11610.0,11640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Chattahoochee River forms the southern half of the Alabama and Georgia border, as well as a portion of the Florida-Georgia border. It is a tributary of the Apalachicola River, a relatively short river formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers and emptying from Florida into Apalachicola Bay in the Gulf of Mexico. The Chattahoochee River is about 430 miles long. The name “Chattahoochee” is thought to come from a Muskogean word meaning “rocks marked” or “painted.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11730.0,11760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTerminal Station in Chattanooga, Tennessee, is a former railroad station owned and operated by the Southern Railway from 1909 to 1970. In 1973 a group of local citizens bought the abandoned station and renovated it into a luxury hotel known as the \"Chattanooga Choo-Choo,\" to capitalize on the popularity of the well-known 1941 Glenn Miller Orchestra song of the same name. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, the Chattanooga Choo-Choo is considered to be one the city's first successful historic preservation projects.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11760.0,11790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaces Ferry Road is a major road that runs east-west across northern Atlanta. It is named for Hardy Pace, who ran a ferry across the Chattahoochee River and became one of Atlanta’s founders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11790.0,11820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940’s it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the ‘Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11790.0,11820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStanley M. Davids (1939-) was born in Cleveland, Ohio to Harry Davids, a Polish immigrant, and Betty Shafron Davids, a Russian immigrant. He was ordained from the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in 1965 and was subsequently awarded his Doctor of Divinity there. Rabbi Davids served at Temple Emanu-El of Greater Atlanta—a Reform congregation established in Dunwoody, Georgia (now Sandy Springs, Georgia) in 1978—for 45 years before retiring and becoming Rabbi Emeritus. He also served as national chairman of the Association of Reform Zionists of America from 2004-2008.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=11880.0,11910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva Atlanta (YA) was a private, Orthodox Jewish high school for boys in Atlanta, founded in 1970. In 2014, YA merged with Greenfield Hebrew Academy to become what is now Atlanta Jewish Academy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12060.0,12090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Epstein School (also known as the Solomon Shechter School of Atlanta) is a private Jewish day school in the Atlanta area located in Sandy Springs. In 1973, Rabbi Harry H. Epstein and the leaders of Ahavath Achim synagogue wanted to create a Conservative Jewish day school. The first campus was housed at the synagogue. In 1987 the school moved to Sandy Springs\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12060.0,12090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1976, the Jewish National Fund developed a 1000-acre “American Bicentennial Park” in the hills near Jerusalem, Israel to mark the 200th anniversary of American independence. Now called the American Independence Park, it extends from Mahsiya Junction near Beit Shemesh to Bar-Giora Junction, on the southwestern slopes of the Judean Hills.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12090.0,12120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Federation was formally incorporated in 1967 and is the result of the merger of the Atlanta Federation for Jewish Social Service founded in 1905 as the Federation of Jewish Charities; the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Federation founded in 1936 as the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund; and the Atlanta Jewish Community Council founded in 1945. The organization was renamed the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta in 1997.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12120.0,12150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva [Hebrew: sitting] is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a Talmudic college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties. Telshe Yeshiva is a yeshiva in Wickliffe, Ohio. Originally established in 1875 in the town of Telšiai (also known as Telse), Lithuania, it became one of the three largest yeshivot in Imperial Russia by 1900. With the German invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, the yeshiva closed. Rabbis Eliyahu Meir Bloch and Chaim Mordechai Katz escaped to the United States and reestablished the yeshiva in Cleveland in 1941. After formally changing its name to the Rabbinical College of Telshe, the yeshiva relocated to a new 57-acre campus in Wickliffe in 1957. Two teachers’ seminaries (one for women and one for men) were soon opened. The yeshiva also sponsored an Orthodox high school called Telshe High for grades 9-12. The yeshiva has since opened branches in Chicago, New York, Miami, Johannesburg, and Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12330.0,12360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA nationwide movement to desegregate public schools began after the Supreme Court’s 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision. The widespread integration of public schools did not follow a coherent plan. Different cities and states went about it in various ways. In Georgia, Atlanta public schools began the process of integration on a limited scale in 1961. By 1973, mandatory busing of students from predominantly black neighborhoods to schools into white neighborhoods began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12390.0,12420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChabad, also known as Lubavitch, Habad and Chabad-Lubavitch, is a Hasidic movement in Orthodox Judaism. Founded in 1772 by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi,“Chabad”—a Hebrew acronym for “Wisdom, Understanding and Knowledge”— is a philosophy of study, meditation, and social outreach that bridges rigorous academics with proactive community involvement. Lubavitch is the town in Russia where the movement was based for more than a century. Today, it is the largest Jewish organization in the world. In Atlanta, Georgia, Congregation Beth Tefillah and Chabad Intown are affiliated with the movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12450.0,12480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kollel [Hebrew: “gathering” or “collection” of scholars] is an institute for full-time, advanced study of the Talmud and rabbinic literature. It is like a yeshiva but the student body are virtually all married men, who receive a regular monthly stipend to their members.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12450.0,12480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. The congregation first met in a rented grocery store on Parkway Drive. It moved to a permanent location on Boulevard when it purchased and renovated a two-story apartment building. In 1956, it converted the Tabernacle Baptist Church on Boulevard to a synagogue. It built its current synagogue building on a five-acre lot on LaVista Road in 1961. Rabbi Joseph Safra was the congregation’s first permanent rabbi in 1951, followed by Rabbi Emanuel Feldman from 1952 to 1991. Rabbi Ilan Feldman has been the congregation’s rabbi since his father Emanuel’s retirement in 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12480.0,12510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Congregation Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002. As of 2021, the current Senior Rabbi of the congregation is Ari Kaiman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12480.0,12510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOr VeShalom was established in Atlanta, Georgia by refugees of the Ottoman Empire, namely from Turkey and the Isle of Rhodes. The Sephardic/Traditional congregation began in 1920 and was based at Central and Woodward Avenues until 1948 when it moved to a larger building on North Highland Road. The current building for Or VeShalom is on North Druid Hills Road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12480.0,12510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Anshi S’fard is an Orthodox synagogue now located in the Morningside-Virginia Highlands area of Atlanta. It was founded in 1911 to provide a home for Hasidic worship and fellowship for Jews from Poland, Galicia and the Ukraine who had settled in Atlanta. At first the congregation met in the Red Men’s Hall on Central Avenue, but by the end of 1913, a wooden building at the corner of Woodward Avenue and King Street was secured. A few years later, the congregation moved to the corner of Woodward and Capitol Avenues. After 1945, the settlement of Jews where Anshi S’fard was located disappeared, and the congregation moved to its present location on North Highland. It is the oldest Orthodox congregation in Atlanta, and as of 2021, it is led by Rabbi Mayer Freedman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12510.0,12540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimchat Torah [Hebrew: Rejoicing of Torah] is a Jewish holiday that celebrates and marks the conclusion of the annual cycle of public Torah readings, and the beginning of a new cycle. The main celebration of Simchat Torah takes place in the synagogue during evening and morning services. In Orthodox as well as many Conservative congregations, this is the only time of year when the Torah scrolls are taken out of the ark and read at night.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12870.0,12900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Ariel is an Orthodox synagogue, located in Dunwoody, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta. It was founded in 1993. The current Senior Rabbi (as of 2021) is Binyomin Friedman, who has led the congregation since 1994.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12960.0,12990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Binyomin Friedman was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He was ordained in Baltimore, where he met his wife, Dena, with whom he has five children. In 1987, the Friedmans helped found the Atlanta Scholars Kollel, and a year later, founded Congregation Ariel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12990.0,13020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Orthodox synagogues men and women do not sit together and are separated by a mechitza [Hebrew: partition or division]. Men and women are generally not separated in most Conservative synagogues, although it is a permissible option. Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism, consistent with their view that traditional religious law is not mandatory in modern times, do not use mechitzot in their synagogues.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=12990.0,13020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1893, the Swiss Federal Constitution was amended to prohibit the slaughter of animals that had not first been stunned or anaesthetized. Because this essentially prohibited shecita [kosher slaughter rituals], all kosher meat had to be imported to Switzerland. The amendment was removed in the 1950s, however, the Animal Protection Act of 1978 again introduced prohibitions on slaughtering animals without first stunning them. In 2001, there was discussion on relaxing the prohibition on the grounds of religious freedom. The prohibition was not relaxed, but the Jewish community was able to ensure that the import of kosher meat for the supply of the Jewish religious community was protected. Today, in Switzerland, the sole exception to the provision requiring prior stunning is the ritual slaughter of poultry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13320.0,13350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs a neutral country, Switzerland became a favored repository of capital in the years leading up to and during World War II. With the rise of Nazism, many European Jews sought to safeguard their assets by depositing their money in Swiss bank accounts and valuables in Swiss safe deposit boxes. During the war, the Swiss were the principal bankers and financial brokers of the Nazis, handling vast sums of currency, gold and other valuables they had plundered directly from individual Holocaust victims and from the reserves of conquered countries. Switzerland also purchased vast amounts of gold from Allied and Axis powers. It exchanged the precious metal for Swiss francs, the only free convertible currency at the time outside the American dollar. This trade benefitted Germany in particular, effectively turning Switzerland into an enabler of the German war effort. After the war, survivors were often unable to provide the required documentation needed to retrieve the assets that belonged to them or their deceased relatives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13320.0,13350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith international pressure mounting, in 1945, Britain, unable to find a practical solution, referred the problem to the United Nations, which in November 1947 voted to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states in May 1948 when the British mandate was scheduled to end. After the British began the withdrawal of their military forces from Palestine in early April 1948, Zionist leaders moved to establish a modern Jewish state. On May 14, 1948—the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired—David Ben-Gurion, the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, announced the formation of the state of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13530.0,13560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEliezer \"Elie\" Wiesel (1928-2016) was a Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He was born in Sighet, Transylvania, which is now part of Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13620.0,13650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Judaism, “chosenness” is the belief that the Jewish people were chosen to enter into a covenant with G-d. It is based on Chapter 14 of the Book of Deuteronomy [Hebrew: Devarim], which says “ . . . G-d has chosen you to be his treasured people from all the nations that are on the face of the earth.” Most Jews hold the idea of “chosenness” to mean that they have been placed on earth to fulfill a certain purpose.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=13650.0,13680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA well-known Midrashic story pertaining to Abraham’s early life concerns his miraculous deliverance from a fiery furnace, into which he was cast by the king, Nimrod.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14130.0,14160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cha-cha is a fast rhythmic ballroom dance of Latin American origin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14550.0,14580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Broadway musical Fiddler on the Roof was based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Dairyman), a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14610.0,14640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York became a center of Yiddish theater beginning in the late 19th century, when a rising population of Eastern European Jewish immigrants provided an enthusiastic audience and talent pool. New and old Yiddish musicals, dramas, comedies, and translations of world literature supplied entertainment, enlightenment, and community. Manhattan’s Second Avenue was once known as the Yiddish Broadway, or the Yiddish Rialto. It was located primarily on Second Avenue, though it extended to Avenue B, between Houston Street and East 14th Street in the East Village in Manhattan. It was the leading Yiddish theater district in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14640.0,14670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul Muni (1908-1962) was an Austro-Hungarian-born American stage and film actor who grew up in Chicago. He started his acting career in the Yiddish theater. Muni was a five-time Academy Award nominee, with one win.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14640.0,14670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMolly Picon (1898-1992) was an American actress of stage, screen, radio and television, as well as a lyricist and dramatic storyteller. She was first and foremost a star in Yiddish theatre and film, but in time, she turned to English-language productions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14640.0,14670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerschel Bernardi (1923-1986) was an American film, Broadway and television actor. He is best known for his starring roles on Broadway including Fiddler on the Roof (as Tevye), Zorba, and Bajour. He also acted in many television shows, playing the leading role in Peter Gunn and Arnie. Bernardi was in several films and was a noted voiceover actor and narrator.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14670.0,14700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMichael Burstein (1945-) is an Israeli-American actor known onstage as Mike Burstyn. He was born in New York City to well-known Yiddish actors, Polish-born actor Pesach Burstein (1996-1986) and American-born Lillian Lux (1918-2005).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14670.0,14700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbraham Goldfaden (1840-1908), born Avrum Goldnfoden and also known as Avram Goldfaden, was a Russian-born Jewish poet, playwright, stage director and actor in the languages Yiddish and Hebrew. He is often referred to as the ‘father of Yiddish theater’ for the successful Yiddish theater company he launched in Iasi, Romania in 1876. He was a prolific writer, authoring some forty amusing and probing plays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14730.0,14760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14850.0,14880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac Leib Peretz (1852-1913), known as I. L. Peretz, was a Yiddish playwright and author. He was born in Russia but moved to Warsaw, Poland in 1889 and stayed there until his death. There are streets named after him in Poland and Israel, and a Peretz Square in Manhattan, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14880.0,14910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMendele Moykher Sforim (1835-1917; also spelled Mokher or Mocher, Sforim also spelled Seforim or Sefarim, pseudonym of Sholem Yankev Abramovitsh) was a Russian-Jewish author who is often called “The Grandfather of Yiddish literature”.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14880.0,14910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/annotation_set/594/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChaim Nachman Bialik (1873-934) was a Jewish poet who wrote primarily in Hebrew but also in Yiddish. Bialik was one of the pioneers of modern Hebrew poetry. Bialik ultimately came to be recognized as Israel's national poet. Bialik was born in the village of Radi near the city of Zhitomir in the Ukraine area of the Russian Empire. In 1903 Bialik was sent to investigate the Kishinev pogroms and prepare a report. In response to his findings Bialik wrote and published his poem In the City of Slaughter, a powerful statement of anguish at the situation of the Jews. Bialik's condemnation of passivity by Jews against antisemitic violence influenced the founding of Jewish self-defense groups in the Russian Empire, and eventually the Hagenah in Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=14880.0,14910.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/index/49309","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Betty Goodfriend [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/index/49309/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=41.0,271.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/index/49309/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Yiddish, we called it ‘Vilki’. At the age of three or four months, my family moved to Klaipeda-Memel at the German border, at the Baltic Sea and the German and Lithuanian border. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=41.0,271.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/index/49309/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birthplace","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Father","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Location","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mother","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Names","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siblings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=41.0,271.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/index/49309/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=271.0,892.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/index/49309/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I always call this the question of my life. Here I am, seventeen, and you’re standing and you say to yourself, “Where do I go? What do I do now? Who am I? I don’t have anybody.”","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=271.0,892.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/index/49309/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1945","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Danzig","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Winter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=271.0,892.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/index/49309/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working in a Field Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244#t=892.0,1146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/54324/file/126244/index/49309/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have to understand that a field hospital has a very unbelievable, unknowledgeable for the main population how they operate. 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